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Issa S, Fayoud H, Shaimardanova A, Sufianov A, Sufianova G, Solovyeva V, Rizvanov A. Growth Factors and Their Application in the Therapy of Hereditary Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1906. [PMID: 39200370 PMCID: PMC11351319 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Hereditary neurodegenerative diseases (hNDDs) such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's disease, and others are primarily characterized by their progressive nature, severely compromising both the cognitive and motor abilities of patients. The underlying genetic component in hNDDs contributes to disease risk, creating a complex genetic landscape. Considering the fact that growth factors play crucial roles in regulating cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and survival, they could have therapeutic potential for hNDDs, provided appropriate dosing and safe delivery approaches are ensured. This article presents a detailed overview of growth factors, and explores their therapeutic potential in treating hNDDs, emphasizing their roles in neuronal survival, growth, and synaptic plasticity. However, challenges such as proper dosing, delivery methods, and patient variability can hinder their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaza Issa
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (S.I.); (H.F.)
| | - Haidar Fayoud
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (S.I.); (H.F.)
| | - Alisa Shaimardanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Albert Sufianov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- The Research and Educational Institute of Neurosurgery, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina Sufianova
- Department of Pharmacology, Tyumen State Medical University, 625023 Tyumen, Russia;
| | - Valeriya Solovyeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.S.); (V.S.)
- Division of Medical and Biological Sciences, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
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Sikiric P, Boban Blagaic A, Strbe S, Beketic Oreskovic L, Oreskovic I, Sikiric S, Staresinic M, Sever M, Kokot A, Jurjevic I, Matek D, Coric L, Krezic I, Tvrdeic A, Luetic K, Batelja Vuletic L, Pavic P, Mestrovic T, Sjekavica I, Skrtic A, Seiwerth S. The Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Pleiotropic Beneficial Activity and Its Possible Relations with Neurotransmitter Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:461. [PMID: 38675421 PMCID: PMC11053547 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We highlight the particular aspects of the stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 pleiotropic beneficial activity (not destroyed in human gastric juice, native and stable in human gastric juice, as a cytoprotection mediator holds a response specifically related to preventing or recovering damage as such) and its possible relations with neurotransmitter activity. We attempt to resolve the shortage of the pleiotropic beneficial effects of BPC 157, given the general standard neurotransmitter criteria, in classic terms. We substitute the lack of direct conclusive evidence (i.e., production within the neuron or present in it as a precursor molecule, released eliciting a response on the receptor on the target cells on neurons and being removed from the site of action once its signaling role is complete). This can be a network of interconnected evidence, previously envisaged in the implementation of the cytoprotection effects, consistent beneficial particular evidence that BPC 157 therapy counteracts dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA, adrenalin/noradrenalin, acetylcholine, and NO-system disturbances. This specifically includes counteraction of those disturbances related to their receptors, both blockade and over-activity, destruction, depletion, tolerance, sensitization, and channel disturbances counteraction. Likewise, BPC 157 activates particular receptors (i.e., VGEF and growth hormone). Furthermore, close BPC 157/NO-system relations with the gasotransmitters crossing the cell membrane and acting directly on molecules inside the cell may envisage particular interactions with receptors on the plasma membrane of their target cells. Finally, there is nerve-muscle relation in various muscle disturbance counteractions, and nerve-nerve relation in various encephalopathies counteraction, which is also exemplified specifically by the BPC 157 therapy application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Sikiric
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.B.); (S.S.); (L.B.O.); (I.O.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.); (I.J.); (D.M.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (K.L.); (L.B.V.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (I.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Alenka Boban Blagaic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.B.); (S.S.); (L.B.O.); (I.O.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.); (I.J.); (D.M.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (K.L.); (L.B.V.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (I.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sanja Strbe
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.B.); (S.S.); (L.B.O.); (I.O.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.); (I.J.); (D.M.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (K.L.); (L.B.V.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (I.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Lidija Beketic Oreskovic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.B.); (S.S.); (L.B.O.); (I.O.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.); (I.J.); (D.M.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (K.L.); (L.B.V.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (I.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Ivana Oreskovic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.B.); (S.S.); (L.B.O.); (I.O.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.); (I.J.); (D.M.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (K.L.); (L.B.V.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (I.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Suncana Sikiric
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.B.); (S.S.); (L.B.O.); (I.O.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.); (I.J.); (D.M.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (K.L.); (L.B.V.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (I.S.); (S.S.)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Staresinic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.B.); (S.S.); (L.B.O.); (I.O.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.); (I.J.); (D.M.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (K.L.); (L.B.V.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (I.S.); (S.S.)
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Sever
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.B.); (S.S.); (L.B.O.); (I.O.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.); (I.J.); (D.M.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (K.L.); (L.B.V.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (I.S.); (S.S.)
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Kokot
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.B.); (S.S.); (L.B.O.); (I.O.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.); (I.J.); (D.M.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (K.L.); (L.B.V.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (I.S.); (S.S.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jurjevic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.B.); (S.S.); (L.B.O.); (I.O.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.); (I.J.); (D.M.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (K.L.); (L.B.V.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (I.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Danijel Matek
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.B.); (S.S.); (L.B.O.); (I.O.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.); (I.J.); (D.M.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (K.L.); (L.B.V.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (I.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Luka Coric
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.B.); (S.S.); (L.B.O.); (I.O.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.); (I.J.); (D.M.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (K.L.); (L.B.V.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (I.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Ivan Krezic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.B.); (S.S.); (L.B.O.); (I.O.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.); (I.J.); (D.M.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (K.L.); (L.B.V.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (I.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Ante Tvrdeic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.B.); (S.S.); (L.B.O.); (I.O.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.); (I.J.); (D.M.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (K.L.); (L.B.V.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (I.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Kresimir Luetic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.B.); (S.S.); (L.B.O.); (I.O.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.); (I.J.); (D.M.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (K.L.); (L.B.V.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (I.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Lovorka Batelja Vuletic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.B.); (S.S.); (L.B.O.); (I.O.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.); (I.J.); (D.M.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (K.L.); (L.B.V.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (I.S.); (S.S.)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Predrag Pavic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.B.); (S.S.); (L.B.O.); (I.O.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.); (I.J.); (D.M.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (K.L.); (L.B.V.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (I.S.); (S.S.)
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Mestrovic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.B.); (S.S.); (L.B.O.); (I.O.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.); (I.J.); (D.M.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (K.L.); (L.B.V.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (I.S.); (S.S.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivica Sjekavica
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.B.); (S.S.); (L.B.O.); (I.O.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.); (I.J.); (D.M.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (K.L.); (L.B.V.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (I.S.); (S.S.)
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Skrtic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.B.); (S.S.); (L.B.O.); (I.O.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.); (I.J.); (D.M.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (K.L.); (L.B.V.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (I.S.); (S.S.)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sven Seiwerth
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.B.); (S.S.); (L.B.O.); (I.O.); (S.S.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (A.K.); (I.J.); (D.M.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.T.); (K.L.); (L.B.V.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (I.S.); (S.S.)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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3
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Goksu AY, Kocanci FG, Akinci E, Demir-Dora D, Erendor F, Sanlioglu S, Uysal H. Microglia cells treated with synthetic vasoactive intestinal peptide or transduced with LentiVIP protect neuronal cells against degeneration. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:1993-2015. [PMID: 38382910 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
A common pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders is neuronal cell death, accompanied by neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a pleiotropic peptide that combines neuroprotective and immunomodulatory actions. The gene therapy field shows long-term promise for treating a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases (ND). In this study, we aimed to investigate the in vitro efficacy of transduction of microglia using lentiviral gene therapy vectors encoding VIP (LentiVIP). Additionally, we tested the protective effects of the secretome derived from LentiVIP-infected "immortalized human" microglia HMC3 cells, and cells treated with Synthetic VIP (SynVIP), against toxin-induced neurodegeneration. First, LentiVIP, which stably expresses VIP, was generated and purified. VIP secretion in microglial conditioned media (MG CM) for LentiVIP-infected HMC3 microglia cells was confirmed. Microglia cells were activated with lipopolysaccharide, and groups were formed as follows: 1) Control, 2) SynVIP-treated, or 3) LentiVIP-transduced. These MG CM were applied on an in vitro neurodegenerative model formed by differentiated (d)-SH-SY5Y cells. Then, cell survival analysis and apoptotic nuclear staining, besides measurement of oxidative/inflammatory parameters in CM of cells were performed. Activated MG CM reduced survival rates of both control and toxin-applied (d)-SH-SY5Y cells, whereas LentiVIP-infected MG CM and SynVIP-treated ones exhibited better survival rates. These findings were supported by apoptotic nuclear evaluations of (d)-SH-SY5Y cells, alongside oxidative/inflammatory parameters in their CM. LentiVIP seems worthy of further studies for the treatment of ND because of the potential of gene therapy to treat diseases effectively with a single injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azize Yasemin Goksu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
- Department of Gene and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Fatma Gonca Kocanci
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Vocational High School of Health Services, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya/Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ersin Akinci
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Devrim Demir-Dora
- Department of Gene and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Fulya Erendor
- Department of Gene and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Salih Sanlioglu
- Department of Gene and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Hilmi Uysal
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Pornnoppadol G, Bond LG, Lucas MJ, Zupancic JM, Kuo YH, Zhang B, Greineder CF, Tessier PM. Bispecific antibody shuttles targeting CD98hc mediate efficient and long-lived brain delivery of IgGs. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:361-372.e8. [PMID: 37890480 PMCID: PMC10922565 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The inability of antibodies to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a key limitation to their use in diverse applications. One promising strategy is to deliver IgGs using a bispecific BBB shuttle, which involves fusing an IgG to a second affinity ligand that engages a cerebrovascular endothelial target and facilitates transport across the BBB. Nearly all prior efforts have focused on shuttles that target transferrin receptor (TfR-1) despite inherent delivery and safety challenges. Here, we report bispecific antibody shuttles that engage CD98hc, the heavy chain of the large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1), and efficiently transport IgGs into the brain. Notably, CD98hc shuttles lead to much longer-lived brain retention of IgGs than TfR-1 shuttles while enabling more specific targeting due to limited CD98hc engagement in the brain parenchyma, which we demonstrate for IgGs that either agonize a neuronal receptor (TrkB) or target other endogenous cell-surface proteins on neurons and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghasidit Pornnoppadol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Layne G Bond
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael J Lucas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jennifer M Zupancic
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yun-Huai Kuo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Boya Zhang
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Colin F Greineder
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Pornnoppadol G, Bond LG, Lucas MJ, Zupancic JM, Kuo YH, Zhang B, Greineder CF, Tessier PM. Bispecific antibody shuttles targeting CD98hc mediate efficient and long-lived brain delivery of IgGs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.29.538811. [PMID: 37162883 PMCID: PMC10168297 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.29.538811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The inability of antibodies and other biologics to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a key limitation to their use in diagnostic, imaging, and therapeutic applications. One promising strategy is to deliver IgGs using a bispecific BBB shuttle, which involves fusing an IgG with a second affinity ligand that engages a cerebrovascular endothelial target and facilitates transport across the BBB. Nearly all prior efforts have focused on the transferrin receptor (TfR-1) as the prototypical endothelial target despite inherent delivery and safety challenges. Here we report bispecific antibody shuttles that engage CD98hc (also known as 4F2 and SLC3A2), the heavy chain of the large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1), and efficiently transport IgGs into the brain parenchyma. Notably, CD98hc shuttles lead to much longer-lived brain retention of IgGs than TfR-1 shuttles while enabling more specific brain targeting due to limited CD98hc engagement in the brain parenchyma. We demonstrate the broad utility of the CD98hc shuttles by reformatting three existing IgGs as CD98hc bispecific shuttles and delivering them to the mouse brain parenchyma that either agonize a neuronal receptor (TrkB) or target other endogenous antigens on specific types of brain cells (neurons and astrocytes).
