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Kim T, Lee Y, Lim H, Kim Y, Cho H, Namkung W, Han G. Discovery of Protease-activated receptor 2 antagonists derived from phenylalanine for the treatment of breast cancer. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107496. [PMID: 38850590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) has garnered attention as a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer. PAR2 is implicated in the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) via G protein and beta-arrestin pathways, contributing to the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells. Despite the recognized role of PAR2 in breast cancer progression, clinically effective PAR2 antagonists remain elusive. To address this unmet clinical need, we synthesized and evaluated a series of novel compounds that target the orthosteric site of PAR2. Using in silico docking simulations, we identified compound 9a, an optimized derivative of compound 1a ((S)-N-(1-(benzylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)benzamide), which exhibited enhanced PAR2 antagonistic activity. Subsequent molecular dynamics simulations comparing 9a with the partial agonist 9d revealed that variations in ligand-induced conformational changes and interactions dictated whether the compound acted as an antagonist or agonist of PAR2. The results of this study suggest that further development of 9a could contribute to the advancement of PAR2 antagonists as potential therapeutic agents for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taegun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yechan Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Hocheol Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonhwa Kim
- Graduate Program of Industrial Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeun Cho
- Graduate Program of Industrial Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Namkung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoonhee Han
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea.
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Radisky ES. Extracellular proteolysis in cancer: Proteases, substrates, and mechanisms in tumor progression and metastasis. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107347. [PMID: 38718867 PMCID: PMC11170211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A vast ensemble of extracellular proteins influences the development and progression of cancer, shaped and reshaped by a complex network of extracellular proteases. These proteases, belonging to the distinct classes of metalloproteases, serine proteases, cysteine proteases, and aspartic proteases, play a critical role in cancer. They often become dysregulated in cancer, with increases in pathological protease activity frequently driven by the loss of normal latency controls, diminished regulation by endogenous protease inhibitors, and changes in localization. Dysregulated proteases accelerate tumor progression and metastasis by degrading protein barriers within the extracellular matrix (ECM), stimulating tumor growth, reactivating dormant tumor cells, facilitating tumor cell escape from immune surveillance, and shifting stromal cells toward cancer-promoting behaviors through the precise proteolysis of specific substrates to alter their functions. These crucial substrates include ECM proteins and proteoglycans, soluble proteins secreted by tumor and stromal cells, and extracellular domains of cell surface proteins, including membrane receptors and adhesion proteins. The complexity of the extracellular protease web presents a significant challenge to untangle. Nevertheless, technological strides in proteomics, chemical biology, and the development of new probes and reagents are enabling progress and advancing our understanding of the pivotal importance of extracellular proteolysis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
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Paul S, Mukherjee T, Das K. Coagulation Protease-Driven Cancer Immune Evasion: Potential Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1568. [PMID: 38672649 PMCID: PMC11048528 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood coagulation and cancer are intrinsically connected, hypercoagulation-associated thrombotic complications are commonly observed in certain types of cancer, often leading to decreased survival in cancer patients. Apart from the common role in coagulation, coagulation proteases often trigger intracellular signaling in various cancers via the activation of a G protein-coupled receptor superfamily protease: protease-activated receptors (PARs). Although the role of PARs is well-established in the development and progression of certain types of cancer, their impact on cancer immune response is only just emerging. The present review highlights how coagulation protease-driven PAR signaling plays a key role in modulating innate and adaptive immune responses. This is followed by a detailed discussion on the contribution of coagulation protease-induced signaling in cancer immune evasion, thereby supporting the growth and development of certain tumors. A special section of the review demonstrates the role of coagulation proteases, thrombin, factor VIIa, and factor Xa in cancer immune evasion. Targeting coagulation protease-induced signaling might be a potential therapeutic strategy to boost the immune surveillance mechanism of a host fighting against cancer, thereby augmenting the clinical consequences of targeted immunotherapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhojit Paul
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India;
| | - Tanmoy Mukherjee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Tyler Health Science Center, Tyler, TX 75708, USA;
| | - Kaushik Das
- Biotechnology Research and Innovation Council-National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani 741251, West Bengal, India
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Guignard S, Saifeddine M, Mihara K, Motahhary M, Savignac M, Guiraud L, Sagnat D, Sebbag M, Khou S, Rolland C, Edir A, Bournet B, Buscail L, Buscail E, Alric L, Camare C, Ambli M, Vergnolle N, Hollenberg MD, Deraison C, Bonnart C. Chymotrypsin activity signals to intestinal epithelium by protease-activated receptor-dependent mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38637276 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chymotrypsin is a pancreatic protease secreted into the lumen of the small intestine to digest food proteins. We hypothesized that chymotrypsin activity may be found close to epithelial cells and that chymotrypsin signals to them via protease-activated receptors (PARs). We deciphered molecular pharmacological mechanisms and gene expression regulation for chymotrypsin signalling in intestinal epithelial cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The presence and activity of chymotrypsin were evaluated by Western blot and enzymatic activity tests in the luminal and mucosal compartments of murine and human gut samples. The ability of chymotrypsin to cleave the extracellular domain of PAR1 or PAR2 was assessed using cell lines expressing N-terminally tagged receptors. The cleavage site of chymotrypsin on PAR1 and PAR2 was determined by HPLC-MS analysis. The chymotrypsin signalling mechanism was investigated in CMT93 intestinal epithelial cells by calcium mobilization assays and Western blot analyses of (ERK1/2) phosphorylation. The transcriptional consequences of chymotrypsin signalling were analysed on colonic organoids. KEY RESULTS We found that chymotrypsin was present and active in the vicinity of the colonic epithelium. Molecular pharmacological studies have shown that chymotrypsin cleaves both PAR1 and PAR2 receptors. Chymotrypsin activated calcium and ERK1/2 signalling pathways through PAR2, and this pathway promoted interleukin-10 (IL-10) up-regulation in colonic organoids. In contrast, chymotrypsin disarmed PAR1, preventing further activation by its canonical agonist, thrombin. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results highlight the ability of chymotrypsin to signal to intestinal epithelial cells via PARs, which may have important physiological consequences in gut homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Guignard
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Mahmoud Saifeddine
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Koichiro Mihara
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Majid Motahhary
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Magali Savignac
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) INSERM UMR1291-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5051, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Laura Guiraud
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - David Sagnat
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Mireille Sebbag
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Sokchea Khou
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Rolland
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Anissa Edir
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Barbara Bournet
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Louis Buscail
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Etienne Buscail
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Alric
- Department of Internal Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Rangueil, Toulouse III University Hospital, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Camare
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- University of Toulouse, UMR1297, INSERM/Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Mouna Ambli
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Céline Deraison
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Chrystelle Bonnart
- IRSD, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
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Tripathy S, Singh S, Banerjee M, Modi DR, Prakash A. Coagulation proteases and neurotransmitters in pathogenicity of glioblastoma multiforme. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:398-408. [PMID: 35896309 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2107514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive type of cancer that begins in cells called astrocytes that support nerve cells that can occur in the brain or spinal cord. It can form in the brain or spinal cord. Despite the variety of modern therapies against GBM, it is still a deadly disease. Patients usually have a median survival of approximately 14 to 15 months from the diagnosis. Glioblastoma is also known as glioblastoma multiforme. The pathogenesis contributing to the proliferation and metastasis of cancer involves aberrations of multiple signalling pathways through multiple genetic mutations and altered gene expression. The coagulant factors like thrombin and tissue factor play a noteworthy role in cancer invasion. They are produced in the microenvironment of glioma through activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs) which are activated by coagulation proteases. PARs are members of family G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by coagulation proteases. These components play a key role in tumour cell angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and interactions with host vascular cells. Further, the release of neurotransmitters is also found to regulate malignancy in gliomas. Exploration of the interplay between malignant neural circuitry with the normal conditions is also decisive in finding effective therapies for these apparently invasive tumours. The present review discusses the molecular classification of gliomas, activation of PARs by coagulation protease, and its role in metastasis of gliomas. Further, the differential involvement of neurotransmitters in the pathogenesis of gliomas has also been discussed. Targeting these molecules may present a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Tripathy
- Molecular & Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Monisha Banerjee
- Molecular & Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Dinesh Raj Modi
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Anand Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, India
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Mavridis T, Choratta T, Papadopoulou A, Sawafta A, Archontakis-Barakakis P, Laou E, Sakellakis M, Chalkias A. Protease-Activated Receptors (PARs): Biology and Therapeutic Potential in Perioperative Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2024:10.1007/s12975-024-01233-0. [PMID: 38326662 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-024-01233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Perioperative stroke is a devastating complication that occurs during surgery or within 30 days following the surgical procedure. Its prevalence ranges from 0.08 to 10% although it is most likely an underestimation, as sedatives and narcotics can substantially mask symptomatology and clinical presentation. Understanding the underlying pathophysiology and identifying potential therapeutic targets are of paramount importance. Protease-activated receptors (PARs), a unique family of G-protein-coupled receptors, are widely expressed throughout the human body and play essential roles in various physiological and pathological processes. This review elucidates the biology and significance of PARs, outlining their diverse functions in health and disease, and their intricate involvement in cerebrovascular (patho)physiology and neuroprotection. PARs exhibit a dual role in cerebral ischemia, which underscores their potential as therapeutic targets to mitigate the devastating effects of stroke in surgical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Mavridis
- Department of Neurology, Tallaght University Hospital (TUH)/The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, Dublin, incorporating the National Children's Hospital (AMNCH), Dublin, D24 NR0A, Ireland
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Choratta
- Department of General Surgery, Metaxa Hospital, 18537, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Androniki Papadopoulou
- Department of Anesthesiology, G. Gennimatas General Hospital, 54635, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Assaf Sawafta
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Larisa, 41110, Larisa, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Laou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Agia Sophia Children's Hospital, 15773, Athens, Greece
| | - Minas Sakellakis
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center-North Central Bronx Hospital, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA
| | - Athanasios Chalkias
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-5158, USA.
