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Trojan A, Lone YC, Briceno I, Trojan J. Anti-Gene IGF-I Vaccines in Cancer Gene Therapy: A Review of a Case of Glioblastoma. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:1983-2002. [PMID: 38031775 DOI: 10.2174/0109298673237968231106095141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vaccines for the deadliest brain tumor - glioblastoma (GBM) - are generally based on targeting growth factors or their receptors, often using antibodies. The vaccines described in the review were prepared to suppress the principal cancer growth factor - IGF-I, using anti-gene approaches either of antisense (AS) or of triple helix (TH) type. Our objective was to increase the median survival of patients treated with AS and TH cell vaccines. METHODOLOGY The cells were transfected in vitro by both constructed IGF-I AS and IGF-I TH expression episomal vectors; part of these cells was co-cultured with plant phytochemicals, modulating IGF-I expression. Both AS and TH approaches completely suppressed IGF-I expression and induced MHC-1 / B7 immunogenicity related to the IGF-I receptor signal. RESULTS This immunogenicity proved to be stronger in IGF-I TH than in IGF-I AS-prepared cell vaccines, especially in TH / phytochemical cells. The AS and TH vaccines generated an important TCD8+ and TCD8+CD11b- immune response in treated GBM patients and increased the median survival of patients up to 17-18 months, particularly using TH vaccines; in some cases, 2- and 3-year survival was reported. These clinical results were compared with those obtained in therapies targeting other growth factors. CONCLUSION The anti-gene IGF-I vaccines continue to be applied in current GBM personalized medicine. Technical improvements in the preparation of AS and TH vaccines to increase MHC-1 and B7 immunogenicity have, in parallel, allowed to increase in the median survival of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Trojan
- INSERM UMR 1197, Cancer Center & University of Paris / Saclay, PO Box: 94802 Villejuif, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, PO Box: 130014 Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | - Yu-Chun Lone
- INSERM UMR 1197, Cancer Center & University of Paris / Saclay, PO Box: 94802 Villejuif, France
- CEDEA / ICGT - Center of Oncological Diseases Diagnosis, PO Box: 110231 Bogota, Colombia
| | - Ignacio Briceno
- Faculty of Medicine, University of La Sabana, PO Box: 250008 Chia, Colombia
| | - Jerzy Trojan
- INSERM UMR 1197, Cancer Center & University of Paris / Saclay, PO Box: 94802 Villejuif, France
- CEDEA / ICGT - Center of Oncological Diseases Diagnosis, PO Box: 110231 Bogota, Colombia
- National Academy of Medicine - ANM, PO Box: 75272 Paris, France
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Bartolucci D, Montemurro L, Raieli S, Lampis S, Pession A, Hrelia P, Tonelli R. MYCN Impact on High-Risk Neuroblastoma: From Diagnosis and Prognosis to Targeted Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184421. [PMID: 36139583 PMCID: PMC9496712 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neuroblastoma is one of the most diffuse and the deadliest cancer in children. While many advances have been made in the last few decades to improve patients’ outcome, high-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB) still shows a very aggressive pattern of development and poor prognosis, with only a 50% chance of 5-year survival. Moreover, while many factors contribute to defining the high-risk condition, MYCN status is well established as the major element in pathology disclosure. The aim of this review is to describe the current knowledge in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic approaches of HR-NB, particularly in relation to MYCN. The review highlights how MYCN influences the HR-NB scenario and the new therapeutic approaches that are currently proposed to target it, in consideration of MYCN as a highly relevant target for HR-NB patient management. Abstract Among childhood cancers, neuroblastoma is the most diffuse solid tumor and the deadliest in children. While to date, the pathology has become progressively manageable with a significant increase in 5-year survival for its less aggressive form, high-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB) remains a major issue with poor outcome and little survivability of patients. The staging system has also been improved to better fit patient needs and to administer therapies in a more focused manner in consideration of pathology features. New and improved therapies have been developed; nevertheless, low efficacy and high toxicity remain a staple feature of current high-risk neuroblastoma treatment. For this reason, more specific procedures are