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Yeap YJ, Teddy TJW, Lee MJ, Goh M, Lim KL. From 2D to 3D: Development of Monolayer Dopaminergic Neuronal and Midbrain Organoid Cultures for Parkinson's Disease Modeling and Regenerative Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032523. [PMID: 36768843 PMCID: PMC9917335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized pathologically by the loss of A9-specific dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of the midbrain. Despite intensive research, the etiology of PD is currently unresolved, and the disease remains incurable. This, in part, is due to the lack of an experimental disease model that could faithfully recapitulate the features of human PD. However, the recent advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has allowed PD models to be created from patient-derived cells. Indeed, DA neurons from PD patients are now routinely established in many laboratories as monolayers as well as 3D organoid cultures that serve as useful toolboxes for understanding the mechanism underlying PD and also for drug discovery. At the same time, the iPSC technology also provides unprecedented opportunity for autologous cell-based therapy for the PD patient to be performed using the patient's own cells as starting materials. In this review, we provide an update on the molecular processes underpinning the development and differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into midbrain DA neurons in both 2D and 3D cultures, as well as the latest advancements in using these cells for drug discovery and regenerative medicine. For the novice entering the field, the cornucopia of differentiation protocols reported for the generation of midbrain DA neurons may seem daunting. Here, we have distilled the essence of the different approaches and summarized the main factors driving DA neuronal differentiation, with the view to provide a useful guide to newcomers who are interested in developing iPSC-based models of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Jie Yeap
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Tng J. W. Teddy
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme (IGP-Neuroscience), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Mok Jung Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Micaela Goh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Kah Leong Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Anatomy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
- Correspondence:
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Waggoner LE, Kang J, Zuidema JM, Vijayakumar S, Hurtado AA, Sailor MJ, Kwon EJ. Porous Silicon Nanoparticles Targeted to the Extracellular Matrix for Therapeutic Protein Delivery in Traumatic Brain Injury. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1685-1697. [PMID: 36017941 PMCID: PMC9492643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability and death among children and young adults in the United States, yet there are currently no treatments that improve the long-term brain health of patients. One promising therapeutic for TBI is brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein that promotes neurogenesis and neuron survival. However, outstanding challenges to the systemic delivery of BDNF are its instability in blood, poor transport into the brain, and short half-life in circulation and brain tissue. Here, BDNF is encapsulated into an engineered, biodegradable porous silicon nanoparticle (pSiNP) in order to deliver bioactive BDNF to injured brain tissue after TBI. The pSiNP carrier is modified with the targeting ligand CAQK, a peptide that binds to extracellular matrix components upregulated after TBI. The protein cargo retains bioactivity after release from the pSiNP carrier, and systemic administration of the CAQK-modified pSiNPs results in effective delivery of the protein cargo to injured brain regions in a mouse model of TBI. When administered after injury, the CAQK-targeted pSiNP delivery system for BDNF reduces lesion volumes compared to free BDNF, supporting the hypothesis that pSiNPs mediate therapeutic protein delivery after systemic administration to improve outcomes in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Waggoner
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jinyoung Kang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Zuidema
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sanahan Vijayakumar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alan A. Hurtado
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michael J. Sailor
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ester J. Kwon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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8
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Kang SS, Wu Z, Liu X, Edgington-Mitchell L, Ye K. Treating Parkinson's Disease via Activation of BDNF/TrkB Signaling Pathways and Inhibition of Delta-Secretase. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:1283-1297. [PMID: 35595958 PMCID: PMC9587159 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease with motor disorders as the key clinical features. BDNF/TrkB neurotrophic signalings are progressively reduced, whereas δ-secretase, a protease that cleaves α-synuclein (α-Syn) at N103 and promotes its aggregation and neurotoxicity, is gradually escalated in PD patient brains, associated with dopaminergic neuronal loss in the Substantia Nigra. Here, we show that stimulation of deficient BDNF/TrkB signalings with its small molecular agonist CF3CN displays the promising therapeutic effect, and blockade of δ-secretase with an optimal specific inhibitor #11A exhibits marked therapeutic effect, and combination of both demonstrates additive restorative efficacy in MPTP-induced human SNCA transgenic PD mice. Upon oral administration, CF3CN robustly activates TrkB-mediated neurotrophic pathway in the brains of SNCA mice and decreases α-Syn N103 cleavage by δ-secretase, and #11A strongly blocks δ-secretase and reduces α-Syn N103 fragmentation, increasing TH-positive dopaminergic neurons. The mixture of CF3CN and #11A shows the maximal TH and dopamine levels with demonstrable BDNF as compared to negligible BDNF in vehicle-treated MPTP/SNCA mice, leading to the climaxed motor functions. Notably, both compounds possess the appropriate in vivo PK profiles. Hence, our findings support that CF3CN and #11A are promising therapeutic pharmaceutical agents for treating PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Su Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zhourui Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Laura Edgington-Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
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9
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Pardridge WM. A Historical Review of Brain Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1283. [PMID: 35745855 PMCID: PMC9229021 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of brain drug delivery is reviewed beginning with the first demonstration, in 1914, that a drug for syphilis, salvarsan, did not enter the brain, due to the presence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB). Owing to restricted transport across the BBB, FDA-approved drugs for the CNS have been generally limited to lipid-soluble small molecules. Drugs that do not cross the BBB can be re-engineered for transport on endogenous BBB carrier-mediated transport and receptor-mediated transport systems, which were identified during the 1970s-1980s. By the 1990s, a multitude of brain drug delivery technologies emerged, including trans-cranial delivery, CSF delivery, BBB disruption, lipid carriers, prodrugs, stem cells, exosomes, nanoparticles, gene therapy, and biologics. The advantages and limitations of each of these brain drug delivery technologies are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Pardridge
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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10
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Goksu Erol AY, Kocanci FG, Demir-Dora D, Uysal H. Additive cell protective and oxidative stress reducing effects of combined treatment with cromolyn sodium and masitinib on MPTP-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 354:109808. [PMID: 35007524 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The suppression of oxidative-stress induced neurotoxicity by antioxidants serves as a potential preventive strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the cell protective and antioxidant effects of masitinib and cromolyn sodium against toxin-induced neurodegeneration. First, human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were differentiated into neuron-like (d)-SH-SY5Y cells. The differentiated cells were confirmed by immuno-staining with anti-PGP9.5 antibody, a neuronal marker. Cell culture groups were formed, and a neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was applied on cells followed by masitinib and/or cromolyn sodium treatments. Survival rate of cells were detected by MTT assay. Anti-inflammatory Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and nitric oxide (NO) levels and total oxidant and antioxidant capacities (TOC and TAC) in cell conditioned media (CM) were measured. Morphological analysis and apoptotic nuclear assessment of cells were also noted. When (d)-SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to neurotoxin, cell viability rates of these cells were found to be decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. CM of toxin applied group displayed higher levels of TOC/TAC ratios and NO levels compared to control (p < 0.01). Both masitinib and cromolyn sodium protected cells from toxin-induced cell death as revealed by ameliorated rates of viability, reversed toxin-induced elevation of TOC/TAC ratios, and decreased NO levels in their CM (p < 0.01). Combined treatment significantly reduced TOC/TAC ratios and NO levels more effectively compared to mono-treatments. Both drugs also increased TGF-β1 levels significantly in cell CM. When these agents were tested for therapeutic effects against toxin-induced cell degeneration, better viability results were obtained by both masitinib and cromolyn sodium treatment, with significantly better amelioration provided by combined application of these drugs (p < 0.01). This study demonstrated new findings that combined treatment with cromolyn sodium, an FDA-approved drug of asthma, and masitinib, an orally administered drug with a low toxicity, exert neuroprotective and additive therapeutic effects. We propose that combination therapy of masitinib and cromolyn sodium may represent an innovative treatment in neurodegenerative diseases. Combination therapy may be more advantageous that it enables combined application of lower doses of both drugs, providing less side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azize Yasemin Goksu Erol
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Antalya, Turkey; Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gene and Cell Therapy, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Gonca Kocanci
- Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Vocational High School of Health Services, Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Alanya, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Devrim Demir-Dora
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gene and Cell Therapy, Antalya, Turkey; Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Hilmi Uysal