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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Ruf L, Bukowska A, Gardemann A, Goette A. Coagulation Factor Xa Has No Effects on the Expression of PAR1, PAR2, and PAR4 and No Proinflammatory Effects on HL-1 Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2849. [PMID: 38132169 PMCID: PMC10741780 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF), characterised by irregular high-frequency contractions of the atria of the heart, is of increasing clinical importance. The reasons are the increasing prevalence and thromboembolic complications caused by AF. So-called atrial remodelling is characterised, among other things, by atrial dilatation and fibrotic remodelling. As a result, AF is self-sustaining and forms a procoagulant state. But hypercoagulation not only appears to be the consequence of AF. Coagulation factors can exert influence on cells via protease-activated receptors (PAR) and thereby the procoagulation state could contribute to the development and maintenance of AF. In this work, the influence of FXa on Heart Like-1 (HL-1) cells, which are murine adult atrial cardiomyocytes (immortalized), was investigated. PAR1, PAR2, and PAR4 expression was detected. After incubations with FXa (5-50 nM; 4-24 h) or PAR1- and PAR2-agonists (20 µM; 4-24 h), no changes occurred in PAR expression or in the inflammatory signalling cascade. There were no time- or concentration-dependent changes in the phosphorylation of the MAP kinases ERK1/2 or the p65 subunit of NF-κB. In addition, there was no change in the mRNA expression of the cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, fibronectin). Thus, FXa has no direct PAR-dependent effects on HL-1 cells. Future studies should investigate the influence of FXa on human cardiomyocytes or on other cardiac cell types like fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Ruf
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alicja Bukowska
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Gardemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Goette
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, St. Vincenz-Hospital Paderborn, Am Busdorf 2, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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Williams MD, Bullock MT, Johnson SC, Holland NA, Vuncannon DM, Oswald JZ, Adderley SP, Tulis DA. Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Controls Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation in Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 1/2-Dependent Manner. J Vasc Res 2023; 60:213-226. [PMID: 37778342 PMCID: PMC10614497 DOI: 10.1159/000532032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disorders are characterized by vascular smooth muscle (VSM) transition from a contractile to proliferative state. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) involvement in this phenotypic conversion remains unclear. We hypothesized that PAR2 controls VSM cell proliferation in phenotype-dependent manner and through specific protein kinases. METHODS Rat clonal low (PLo; P3-P6) and high passage (PHi; P10-P15) VSM cells were established as respective models of quiescent and proliferative cells, based on reduced PKG-1 and VASP. Western blotting determined expression of cytoskeletal/contractile proteins, PAR2, and select protein kinases. DNA synthesis and cell proliferation were measured 24-72 h following PAR2 agonism (SLIGRL; 100 nM-10 μm) with/without PKA (PKI; 10 μm), MEK1/2 (PD98059; 10 μm), and PI3K (LY294002; 1 μm) blockade. RESULTS PKG-1, VASP, SM22α, calponin, cofilin, and PAR2 were reduced in PHi versus PLo cells. Following PAR2 agonism, DNA synthesis and cell proliferation increased in PLo cells but decreased in PHi cells. Western analyses showed reduced PKA, MEK1/2, and PI3K in PHi versus PLo cells, and kinase blockade revealed PAR2 controls VSM cell proliferation through PKA/MEK1/2. DISCUSSION Findings highlight PAR2 and PAR2-driven PKA/MEK1/2 in control of VSM cell growth and provide evidence for continued investigation of PAR2 in VSM pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison D Williams
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael T Bullock
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sean C Johnson
- Department of Internal Medicine/Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nathan A Holland
- Department of Medical Education, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Danielle M Vuncannon
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joani Zary Oswald
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - David A Tulis
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Künze G, Isermann B. Targeting biased signaling by PAR1: function and molecular mechanism of parmodulins. Blood 2023; 141:2675-2684. [PMID: 36952648 PMCID: PMC10646804 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023019775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is a therapeutic target that was originally pursued with the aim of restricting platelet activation and the burden of cardiovascular diseases. In clinical studies, the use of orthosteric PAR1 inhibitors was associated with an increased risk of hemorrhage, including intracranial hemorrhage. Because (1) PAR1 is expressed by various cell types, including endothelial cells, (2) conveys in mice a physiological indispensable function for vascular development during embryogenesis, and (3) is subject to biased signaling dependent on the activating proteases, orthosteric PAR1 inhibition may be associated with unwanted side effects. Alternatively, the protease-activated protein C (aPC) and its variants can promote valuable anti-inflammatory signaling via PAR1. Most recently, small molecule allosteric modulators of PAR1 signaling, called parmodulins, have been developed. Parmodulins inhibit coagulation and platelet activation yet maintain cytoprotective effects typically provoked by PAR1 signaling upon the activation by aPC. In this study, we review the discovery of parmodulins and their preclinical data, summarize the current knowledge about their mode of action, and compare the structural interaction of parmodulin and PAR1 with that of other intracellularly binding allosteric GPCR modulators. Thus, we highlight the pharmaceutical potential and challenges associated with the future development of parmodulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Künze
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
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In Kim H, Lee GB, Song DE, Sanjel B, Lee WJ, Shim WS. FSLLRY-NH 2, a protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) antagonist, activates mas-related G protein-coupled receptor C11 (MrgprC11) to induce scratching behaviors in mice. Life Sci 2023; 325:121786. [PMID: 37201698 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), plays a significant role in pathophysiological conditions such as inflammation. A synthetic peptide SLIGRL-NH2 (SLIGRL) can activate PAR2, while FSLLRY-NH2 (FSLLRY) is an antagonist. A previous study showed that SLIGRL activates both PAR2 and mas-related G protein-coupled receptor C11 (MrgprC11), a different type of GPCR expressed in sensory neurons. However, the impact of FSLLRY on MrgprC11 and its human ortholog MRGPRX1 was not verified. Hence, the present study aims to verify the effect of FSLLRY on MrgprC11 and MRGPRX1. METHODS The calcium imaging technique was applied to determine the effect of FSLLRY in HEK293T cells expressing MrgprC11/MRGPRX1 or dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Scratching behavior was also investigated in wild-type and PAR2 knockout mice after injecting FSLLRY. KEY FINDINGS It was surprisingly discovered that FSLLRY specifically activates MrgprC11 in a dose-dependent manner, but not other MRGPR subtypes. Furthermore, FSLLRY also moderately activated MRGPRX1. FSLLRY stimulates downstream pathways including Gαq/11, phospholipase C, IP3 receptor, and TRPC ion channels to evoke an increase in the intracellular calcium levels. The molecular docking analysis predicted that FSLLRY interacts with the orthosteric binding pocket of MrgprC11 and MRGPRX1. Finally, FSLLRY activated primary cultures of mouse sensory neurons, and induced scratching behaviors in mice. SIGNIFICANCE The present study has revealed that FSLLRY is capable of triggering itch sensation through activation of MrgprC11. This finding highlights the importance of considering the unexpected activation of MRGPRs in future therapeutic approaches aimed at the inhibition of PAR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye In Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambangmoe-ro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Baek Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambangmoe-ro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Eun Song
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambangmoe-ro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hambangmoe-ro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Babina Sanjel
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambangmoe-ro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hambangmoe-ro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook-Joo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambangmoe-ro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hambangmoe-ro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Shim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambangmoe-ro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hambangmoe-ro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2)-targeting peptide derivatives for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 246:114989. [PMID: 36527934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The proteolytically-activated G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), is implicated in various cancers and inflammatory diseases. Synthetic ligands and in vitro imaging probes targeting this receptor have been developed with low nanomolar affinity, however, no in vivo imaging probes exist for PAR2. Here, we report the strategic design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of novel 4-fluorobenzoylated PAR2-targeting peptides derived from 2f-LIGRLO-NH2 (2f-LI-) and Isox-Cha-Chg-Xaa-NH2 (Isox-) peptide families, where the 4-fluorobenzoyl moiety acts as the 19F-standard of an 18F-labeled probe for potential use in in vivo imaging. We found that several of the 4-fluorobenzoylated peptides from the 2f-LI-family exhibited PAR2 selectivity with moderate potency (EC50 = 151-252 nM), whereas several from the Isox-family exhibited PAR2 selectivity with high potency (EC50 = 13-42 nM). Our lead candidate, Isox-Cha-Chg-Ala-Arg-Dpr(4FB)-NH2 (EC50 = 13 nM), was successfully synthesized with fluorine-18 with a radiochemical yield of 37%, radiochemical purity of >98%, molar activity of 20 GBq/μmol, and an end of synthesis time of 125 min. Biodistribution studies and preliminary PET imaging of the tracer in mice showed predominantly renal clearance. This 18F-labeled tracer is the first reported PAR2 imaging agent with potential for use in vivo. Future work will explore the use of this tracer in cancer xenografts and inflammation models involving upregulation of PAR2 expression.
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12
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Lee-Rivera I, López E, López-Colomé AM. Diversification of PAR signaling through receptor crosstalk. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:77. [PMID: 36088291 PMCID: PMC9463773 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) are among the first receptors shown to transactivate other receptors: noticeably, these interactions are not limited to members of the same family, but involve receptors as diverse as receptor kinases, prostanoid receptors, purinergic receptors and ionic channels among others. In this review, we will focus on the evidence for PAR interactions with members of their own family, as well as with other types of receptors. We will discuss recent evidence as well as what we consider as emerging areas to explore; from the signalling pathways triggered, to the physiological and pathological relevance of these interactions, since this additional level of molecular cross-talk between receptors and signaling pathways is only beginning to be explored and represents a novel mechanism providing diversity to receptor function and play important roles in physiology and disease.