required, and new therapeutic targets are also needed for a precise medicine approach. In this scenario, MYCN is certainly one of the most interesting targets. Indeed, MYCN is one of the most relevant hallmarks of HR-NB, and many studies has been carried out in recent years to discover potent and specific inhibitors to block its activities and any related oncogenic function. N-Myc protein has been considered an undruggable target for a long time. Thus, many new indirect and direct approaches have been discovered and preclinically evaluated for the interaction with MYCN and its pathways; a few of the most promising approaches are nearing clinical application for the investigation in HR-NB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Montemurro
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Pession
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Hrelia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Tonelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
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3
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Hu X, Zhou W, Pi R, Zhao X, Wang W. Genetically modified cancer vaccines: Current status and future prospects. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:1492-1517. [PMID: 35235212 DOI: 10.1002/med.21882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines can stimulate the immune system to protect individuals from infectious diseases. Moreover, vaccines have also been applied to the prevention and treatment of cancers. Due to advances in genetic engineering technology, cancer vaccines could be genetically modified to increase antitumor efficacy. Various genes could be inserted into cells to boost the immune response, such as cytokines, T cell costimulatory molecules, tumor-associated antigens, and tumor-specific antigens. Genetically modified cancer vaccines utilize innate and adaptive immune responses to induce durable antineoplastic capacity and prevent the recurrence. This review will discuss the major approaches used to develop genetically modified cancer vaccines and explore recent advances to increase the understanding of engineered cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Weilin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ruyu Pi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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Bidirectional Crosstalk between Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines and the Tumor Microenvironment: Beyond Tumor Antigens. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Fibroblasts Influence the Efficacy, Resistance, and Future Use of Vaccines and Immunotherapy in Cancer Treatment. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060634. [PMID: 34200702 PMCID: PMC8230410 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are composed of not only epithelial cells but also many other cell types that contribute to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Within this space, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a prominent cell type, and these cells are connected to an increase in tumor progression as well as alteration of the immune landscape present in and around the tumor. This is accomplished in part by their ability to alter the presence of both innate and adaptive immune cells as well as the release of various chemokines and cytokines, together leading to a more immunosuppressive TME. Furthermore, new research implicates CAFs as players in immunotherapy response in many different tumor types, typically by blunting their efficacy. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), two major CAF proteins, are associated with the outcome of different immunotherapies and, additionally, have become new targets themselves for immune-based strategies directed at CAFs. This review will focus on CAFs and how they alter the immune landscape within tumors, how this affects response to current immunotherapy treatments, and how immune-based treatments are currently being harnessed to target the CAF population itself.