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Antalya, Turkey
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11
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Graf A, Ksenofontov A, Bunik V. Inhibition of 2-Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase as a Chemical Model of Acute Hypobaric Hypoxia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:751639. [PMID: 34977062 PMCID: PMC8718613 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.751639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Both hypoxia and inhibition of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDHC) are known to change cellular amino acid pools, but the quantitative comparison of the metabolic and physiological outcomes has not been done. We hypothesize that OGDHC inhibition models metabolic changes caused by hypoxia, as both perturb the respiratory chain function, limiting either the NADH (OGDHC inhibition) or oxygen (hypoxia) supply. In the current study, we quantify the changes in the amino acid metabolism after OGDHC inhibition in the highly sensitive to hypoxia cerebellum and compare them to the earlier characterized changes after acute hypobaric hypoxia. In addition, the associated physiological effects are characterized and compared. A specific OGDHC inhibitor succinyl phosphonate (SP) is shown to act similar to hypoxia, increasing levels of many amino acids in the cerebellum of non-pregnant rats, without affecting those in the pregnant rats. Compared with hypoxia, stronger effects of SP in non-pregnant rats are observed on the levels of cerebellar amino acids, electrocardiography (ECG), and freezing time. In pregnant rats, hypoxia affects ECG and behavior more than SP, although none of the stressors significantly change the levels of cerebellar amino acids. The biochemical differences underlying the different physiological actions of SP and hypoxia are revealed by correlation analysis of the studied parameters. The negative correlations of cerebellar amino acids with OGDHC and/or tryptophan, shown to arise after the action of SP and hypoxia, discriminate the overall metabolic action of the stressors. More negative correlations are induced in the non-pregnant rats by hypoxia, and in the pregnant rats by SP. Thus, our findings indicate that the OGDHC inhibition mimics the action of acute hypobaric hypoxia on the cerebellar amino acid levels, but a better prediction of the physiological outcomes requires assessment of integral network changes, such as increases in the negative correlations among the amino acids, OGDHC, and/or tryptophan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Graf
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Nano-, Bio-, Informational and Cognitive and Socio-Humanistic Sciences and Technologies, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,Andrey Nikolaevich (A. N.) Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Ksenofontov
- Andrey Nikolaevich (A. N.) Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria Bunik
- Andrey Nikolaevich (A. N.) Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Biochemistry Department, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Costas C, Faro LR. Do Naturally Occurring Antioxidants Protect Against Neurodegeneration of the Dopaminergic System? A Systematic Revision in Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:432-459. [PMID: 33882808 PMCID: PMC9413795 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210421092725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by a significant decrease in dopamine levels, caused by progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway. Multiple mechanisms have been implicated in its pathogenesis, including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, insufficient support for neurotrophic factors and cell apoptosis. The absence of treatments capable of slowing or stopping the progression of PD has increased the interest in the natural antioxidant substances present in the diet, since they have multiple beneficial properties and it is possible that they can influence the mechanisms responsible for the dysfunction and death of dopaminergic neurons. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review is to analyze the results obtained in a set of studies carried out in the last years, which describe the neuroprotective, antioxidant and regenerative functions of some naturally occurring antioxidants in experimental models of PD. The results show that the exogenous no enzymatic antioxidants can significantly modify the biochemical and behavioral mechanisms that contribute to the pathophysiology of Parkinsonism in experimental animals. Therefore, it is possible that they may contribute to effective neuroprotection by providing a significant improvement in neuropathological markers. In conclusion, the results of this review suggest that exogenous antioxidants can be promising therapeutic candidates for the prevention and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Costas
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Lilian R.F. Faro
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
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13
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Knorr S, Musacchio T, Paulat R, Matthies C, Endres H, Wenger N, Harms C, Ip CW. Experimental deep brain stimulation in rodent models of movement disorders. Exp Neurol 2021; 348:113926. [PMID: 34793784 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is the preferred treatment for therapy-resistant movement disorders such as dystonia and Parkinson's disease (PD), mostly in advanced disease stages. Although DBS is already in clinical use for ~30 years and has improved patients' quality of life dramatically, there is still limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms of action. Rodent models of PD and dystonia are essential tools to elucidate the mode of action of DBS on behavioral and multiscale neurobiological levels. Advances have been made in identifying DBS effects on the central motor network, neuroprotection and neuroinflammation in DBS studies of PD rodent models. The phenotypic dtsz mutant hamster and the transgenic DYT-TOR1A (ΔETorA) rat proved as valuable models of dystonia for preclinical DBS research. In addition, continuous refinements of rodent DBS technologies are ongoing and have contributed to improvement of experimental quality. We here review the currently existing literature on experimental DBS in PD and dystonia models regarding the choice of models, experimental design, neurobiological readouts, as well as methodological implications. Moreover, we provide an overview of the technical stage of existing DBS devices for use in rodent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Knorr
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Musacchio
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Raik Paulat
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Cordula Matthies
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Heinz Endres
- University of Applied Science Würzburg-Schweinfurt, Schweinfurt, Germany.
| | - Nikolaus Wenger
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christoph Harms
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, Würzburg, Germany.
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14
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Nam HY, Seo S, Lee MJ, Kim K, Kim IJ, Pak K. No association of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor with striatal dopamine transporter availability in healthy subjects. Nuklearmedizin 2021; 60:434-437. [PMID: 34256395 DOI: 10.1055/a-1521-8572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin that plays a key role in brain plasticity, synaptic function, neuronal survival, learning, and memory formation. We aimed to investigate the association of BDNF with dopamine transporter (DAT) availabilities measured by positron emission tomography (PET) in healthy subjects. METHODS Thirty-five healthy, male subjects without brain injury, neuropsychological disorders were included in this study. The emission data were acquired over 90 mins with 50 frames after injection of 18F-FP-CIT using PET. Binding potentials (BPNDs) of ventral striatum (VST), caudate nucleus, putamen were measured with the simplified reference tissue method. The serum BDNF level (pg/mL) was measured through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS Thirty-five healthy males with a mean age of 24.4 ± 2.7 years were included in this study. Multiple regression was done to investigate the association between striatal BPNDs from VST, caudate nucleus, putamen and serum BDNF after adjusting for age. None of striatal BPNDs from VST (p=0.8450), caudate nucleus (p=0.4783), and putamen (p=0.7994) were associated with serum BDNF. CONCLUSION Striatal DAT availabilities measured from PET were not associated with the serum BDNF in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Yeol Nam
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Seongho Seo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Pai Chai University, Daejeon, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Myung Jun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Keunyoung Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - In Joo Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Kyoungjune Pak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea (the Republic of)
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15
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Lee B, Shin M, Park Y, Won SY, Cho KS. Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115795. [PMID: 34071457 PMCID: PMC8198301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of the nervous system. Currently, there is no disease-modifying treatments for most NDs. Meanwhile, numerous studies conducted on human and animal models over the past decades have showed that exercises had beneficial effects on NDs. Inter-tissue communication by myokine, a peptide produced and secreted by skeletal muscles during exercise, is thought to be an important underlying mechanism for the advantages. Here, we reviewed studies about the effects of myokines regulated by exercise on NDs and their mechanisms. Myokines could exert beneficial effects on NDs through a variety of regulatory mechanisms, including cell survival, neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, proteostasis, oxidative stress, and protein modification. Studies on exercise-induced myokines are expected to provide a novel strategy for treating NDs, for which there are no adequate treatments nowadays. To date, only a few myokines have been investigated for their effects on NDs and studies on mechanisms involved in them are in their infancy. Therefore, future studies are needed to discover more myokines and test their effects on NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banseok Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Myeongcheol Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Youngjae Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - So-Yoon Won
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
- Korea Hemp Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.W.); (K.S.C.); Tel.: +82-10-3688-5474 (S.-Y.W.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3424 (K.S.C.)
| | - Kyoung Sang Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
- Korea Hemp Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.W.); (K.S.C.); Tel.: +82-10-3688-5474 (S.-Y.W.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3424 (K.S.C.)