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13
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Gandhi VD, Shrestha Palikhe N, Vliagoftis H. Protease-activated receptor-2: Role in asthma pathogenesis and utility as a biomarker of disease severity. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:954990. [PMID: 35966869 PMCID: PMC9372307 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.954990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PAR2, a receptor activated by serine proteases, has primarily pro-inflammatory roles in the airways and may play a role in asthma pathogenesis. PAR2 exerts its effects in the lungs through activation of a variety of airway cells, but also activation of circulating immune cells. There is evidence that PAR2 expression increases in asthma and other inflammatory diseases, although the regulation of PAR2 expression is not fully understood. Here we review the available literature on the potential role of PAR2 in asthma pathogenesis and propose a model of PAR2-mediated development of allergic sensitization. We also propose, based on our previous work, that PAR2 expression on peripheral blood monocyte subsets has the potential to serve as a biomarker of asthma severity and/or control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dipak Gandhi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nami Shrestha Palikhe
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Harissios Vliagoftis
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Harissios Vliagoftis,
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14
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Giri H, Srivastava AK, Naik UP. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 regulates thrombin-induced endothelial permeability. Vascul Pharmacol 2022; 145:107088. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2022.107088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Chen X, Zhang H, Hao H, Zhang X, Song H, He B, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Zhu Z, Hu Y, Wang Y. Thrombin induces morphological and inflammatory astrocytic responses via activation of PAR1 receptor. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:189. [PMID: 35399122 PMCID: PMC8995373 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSpinal cord injury (SCI) will result in the significant elevation of thrombin production at lesion site via either breakage of blood-spinal cord barrier or upregulated expression within nerve cells. Thrombin-induced activation of the protease activated receptors (PARs) evokes various pathological effects that deteriorate the functional outcomes of the injured cord. The cellular consequences of thrombin action on the astrocytes, as well as the underlying mechanism are not fully elucidated by far. In the present study, SCI model of rats was established by contusion, and primary astrocytes were isolated for culture from newborn rats. The expression levels of thrombin and PAR1 receptor at lesion sites of the spinal cord were determined. The primary astrocytes cultured in vitro were stimulated with different concentration of thrombin, and the resultant morphological changes, inflammatory astrocytic responses, as well as PAR1-activated signal pathway of astrocytes were accordingly examined using various agonists or antagonists of the receptor. Thrombin was found to reverse astrocytic stellation, promote proliferation but inhibit migration of astrocytes. Furthermore, the serine protease was shown to facilitate inflammatory response of astrocytes through regulation of MAPKs/NFκB pathway. Our results have provided the morphological evidence of astrocytic reactivity in response to thrombin stimulation and its neuroinflammatory effects following SCI, which will be indicative for the fundamental insights of thrombin-induced neuropathology.
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16
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Merve D, Irfan A, Gul S, Celik OS, Tugba DKN. Trypsin-induced elevated contractile responses in a rat model of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: Involvement of PAR2 and intracellular Ca 2+ release pathways. Life Sci 2022; 293:120359. [PMID: 35092732 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a chronic inflammatory disease with unclear etiology. Different receptors play a role in the pathophysiology including protease activated receptors (PARs). The present study aimed to investigate the subtypes and the effects of PARs on contractility using permeabilized detrusor smooth muscle strips in IC/BPS. MAIN METHODS IC/BPS was induced by cyclophosphamide injection. Histopathological analysis, PCR for detecting PAR proteins, western blotting for indicating PAR2 protein expression levels and myograph recording for measuring contractile force were used. KEY FINDINGS The present study reveals that in rat bladder PAR1 and PAR2 but not PAR4 were found to be expressed. The first evidence was revealed where trypsin-induced contractions in rat permeabilized detrusor were potentiated in CYP-induced cystitis. Moreover, the functional inhibition of trypsin-induced contractions by selective PAR2 antagonist (ENMD-1068) and the supporting immunoblotting results emphasized that the main PAR subtype involved in IC/BPS model in rat bladder is PAR2. Our data emphasize the prominent role of IP3 in cystitis pathology besides ryanodine channels. Trypsin-induced Ca2+sensitization contractions were also higher in cystitis. Both Rho kinase and protein kinase C played a role in this increased Ca2+sensitization situation. SIGNIFICANCE The present paper highlights the intracellular pathways that are involved in trypsin-induced contractions mainly via PAR2 in permeabilized bladder detrusor smooth muscle in a rat model of IC/BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denizalti Merve
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Anjum Irfan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Simsek Gul
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Onder Sevgen Celik
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Ito Y, Maejima Y, Nakagama S, Shiheido-Watanabe Y, Tamura N, Sasano T. Rivaroxaban, a Direct Oral Factor Xa Inhibitor, Attenuates Atherosclerosis by Alleviating Factor Xa-PAR2-Mediated Autophagy Suppression. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2021; 6:964-980. [PMID: 35024502 PMCID: PMC8733676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The authors showed a mechanism for attenuating atherosclerosis by directly administering an oral factor Xa inhibitor (ie, rivaroxaban [RIV]). The autophagy activity of macrophages was significantly suppressed by factor Xa and was alleviated by the administration of RIV. However, factor Xa failed to inhibit 7-ketocholesterol-induced autophagy and inflammasome activation in protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) knockout macrophages. The atherosclerotic area of apolipoprotein E knockout mice was significantly reduced by the genetic ablation of PAR2, which was partially reversed by chloroquine. Thus, the authors found that RIV attenuates atherogenesis by inhibiting the factor Xa-PAR2-mediated suppression of macrophage autophagy and abrogating inflammasome activity.
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Key Words
- 7KC, 7-ketocholesterol
- ApoE–/–, apolipoprotein E deficient
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CAD, coronary artery disease
- CQ, chloroquine
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HFD, high-fat diet
- IL, interleukin
- NLRP3, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3
- PAR2, protease-activated receptor 2
- PB, phosphate buffer
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PLA, proximity ligation assay
- PT, prothrombin time
- WT, wild type
- atherosclerosis
- autophagy
- factor Xa
- inflammasome
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- rivaroxaban
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Kyosai Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Maejima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Nakagama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Shiheido-Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Tamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sasano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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An Insight into GPCR and G-Proteins as Cancer Drivers. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123288. [PMID: 34943797 PMCID: PMC8699078 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface signaling receptors known to play a crucial role in various physiological functions, including tumor growth and metastasis. Various molecules such as hormones, lipids, peptides, and neurotransmitters activate GPCRs that enable the coupling of these receptors to highly specialized transducer proteins, called G-proteins, and initiate multiple signaling pathways. Integration of these intricate networks of signaling cascades leads to numerous biochemical responses involved in diverse pathophysiological activities, including cancer development. While several studies indicate the role of GPCRs in controlling various aspects of cancer progression such as tumor growth, invasion, migration, survival, and metastasis through its aberrant overexpression, mutations, or increased release of agonists, the explicit mechanisms of the involvement of GPCRs in cancer progression is still puzzling. This review provides an insight into the various responses mediated by GPCRs in the development of cancers, the molecular mechanisms involved and the novel pharmacological approaches currently preferred for the treatment of cancer. Thus, these findings extend the knowledge of GPCRs in cancer cells and help in the identification of therapeutics for cancer patients.
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Protease Activated Receptor 1 and Its Ligands as Main Regulators of the Regeneration of Peripheral Nerves. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111668. [PMID: 34827666 PMCID: PMC8615415 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast with the brain and spinal cord, peripheral nerves possess a striking ability to regenerate after damage. This characteristic of the peripheral nervous system is mainly due to a specific population of glial cells, the Schwann cells. Schwann cells promptly activate after nerve injury, dedifferentiate assuming a repair phenotype, and assist axon regrowth. In general, tissue injury determines the release of a variety of proteases which, in parallel with the degradation of their specific targets, also activate plasma membrane receptors known as protease-activated receptors (PARs). PAR1, the prototypical member of the PAR family, is also known as thrombin receptor and is present at the Schwann cell plasma membrane. This receptor is emerging as a possible regulator of the pro-regenerative capacity of Schwann cells. Here, we summarize the most recent literature data describing the possible contribution of PAR1 and PAR1-activating proteases in regulating the regeneration of peripheral nerves.
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20
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Erban T, Klimov PB, Harant K, Talacko P, Nesvorna M, Hubert J. Label-free proteomic analysis reveals differentially expressed Wolbachia proteins in Tyrophagus putrescentiae: Mite allergens and markers reflecting population-related proteome differences. J Proteomics 2021; 249:104356. [PMID: 34438106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tyrophagus putrescentiae is an astigmatid mite of great economic, medical and veterinary importance. The microbiome, especially intracellular bacteria, may affect allergy/allergen expression. We targeted Wolbachia proteins, allergen comparisons and markers in Wolbachia-mite interactions in three mite populations. A decoy database was constructed by proteogenomics using the T. putrescentiae draft genome, Wolbachia transcriptome assembly and current T. putrescentiae-related sequences in GenBank. Among thousands of mite-derived proteins, 18 Wolbachia proteins were reliably identified. We suggest that peroxiredoxin, bacterioferritin, ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein and DegQ family serine endoprotease indicate a higher-level bacterium-bacterium-host interaction. We produced evidence that the host-Wolbachia interaction is modulated through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), mannose-binding lectins/mannose receptors, the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway with TNF-α, and others. We observed Tyr p 3 suppression in mites with Wolbachia, linking trypsin to PRR modulation. Nine out of the 12 current WHO/IUIS official allergens were reliably identified, but the remaining three allergens, Tyr p 1, 8 and 35, were detected as only trace hits. This study provides numerous markers for further Wolbachia-host interaction research. For accuracy, mite allergens should be considered according to abundance in species, but mite populations/strains, as well as their microbiome structure, may be key factors. SIGNIFICANCE: The astigmatid mites occurring in homes are significant producers of allergens that are highly dangerous to humans and domesticated animals. Mites are tightly associated with microorganisms that affect their biology and consequently allergy signatures. Mite populations were found to be infected with certain intracellular bacteria, but some populations lacked an intracellular bacterium. Our previous research showed that some populations of Tyrophagus putrescentiae are infected with Wolbachia, but some populations host additional bacteria of interest. Thus, there are not only interactions between the mites and Wolbachia but also likely an additional level of interaction that can be found in the interaction between different bacteria in the mites. These "higher-level" signatures and consequences that bacteria affect, including allergen production, are not understood in mites. In this study, we identified Wolbachia-specific proteins in mites for the first time. This study provides Wolbachia- and mite-derived markers that can be clues for describing "higher-level" mite-bacterium-bacterium interactions. Indeed, the microbiome contribution to allergies can potentially be derived directly from bacterial proteins, especially if they are abundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Erban
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne CZ-16106, Czechia.