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Hakim BA, Tyagi V, Agnihotri SK, Nath A, Agrawal AK, Jain A, Singh D, Konwar R, Sachdev M. Electroporation of Mouse Follicles, Oocytes and Embryos without Manipulating Zona Pellucida. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:jdb9020013. [PMID: 33915920 PMCID: PMC8167572 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroporation is an effective technique of transfection, but its efficiency depends on the optimization of various parameters. In this study, a simplified and efficient method of gene manipulation was standardized through electroporation to introduce a recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP) construct as well as RNA-inhibitors in intact mouse follicles, oocytes and early embryos, where various electroporation parameters like voltage, pulse number and pulse duration were standardized. Electroporated preantral follicles were cultured further in vitro to obtain mature oocytes and their viability was confirmed through the localization of a known oocyte maturation marker, ovastacin, which appeared to be similar to the in vivo-derived mature oocytes and thus proved the viability of the in vitro matured oocytes after electroporation. Standardized electroporation parameters, i.e., three pulses of 30 V for 1 millisecond at an interval of 10 s, were applied to manipulate the expression of mmu-miR-26a in preantral follicles through the electroporation of miR inhibitors and mimics. The TUNEL apoptosis assay confirmed the normal development of the electroporated embryos when compared to the normal embryos. Conclusively, for the first time, this study demonstrated the delivery of exogenous oligonucleotides into intact mouse follicles, oocytes and embryos without hampering their zona pellucida (ZP) and further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad Hakim
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, India; (B.A.H.); (V.T.); (S.K.A.); (A.N.); (A.K.A.); (A.J.); (D.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Vaishali Tyagi
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, India; (B.A.H.); (V.T.); (S.K.A.); (A.N.); (A.K.A.); (A.J.); (D.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Saurabh Kumar Agnihotri
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, India; (B.A.H.); (V.T.); (S.K.A.); (A.N.); (A.K.A.); (A.J.); (D.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Amar Nath
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, India; (B.A.H.); (V.T.); (S.K.A.); (A.N.); (A.K.A.); (A.J.); (D.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Ankit Kumar Agrawal
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, India; (B.A.H.); (V.T.); (S.K.A.); (A.N.); (A.K.A.); (A.J.); (D.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Ankita Jain
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, India; (B.A.H.); (V.T.); (S.K.A.); (A.N.); (A.K.A.); (A.J.); (D.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Deependra Singh
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, India; (B.A.H.); (V.T.); (S.K.A.); (A.N.); (A.K.A.); (A.J.); (D.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Rituraj Konwar
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, India; (B.A.H.); (V.T.); (S.K.A.); (A.N.); (A.K.A.); (A.J.); (D.S.); (R.K.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Monika Sachdev
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, India; (B.A.H.); (V.T.); (S.K.A.); (A.N.); (A.K.A.); (A.J.); (D.S.); (R.K.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-9026561774
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Yan Y, Zeng S, Gong Z, Xu Z. Clinical implication of cellular vaccine in glioma: current advances and future prospects. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2020; 39:257. [PMID: 33228738 PMCID: PMC7685666 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas, especially glioblastomas, represent one of the most aggressive and difficult-to-treat human brain tumors. In the last few decades, clinical immunotherapy has been developed and has provided exceptional achievements in checkpoint inhibitors and vaccines for cancer treatment. Immunization with cellular vaccines has the advantage of containing specific antigens and acceptable safety to potentially improve cancer therapy. Based on T cells, dendritic cells (DC), tumor cells and natural killer cells, the safety and feasibility of cellular vaccines have been validated in clinical trials for glioma treatment. For TAA engineered T cells, therapy mainly uses chimeric antigen receptors (IL13Rα2, EGFRvIII and HER2) and DNA methylation-induced technology (CT antigen) to activate the immune response. Autologous dendritic cells/tumor antigen vaccine (ADCTA) pulsed with tumor lysate and peptides elicit antigen-specific and cytotoxic T cell responses in patients with malignant gliomas, while its pro-survival effect is biased. Vaccinations using autologous tumor cells modified with TAAs or fusion with fibroblast cells are characterized by both effective humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Even though few therapeutic effects have been observed, most of this therapy showed safety and feasibility, asking for larger cohort studies and better guidelines to optimize cellular vaccine efficiency in anti-glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhicheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Hunan, 410008, Changsha, China.