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16
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Carmichael K, Evans RC, Lopez E, Sun L, Kumar M, Ding J, Khaliq ZM, Cai H. Function and Regulation of ALDH1A1-Positive Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons in Motor Control and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:644776. [PMID: 34079441 PMCID: PMC8165242 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.644776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is an important chemical messenger in the brain, which modulates movement, reward, motivation, and memory. Different populations of neurons can produce and release dopamine in the brain and regulate different behaviors. Here we focus our discussion on a small but distinct group of dopamine-producing neurons, which display the most profound loss in the ventral substantia nigra pas compacta of patients with Parkinson's disease. This group of dopaminergic neurons can be readily identified by a selective expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) and accounts for 70% of total nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in both human and mouse brains. Recently, we presented the first whole-brain circuit map of these ALDH1A1-positive dopaminergic neurons and reveal an essential physiological function of these neurons in regulating the vigor of movement during the acquisition of motor skills. In this review, we first summarize previous findings of ALDH1A1-positive nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and their connectivity and functionality, and then provide perspectives on how the activity of ALDH1A1-positive nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons is regulated through integrating diverse presynaptic inputs and its implications for potential Parkinson's disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Carmichael
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- The Graduate Partnership Program of NIH and Brown University, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rebekah C. Evans
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Cellular Neurophysiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elena Lopez
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lixin Sun
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mantosh Kumar
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zayd M. Khaliq
- Cellular Neurophysiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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17
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Pawar G, Parayath NN, Sharma AA, Coito C, Khorkova O, Hsiao J, Curry WT, Amiji MM, Bleier BS. Endonasal CNS Delivery System for Blood-Brain Barrier Impermeant Therapeutic Oligonucleotides Using Heterotopic Mucosal Engrafting. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:660841. [PMID: 33953687 PMCID: PMC8090932 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.660841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The most significant obstacle in the treatment of neurological disorders is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which prevents 98% of all potential neuropharmaceuticals from reaching the central nervous system (CNS). Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the most intensely studied targets in Parkinson’s disease (PD) as it can reverse disease progression. BDNF AntagoNAT’s (ATs) are synthetic oligonucleotide-like compounds capable of upregulating endogenous BDNF expression. Despite the significant promise of BDNF AT therapies for PD, they cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Our group has developed an innovative endonasal heterotopic mucosal grafting technique to provide a permanent method of permeabilizing the BBB. This method is based on established endoscopic surgical procedures currently used in routine clinical practice. Our overall goal for the study was to investigate the distribution and efficacy of BDNF AT’s using an extra-cranial graft model in naïve rats using the innovative heterotopic mucosal engrafting technique. BDNF AT cationic liposomes (ideal size range 200–250 nm) were developed and characterized to enhance the delivery to rat brain. Uptake, distribution and transfection efficiency of BDNF AntagoNAT’s in saline and liposomes were evaluated qualitatively (microscopy) and quantitatively (ELISA and AT hybridization assays) in RT4-D6P2T rat schwannoma cells and in naïve rats. In vivo therapeutic efficacy of BDNF AT’s encapsulated in liposomes was evaluated in a 6-OHDA toxin model of PD using western blot and tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. Using complimentary in vitro and in vivo techniques, our results demonstrate that grafts are capable of delivering therapeutic levels of BDNF ATs in liposomes and saline formulation throughout the brain resulting in significant BDNF upregulation in key end target regions relevant to PD. BDNF AT liposomes resulted in a better distribution in rat brain as compared to saline control. The delivered BDNF AT’s encapsulated in liposomes also conferred a neuroprotective effect in a rat 6-OHDA model of PD. As a platform technique, these results further suggest that this approach may be utilized to deliver other BBB impermeant oligonucleotide-based therapeutics thereby opening the door to additional treatment options for CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grishma Pawar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Neha N Parayath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Aditya A Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Jane Hsiao
- OPKO Health Inc., Miami, FL, United States
| | - William T Curry
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Benjamin S Bleier
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States
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Miller KM, Mercado NM, Sortwell CE. Synucleinopathy-associated pathogenesis in Parkinson's disease and the potential for brain-derived neurotrophic factor. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 7:35. [PMID: 33846345 PMCID: PMC8041900 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The lack of disease-modifying treatments for Parkinson’s disease (PD) is in part due to an incomplete understanding of the disease’s etiology. Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) has become a point of focus in PD due to its connection to both familial and idiopathic cases—specifically its localization to Lewy bodies (LBs), a pathological hallmark of PD. Within this review, we will present a comprehensive overview of the data linking synuclein-associated Lewy pathology with intracellular dysfunction. We first present the alterations in neuronal proteins and transcriptome associated with LBs in postmortem human PD tissue. We next compare these findings to those associated with LB-like inclusions initiated by in vitro exposure to α-syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) and highlight the profound and relatively unique reduction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in this model. Finally, we discuss the multitude of ways in which BDNF offers the potential to exert disease-modifying effects on the basal ganglia. What remains unknown is the potential for BDNF to mitigate inclusion-associated dysfunction within the context of synucleinopathy. Collectively, this review reiterates the merit of using the PFF model as a tool to understand the physiological changes associated with LBs, while highlighting the neuroprotective potential of harnessing endogenous BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Miller
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Natosha M Mercado
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA. .,Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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Molecular Regulation in Dopaminergic Neuron Development. Cues to Unveil Molecular Pathogenesis and Pharmacological Targets of Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113995. [PMID: 32503161 PMCID: PMC7312927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relatively few dopaminergic neurons in the mammalian brain are mostly located in the midbrain and regulate many important neural functions, including motor integration, cognition, emotive behaviors and reward. Therefore, alteration of their function or degeneration leads to severe neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Unraveling the mechanisms of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) phenotype induction and maturation and elucidating the role of the gene network involved in the development and maintenance of these neurons is of pivotal importance to rescue or substitute these cells in order to restore dopaminergic functions. Recently, in addition to morphogens and transcription factors, microRNAs have been identified as critical players to confer mDA identity. The elucidation of the gene network involved in mDA neuron development and function will be crucial to identify early changes of mDA neurons that occur in pre-symptomatic pathological conditions, such as Parkinson’s disease. In addition, it can help to identify targets for new therapies and for cell reprogramming into mDA neurons. In this essay, we review the cascade of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation that confers mDA identity and regulates their functions. Additionally, we highlight certain mechanisms that offer important clues to unveil molecular pathogenesis of mDA neuron dysfunction and potential pharmacological targets for the treatment of mDA neuron dysfunction.
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20
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Palasz E, Wysocka A, Gasiorowska A, Chalimoniuk M, Niewiadomski W, Niewiadomska G. BDNF as a Promising Therapeutic Agent in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031170. [PMID: 32050617 PMCID: PMC7037114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. In animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD), BDNF enhances the survival of dopaminergic neurons, improves dopaminergic neurotransmission and motor performance. Pharmacological therapies of PD are symptom-targeting, and their effectiveness decreases with the progression of the disease; therefore, new therapeutical approaches are needed. Since, in both PD patients and animal PD models, decreased level of BDNF was found in the nigrostriatal pathway, it has been hypothesized that BDNF may serve as a therapeutic agent. Direct delivery of exogenous BDNF into the patient’s brain did not relieve the symptoms of disease, nor did attempts to enhance BDNF expression with gene therapy. Physical training was neuroprotective in animal models of PD. This effect is mediated, at least partly, by BDNF. Animal studies revealed that physical activity increases BDNF and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) expression, leading to inhibition of neurodegeneration through induction of transcription factors and expression of genes related to neuronal proliferation, survival, and inflammatory response. This review focuses on the evidence that increasing BDNF level due to gene modulation or physical exercise has a neuroprotective effect and could be considered as adjunctive therapy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Palasz
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrianna Wysocka
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Gasiorowska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Chalimoniuk
- Faculty in Biala Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 21-500 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Wiktor Niewiadomski
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Niewiadomska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-225892409
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Chiha W, Bartlett CA, Petratos S, Fitzgerald M, Harvey AR. Intravitreal application of AAV-BDNF or mutant AAV-CRMP2 protects retinal ganglion cells and stabilizes axons and myelin after partial optic nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 326:113167. [PMID: 31904385 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Secondary degeneration following an initial injury to the central nervous system (CNS) results in increased tissue loss and is associated with increasing functional impairment. Unilateral partial dorsal transection of the adult rat optic nerve (ON) has proved to be a useful experimental model in which to study factors that contribute to secondary degenerative events. Using this injury model, we here quantified the protective effects of intravitreally administered bi-cistronic adeno-associated viral (AAV2) vectors encoding either brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or a mutant, phospho-resistant, version of collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2T555A) on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), their axons, and associated myelin. To test for potential synergistic interactions, some animals received combined injections of both vectors. Three months post-injury, all treatments maintained RGC numbers in central retina, but only AAV2-BDNF significantly protected ventrally located RGCs exclusively vulnerable to secondary degeneration. Behaviourally, treatments that involved AAV2-BDNF significantly restored the number of smooth-pursuit phases of optokinetic nystagmus. While all therapeutic regimens preserved axonal density and proportions of typical complexes, including heminodes and single nodes, BDNF treatments were generally more effective in maintaining the length of the node of Ranvier in myelin surrounding ventral ON axons after injury. Both AAV2-BDNF and AAV2-CRMP2T555A prevented injury-induced changes in G-ratio and overall myelin thickness, but only AAV2-BDNF administration protected against large-scale myelin decompaction in ventral ON. In summary, in a model of secondary CNS degeneration, both BDNF and CRMP2T555A vectors were neuroprotective, however different efficacies were observed for these overexpressed proteins in the retina and ON, suggesting disparate cellular and molecular targets driving responses for neural repair. The potential use of these vectors to treat other CNS injuries and pathologies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam Chiha
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Belmont, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Carole A Bartlett
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Belmont, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Alan R Harvey
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
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22
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Lilli NL, Révy D, Robelet S, Lejeune B. Effect of the micro-immunotherapy medicine 2LPARK ® on rat primary dopaminergic neurons after 6-OHDA injury: oxidative stress and survival evaluation in an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2019; 9:79-88. [PMID: 31372089 PMCID: PMC6635836 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s202966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor impairments and resulting from progressive degenerative loss of midbrain dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra. Although the main cause of the loss of DAergic neurons is still unknown, various etiopathogenic mechanisms are distinguished, including release and accumulation of endogenous excitotoxic mediators along with the production of oxidative free radicals. Several neurotrophic and growth factors are known to increase DAergic neuronal survival and enhance antioxidant mechanisms. In this context, the micro-immunotherapy (MI) approach consists to regulate the immune system in order to protect DAergic neurons and control oxidative stress. Purpose The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the MI medicine (MIM), 2LPARK® (Labo’Life), on oxidative stress and on the number of neurons positive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), in an in vitro model of PD. Methods Rat primary mesencephalic DAergic neurons cultures were pre-treated for 1 hr with the MIM (10 μM and 10 mM), placebo (10 μM and 10 mM) or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF; 3.3 μM) and then intoxicated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 20 μM) for 48 hrs. After incubation, cells were incubated 30 mins at 37°C with CellROX green reagent and number of labeled cells were quantified. Then, cells were fixed and incubated with anti-TH antibody and the number of TH+ neurons was evaluated. Results We showed that, contrary to placebo, MIM was able to reduce oxidative stress and protect DAergic neurons from 6-OHDA-induced cell death. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the in vitro efficacy of MIM on two essential mechanisms of PD and propose the MI approach as a new ally in the regulation of neuroinflammation and in the treatment of this degenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta L Lilli