| | - Pavel B Klimov
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2 UW, UK; Institute of Biology, University of Tyumen, Pirogova 3, 625043 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Karel Harant
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec CZ-25242, Czechia; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benatska 2, Prague 2 CZ-128 01, Czechia
| | - Pavel Talacko
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec CZ-25242, Czechia
| | - Marta Nesvorna
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne CZ-16106, Czechia
| | - Jan Hubert
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne CZ-16106, Czechia
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21
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The development of proteinase-activated receptor-2 modulators and the challenges involved. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2525-2537. [PMID: 33242065 PMCID: PMC7752072 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) has been extensively studied since its discovery in the mid-1990. Despite the advances in understanding PAR2 pharmacology, it has taken almost 25 years for the first inhibitor to reach clinical trials, and so far, no PAR2 antagonist has been approved for human use. Research has employed classical approaches to develop a wide array of PAR2 agonists and antagonists, consisting of peptides, peptoids and antibodies to name a few, with a surge in patent applications over this period. Recent breakthroughs in PAR2 structure determination has provided a unique insight into proposed PAR2 ligand binding sites. Publication of the first crystal structures of PAR2 resolved in complex with two novel non-peptide small molecule antagonists (AZ8838 and AZ3451) revealed two distinct binding pockets, originally presumed to be allosteric sites, with a PAR2 antibody (Fab3949) used to block tethered ligand engagement with the peptide-binding domain of the receptor. Further studies have proposed orthosteric site occupancy for AZ8838 as a competitive antagonist. One company has taken the first PAR2 antibody (MEDI0618) into phase I clinical trial (NCT04198558). While this first-in-human trial is at the early stages of the assessment of safety, other research into the structural characterisation of PAR2 is still ongoing in an attempt to identify new ways to target receptor activity. This review will focus on the development of novel PAR2 modulators developed to date, with an emphasis placed upon the advances made in the pharmacological targeting of PAR2 activity as a strategy to limit chronic inflammatory disease.
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22
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Pierre O, Fouchard M, Le Goux N, Buscaglia P, Leschiera R, Lewis RJ, Mignen O, Fluhr JW, Misery L, Le Garrec R. Pacific-Ciguatoxin-2 and Brevetoxin-1 Induce the Sensitization of Sensory Receptors Mediating Pain and Pruritus in Sensory Neurons. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:387. [PMID: 34356812 PMCID: PMC8306505 DOI: 10.3390/md19070387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning syndromes are induced by the consumption of seafood contaminated by ciguatoxins and brevetoxins. Both toxins cause sensory symptoms such as paresthesia, cold dysesthesia and painful disorders. An intense pruritus, which may become chronic, occurs also in CFP. No curative treatment is available and the pathophysiology is not fully elucidated. Here we conducted single-cell calcium video-imaging experiments in sensory neurons from newborn rats to study in vitro the ability of Pacific-ciguatoxin-2 (P-CTX-2) and brevetoxin-1 (PbTx-1) to sensitize receptors and ion channels, (i.e., to increase the percentage of responding cells and/or the response amplitude to their pharmacological agonists). In addition, we studied the neurotrophin release in sensory neurons co-cultured with keratinocytes after exposure to P-CTX-2. Our results show that P-CTX-2 induced the sensitization of TRPA1, TRPV4, PAR2, MrgprC, MrgprA and TTX-r NaV channels in sensory neurons. P-CTX-2 increased the release of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the co-culture supernatant, suggesting that those neurotrophins could contribute to the sensitization of the aforementioned receptors and channels. Our results suggest the potential role of sensitization of sensory receptors/ion channels in the induction or persistence of sensory disturbances in CFP syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Pierre
- Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones (LIEN), University of Brest, EA4685, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
| | - Maxime Fouchard
- Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones (LIEN), University of Brest, EA4685, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Nelig Le Goux
- Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Brest, Inserm, UMR1227, F-29200 Brest, France; (N.L.G.); (P.B.); (O.M.)
| | - Paul Buscaglia
- Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Brest, Inserm, UMR1227, F-29200 Brest, France; (N.L.G.); (P.B.); (O.M.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Fraternal Order of Eagle Diabetes Research Center, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Raphaël Leschiera
- Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones (LIEN), University of Brest, EA4685, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
| | - Richard J. Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Olivier Mignen
- Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Brest, Inserm, UMR1227, F-29200 Brest, France; (N.L.G.); (P.B.); (O.M.)
| | - Joachim W. Fluhr
- Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones (LIEN), University of Brest, EA4685, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Universitaetsmedizin Charité Berlin, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurent Misery
- Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones (LIEN), University of Brest, EA4685, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Raphaële Le Garrec
- Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones (LIEN), University of Brest, EA4685, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
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Tsai MC, Lin CC, Chen DW, Liu YW, Wu YJ, Yen YH, Huang PY, Yao CC, Chuang CH, Hsiao CC. The Role of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Hepatectomy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57060574. [PMID: 34199695 PMCID: PMC8229727 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57060574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Protease activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is elevated in a variety of cancers and has been promoted as a potential therapeutic target. However, the clinical and prognostic values of PAR2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are poorly characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of PAR2 in HCC tissues and examine the prognostic value of PAR2 after resection in HCC. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and eight resected specimens were collected from HCC patients at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. PAR2 protein expression was assessed by western blotting in HCC tissues and matched normal tissues. The correlation between PAR2 expression and clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared using the log-rank test. A Cox regression model was used to identify independent prognostic factors. Results: PAR2 was expressed at higher levels in HCC tissues than the paired adjacent nontumor tissues. High expression of PAR2 was associated with advanced tumor, node, metastasis (TNM )stage and histological grade. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated high PAR2 expression was associated with poorer DFS and OS compared to low PAR2 expression. Multivariate analyses indicated high PAR2 expression [hazard ratio (HR), 1.779, p = 0.006), α-fetoprotein (AFP) (HR, 1.696, p = 0.003), liver cirrhosis (HR, 1.735, p = 0.002), and advanced TNM stage (HR, 2.061, p < 0.001) were prognostic factors for DFS, and advanced TNM stage (HR, 2.741, p < 0.001) and histological grade (HR, 2.675, p = 0.002) and high PAR2 expression (HR, 1.832, p = 0.012) were significant risk factors for OS. In subgroup analyses, the combination of PAR2 expression and serum AFP provided improved prognostic ability for OS and DFS. Conclusion: Combination PAR2 and AFP predict HCC outcomes after resection. PAR2 represents a potentially clinically relevant biomarker for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chao Tsai
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (M.-C.T.); (Y.-H.Y.); (P.-Y.H.); (C.-C.Y.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Che Lin
- Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (Y.-W.L.); (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Ding-Wei Chen
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Liver Transplantation Program and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
| | - Yueh-Wei Liu
- Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (Y.-W.L.); (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Yi-Ju Wu
- Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (Y.-W.L.); (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Yi-Hao Yen
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (M.-C.T.); (Y.-H.Y.); (P.-Y.H.); (C.-C.Y.)
| | - Pao-Yuan Huang
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (M.-C.T.); (Y.-H.Y.); (P.-Y.H.); (C.-C.Y.)
| | - Chih-Chien Yao
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (M.-C.T.); (Y.-H.Y.); (P.-Y.H.); (C.-C.Y.)
| | - Ching-Hui Chuang
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan;
| | - Chang-Chun Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-7317123 (ext. 8979) or +886-955906053; Fax: +886-7-7311696
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Carroll EL, Bailo M, Reihill JA, Crilly A, Lockhart JC, Litherland GJ, Lundy FT, McGarvey LP, Hollywood MA, Martin SL. Trypsin-Like Proteases and Their Role in Muco-Obstructive Lung Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5817. [PMID: 34072295 PMCID: PMC8199346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypsin-like proteases (TLPs) belong to a family of serine enzymes with primary substrate specificities for the basic residues, lysine and arginine, in the P1 position. Whilst initially perceived as soluble enzymes that are extracellularly secreted, a number of novel TLPs that are anchored in the cell membrane have since been discovered. Muco-obstructive lung diseases (MucOLDs) are characterised by the accumulation of hyper-concentrated mucus in the small airways, leading to persistent inflammation, infection and dysregulated protease activity. Although neutrophilic serine proteases, particularly neutrophil elastase, have been implicated in the propagation of inflammation and local tissue destruction, it is likely that the serine TLPs also contribute to various disease-relevant processes given the roles that a number of these enzymes play in the activation of both the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). More recently, significant attention has focused on the activation of viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 by host TLPs. The purpose of this review was to highlight key TLPs linked to the activation of ENaC and PAR2 and their association with airway dehydration and inflammatory signalling pathways, respectively. The role of TLPs in viral infectivity will also be discussed in the context of the inhibition of TLP activities and the potential of these proteases as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Carroll
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (E.L.C.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Mariarca Bailo
- Institute for Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (M.B.); (A.C.); (J.C.L.); (G.J.L.)
| | - James A. Reihill
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (E.L.C.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Anne Crilly
- Institute for Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (M.B.); (A.C.); (J.C.L.); (G.J.L.)
| | - John C. Lockhart
- Institute for Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (M.B.); (A.C.); (J.C.L.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Gary J. Litherland
- Institute for Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (M.B.); (A.C.); (J.C.L.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Fionnuala T. Lundy
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (F.T.L.); (L.P.M.)
| | - Lorcan P. McGarvey
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (F.T.L.); (L.P.M.)
| | - Mark A. Hollywood
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, A91 HRK2 Dundalk, Ireland;
| | - S. Lorraine Martin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (E.L.C.); (J.A.R.)