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Joshi S. Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment in Neuroblastoma: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2057. [PMID: 32722460 PMCID: PMC7465822 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common pediatric tumor malignancy that originates from the neural crest and accounts for more than 15% of all the childhood deaths from cancer. The neuroblastoma cancer research has long been focused on the role of MYCN oncogene amplification and the contribution of other genetic alterations in the progression of this malignancy. However, it is now widely accepted that, not only tumor cells, but the components of tumor microenvironment (TME), including extracellular matrix, stromal cells and immune cells, also contribute to tumor progression in neuroblastoma. The complexity of different components of tumor stroma and their resemblance with surrounding normal tissues pose huge challenges for therapies targeting tumor microenvironment in NB. Hence, the detailed understanding of the composition of the TME of NB is crucial to improve existing and future potential immunotherapeutic approaches against this childhood cancer. In this review article, I will discuss different components of the TME of NB and the recent advances in the strategies, which are used to target the tumor microenvironment in neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Joshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0815, USA
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9
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Uckun FM, Qazi S, Hwang L, Trieu VN. Recurrent or Refractory High-Grade Gliomas Treated by Convection-Enhanced Delivery of a TGFβ 2-Targeting RNA Therapeutic: A Post-Hoc Analysis with Long-Term Follow-Up. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121892. [PMID: 31795071 PMCID: PMC6966490 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. OT101 is a first-in-class RNA therapeutic designed to abrogate the immunosuppressive actions of transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGFβ2). Here, we report our post-hoc analysis of the single-agent activity of OT101 in adult patients with recurrent and/or refractory (R/R) high-grade gliomas. Methods. In a Phase 2 clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00431561), OT101 was administered to 89 R/R high-grade glioma (HGG) (anaplastic astrocytoma/AA: 27; glioblastoma multiforme/GBM: 62) patients with an intratumoral catheter using a convection enhanced delivery (CED) system. Seventy-seven patients (efficacy population; GBM: 51; AA: 26) received at least the intended minimum number of four OT101 treatment cycles. Response determinations were based on central review of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans according to the McDonald criteria. Standard statistical methods were applied for the analysis of data. Findings. Nineteen patients had a complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) following a slow but robust size reduction of their target lesions (median time for 90% reduction of the baseline tumor volume = 11.7 months, range: 4.9-57.7 months). The mean log reduction of the tumor volume was 2.2 ± 0.4 (median = 1.4: range: 0.4-4.5) logs. In addition, seven patients had a stable disease (SD) lasting ≥6 months. For the combined group of 26 AA/GBM patients with favorable responses, the median progression-free survival (PFS) of 1109 days and overall survival (OS) of 1280 days were significantly better than the median PFS (p < 0.00001) and OS (p < 0.00001) of the non-responders among the 89 patients or the 77-patient efficacy population. Conclusion. Intratumorally administered OT101 exhibits clinically meaningful single-agent activity and induces durable CR/PR/SD in R/R HGG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih M. Uckun
- Immuno-Oncology Program, Oncotelic Inc., Agoura Hills, CA 91301, USA; (S.Q.); (L.H.); (V.N.T.)
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Ares Pharmaceuticals, St. Paul, MN 55110, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Sanjive Qazi
- Immuno-Oncology Program, Oncotelic Inc., Agoura Hills, CA 91301, USA; (S.Q.); (L.H.); (V.N.T.)
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Ares Pharmaceuticals, St. Paul, MN 55110, USA
- Department of Biology, Bioinformatics Program, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Larn Hwang
- Immuno-Oncology Program, Oncotelic Inc., Agoura Hills, CA 91301, USA; (S.Q.); (L.H.); (V.N.T.)
| | - Vuong N. Trieu
- Immuno-Oncology Program, Oncotelic Inc., Agoura Hills, CA 91301, USA; (S.Q.); (L.H.); (V.N.T.)
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Liu Y, Mikrani R, Xie D, Wazir J, Shrestha S, Ullah R, Baig MMFA, Ahmed A, Srivastava PK, Thapa KB, Zhou X. Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and prostate cancer: study of immune cells and cytokines. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2019; 34:160-172. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Reyaj Mikrani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Dianyou Xie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Junaid Wazir
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Sajan Shrestha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Rahat Ullah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Mirza Muhammad Faran Ashraf Baig
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Abrar Ahmed
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | | | - Kedar Bahadur Thapa
- Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
- Department of Surgery Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University Nanjing Jiangsu 210017 China
- Department of Surgery Nanjing Shuiximen Hospital Nanjing Jiangsu 210017 China
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11