- Clinical Affairs, Labo'Life France, Moutiers-Sous-Chantemerle, F-79320, France
| | - Delphine Révy
- Syncrosome, Campus Luminy - Luminy Entreprises, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Sandra Robelet
- Syncrosome, Campus Luminy - Luminy Entreprises, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Béatrice Lejeune
- Labo'Life Belgium, Parc Scientifique CREALYS, Gembloux 5032, Belgium
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23
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Norwitz NG, Hu MT, Clarke K. The Mechanisms by Which the Ketone Body D-β-Hydroxybutyrate May Improve the Multiple Cellular Pathologies of Parkinson's Disease. Front Nutr 2019; 6:63. [PMID: 31139630 PMCID: PMC6527784 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, is strongly associated with the death of dopaminergic neurons in the brain's substantia nigra. Although dopamine replacement therapy temporarily helps patients manage their motor symptoms, this current standard of care fails to address the underlying network of pathologies that contribute to the persistent death of dopaminergic neurons. Thus, new treatment approaches are needed that address the underlying pathologies and, thereby, slow or halt the progression of the actual disease. D-β-hydroxybutyrate – a ketone body produced by the liver to support brain function during periods of starvation – may provide an option. Lifestyle interventions that induce endogenous D-β-hydroxybutyrate production, such as caloric restriction and ketogenic diets, are known to increase healthspan and lifespan in animal models and are used to treat neurological disorders. The efficacy of these ketosis-inducing interventions, along with the recent development of commercially available D-β-hydroxybutyrate-based nutritional supplements, should inspire interest in the possibility that D-β-hydroxybutyrate itself exerts neuroprotective effects. This review provides a molecular model to justify the further exploration of such a possibility. Herein, we explore the cellular mechanisms by which the ketone body, D-β-hydroxybutyrate, acting both as a metabolite and as a signaling molecule, could help to prevent the development, or slow the progression of, Parkinson's disease. Specifically, the metabolism of D-β-hydroxybutyrate may help neurons replenish their depleted ATP stores and protect neurons against oxidative damage. As a G-protein-coupled receptor ligand and histone deacetylase inhibitor, D-β-hydroxybutyrate may further protect neurons against energy deficit and oxidative stress, while also decreasing damaging neuroinflammation and death by apoptosis. Restricted to the available evidence, our model relies largely upon the interpretation of data from the separate literatures on the cellular effects of D-β-hydroxybutyrate and on the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Future studies are needed to reveal whether D-β-hydroxybutyrate actually has the potential to serve as an adjunctive nutritional therapy for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Norwitz
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michele T Hu
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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24
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Zhao Y, Luo D, Ning Z, Rong J, Lao L. Electro-Acupuncture Ameliorated MPTP-Induced Parkinsonism in Mice via TrkB Neurotrophic Signaling. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:496. [PMID: 31156376 PMCID: PMC6528026 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), have shown promise as neuroprotective agents, indicating their potential in therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disease. However, the inherent bioactivity and pharmaceutical limitations of BDNF compromise its clinical efficacy. Research has documented the beneficial effects of electroacupuncture (EA) against neurodegeneration, possibly by BDNF-mediated mechanisms. The present study was designed to clarify whether EA can mount a neuroprotective effect in mice lesioned with MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) via stimulation of the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway. We found that EA not only ameliorated the motor dysfunction but also restored the dopaminergic neuronal function and upregulated BDNF expression in MPTP-lesioned mice. Interestingly, the TrkB inhibitor K252a abolished the neuroprotective effects of EA. Western blot analyses further demonstrated that EA might recover the level of phospho-Akt, phospho-ERK1/2, and BDNF against MPTP neurotoxicity via reversing the imbalance between TrkB FL and TrkB T1. Taken together, the results of the present study show that EA stimulation can ameliorate MPTP-induced parkinsonism in mice. Such a neuroprotective effect may be partially mediated via restoring TrkB neurotrophic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingke Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Dan Luo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Zhipeng Ning
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Jianhui Rong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Lixing Lao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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25
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Fischer DL, Sortwell CE. BDNF provides many routes toward STN DBS-mediated disease modification. Mov Disord 2018; 34:22-34. [PMID: 30440081 PMCID: PMC6587505 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept that subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) may be disease modifying in Parkinson's disease (PD) is controversial. Several clinical trials that enrolled subjects with late‐stage PD have come to disparate conclusions on this matter. In contrast, some clinical studies in early‐ to midstage subjects have suggested a disease‐modifying effect. Dopaminergic innervation of the putamen is essentially absent in PD subjects within 4 years after diagnosis, indicating that any neuroprotective therapy, including STN DBS, will require intervention within the immediate postdiagnosis interval. Preclinical prevention and early intervention paradigms support a neuroprotective effect of STN DBS on the nigrostriatal system via increased brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). STN DBS‐induced increases in BDNF provide a multitude of mechanisms capable of ameliorating dysfunction and degeneration in the parkinsonian brain. A biomarker for measuring brain‐derived neurotrophic factor‐trkB signaling, though, is not available for clinical research. If a prospective clinical trial were to examine whether STN DBS is disease modifying, we contend the strongest rationale is not dependent on a preclinical neuroprotective effect per se, but on the myriad potential mechanisms whereby STN DBS‐elicited brain‐derived neurotrophic factor‐trkB signaling could provide disease modification. © 2018 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Luke Fischer
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health St. Mary's, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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26
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Komnig D, Dagli TC, Habib P, Zeyen T, Schulz JB, Falkenburger BH. Fingolimod (FTY720) is not protective in the subacute MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease and does not lead to a sustainable increase of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J Neurochem 2018; 147:678-691. [PMID: 30152864 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and aggregates of α-synuclein termed Lewy bodies. Fingolimod (FTY720) is an agonist of sphingosine-1 phosphate receptors and an approved oral treatment for multiple sclerosis. Fingolimod elevates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), an important neurotrophic factor for dopaminergic neurons. BDNF and fingolimod are beneficial in several animal models of PD. In order to validate the therapeutic potential of fingolimod for the treatment of PD, we tested its effect in the subacute MPTP mouse model of PD. MPTP or vehicle was applied i.p. in doses of 30 mg/kg MPTP on five consecutive days. In order to recapitulate the combination of dopamine loss and α-synuclein aggregates found in PD, MPTP was first administered in Thy1-A30P-α-synuclein transgenic mice. Fingolimod was administered i.p. at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg every second day. Nigrostriatal degeneration was assayed by stereologically counting the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, by analysing the concentration of catecholamines and the density of dopaminergic fibres in the striatum. MPTP administration produced a robust nigrostriatal degeneration, comparable to previous studies. Unexpectedly, we found no difference between mice with and without fingolimod treatment, neither at baseline, nor at 14 or 90 days after MPTP. Also, we found no effect of fingolimod in the subacute MPTP mouse model when we used wildtype mice instead of α-synuclein transgenic mice, and no effect with an increased dose of 1 mg/kg fingolimod administered every day. In order to explain these findings, we analysed BDNF regulation by fingolimod. We did find an increase of BDNF protein after a single injection of fingolimod 0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg, but not after multiple injections, indicating that the BDNF response to fingolimod is unsustainable over time. Taken together we did not observe a neuroprotective effect of fingolimod in the subacute MPTP mouse model of PD. We discuss possible explanations for this discrepancy with previous findings and conclude fingolimod might be beneficial for the nonmotor symptoms of PD. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* and *Open Data* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript and because it made the data publicly available. The data can be accessed at https://osf.io/6xgfn/. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Komnig
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Pardes Habib
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Zeyen
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jörg B Schulz
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Björn H Falkenburger
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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27
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Wang ZH, Wu W, Kang SS, Liu X, Wu Z, Peng J, Yu SP, Manfredsson FP, Sandoval IM, Liu X, Wang JZ, Ye K. BDNF inhibits neurodegenerative disease-associated asparaginyl endopeptidase activity via phosphorylation by AKT. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99007. [PMID: 30135302 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AEP is an age-dependent lysosomal asparaginyl endopeptidase that cleaves numerous substrates including tau and α-synuclein and mediates their pathological roles in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the molecular mechanism regulating this critical protease remains incompletely understood. Here, we show that Akt phosphorylates AEP on residue T322 upon brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) treatment and triggers its lysosomal translocation and inactivation. When BDNF levels are reduced in neurodegenerative diseases, AEP T322 phosphorylation is attenuated. Consequently, AEP is activated and translocates into the cytoplasm, where it cleaves both tau and α-synuclein. Remarkably, the unphosphorylated T322A mutant increases tau or α-synuclein cleavage by AEP and augments cell death, whereas phosphorylation mimetic T322E mutant represses these effects. Interestingly, viral injection of T322E into Tau P301S mice antagonizes tau N368 cleavage and tau pathologies, rescuing synaptic dysfunction and cognitive deficits. By contrast, viral administration of T322A into young α-SNCA mice elicits α-synuclein N103 cleavage and promotes dopaminergic neuronal loss, facilitating motor defects. Therefore, our findings support the notion that BDNF contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases by suppressing AEP via Akt phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hao Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Neurological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanqiang Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Seong Su Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhiping Wu
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Proteomics Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Junmin Peng
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Proteomics Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Ivette M Sandoval
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Neurological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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28
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Galpern WR, Frim DM, Tatter SB, Altar CA, Beal MF, Isacson O. Cell-Mediated Delivery of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Enhances Dopamine Levels in an Mpp+ Rat Model of Substantia Nigra Degeneration. Cell Transplant 2017; 5:225-32. [PMID: 8689033 DOI: 10.1177/096368979600500211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes the survival of fetal mesencephalic dopaminergic cells and protects dopaminergic neurons against the toxicity of MPP+ in vitro. Supranigral implantation of fibroblasts genetically engineered to secrete BDNF attenuates the loss of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopaminergic neurons associated with striatal infusion of MPP+ in the adult rat. Using this MPP+ rat model of nigral degeneration, we evaluated the neurochemical effects of supranigral, cell-mediated delivery of BDNF on substantia nigra (SN) dopamine (DA) content and turnover. Genetically engineered BDNF-secreting fibroblasts (~12 ng BDNF/24 h) were implanted dorsal to the SN 7 days prior to striatal MPP+ administration. The present results demonstrate that BDNF-secreting fibroblasts, as compared to control fibroblasts, enhance SN DA levels ipsilateral as well as contralateral to the graft without altering DA turnover. This augmentation of DA levels suggests that local neurotrophic factor delivery by genetically engineered cells may provide a therapeutic strategy for preventing neuronal death or enhancing neuronal function in neurodegenerative diseases characterized by dopaminergic neuronal dysfunction, such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Galpern
- Neuroregeneration Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02178, USA
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29
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Dunnett SB, Björklund A. Mechanisms and use of neural transplants for brain repair. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 230:1-51. [PMID: 28552225 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Under appropriate conditions, neural tissues transplanted into the adult mammalian brain can survive, integrate, and function so as to influence the behavior of the host, opening the prospect of repairing neuronal damage, and alleviating symptoms associated with neuronal injury or neurodegenerative disease. Alternative mechanisms of action have been postulated: nonspecific effects of surgery; neurotrophic and neuroprotective influences on disease progression and host plasticity; diffuse or locally regulated pharmacological delivery of deficient neurochemicals, neurotransmitters, or neurohormones; restitution of the neuronal and glial environment necessary for proper host neuronal support and processing; promoting local and long-distance host and graft axon growth; formation of reciprocal connections and reconstruction of local circuits within the host brain; and up to full integration and reconstruction of fully functional host neuronal networks. Analysis of neural transplants in a broad range of anatomical systems and disease models, on simple and complex classes of behavioral function and information processing, have indicated that all of these alternative mechanisms are likely to contribute in different circumstances. Thus, there is not a single or typical mode of graft function; rather grafts can and do function in multiple ways, specific to each particular context. Consequently, to develop an effective cell-based therapy, multiple dimensions must be considered: the target disease pathogenesis; the neurodegenerative basis of each type of physiological dysfunction or behavioral symptom; the nature of the repair required to alleviate or remediate the functional impairments of particular clinical relevance; and identification of a suitable cell source or delivery system, along with the site and method of implantation, that can achieve the sought for repair and recovery.