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25
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Benito-Martinez S, Salavessa L, Raposo G, Marks MS, Delevoye C. Melanin transfer and fate within keratinocytes in human skin pigmentation. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1546-1555. [PMID: 34021340 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human skin and hair pigmentation play important roles in social behavior but also in photoprotection from the harmful effects of ultraviolet light. The main pigments in mammalian skin, the melanins, are synthesized within specialized organelles called melanosomes in melanocytes, which sit at the basal layer of the epidermis and the hair bulb. The melanins are then transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes, where they accumulate perinuclearly in membrane-bound organelles as a "cap" above the nucleus. The mechanism of transfer, the nature of the pigmented organelles within keratinocytes, and the mechanism governing their intracellular positioning are all debated and poorly understood, but likely play an important role in the photoprotective properties of melanin in the skin. Here, we detail our current understanding of these processes and present a guideline for future experimentation in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Benito-Martinez
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laura Salavessa
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France
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PAR2 Promoter Hypomethylation Regulates PAR2 Gene Expression and Promotes Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Progression. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5542485. [PMID: 33968158 PMCID: PMC8081642 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5542485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objective Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) also known as F2RL1 is a G protein-coupled receptor that intimately correlates with cancer occurrence. DNA methylation turns out a vital mechanism regulating gene expression, while PAR2 promoter methylation is proven to be involved in cancer development. Hence, this study attempted to clarify the molecular mechanism by which PAR2 mediates lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) progression, via identifying the effect of PAR2 promoter methylation on LUAD cell progression. Methods Associations of PAR2 promoter methylation with PAR2 gene expression and prognosis of LUAD patients were analyzed via bioinformatics analysis. PAR2 promoter methylation and gene expression at the cellular level were measured using methylation-specific PCR, qRT-PCR, and Western blot assays. DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-AzadC was used to treat cells to assess PAR2 gene expression alteration. Cell biological behaviors upon PAR2 overexpression were characterized via MTT, wound healing assay, and Transwell assay. Results Bioinformatics analysis revealed that PAR2 promoter methylation was negatively related to PAR2 gene expression, while PAR2 promoter hypermethylation and low gene expression indicated favorable LUAD prognosis. Besides, it turned out that PAR2 presented upregulated expression and hypomethylated promoter in LUAD cells. Moreover, PAR2 gene expression was elevated in cells treated with 5-AzadC, and the proliferative, migratory, and invasive capabilities of cells with 5-AzadC or high PAR2 gene expression were all enhanced. Conclusion In sum, PAR2 promoter hypomethylation potentiates LUAD cell progression, in turn affecting the prognosis of LUAD patients.
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27
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Chandrabalan A, Ramachandran R. Molecular mechanisms regulating Proteinase‐Activated Receptors (PARs). FEBS J 2021; 288:2697-2726. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arundhasa Chandrabalan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Canada
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28
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Oliveira KA, Torquato RJS, Lustosa DCGG, Ribeiro T, Nascimento BWL, de Oliveira LCG, Juliano MA, Paschoalin T, Lemos VS, Araujo RN, Pereira MH, Tanaka AS. Proteolytic activity of Triatoma infestans saliva associated with PAR-2 activation and vasodilation. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20200098. [PMID: 33747067 PMCID: PMC7939238 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is a
hematophagous insect and the main vector of Trypanosoma
cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). In the present study,
the authors investigated whether a serine protease activity from the saliva
of T. infestans has a role in vasomotor modulation, and in
the insect-blood feeding by cleaving and activating protease-activated
receptors (PARs). Methods T. infestans saliva was chromatographed as previously
reported for purification of triapsin, a serine protease. The cleavage
activity of triapsin on PAR peptides was investigated based on FRET
technology. Mass spectrometry was used to analyze the sites of PAR-2 peptide
cleaved by triapsin. NO measurements were performed using the DAN assay
(2,3-diaminonapthalene). The vasorelaxant activity of triapsin was measured
in vessels with or without functional endothelium pre-contracted with
phenylephrine (3 µM). Intravital microscopy was used to assess the effect of
triapsin on mouse skin microcirculation. Results Triapsin was able to induce hydrolysis of PAR peptides and showed a higher
preference for cleavage of the PAR-2 peptide. Analysis by mass spectrometry
confirmed a single cleavage site, which corresponds to the activation site
of the PAR-2 receptor. Triapsin induced dose-dependent NO release in
cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), reaching a maximum
effect at 17.58 nM. Triapsin purified by gel-filtration chromatography
(10-16 to 10-9 M) was applied cumulatively to
mouse mesenteric artery rings and showed a potent endothelium-dependent
vasodilator effect (EC30 = 10-12 M). Nitric oxide
seems to be partially responsible for this vasodilator effect because L-NAME
(L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester 300 µM), a nitric oxide synthetase
inhibitor, did not abrogate the vasodilation activated by triapsin.
Anti-PAR-2 antibody completely inhibited vasodilation observed in the
presence of triapsin activity. Triapsin activity also induced an increase in
the mouse ear venular diameter. Conclusion Data from this study suggest a plausible association between triapsin
activity mediated PAR-2 activation and vasodilation caused by T.
infestans saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla A Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Ricardo J S Torquato
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela C G Garcia Lustosa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tales Ribeiro
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruno W L Nascimento
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lilian C G de Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Pharmacology and Molecular Biology (INFAR), Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria A Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Pharmacology and Molecular Biology (INFAR), Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thaysa Paschoalin
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Pharmacology and Molecular Biology (INFAR), Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Virginia S Lemos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo N Araujo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Entomology (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos H Pereira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Entomology (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aparecida S Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Entomology (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Spinal PAR2 Activation Contributes to Hypersensitivity Induced by Peripheral Inflammation in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22030991. [PMID: 33498178 PMCID: PMC7863954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22030991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of inflammatory pain need to be identified in order to find new superior treatments. Protease-activated receptors 2 (PAR2) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) are highly co-expressed in dorsal root ganglion neurons and implicated in pain development. Here, we examined the role of spinal PAR2 in hyperalgesia and the modulation of synaptic transmission in carrageenan-induced peripheral inflammation, using intrathecal (i.t.) treatment in the behavioral experiments and recordings of spontaneous, miniature and dorsal root stimulation-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs, mEPSCs and eEPSCs) in spinal cord slices. Intrathecal PAR2-activating peptide (AP) administration aggravated the carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia, and this was prevented by a TRPV1 antagonist (SB 366791) and staurosporine i.t. pretreatment. Additionally, the frequency of the mEPSC and sEPSC and the amplitude of the eEPSC recorded from the superficial dorsal horn neurons were enhanced after acute PAR2 AP application, while prevented with SB 366791 or staurosporine pretreatment. PAR2 antagonist application reduced the thermal hyperalgesia and decreased the frequency of mEPSC and sEPSC and the amplitude of eEPSC. Our findings highlight the contribution of spinal PAR2 activation to carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia and the importance of dorsal horn PAR2 and TRPV1 receptor interactions in the modulation of nociceptive synaptic transmission.
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30
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Emerging Roles of Protease-Activated Receptors (PARs) in the Modulation of Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020869. [PMID: 33467143 PMCID: PMC7830300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with a unique mechanism of activation, prompted by a proteolytic cleavage in their N-terminal domain that uncovers a tethered ligand, which binds and stimulates the same receptor. PARs subtypes (PAR1-4) have well-documented roles in coagulation, hemostasis, and inflammation, and have been deeply investigated for their function in cellular survival/degeneration, while their roles in the brain in physiological conditions remain less appreciated. Here, we describe PARs’ effects in the modulation of neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Available evidence, mainly concerning PAR1-mediated and PAR2-mediated regulation of glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission, supports that PARs are important modulators of synaptic efficacy and plasticity in normal conditions.
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31
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Petrova E, Hovnanian A. Advances in understanding of Netherton syndrome and therapeutic implications. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2020.1857724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Petrova
- Laboratory of genetic skin diseases, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- Laboratory of genetic skin diseases, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Departement of Genetics, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Protease-activated receptor-2 ligands reveal orthosteric and allosteric mechanisms of receptor inhibition. Commun Biol 2020; 3:782. [PMID: 33335291 PMCID: PMC7747594 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) has been implicated in multiple pathophysiologies but drug discovery is challenging due to low small molecule tractability and a complex activation mechanism. Here we report the pharmacological profiling of a potent new agonist, suggested by molecular modelling to bind in the putative orthosteric site, and two novel PAR2 antagonists with distinctly different mechanisms of inhibition. We identify coupling between different PAR2 binding sites. One antagonist is a competitive inhibitor that binds to the orthosteric site, while a second antagonist is a negative allosteric modulator that binds at a remote site. The allosteric modulator shows probe dependence, more effectively inhibiting peptide than protease activation of PAR2 signalling. Importantly, both antagonists are active in vivo, inhibiting PAR2 agonist-induced acute paw inflammation in rats and preventing activation of mast cells and neutrophils. These results highlight two distinct mechanisms of inhibition that potentially could be targeted for future development of drugs that modulate PAR2. Kennedy et al. report the pharmacological and in vivo profiling of two small molecule PAR2 inhibitors and an agonist. They conclude that while the small molecule agonist and one of the inhibitors bind to the orthosteric PAR2 binding site, the other inhibitor is a negative allosteric modulator, highlighting two distinct mechanisms of inhibition that could be targeted for future development of drugs that modulate PAR2.