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Dominiak A, Nowicki T, Łacheta D, Nowicka G. Cancer-associated fibroblasts as a potential target in oncology therapy. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2019. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.5379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors make up a complex environment that consists of intensive proliferating cancer cells surrounded by normal cells. Fibroblasts recruited by cancer termed CAFs, are one of the major cell groups within the reactive stroma of the most common tumors. Because of the crosstalk between quiescent fibroblasts and cancer cells, fibroblasts undergo phenotypic transition and acquire new functions that have been “forced by a tumor”. CAFs affect the development of the drug resistance and cancer progression as they are involved in the growth of cancers, neoangiogenesis, immune evasion and metastatic colonisation in distant organs. Fibroblast-directed therapy offers the opportunity to prevent initiation, progression and metastasis of many invasive tumors. The current studies on CAF-based therapy focus on two strategies. The first strategy leads to the elimination of CAFs and the neutralization of their released factors and the second aims at reverting the CAF-phenotype to a “normal” fibroblast-phenotype. Although the results of preclinical studies conducted on cell cultures and animal models indicate that therapy aimed at reversion or inhibition CAFs function seem to be a promising therapeutic target, available clinical studies have not yet confirmed this. Nevertheless, it is necessary to underline that until now CAF-based therapy has been used in patients with advanced cancer and there is no clinical study using such therapy in the early stage of cancer. The available data also indicates that CAF-based therapy could be used in combination with common anticancer drugs to increase their effectiveness. Therefore, further studies on the usefulness of the proposed CAF-based therapy are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Dominiak
- Zakład Biochemii i Farmakogenomiki, Wydział Farmaceutyczny z Oddziałem Medycyny Laboratoryjnej oraz Laboratorium Biochemii i Chemii Klinicznej Centrum Badań Przedklinicznych, Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny, Warszawa, Polska
| | - Tomasz Nowicki
- Student II Wydziału Lekarskiego oraz członek SKN FARMAKON, Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny, Warszawa, Polska
| | - Dominika Łacheta
- Zakład Biochemii i Farmakogenomiki, Wydział Farmaceutyczny z Oddziałem Medycyny Laboratoryjnej oraz Laboratorium Biochemii i Chemii Klinicznej Centrum Badań Przedklinicznych, Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny, Warszawa, Polska
| | - Grażyna Nowicka
- Zakład Biochemii i Farmakogenomiki, Wydział Farmaceutyczny z Oddziałem Medycyny Laboratoryjnej oraz Laboratorium Biochemii i Chemii Klinicznej Centrum Badań Przedklinicznych, Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny, Warszawa, Polska
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12
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Li M, Shi K, Tang X, Wei J, Cun X, Chen X, Yu Q, Zhang Z, He Q. pH-sensitive folic acid and dNP2 peptide dual-modified liposome for enhanced targeted chemotherapy of glioma. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 124:240-248. [PMID: 30071282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Effective chemotherapy for clinical glioma treatment is still lacking due to the poor penetration of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the poor internalization into tumor cells. To facilitate the transmigration across the BBB as well as the glioma targeting of chemotherapeutics, we constructed cell penetrating peptide dNP2 and tumor microenvironment-cleavable folic acid (FA) dual modified, paclitaxel (PTX) loaded liposome for the targeted delivery of glioma. The modification of dNP2 significantly enhanced the transmigration across the BBB in an in vitro BBB model. The acid-cleavable cFd-Lip/PTX exhibited sensitive cleavage of FA at pH 6.8, which led to enhanced cellular uptake mediated by both cell penetrating peptide dNP2 and the interaction between FA and folate receptor (FR) on the glioma cells. After intravenous injection, compared with non-cleavable Fd-Lip and single modified liposomes, cFd-Lip enhanced the accumulation in orthotropic glioma and improved the anti-tumor effect of glioma-bearing mice. The dual modified liposomes also facilitated deep penetration into tumor cells and consequently enhanced the cytotoxicity of PTX-loaded liposomes. The acid-cleavable dual modified strategy retained the BBB penetrating and tumor targeting ability, meanwhile, the cleavage of FA further maximized the cell permeability of dNP2, exhibiting enhanced tumor targeting effect. The multi-targeting strategy provides a promising approach towards targeted chemotherapy for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Kairong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaojie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingli Cun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianwen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin He
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Botti C, Seregni E, Ferrari L, Martinetti A, Bombardieri E. Immunosuppressive Factors: Role in Cancer Development and Progression. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 13:51-69. [PMID: 9803353 DOI: 10.1177/172460089801300201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The concept of the immunological surveillance against neoplastic cells was initially proposed by Erlich in 1909 and later elaborated by Burnet. This hypothesis states that the normal function of the immune system, in particular the cell-mediated immunity, is to recognize and destroy the transformed and proliferating tumor cells. The role of cell-mediated immunity during the first steps of tumorigenesis remains controversial. However, there is certain evidence about its importance in the progression and dissemination of cancer. The frequent immunosuppressed condition of cancer patients at tumor relapse or recurrence of secondary tumors is a clinical sign supporting this hypothesis, and many studies have demonstrated a defective immune response in patients diagnosed with advanced cancer. Several mechanisms of escape from the immune surveillance have been described, including the immunoselection of tumor antigen-negative variants, the downregulation of MHC class I expression, suppressive