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Litim N, Morissette M, Di Paolo T. Effects of progesterone administered after MPTP on dopaminergic neurons of male mice. Neuropharmacology 2017; 117:209-218. [PMID: 28192111 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone neuroprotection of striatal dopamine (DA) in male mice lesioned with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was previously reported when administered before MPTP or an hour after. A dose of MPTP to induce a partial lesion was used to model early stages or prodromal Parkinson. We hypothesized that brain DA can be restored by progesterone administered early (24 h) or later (5 days) after MPTP. Male mice received 4 injections of MPTP (8 mg/kg) and progesterone (8 mg/kg) once daily for 5 days started 24 h or 5 days after MPTP. The lesion decreased striatal DA and its metabolites but not serotonin contents. MPTP mice treated with progesterone starting 24 h but not 5 days after MPTP had higher striatal DA and its metabolites content than vehicle-treated MPTP mice. Striatal DA transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) specific binding decreased in lesioned mice and were corrected with progesterone treatment starting 24 h but not 5 days after MPTP. Striatal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels, a marker of activated astrocytes, were elevated by the MPTP lesion and were corrected with progesterone treatment starting 24 h after MPTP. Striatal brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were decreased by the MPTP lesion and were prevented by progesterone treatments whereas no change of Akt, GSK3β, ERK1 and 2 and their phosphorylated forms were observed. Thus, progesterone administered after MPTP in mice protected dopaminergic neurons through modulation of neuroinflammation and BDNF. In humans, progesterone could possibly be used as a disease-modifying drug in prodromal Parkinson.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadhir Litim
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Marc Morissette
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada.
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Gowing G, Svendsen S, Svendsen CN. Ex vivo gene therapy for the treatment of neurological disorders. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 230:99-132. [PMID: 28552237 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo gene therapy involves the genetic modification of cells outside of the body to produce therapeutic factors and their subsequent transplantation back into patients. Various cell types can be genetically engineered. However, with the explosion in stem cell technologies, neural stem/progenitor cells and mesenchymal stem cells are most often used. The synergy between the effect of the new cell and the additional engineered properties can often provide significant benefits to neurodegenerative changes in the brain. In this review, we cover both preclinical animal studies and clinical human trials that have used ex vivo gene therapy to treat neurological disorders with a focus on Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, ALS, and stroke. We highlight some of the major advances in this field including new autologous sources of pluripotent stem cells, safer ways to introduce therapeutic transgenes, and various methods of gene regulation. We also address some of the remaining hurdles including tunable gene regulation, in vivo cell tracking, and rigorous experimental design. Overall, given the current outcomes from researchers and clinical trials, along with exciting new developments in ex vivo gene and cell therapy, we anticipate that successful treatments for neurological diseases will arise in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Gowing
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Soshana Svendsen
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Tatter SB, Galpern WR, Isacson O. Neurotrophic Factor Protection against Excitotoxic Neuronal Death. Neuroscientist 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107385849500100506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors are polypeptides capable of promoting neuronal survival in both the developing and the adult brain. In addition to the neurotrophins, NGF, brain-derived neurotropic factor, and NT-3 to -6, other neurotrophic factors include ciliary neurotrophic factor, fibroblast growth factors, insulin-like growth factors, members of the transforming growth factor superfamily, members of the epidermal growth factor family, and other cytokines such as leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, and interleukins-6 and -11. One condition under which these factors promote survival is the challenge of neurons with analogs of excitatory amino acid transmitters. Such analogs, including quinolinic acid, kainic acid, and ibotenic acid, are frequently employed as models of neurological diseases such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, cerebellar degenerations, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Excitotoxicity also plays a role in neu ronal death caused by focal ischemia, hypoglycemia, or trauma. Although much has been learned about the mechanisms of both the action of neurotrophic factors and of cell death in response to excitotoxins, the mechanism of protection by these factors remains uncertain. This review explores the biochemical and phys iological changes mediated by neurotrophic factors that may underlie their ability to protect against excito toxic cell death. Second messenger pathways used degenerately by both excitotoxins and neurotrophic factors are discussed as a potential site of interaction mediating the protective effects of neurotrophic factors. Particular attention is also paid to the importance of the route of neurotrophic factor delivery in conferring neuroprotection in particular excitotoxic models. The Neuroscientist 1:286-297, 1995
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B. Tatter
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology Massachusetts
General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, Neuroregeneration Laboratory McLean Hospital Belmont,
Massachusetts
| | - Wendy R. Galpern
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology Massachusetts
General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, Neuroregeneration Laboratory McLean Hospital Belmont,
Massachusetts
| | - Ole Isacson
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology Massachusetts
General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, Neuroregeneration Laboratory McLean Hospital Belmont,
Massachusetts
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Li XH, Dai CF, Chen L, Zhou WT, Han HL, Dong ZF. 7,8-dihydroxyflavone Ameliorates Motor Deficits Via Suppressing α-synuclein Expression and Oxidative Stress in the MPTP-induced Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:617-24. [PMID: 27079181 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and diminished dopamine content in the striatum, which is at least partly associated with α-synuclein protein overexpression in these neurons. Recent reports show that 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (DHF), a TrkB agonist, has beneficial effects in animal model of PD. However, it is unclear whether the therapeutic effects of DHF are associated with the expression of α-synuclein. AIMS In this study, we investigated the protective effects of DHF on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced deficit of motor functions, the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the expression of α-synuclein as well as antioxidative activity in the C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS Mice were treated with MPTP (30 mg/kg, i.p.) once a day for 5 days to induce dopaminergic neuron death in the SN. DHF (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was administrated once a day from the first day of MPTP injection until 9 days after the last injection of MPTP. Behavioral tests showed that DHF succeeded in ameliorating the impaired motor functions in the MPTP-treated mice. The immunohistochemical assay showed that the amelioration of motor function was accompanied by a reduction in the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SN and striatum. Western blot analyses showed that DHF prevented the inactivation of TrkB and suppressed α-synuclein overexpression in the SN and striatum following MPTP treatment. Antioxidative activity detection revealed that DHF prevented MPTP-induced reduction in glutathione and total superoxide dismutase activity in the SN and striatum. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results indicate that DHF treatment may suppress the accumulation of α-synuclein and oxidative stress via activating TrkB and subsequently block the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SN and striatum, thereby ameliorating MPTP-induced motor deficits in the C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Huan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun-Fang Dai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Long Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Tao Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui-Li Han
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Fang Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Angelucci F, Piermaria J, Gelfo F, Shofany J, Tramontano M, Fiore M, Caltagirone C, Peppe A. The effects of motor rehabilitation training on clinical symptoms and serum BDNF levels in Parkinson’s disease subjects. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:455-61. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that motor rehabilitation may delay Parkinson’s disease (PD) progression. Moreover, parallel treatments in animals up-regulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Thus, we investigated the effect of a motor rehabilitation protocol on PD symptoms and BDNF serum levels. Motor rehabilitation training consisted of a cycle of 20 days/month of physiotherapy divided in 3 daily sessions. Clinical data were collected at the beginning, at the end, and at 90 days follow-up. BDNF serum levels were detected by ELISA at 0, 7, 14, 21, 30, and 90 days. The follow-up period had a duration of 60 days (T30–T90). The results showed that at the end of the treatment (day 30), an improvement in extrapyramidal signs (UPDRS III; UPDRS III – Gait and Balance items), motor (6 Minute Walking Test), and daily living activities (UPDRS II; PDQ-39) was observed. BDNF levels were increased at day 7 as compared with baseline. After that, no changes in BDNF were observed during the treatment and in the successive follow-up. This study demonstrates that motor rehabilitation training is able to ameliorate PD symptoms and to increase temporarily BDNF serum levels. The latter effect may potentially contribute to the therapeutic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Angelucci
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 354, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Piermaria
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 354, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Gelfo
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 354, 00142 Rome, Italy
- Department of Systemic Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Jacob Shofany
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 354, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tramontano
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 354, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 354, 00142 Rome, Italy
- Department of Systemic Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Peppe
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 354, 00142 Rome, Italy
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Khalil H, Alomari MA, Khabour OF, Al-Hieshan A, Bajwa JA. Relationship of circulatory BDNF with cognitive deficits in people with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2016; 362:217-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Investigation of tyrosine hydroxylase and BDNF in a low-dose rotenone model of Parkinson's disease. J Chem Neuroanat 2015; 70:33-41. [PMID: 26562783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, the rate limiting-enzyme in catecholamine synthesis) is regulated acutely via phosphorylation of 3 serine residues--Ser19, 31 and 40, and chronically via changes in TH protein levels. In this study, we aimed to investigate how TH is regulated in the brain, gut and adrenal gland as well as changes in mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (mBDNF) and proBDNF levels in a low-dose (2 mg/kg, 5 days/week for 4 weeks) rotenone model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Rearing behaviour decreased by week 3 in the rotenone group (p<0.01), with further decreases in rearing by week 4 (p<0.001); however, TH remained unchanged in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum; TH levels were also unaltered in other catecholaminergic cell groups of the brainstem such as A1C1 neurons or locus coeruleus. In the olfactory bulb, TH protein decreased (2.5-fold, p<0.01) while Ser31 phosphorylation increased (1.4-fold, p<0.05) in the rotenone group. In contrast, TH protein was increased in the adrenal gland (2-fold, p<0.05) and colon (5-fold, p<0.05) of rotenone rats. mBDNF levels were not changed in the SN but were significantly reduced in plasma and significantly increased in the colon (2-fold, p<0.01) of rotenone-treated rats. This is the first study to assess TH and BDNF in the brain and periphery in the rotenone model before SN/striatum degeneration is evident. Together these results suggest that low-dose rotenone may have some potential to model the early stages of PD.