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33
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Pierre O, Fouchard M, Buscaglia P, Le Goux N, Leschiera R, Mignen O, Fluhr JW, Misery L, Le Garrec R. Calcium Increase and Substance P Release Induced by the Neurotoxin Brevetoxin-1 in Sensory Neurons: Involvement of PAR2 Activation through Both Cathepsin S and Canonical Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:E2704. [PMID: 33348659 PMCID: PMC7767211 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Red tides involving Karenia brevis expose humans to brevetoxins (PbTxs). Oral exposition triggers neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, whereas inhalation induces a respiratory syndrome and sensory disturbances. No curative treatment is available and the pathophysiology is not fully elucidated. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), cathepsin S (Cat-S) and substance P (SP) release are crucial mediators of the sensory effects of ciguatoxins (CTXs) which are PbTx analogs. This work explored the role of PAR2 and Cat-S in PbTx-1-induced sensory effects and deciphered the signaling pathway involved. We performed calcium imaging, PAR2 immunolocalization and SP release experiments in monocultured sensory neurons or co-cultured with keratinocytes treated with PbTx-1 or P-CTX-2. We demonstrated that PbTx-1-induced calcium increase and SP release involved Cat-S, PAR2 and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4). The PbTx-1-induced signaling pathway included protein kinase A (PKA) and TRPV4, which are compatible with the PAR2 biased signaling induced by Cat-S. Internalization of PAR2 and protein kinase C (PKC), inositol triphosphate receptor and TRPV4 activation evoked by PbTx-1 are compatible with the PAR2 canonical signaling. Our results suggest that PbTx-1-induced sensory disturbances involve the PAR2-TRPV4 pathway. We identified PAR2, Cat-S, PKA, and PKC that are involved in TRPV4 sensitization induced by PbTx-1 in sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Pierre
- EA4685 Laboratory of Interactions Neurons-Keratinocytes (LIEN), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Brest, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
| | - Maxime Fouchard
- EA4685 Laboratory of Interactions Neurons-Keratinocytes (LIEN), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Brest, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Paul Buscaglia
- InsermUMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunity, University Brest, F-29200 Brest, France; (P.B.); (N.L.G.); (O.M.)
| | - Nelig Le Goux
- InsermUMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunity, University Brest, F-29200 Brest, France; (P.B.); (N.L.G.); (O.M.)
| | - Raphaël Leschiera
- EA4685 Laboratory of Interactions Neurons-Keratinocytes (LIEN), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Brest, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
| | - Olivier Mignen
- InsermUMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunity, University Brest, F-29200 Brest, France; (P.B.); (N.L.G.); (O.M.)
| | - Joachim W. Fluhr
- EA4685 Laboratory of Interactions Neurons-Keratinocytes (LIEN), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Brest, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Universitaetsmedizin Charit Berlin, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurent Misery
- EA4685 Laboratory of Interactions Neurons-Keratinocytes (LIEN), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Brest, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Raphaële Le Garrec
- EA4685 Laboratory of Interactions Neurons-Keratinocytes (LIEN), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Brest, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
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34
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Avet C, Sturino C, Grastilleur S, Gouill CL, Semache M, Gross F, Gendron L, Bennani Y, Mancini JA, Sayegh CE, Bouvier M. The PAR2 inhibitor I-287 selectively targets Gα q and Gα 12/13 signaling and has anti-inflammatory effects. Commun Biol 2020; 3:719. [PMID: 33247181 PMCID: PMC7695697 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is involved in inflammatory responses and pain, therefore representing a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. However, as for other GPCRs, PAR2 can activate multiple signaling pathways and those involved in inflammatory responses remain poorly defined. Here, we describe a new selective and potent PAR2 inhibitor (I-287) that shows functional selectivity by acting as a negative allosteric regulator on Gαq and Gα12/13 activity and their downstream effectors, while having no effect on Gi/o signaling and βarrestin2 engagement. Such selective inhibition of only a subset of the pathways engaged by PAR2 was found to be sufficient to block inflammation in vivo. In addition to unraveling the PAR2 signaling pathways involved in the pro-inflammatory response, our study opens the path toward the development of new functionally selective drugs with reduced liabilities that could arise from blocking all the signaling activities controlled by the receptor. Avet et al. characterize I-287, an inhibitor to protease-activated receptor 2 using BRET-assays. They find that I-287 selectively inhibits Gαq and Gα12/13 without affecting the activation of Gi/o or the recruitment of βarrestin2 and that it blocks inflammation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Avet
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 1J4
| | - Claudio Sturino
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada), Inc., Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 4A7.,Paraza Pharma, Inc., Saint-Laurent, QC, Canada, H4S 2E1
| | - Sébastien Grastilleur
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'Excellence en Neurosciences de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Christian Le Gouill
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 1J4
| | - Meriem Semache
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 1J4.,Domain Therapeutics North America, Saint-Laurent, QC, Canada, H4S 1Z9
| | - Florence Gross
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 1J4.,Domain Therapeutics North America, Saint-Laurent, QC, Canada, H4S 1Z9
| | - Louis Gendron
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'Excellence en Neurosciences de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Youssef Bennani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada), Inc., Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 4A7.,AdMare BioInnovations, Saint-Laurent, QC, Canada, H4S 1Z9
| | - Joseph A Mancini
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada), Inc., Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 4A7.,Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Camil E Sayegh
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada), Inc., Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 4A7.,Ra Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 1J4.
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Han X, Hofmann L, de la Fuente M, Alexander N, Palczewski K, Nieman MT. PAR4 activation involves extracellular loop 3 and transmembrane residue Thr153. Blood 2020; 136:2217-2228. [PMID: 32575122 PMCID: PMC7645988 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019004634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) mediates sustained thrombin signaling in platelets and is required for a stable thrombus. PAR4 is activated by proteolysis of the N terminus to expose a tethered ligand. The structural basis for PAR4 activation and the location of its ligand binding site (LBS) are unknown. Using hydrogen/deuterium exchange (H/D exchange), computational modeling, and signaling studies, we determined the molecular mechanism for tethered ligand-mediated PAR4 activation. H/D exchange identified that the LBS is composed of transmembrane 3 (TM3) domain and TM7. Unbiased computational modeling further predicted an interaction between Gly48 from the tethered ligand and Thr153 from the LBS. Mutating Thr153 significantly decreased PAR4 signaling. H/D exchange and modeling also showed that extracellular loop 3 (ECL3) serves as a gatekeeper for the interaction between the tethered ligand and LBS. A naturally occurring sequence variant (P310L, rs2227376) and 2 experimental mutations (S311A and P312L) determined that the rigidity conferred by prolines in ECL3 are essential for PAR4 activation. Finally, we examined the role of the polymorphism at position 310 in venous thromboembolism (VTE) using the International Network Against Venous Thrombosis (INVENT) consortium multi-ancestry genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis. Individuals with the PAR4 Leu310 allele had a 15% reduction in relative risk for VTE (odds ratio, 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.77-0.94) compared with the Pro310 allele. These data are consistent with our H/D exchange, molecular modeling, and signaling studies. In conclusion, we have uncovered the structural basis for PAR4 activation and identified a previously unrecognized role for PAR4 in VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and
| | - Lukas Hofmann
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and
| | | | - Nathan Alexander
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and
| | | | - Marvin T Nieman
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and
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Ten Cate H, Guzik TJ, Eikelboom J, Spronk HMH. Pleiotropic actions of factor Xa inhibition in cardiovascular prevention: mechanistic insights and implications for anti-thrombotic treatment. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:2030-2044. [PMID: 32931586 PMCID: PMC8318102 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which atherothrombotic complications lead to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. At advanced stages, myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, and peripheral artery disease, including major adverse limb events, are caused either by acute occlusive atherothrombosis or by thromboembolism. Endothelial dysfunction, vascular smooth muscle cell activation, and vascular inflammation are essential in the development of acute cardiovascular events. Effects of the coagulation system on vascular biology extend beyond thrombosis. Under physiological conditions, coagulation proteases in blood are pivotal in maintaining haemostasis and vascular integrity. Under pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis, the same coagulation proteases (including factor Xa, factor VIIa, and thrombin) become drivers of atherothrombosis, working in concert with platelets and vessel wall components. While initially atherothrombosis was attributed primarily to platelets, recent advances indicate the critical role of fibrin clot and plasma coagulation factors. Mechanisms of atherothrombosis and hypercoagulability vary depending on plaque erosion or plaque rupture. In addition to contributing to thrombus formation, factor Xa and thrombin can affect endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, vascular smooth muscle cell function as well as immune cell activation and vascular inflammation. By these mechanisms, they promote atherosclerosis and contribute to plaque instability. In this review, we first discuss the postulated vasoprotective mechanisms of protease-activated receptor signalling induced by coagulation enzymes under physiological conditions. Next, we discuss preclinical studies linking coagulation with endothelial cell dysfunction, thromboinflammation, and atherogenesis. Understanding these mechanisms is pivotal for the introduction of novel strategies in cardiovascular prevention and therapy. We therefore translate these findings to clinical studies of direct oral anticoagulant drugs and discuss the potential relevance of dual pathway inhibition for atherothrombosis prevention and vascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Ten Cate
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thrombosis Expertise Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Thrombosis Expertise Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland
| | - John Eikelboom
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton General Hospital and McMaster University, Hamilton, L8L 2x2, ON, Canada
| | - Henri M H Spronk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thrombosis Expertise Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Thrombosis Expertise Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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37
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Iio A, Kaji K, Kaji N, Hori M, Yonezawa T, Momoi Y, Maeda S. Expression analysis of protease-activated receptor-2 in cats. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 229:110115. [PMID: 32932190 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disease in geriatric cats. Despite its high prevalence, the pathogenesis of feline CKD is poorly understood. Recently, there has been increasing evidence for the role of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) in the progression of CKD in humans and rodents. However, the role of PAR-2 in feline CKD has not been evaluated. In this study, we determined nucleotide sequence of feline PAR-2 from the kidney, evaluated PAR-2 mRNA and protein expression in normal feline tissues, and analyzed functional expression in the feline kidney epithelial cell line Crandell-Rees Feline Kidney (CRFK). The open reading frame of feline PAR-2 comprised 1,194 bp and encoded 397 amino acids, showing 90%, 90%, and 85% identities to human, dog, and mouse PAR-2, respectively. In healthy cats, expression levels of the PAR-2 mRNA and protein were relatively higher in the gastrointestinal tract and kidney, and was lowest in the heart. The feline PAR-2 protein expression was confirmed, and stimulation of trypsin and PAR-2 agonists induced a prompt increase in the intracellular calcium ion concentration in CRFK cells. The present study will provide fundamental information for investigation of the involvement of PAR-2 in the pathogenesis of CKD in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Iio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kaji