T cells, and the elaboration of immunosuppressive cytokines and other factors. Because of the technical difficulty of isolating the very small amounts from culture supernatants or body fluids, only a few of these substances have been characterized and studied with respect to their biological activity: transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), the protein p15E, interleukin 10 (IL-10), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), mucins, suppressive E-receptor (SER), immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP), and adhesion molecules. The possibility of monitoring cancer patients by testing biochemical factors related to cancer growth led to a proposal to measure a number of these factors as tumor markers. Some of them, e.g mucins, enjoy the consensus of the oncologic community, as for some indications they can help the clinician in the management of cancer patients. Except for the class of mucins, the other above-mentioned immunosuppressive factors have not found any clinical application in the laboratory routine because the information deriving from their measurement, although of speculative and scientific interest, has limited clinical value at present. Nevertheless, even if they have no impact on patient management, these substances do have a potential role to play in the study of cancer patients, and should be taken into account when developing new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Botti
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
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14
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, only modest improvement has been achieved in the survival of patients with malignant gliomas. METHODS The authors review the immunologic aspects of gliomas, potential targets for therapy, and issues surrounding current immunotherapeutic strategies directed against malignant gliomas. RESULTS The blood-brain barrier and the purported immunological privilege of the brain are not necessarily insurmountable obstacles to effective immunotherapy for brain tumors. Preclinical studies suggest a number of potential therapeutic avenues. Translational studies offer the prospect of providing substantial new information about immunological trafficking in the nervous system and suggesting the most fruitful approaches to immunotherapy for malignant gliomas. CONCLUSIONS More effective adjuvant treatments for malignant gliomas are needed. The applicability of immunological approaches in the treatment of these tumors warrants continued study.
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15
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Winograd EK, Ciesielski MJ, Fenstermaker RA. Novel vaccines for glioblastoma: clinical update and perspective. Immunotherapy 2017; 8:1293-1308. [PMID: 27993092 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain cancer. Aggressive treatment with surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy provides limited overall survival benefit. Glioblastomas have a formidable tumor microenvironment that is hostile to immunological effector cells and these cancers produce profound systemic immunosuppression. However, surgical resection of these tumors creates conditions that favor the use of immunotherapeutic strategies. Therefore, extensive surgical resection, when feasible, will remain part of the equation to provide an environment in which active specific immunotherapy has the greatest chance of working. Toward that end, a number of vaccination protocols are under investigation. Vaccines studied to date have produced cellular and humoral antitumor responses, but unequivocal clinical efficacy has yet to be demonstrated. In addition, focus is shifting toward the prospect of therapies involving vaccines in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors and other immunomodulatory agents so that effector cells remain active against their targets systemically and within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan K Winograd
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Michael J Ciesielski
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.,Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Robert A Fenstermaker
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.,Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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16
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Doersch KM, Moses KA, Zimmer WE. Synergistic immunologic targets for the treatment of prostate cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1900-1910. [PMID: 27444149 PMCID: PMC5068457 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216660212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common disease and, while detection and treatment have advanced, it remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in men. Research suggests significant involvement of the immune system in the pathogenesis and progression of prostate cancer, indicating that immunologic therapies may benefit patients. Two immunologic factors, interleukin-2 and transforming growth factor-β, may be especially attractive therapeutic targets for prostate cancer. Specifically, an increase in interleukin-2 signaling and a decrease in transforming growth factor-β signaling might help improve immunologic recognition and targeting of tumor cells. The purpose of this review is to highlight the evidence that interleukin-2 and blockade of transforming growth factor-β could be used to target prostate cancer based on current understanding of immune function in the context of prostate cancer. Additionally, current treatments related to these two factors for prostate and other cancers will be used to strengthen the argument for this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Doersch
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Kelvin A Moses
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Warren E Zimmer
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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17