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Aly AEE, Waszczak BL. Intranasal gene delivery for treating Parkinson's disease: overcoming the blood-brain barrier. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 12:1923-41. [PMID: 26289676 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1069815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Developing a disease-modifying gene therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) has been a high priority for over a decade. However, due to the inability of large biomolecules to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the only means of delivery to the brain has been intracerebral infusion. Intranasal administration offers a non-surgical means of bypassing the BBB to deliver neurotrophic factors, and the genes encoding them, directly to the brain. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes: i) evidence demonstrating intranasal delivery to the brain of a number of biomolecules having therapeutic potential for various CNS disorders; and ii) evidence demonstrating neuroprotective efficacy of a subset of biomolecules specifically for PD. The intersection of these two spheres represents the area of opportunity for development of new intranasal gene therapies for PD. To that end, our laboratory showed that intranasal administration of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), or plasmid DNA nanoparticles encoding GDNF, provides neuroprotection in a rat model of PD, and that the cells transfected by the nanoparticle vector are likely to be pericytes. EXPERT OPINION A number of genes encoding neurotrophic factors have therapeutic potential for PD, but few have been tested by the intranasal route and shown to be neuroprotective in a model of PD. Intranasal delivery provides a largely unexplored, promising approach for development of a non-invasive gene therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirah E-E Aly
- a 1 Northeastern University, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Barbara L Waszczak
- b 2 Northeastern University, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Boston, MA 02115, USA +1 617 373 3312 ; +1 617 373 8886 ;
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neuron development has been an intense area of research during recent years. This is due in part to a growing interest in regenerative medicine and the hope that treatment for diseases affecting mDA neurons, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), might be facilitated by a better understanding of how these neurons are specified, differentiated and maintained in vivo. This knowledge might help to instruct efforts to generate mDA neurons in vitro, which holds promise not only for cell replacement therapy, but also for disease modeling and drug discovery. In this Primer, we will focus on recent developments in understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate the development of mDA neurons in vivo, and how they have been used to generate human mDA neurons in vitro from pluripotent stem cells or from somatic cells via direct reprogramming. Current challenges and future avenues in the development of a regenerative medicine for PD will be identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Arenas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center of Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Mark Denham
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center of Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - J. Carlos Villaescusa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center of Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 61137, Czech Republic
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Zhu G, Li J, He L, Wang X, Hong X. MPTP-induced changes in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory are prevented by memantine through the BDNF-TrkB pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2354-68. [PMID: 25560396 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mild cognitive deficit in early Parkinson's disease (PD) has been widely studied. Here we have examined the effects of memantine in preventing memory deficit in experimental PD models and elucidated some of the underlying mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES I.p. injection of 1-methyl-4- phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro pyridine (MPTP) in C57BL/6 mice was used to produce models of PD. We used behavioural tasks to test memory. In vitro, we used slices of hippocampus, with electrophysiological, Western blotting, real time PCR, elisa and immunochemical techniques. KEY RESULTS Following MPTP injection, long-term memory was impaired and these changes were prevented by pre-treatment with memantine. In hippocampal slices from MPTP treated mice, long-term potentiation (LTP) -induced by θ burst stimulation (10 bursts, 4 pulses) was decreased, while long-term depression (LTD) induced by low-frequency stimulation (1 Hz, 900 pulses) was enhanced, compared with control values. A single dose of memantine (i.p., 10 mg·kg(-1) ) reversed the decreased LTP and the increased LTD in this PD model. Activity-dependent changes in tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB), ERK and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression were decreased in slices from mice after MPTP treatment. These effects were reversed by pretreatment with memantine. Incubation of slices in vitro with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+) ) decreased depolarization-induced expression of BDNF. This effect was prevented by pretreatment of slices with memantine or with calpain inhibitor III, suggesting the involvement of an overactivated calcium signalling pathway. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Memantine should be useful in preventing loss of memory and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'An Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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Angelucci F, Peppe A, Carlesimo GA, Serafini F, Zabberoni S, Barban F, Shofany J, Caltagirone C, Costa A. A pilot study on the effect of cognitive training on BDNF serum levels in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:130. [PMID: 25852518 PMCID: PMC4360779 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, besides motor dysfunctions, may also display mild cognitive deficits (MCI) which increase with disease progression. The neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a role in the survival of dopaminergic neurons and in the regulation of synaptic connectivity. Moreover, the brain and peripheral level of this protein may be significantly reduced in PD patients. These data suggest that a cognitive rehabilitation protocol aimed at restoring cognitive deficits in PD patients may also involve changes in this neurotrophin. Thus, in this pilot study we evaluated the effect of a cognitive rehabilitation protocol focused on the training of executive functioning and measured BDNF serum levels in a group of PD patients with mild cognitive impairment, as compared to the effect of a placebo treatment (n = 7/8 group). The results showed that PD patients undergoing the cognitive rehabilitation, besides improving their cognitive performance as measured with the Zoo Map Test, also displayed increased serum BDNF levels as compared to the placebo group. These findings suggest that BDNF serum levels may represent a biomarker of the effects of cognitive rehabilitation in PD patients affected by MCI. However, the functional significance of this increase in PD as well as other neuropathological conditions remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Angelucci
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy,
| | - Antonella Peppe
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy,
| | - Giovanni A. Carlesimo
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy,
- Department of Systemic Medicine, University of Rome Tor VergataRome, Italy
| | - Francesca Serafini
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy,
| | - Silvia Zabberoni
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy,
| | - Francesco Barban
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy,
| | - Jacob Shofany
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy,
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy,
- Department of Systemic Medicine, University of Rome Tor VergataRome, Italy
| | - Alberto Costa
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy,
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Mattson MP. Lifelong brain health is a lifelong challenge: from evolutionary principles to empirical evidence. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 20:37-45. [PMID: 25576651 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although the human brain is exceptional in size and information processing capabilities, it is similar to other mammals with regard to the factors that promote its optimal performance. Three such factors are the challenges of physical exercise, food deprivation/fasting, and social/intellectual engagement. Because it evolved, in part, for success in seeking and acquiring food, the brain functions best when the individual is hungry and physically active, as typified by the hungry lion stalking and chasing its prey. Indeed, studies of animal models and human subjects demonstrate robust beneficial effects of regular exercise and intermittent energy restriction/fasting on cognitive function and mood, particularly in the contexts of aging and associated neurodegenerative disorders. Unfortunately, the agricultural revolution and the invention of effort-sparing technologies have resulted in a dramatic reduction or elimination of vigorous exercise and fasting, leaving only intellectual challenges to bolster brain function. In addition to disengaging beneficial adaptive responses in the brain, sedentary overindulgent lifestyles promote obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, all of which may increase the risk of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. It is therefore important to embrace the reality of the requirements for exercise, intermittent fasting and critical thinking for optimal brain health throughout life, and to recognize the dire consequences for our aging population of failing to implement such brain-healthy lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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Jackson-Lewis V, Lester D, Kozina E, Przedborski S, Smeyne RJ. From Man to Mouse. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Rodrigues TM, Jerónimo-Santos A, Outeiro TF, Sebastião AM, Diógenes MJ. Challenges and promises in the development of neurotrophic factor-based therapies for Parkinson's disease. Drugs Aging 2014; 31:239-61. [PMID: 24610720 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-014-0160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic movement disorder typically coupled to progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). The treatments currently available are satisfactory for symptomatic management, but the efficacy tends to decrease as neuronal loss progresses. Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are endogenous proteins known to promote neuronal survival, even in degenerating states. Therefore, the use of these factors is regarded as a possible therapeutic approach, which would aim to prevent PD or to even restore homeostasis in neurodegenerative disorders. Intriguingly, although favorable results in in vitro and in vivo models of the disease were attained, clinical trials using these molecules have failed to demonstrate a clear therapeutic benefit. Therefore, the development of animal models that more closely reproduce the mechanisms known to underlie PD-related neurodegeneration would be a major step towards improving the capacity to predict the clinical usefulness of a given NTF-based approach in the experimental setting. Moreover, some adjustments to the design of clinical trials ought to be considered, which include recruiting patients in the initial stages of the disease, improving the efficacy of the delivery methods, and combining synergetic NTFs or adding NTF-boosting drugs to the already available pharmacological approaches. Despite the drawbacks on the road to the use of NTFs as pharmacological tools for PD, very relevant achievements have been reached. In this article, we review the current status of the potential relevance of NTFs for treating PD, taking into consideration experimental evidence, human observational studies, and data from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Martins Rodrigues
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor inhibit ferrous iron influx via divalent metal transporter 1 and iron regulatory protein 1 regulation in ventral mesencephalic neurons. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2967-75. [PMID: 25239763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Iron accumulation is observed in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease. However, it is unknown whether neurotrophic factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) participate in the modulation of neuronal iron metabolism. Here, we investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of BDNF and GDNF on the iron influx process in primary cultured ventral mesencephalic neurons. 6-hydroxydopamine-induced enhanced ferrous iron influx via improper up-regulation of divalent metal transporter 1 with iron responsive element (DMT1+IRE) was consistently relieved by BDNF and GDNF. Both the mRNA and protein levels of DMT1+IRE were down-regulated by BDNF or GDNF treatment alone. We further demonstrated the involvement of iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) in BDNF- and GDNF-induced DMT1+IRE expression. Extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and Akt were activated and participated in these processes. Inhibition of ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation abolished the down-regulation of IRP1 and DMT1+IRE induced by BDNF and GDNF. Taken together, these results show that BDNF and GDNF ameliorate iron accumulation via the ERK/Akt pathway, followed by inhibition of IRP1 and DMT1+IRE expression, which may provide new targets for the neuroprotective effects of these neurotrophic factors.