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kaji
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hori
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yonezawa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Momoi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shingo Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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38
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Han X, Nieman MT. The domino effect triggered by the tethered ligand of the protease activated receptors. Thromb Res 2020; 196:87-98. [PMID: 32853981 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have a unique activation mechanism. Unlike other GPCRs that can be activated by free ligands, under physiological conditions, PARs are activated by the tethered ligand, which is a part of their N-terminus that is unmasked by proteolysis. It has been 30 years since the first member of the family, PAR1, was identified. In this review, we will discuss this unique tethered ligand mediate receptor activation of PARs in detail: how they interact with the proteases, the complex structural rearrangement of the receptors upon activation, and the termination of the signaling. We also summarize the structural studies of the PARs and how single nucleotide polymorphisms impact the receptor reactivity. Finally, we review the current strategies for inhibiting PAR function with therapeutic targets for anti-thrombosis. The focus of this review is PAR1 and PAR4 as they are the thrombin signal mediators on human platelets and therapeutics targets. We also include the structural studies of PAR2 as it informs the mechanism of action for PARs in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marvin T Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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39
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Rudresha GV, Manjuprasanna VN, Urs AP, Choudhury M, Rajaiah R, Vishwanath BS. Serine protease from Tricosanthus tricuspidata accelerates healing of Echis carinatus venom-induced necrotic wound. Toxicon 2020; 183:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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Nakanishi N, Kaikita K, Ishii M, Oimatsu Y, Mitsuse T, Ito M, Yamanaga K, Fujisue K, Kanazawa H, Sueta D, Takashio S, Arima Y, Araki S, Nakamura T, Sakamoto K, Suzuki S, Yamamoto E, Soejima H, Tsujita K. Cardioprotective Effects of Rivaroxaban on Cardiac Remodeling After Experimental Myocardial Infarction in Mice. Circ Rep 2020; 2:158-166. [PMID: 33693223 PMCID: PMC7921351 DOI: 10.1253/circrep.cr-19-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Direct-activated factor X (FXa) plays an important role in thrombosis and is also involved in inflammation via the protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 and PAR-2 pathway. We hypothesized that rivaroxaban protects against cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). Methods and Results:
MI was induced in wild-type mice by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. At day 1 after MI, mice were randomly assigned to the rivaroxaban and vehicle groups. Mice in the rivaroxaban group were provided with a regular chow diet plus rivaroxaban. We evaluated cardiac function by echocardiography, pathology, expression of mRNA and protein at day 7 after MI. Rivaroxaban significantly improved cardiac systolic function, decreased infarct size and cardiac mass compared with the vehicle. Rivaroxaban also downregulated the mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, PAR-1 and PAR-2 in the infarcted area, and both A-type and B-type natriuretic peptides in the non-infarcted area compared with the vehicle. Furthermore, rivaroxaban attenuated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the non-infarcted area compared with the vehicle. Conclusions:
Rivaroxaban protected against cardiac dysfunction in MI model mice. Reduction of PAR-1, PAR-2 and proinflammatory cytokines in the infarcted area may be involved in its cardioprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Nakanishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Koichi Kaikita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Masanobu Ishii
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Yu Oimatsu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Tatsuro Mitsuse
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Miwa Ito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Kenshi Yamanaga
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Koichiro Fujisue
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Hisanori Kanazawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Daisuke Sueta
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Seiji Takashio
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Yuichiro Arima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Satoshi Araki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Taishi Nakamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Kenji Sakamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Satoru Suzuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Eiichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Hirofumi Soejima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Kenichi Tsujita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
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41
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Thibeault PE, LeSarge JC, Arends D, Fernandes M, Chidiac P, Stathopulos PB, Luyt LG, Ramachandran R. Molecular basis for activation and biased signaling at the thrombin-activated GPCR proteinase activated receptor-4 (PAR4). J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2520-2540. [PMID: 31892516 PMCID: PMC7039573 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-4 is a member of the proteolytically-activated PAR family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) that represents an important target in the development of anti-platelet therapeutics. PARs are activated by proteolytic cleavage of their receptor N terminus by enzymes such as thrombin, trypsin, and cathepsin-G. This reveals the receptor-activating motif, termed the tethered ligand that binds intramolecularly to the receptor and triggers signaling. However, PARs are also activated by exogenous application of synthetic peptides derived from the tethered-ligand sequence. To better understand the molecular basis for PAR4-dependent signaling, we examined PAR4-signaling responses to a peptide library derived from the canonical PAR4-agonist peptide, AYPGKF-NH2, and we monitored activation of the Gαq/11-coupled calcium-signaling pathway, β-arrestin recruitment, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation. We identified peptides that are poor activators of PAR4-dependent calcium signaling but were fully competent in recruiting β-arrestin-1 and -2. Peptides that were unable to stimulate PAR4-dependent calcium signaling could not trigger MAPK activation. Using in silico docking and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified Asp230 in the extracellular loop-2 as being critical for PAR4 activation by both agonist peptide and the tethered ligand. Probing the consequence of biased signaling on platelet activation, we found that a peptide that cannot activate calcium signaling fails to cause platelet aggregation, whereas a peptide that is able to stimulate calcium signaling and is more potent for β-arrestin recruitment triggered greater levels of platelet aggregation compared with the canonical PAR4 agonist peptide. These findings uncover molecular determinants critical for agonist binding and biased signaling through PAR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre E Thibeault
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Jordan C LeSarge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada
| | - D'Arcy Arends
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Michaela Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Peter Chidiac
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Peter B Stathopulos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Leonard G Luyt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada; London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario N6C2R5, Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada.
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42
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Willis Fox O, Preston RJS. Molecular basis of protease-activated receptor 1 signaling diversity. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:6-16. [PMID: 31549766 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of highly conserved G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that respond to extracellular proteases via a unique proteolysis-dependent activation mechanism. Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) was the first identified member of the receptor family and plays important roles in hemostasis, inflammation and malignancy. The biology underlying PAR1 signaling by its canonical agonist thrombin is well characterized; however, definition of the mechanistic basis of PAR1 signaling by other proteases, including matrix metalloproteases, activated protein C, plasmin, and activated factors VII and X, remains incompletely understood. In this review, we discuss emerging insights into the molecular bases for "biased" PAR1 signaling, including atypical PAR1 proteolysis, PAR1 heterodimer and coreceptor interactions, PAR1 translocation on the membrane surface, and interactions with different G-proteins and β-arrestins upon receptor activation. Moreover, we consider how these new insights into PAR1 signaling have acted to spur development of novel PAR1-targeted therapeutics that act to inhibit, redirect, or fine-tune PAR1 signaling output to treat cardiovascular and inflammatory disease. Finally, we discuss some of the key unanswered questions relating to PAR1 biology, in particular how differences in PAR1 proteolysis, signaling intermediate coupling, and engagement with coreceptors and GPCRs combine to mediate the diversity of identified PAR1 signaling outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla Willis Fox
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roger J S Preston
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
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43
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Zhukov AS, Khairutdinov VR, Belousova IE, Samtsov AV. Distribution of melanocytes in the skin of psoriasis patients. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2019. [DOI: 10.25208/0042-4609-2019-95-5-17-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease with predominant damage to the skin and joints. Despite fundamental studies of its pathogenesis, the cause of the development of the T-cell response has not been determined. More recently, a new concept has been proposed for the formation of psoriatic inflammation, where a significant role in the pathogenesis is assigned to melanocytes. Evaluation of the content of these cells and their relationship with other participants of inflammation will allow expanding the understanding of the pathogenesis of psoriasis and the targets of targeted therapy.Aim: study of the quantity, distribution and proliferative activity of melanocytes.Materials and methods. The study included 20 patients with plaque psoriasis: men — 18 (90 %), women — 2 (10 %). The severity of the disease was assessed by the index of the area and severity of PASI psoriatic lesions. In the histological specimens, the thickness of the epidermis, the length of the basement membrane in the visual field, and pathological changes in the epidermis and dermis were determined. For immunohistochemical detection of melanocytes, the MelanA marker was used, the cell proliferative activity was Ki67, and the cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, CD8. Used a dual visualization system. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.Results. The number of MelanA+ cells in the affected skin of patients with psoriasis — 54 (44–64)/1.4 mm2 was 2.4 times higher than in unaffected skin — 24 (22–30)/1.4 mm2 (p < 0.05), and 2 times higher than in the skin of healthy individuals — 27 (25–32)/1.4 mm2 (p < 0.05). The content of MelanA+ cells per 1 mm of the basement membrane in patients with psoriasis in the affected skin is 11 [7–13] cells/mm, unaffected — 12 [11–14] cells/mm and in healthy individuals — 12 [9–13] cells/mm did not significantly differ (p > 0.05). In the affected skin of patients with psoriasis, multiple contacts of CD8+ and MelanA+ cells were detected — 10 [8–13]/1.4 mm2.Conclusions. In the affected skin of patients with psoriasis, the absolute number of melanocytes is significantly higher than in unaffected skin and the skin of healthy individuals, while the ratio of melanocytes to basal keratinocytes did not differ. In the skin of all the studied groups, no melanocytes in the proliferation stage were detected. Multiple contacts of MelanA+ and CD8+ cells are observed in the affected skin of patients with psoriasis.Conflict of interest: the authors state that there is no potential conflict of interest requiring disclosure in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Zhukov
- S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation
| | - V. R. Khairutdinov
- S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation
| | - I. E. Belousova
- S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation
| | - A. V. Samtsov
- S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation
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44