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Paolillo M, Serra M, Schinelli S. Integrins in glioblastoma: Still an attractive target? Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:55-61. [PMID: 27498157 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Integrin-mediated signaling pathways have been found to promote the invasiveness and survival of glioma cells by modifying the brain microenvironment to support the formation of the tumoral niche. A variety of cells in the niche express integrin receptors, including tumor-associated macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and pericytes. In particular, RGD-binding integrins have been demonstrated to have an important role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process, considered the first step in the infiltration of tissue by cancer cells and molecular markers of which have been found in glioma cells. In simultaneous research, Small Molecule Integrin Antagonists (SMIA) yielded initially promising results in in vitro and in vivo studies, leading to clinical trials to test their safety and efficacy in combination with other anticancer drugs in the treatment of several tumor types. The initially high expectations, especially because of their antiangiogenic activity, which appeared to be a winning strategy against GBM, were not confirmed and this cast serious doubts on the real benefits to be gained from the use of SMIA for the treatment of cancer in humans. In this review, we provide an overview of recent findings concerning the functional roles of integrins, especially RGD-binding integrins, in the processes related to glioma cells survival and brain tissue infiltration. These findings disclose a new scenario in which recently developed SMIA might become useful tools to hinder glioblastoma cell dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Paolillo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Massimo Serra
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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18
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Wang J, Cazzato E, Ladewig E, Frattini V, Rosenbloom DIS, Zairis S, Abate F, Liu Z, Elliott O, Shin YJ, Lee JK, Lee IH, Park WY, Eoli M, Blumberg AJ, Lasorella A, Nam DH, Finocchiaro G, Iavarone A, Rabadan R. Clonal evolution of glioblastoma under therapy. Nat Genet 2016; 48:768-76. [PMID: 27270107 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor. To better understand how GBM evolves, we analyzed longitudinal genomic and transcriptomic data from 114 patients. The analysis shows a highly branched evolutionary pattern in which 63% of patients experience expression-based subtype changes. The branching pattern, together with estimates of evolutionary rate, suggests that relapse-associated clones typically existed years before diagnosis. Fifteen percent of tumors present hypermutation at relapse in highly expressed genes, with a clear mutational signature. We find that 11% of recurrence tumors harbor mutations in LTBP4, which encodes a protein binding to TGF-β. Silencing LTBP4 in GBM cells leads to suppression of TGF-β activity and decreased cell proliferation. In recurrent GBM with wild-type IDH1, high LTBP4 expression is associated with worse prognosis, highlighting the TGF-β pathway as a potential therapeutic target in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiguang Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emanuela Cazzato
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Besta, Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Erik Ladewig
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Veronique Frattini
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel I S Rosenbloom
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sakellarios Zairis
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Francesco Abate
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zhaoqi Liu
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Oliver Elliott
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yong-Jae Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ku Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hee Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Marica Eoli
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Besta, Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Anna Lasorella
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gaetano Finocchiaro
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Besta, Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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19
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Pilot Trial of FANG Immunotherapy in Ewing's Sarcoma. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1103-1109. [PMID: 25917459 PMCID: PMC4817748 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on 12 consecutive patients with advanced/metastatic Ewing's sarcoma who were treated as a separate cohort of a phase 1 trial of FANG autologous immunotherapy (1 × 10(6)-2.5 × 10(7) cells/intradermal injection each month for minimum 4 months). Safety and clinical response were monitored. Patient immune response to unmodified autologous tumor cells was assessed by gamma interferon-enzyme-linked immunospot (γIFN-ELISPOT) assay using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from baseline (pretreatment) and multiple postvaccination time points. None of the 12 patients (47 vaccinations) developed grade 2/3/4 drug-related toxicity. Median product release granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor expression was 1,941 pg/10(6) cells, and TGFβ1and TGFβ2 knockdown were 99 and 100%, respectively. Eight patients were assessed for ELISPOT response to autologous tumor cells at baseline and all (100%) were negative. In contrast, follow-up ELISPOT response at month 1 or month 4 (one patient) after FANG was positive in all eight patients. One patient achieved a partial tumor response (38% tumor reduction, RECIST 1.1). The Kaplan-Meier estimated survival of these 12 patients at 1 year was 75%. In this phase 1 study in patients with Ewing's sarcoma, FANG immunotherapy was well tolerated, elicited a tumor-specific systemic immune response in all patients, and was associated with favorable 1-year survival. Further clinical testing is indicated.