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Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in Parkinson's disease: impact on neuronal survival and plasticity. Neural Plast 2014; 2014:454696. [PMID: 25110593 PMCID: PMC4106176 DOI: 10.1155/2014/454696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies, chronic neurodegeneration occurs within different areas of the central nervous system leading to progressive motor and nonmotor symptoms. The symptomatic treatment options that are currently available do not slow or halt disease progression. This highlights the need of a better understanding of disease mechanisms and disease models. The generation of newborn neurons in the adult hippocampus and in the subventricular zone/olfactory bulb system is affected by many different regulators and possibly involved in memory processing, depression, and olfaction, symptoms which commonly occur in PD. The pathology of the adult neurogenic niches in human PD patients is still mostly elusive, but different preclinical models have shown profound alterations of adult neurogenesis. Alterations in stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival as well as neurite outgrowth and spine formation have been related to different aspects in PD pathogenesis. Therefore, neurogenesis in the adult brain provides an ideal model to study disease mechanisms and compounds. In addition, adult newborn neurons have been proposed as a source of endogenous repair. Herein, we review current knowledge about the adult neurogenic niches in PD and highlight areas of future research.
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Van Kampen JM, Baranowski D, Kay DG. Progranulin gene delivery protects dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97032. [PMID: 24804730 PMCID: PMC4013129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by tremor, rigidity and akinesia/bradykinesia resulting from the progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. To date, only symptomatic treatment is available for PD patients, with no effective means of slowing or stopping the progression of the disease. Progranulin (PGRN) is a 593 amino acid multifunction protein that is widely distributed throughout the CNS, localized primarily in neurons and microglia. PGRN has been demonstrated to be a potent regulator of neuroinflammation and also acts as an autocrine neurotrophic factor, important for long-term neuronal survival. Thus, enhancing PGRN expression may strengthen the cells resistance to disease. In the present study, we have used the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of PD to investigate the possible use of PGRN gene delivery as a therapy for the prevention or treatment of PD. Viral vector delivery of the PGRN gene was an effective means of elevating PGRN expression in nigrostriatal neurons. When PGRN expression was elevated in the SNC, nigrostriatal neurons were protected from MPTP toxicity in mice, along with a preservation of striatal dopamine content and turnover. Further, protection of nigrostriatal neurons by PGRN gene therapy was accompanied by reductions in markers of MPTP-induced inflammation and apoptosis as well as a complete preservation of locomotor function. We conclude that PGRN gene therapy may have beneficial effects in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackalina M. Van Kampen
- Neurodyn Inc., Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Denis G. Kay
- Neurodyn Inc., Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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Potential therapeutic effects of neurotrophins for acute and chronic neurological diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:601084. [PMID: 24818146 PMCID: PMC4000962 DOI: 10.1155/2014/601084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophins (NTs) nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), NT-3, and NT-4/5 are proteins that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival in both the developing and mature central nervous system (CNS) by binding to two receptor classes, Trk receptors and p75 NTR. Motivated by the broad growth- and survival-promoting effects of these proteins, numerous studies have attempted to use exogenous NTs to prevent the death of cells that are associated with neurological disease or promote the regeneration of severed axons caused by mechanical injury. Indeed, such neurotrophic effects have been repeatedly demonstrated in animal models of stroke, nerve injury, and neurodegenerative disease. However, limitations, including the short biological half-lives and poor blood-brain permeability of these proteins, prevent routine application from treating human disease. In this report, we reviewed evidence for the neuroprotective efficacy of NTs in animal models, highlighting outstanding technical challenges and discussing more recent attempts to harness the neuroprotective capacity of endogenous NTs using small molecule inducers and cell transplantation.
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Bourque M, Morissette M, Di Paolo T. Raloxifene activates G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1/Akt signaling to protect dopamine neurons in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mice. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2347-56. [PMID: 24726471 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Raloxifene, used in the clinic, is reported to protect brain dopaminergic neurons in mice. Raloxifene was shown to mediate an effect through the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1). We investigated if raloxifene neuroprotective effect in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated male mice is mediated through GPER1 by using its antagonist G15. Striatal concentrations of dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid to dopamine ratio as well as dopamine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 showed that raloxifene neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons was blocked by G15. Protection by raloxifene was accompanied by activation of striatal Akt signaling (but not ERK1/2 signaling) and increased Bcl-2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels; these effects were abolished by coadministration with G15. The effect of raloxifene was not mediated through increased levels of 17β-estradiol. MPTP mice had decreased plasma testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and 3β-diol levels; this was prevented in raloxifene-treated MPTP mice. Our results suggest that raloxifene acted through GPER1 to mediate Akt activation, increase Bcl-2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, and protection of dopaminergic neurons and plasma androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Bourque
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc Morissette
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
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Steiner JP, Nath A. Neurotrophin strategies for neuroprotection: are they sufficient? J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:182-94. [PMID: 24609976 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As people are living longer, the prevalance of neurodegenerative diseases continues to rise resulting in huge socio-economic consequences. Despite major advancements in studying the pathophysiology of these diseases and a large number of clinical trials currently there is no effective treatment for these illnesses. All neuroprotective strategies have either failed or have shown only a minimal effect. There has been a major shift in recent years exploring the potential of neuroregenerative approaches. While the concept of using neurotropins for therapeutic purposes has been in existence for many years, new modes of delivery and expression of this family of molecules makes this approach now feasilble. Further neurotropin mimetics and receptor agonists are also being developed. The use of small molecules to induce the expression of neurotropins including repurposing of FDA approved drugs for this approach is another strategy being pursued. In the review we examine these new developments and discuss the potential for such approaches in the context of the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Steiner
- NINDS Translational Neuroscience Center, National Institutes of Health, Room 7C-105; Bldg 10, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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50
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Van Kampen JM, Baranowski DB, Shaw CA, Kay DG. Panax ginseng is neuroprotective in a novel progressive model of Parkinson's disease. Exp Gerontol 2013; 50:95-105. [PMID: 24316034 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. Among its various benefits is a pluripotent targeting of the various events involved in neuronal cell death. This includes anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects. Indeed, ginseng extract and its individual ginsenosides have been demonstrated to influence a number of biochemical markers implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. We have reported previously that administration of the ginseng extract, G115, afforded robust neuroprotection in two rodent models of PD. However, these traditional rodent models are acute in nature and do accurately recapitulate the progressive nature of the disease. Chronic exposure to the dietary phytosterol glucoside, β-sitosterol β-d-glucoside (BSSG) triggers the progressive development of neurological deficits, with behavioral and cellular features that closely approximate those observed in PD patients. Clinical signs and histopathology continue to develop for several months following cessation of exposure to the neurotoxic insult. Here, we utilized this model to further characterize the neuroprotective effects of the ginseng extract, G115. Oral administration of this extract significantly reduced dopaminergic cell loss, microgliosis, and accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates. Further, G115 administration fully prevented the development of locomotor deficits, in the form of reduced locomotor activity and coordination. These results suggest that ginseng extract may be a potential neuroprotective therapy for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackalina M Van Kampen
- Neurodyn Inc., 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; Department of Biomedical Science, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | | | - Christopher A Shaw
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, 828W. 10th Ave., Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L8, Canada
| | - Denis G Kay
- Neurodyn Inc., 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Prince Edward Island
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