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Hagras MM, Kamel FO. Effect of Protease-Activated Receptor-2-Activating Peptide on Guinea Pig Airway Resistance and Isolated Tracheal Strips. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2019; 8:7-13. [PMID: 32166058 PMCID: PMC7045621 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_55_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of G-protein-coupled receptors distributed in a number of tissues. PAR-2 is expressed on airway epithelium and smooth muscles and overexpressed under pathological conditions, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, the role of PAR-2 in airways has not yet been defined. In this study, we investigated the role of PAR-2-activating peptide (SLIGRL) on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction and the mechanisms underlying the bronchoprotective effect both in vivo and in vitro. Materials and Methods: The effect of SLIGRL was tested in vivo using histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in the guinea pig and in vitro using isolated tracheal spiral strips. Results: In vivo pretreatment with SLIGRL significantly reduced the histamine-induced increased bronchoconstriction. Neither propranolol nor vagotomy abolished the inhibitory effect of SLIGRL. Furthermore, indomethacin or glibenclamide did not antagonize the inhibitory response to SLIGRL. In isolated tracheal spiral strips in vitro, SLIGRL did not affect the contractile response to acetylcholine or potassium chloride; however, histamine-induced contraction was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate the protective effect of SLIGRL in airways; however, this effect appears to be mediated independently of prostanoids, nitric oxide, circulating adrenaline, ATP-sensitive K + channels, and vagal stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda M Hagras
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Fatemah O Kamel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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45
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Pontarollo G, Mann A, Brandão I, Malinarich F, Schöpf M, Reinhardt C. Protease-activated receptor signaling in intestinal permeability regulation. FEBS J 2019; 287:645-658. [PMID: 31495063 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a unique class of G-protein-coupled transmembrane receptors, which revolutionized the perception of proteases from degradative enzymes to context-specific signaling factors. Although PARs are traditionally known to affect several vascular responses, recent investigations have started to pinpoint the functional role of PAR signaling in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This organ is exposed to the highest number of proteases, either from the gut lumen or from the mucosa. Luminal proteases include the host's digestive enzymes and the proteases released by the commensal microbiota, while mucosal proteases entail extravascular clotting factors and the enzymes released from resident and infiltrating immune cells. Active proteases and, in case of a disrupted gut barrier, even entire microorganisms are capable to translocate the intestinal epithelium, particularly under inflammatory conditions. Especially PAR-1 and PAR-2, expressed throughout the GI tract, impact gut permeability regulation, a major factor affecting intestinal physiology and metabolic inflammation. In addition, PARs are critically involved in the onset of inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, and tumor progression. Due to the number of proteases involved and the multiple cell types affected, selective regulation of intestinal PARs represents an interesting therapeutic strategy. The analysis of tissue/cell-specific knockout animal models will be of crucial importance to unravel the intrinsic complexity of this signaling network. Here, we provide an overview on the implication of PARs in intestinal permeability regulation under physiologic and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pontarollo
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Amrit Mann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Inês Brandão
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany.,Centro de Apoio Tecnológico Agro Alimentar (CATAA), Zona Industrial de Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Frano Malinarich
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Marie Schöpf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany
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46
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LeSarge JC, Thibeault P, Milne M, Ramachandran R, Luyt LG. High Affinity Fluorescent Probe for Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2). ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1045-1050. [PMID: 31312406 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PAR2 is a proteolytically activated G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is implicated in various cancers and inflammatory diseases. Ligands with low nanomolar affinity for PAR2 have been developed, but there is a paucity of research on the development of PAR2-targeting imaging probes. Here, we report the development of seven novel PAR2-targeting compounds. Four of these compounds are highly potent and selective PAR2-targeting peptides (EC50 = 10 to 23 nM) that have a primary amine handle available for facile conjugation to various imaging components. We describe a peptide of the sequence Isox-Cha-Chg-ARK(Sulfo-Cy5)-NH2 as the most potent and highest affinity PAR2-selective fluorescent probe reported to date (EC50 = 16 nM, K D = 38 nM). This compound has a greater than 10-fold increase in potency and binding affinity for PAR2 compared to the leading previously reported probe and is conjugated to a red-shifted fluorophore, enabling in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Milne
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, Ontario N6A 5W9, Canada
| | | | - Leonard G. Luyt
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, Ontario N6A 5W9, Canada
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Richards J, Tang S, Gunsch G, Sul P, Wiet M, Flanigan DC, Khan SN, Moore S, Walter B, Purmessur D. Mast Cell/Proteinase Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2) Mediated Interactions in the Pathogenesis of Discogenic Back Pain. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:294. [PMID: 31333416 PMCID: PMC6625229 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are present in the painful degenerate human intervertebral disc (IVD) and are associated with disease pathogenesis. MCs release granules containing enzymatic and inflammatory factors in response to stimulants or allergens. The serine protease, tryptase, is unique to MCs and its activation of the G-protein coupled receptor, Protease Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2), induces inflammation and degradation in osteoarthritic cartilage. Our previously published work has demonstrated increased levels of MC marker tryptase in IVD samples from discogenic back pain patients compared to healthy control IVD samples including expression of chemotactic agents that may facilitate MC migration into the IVD. To further elucidate MCs’ role in the IVD and mechanisms underlying its effects, we investigated whether (1) human IVD cells can promote MC migration, (2) MC tryptase can mediate up-regulation of inflammatory/catabolic process in human IVD cells and tissue, and (3) the potential of PAR2 antagonist to function as a therapeutic drug in in vitro human and ex vivo bovine pilot models of disease. MC migration was quantitatively assessed using conditioned media from primary human IVD cells and MC migration examined through Matrigel. Exposure to soluble IVD factors significantly enhanced MC migration, suggesting IVD cells can recruit MCs. We also demonstrated significant upregulation of MC chemokine SCF and angiogenic factor VEGFA gene expression in human IVD cells in vitro in response to recombinant human tryptase, suggesting tryptase can enhance recruitment of MCs and promotion of angiogenesis into the usually avascular IVD. Furthermore, tryptase can degrade proteoglycans in IVD tissue as demonstrated by significant increases in glycosaminoglycans released into surrounding media. This can create a catabolic microenvironment compromising structural integrity and facilitating vascular migration usually inhibited by the anti-angiogenic IVD matrix. Finally, as a “proof of concept” study, we examined the therapeutic potential of PAR2 antagonist (PAR2A) on human IVD cells and bovine organ culture IVD model. While preliminary data shows promise and points toward structural restoration of the bovine IVD including down-regulation of VEGFA, effects of PAR2 antagonist on human IVD cells differ between gender and donors suggesting that further validation is required with larger cohorts of human specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Richards
- College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shirley Tang
- College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gilian Gunsch
- College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Pavel Sul
- College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Matthew Wiet
- College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - David C Flanigan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Safdar N Khan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sarah Moore
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Benjamin Walter
- College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Orthopaedics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Devina Purmessur
- College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Orthopaedics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Peng Q, Ratnasothy K, Boardman DA, Jacob J, Tung SL, McCluskey D, Smyth LA, Lechler RI, Dorling A, Lombardi G. Protease Activated Receptor 4 as a Novel Modulator of Regulatory T Cell Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1311. [PMID: 31275306 PMCID: PMC6591367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subpopulation of T cells that maintain immunological tolerance. In inflammatory responses the function of Tregs is tightly controlled by several factors including signaling through innate receptors such as Toll like receptors and anaphylatoxin receptors allowing an effective immune response to be generated. Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are another family of innate receptors expressed on multiple cell types and involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Whether proteases are able to directly modulate Treg function is unknown. Here, we show using two complimentary approaches that signaling through PAR-4 influences the expression of CD25, CD62L, and CD73, the suppressive capacity, and the stability of Tregs, via phosphorylation of FoxO1 and negative regulation of PTEN and FoxP3. Taken together, our results demonstrate an important role of PAR4 in tuning the function of Tregs and open the possibility of targeting PAR4 to modulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Peng
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kulachelvy Ratnasothy
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic A Boardman
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacinta Jacob
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sim Lai Tung
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel McCluskey
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley A Smyth
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert I Lechler
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Dorling
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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49
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Cancer driver G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) induced β-catenin nuclear localization: the transcriptional junction. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2019; 37:147-157. [PMID: 29222765 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-017-9711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the main signal-transmitting components in the cell membrane. Over the past several years, biochemical and structural analyses have immensely enhanced our knowledge of GPCR involvement in health and disease states. The present review focuses on GPCRs that are cancer drivers, involved in tumor growth and development. Our aim is to highlight the involvement of stabilized β-catenin molecular machinery with a specific array of GPCRs. We discuss recent advances in understanding the molecular path leading to β-catenin nuclear localization and transcriptional activity and their implications for future cancer therapy research.
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50
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Heuberger DM, Schuepbach RA. Protease-activated receptors (PARs): mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic modulators in PAR-driven inflammatory diseases. Thromb J 2019; 17:4. [PMID: 30976204 PMCID: PMC6440139 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-019-0194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases have become increasingly prevalent with industrialization. To address this, numerous anti-inflammatory agents and molecular targets have been considered in clinical trials. Among molecular targets, protease-activated receptors (PARs) are abundantly recognized for their roles in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. In particular, several inflammatory effects are directly mediated by the sensing of proteolytic activity by PARs. PARs belong to the seven transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptor family, but are unique in their lack of physiologically soluble ligands. In contrast with classical receptors, PARs are activated by N-terminal proteolytic cleavage. Upon removal of specific N-terminal peptides, the resulting N-termini serve as tethered activation ligands that interact with the extracellular loop 2 domain and initiate receptor signaling. In the classical pathway, activated receptors mediate signaling by recruiting G proteins. However, activation of PARs alternatively lead to the transactivation of and signaling through receptors such as co-localized PARs, ion channels, and toll-like receptors. In this review we consider PARs and their modulators as potential therapeutic agents, and summarize the current understanding of PAR functions from clinical and in vitro studies of PAR-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea M Heuberger
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Division, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto A Schuepbach
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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