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20
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Zhang H, Wang L, Li W, Mao Q, Wang Y, Li Q, Hua S, Zhang Y. A simple and efficient method to transfect small interference RNA into bovine SCNT embryos. Theriogenology 2014; 84:846-52. [PMID: 26194696 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference is an important tool to study the gene function. Microinjection and electroporation are usually used to transfer DNA, small interference RNA (siRNA), morpholinos, and protein into oocytes or embryos. This study used a simple and effective method to transfect siRNA into bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos. In this method, siRNA transfection and electrofusion of SCNT were combined. A pair of platinum microelectrodes was used during SCNT to complete electrofusion. A CY3-labeled siRNA-targeted DNA methyltransferase-1 (DNMT1) was chosen to verify the siRNA transfection efficiency of this approach. First, a suitable concentration of siRNA was mixed with Zimmermann's fusion medium. Reconstructed embryos were then added into the microdrops of the mixed fusion medium to simultaneously transfect the siRNA and electrofuse the SCNT embryos. Our results showed that transfecting DNMT1 siRNA via the proposed method caused obvious CY3 fluorescence and significant downregulation of DNMT1 messenger RNA, DNMT1 protein, and global DNA methylation levels in the SCNT embryos. Meanwhile, the survival rate after electrofusion (90.4% vs. 89.4% vs. 89.1%, P > 0.05) and developmental rates of the SCNT embryos (72.8% vs. 74.9% vs. 72.4%, P > 0.05; 29.7% vs. 31.7% vs. 29.7%, P > 0.05) were not significantly affected. In summary, siRNAs were effectively transfected into the SCNT embryos via the proposed method and exert their functions, and the normal development of preimplantation SCNT embryos was not affected by the method used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - LiJun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - WenZhe Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - QingFu Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - YongSheng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Song Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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21
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Yoon J, Lee H, Chang HB, Choi H, Kim YS, Rho YK, Seong S, Choi DH, Park D, Ku B. DW1029M, a novel botanical drug candidate, inhibits advanced glycation end-product formation, rat lens aldose reductase activity, and TGF-β1 signaling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F1161-70. [PMID: 24694590 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00651.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DW1029M is a botanical extract consisting of Morus bark and Puerariae radix, produced by Dong-Wha Pharmaceutical, for nephroprotective drug development; it has been in phase II clinical trials in Korea. In our mechanistic investigations, we found that DW1029M inhibits advanced glycation end products (AGEs), rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 signaling, all of which are implicated in diabetic complications such as diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy. DW1029M inhibits AGE formation via Fe(2+) chelation. The extract contains 13 active constituents that inhibit AGE formation, 8 active constituents that inhibit RLAR activity, and 1 inhibitor of TGF-β1 signaling. Our results suggest DW1029M protects against diabetic nephropathy via blockade of AGE formation, RLAR activity, and TGF-β1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joobyoung Yoon
- Department of Research and Development, Dong-Wha Pharmaceutical Company, Giheung Gu, Yong-In City, Republic of Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Hyunyong Lee
- Department of Research and Development, Dong-Wha Pharmaceutical Company, Giheung Gu, Yong-In City, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Bong Chang
- Department of Research and Development, Dong-Wha Pharmaceutical Company, Giheung Gu, Yong-In City, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsik Choi
- Department of Research and Development, Dong-Wha Pharmaceutical Company, Giheung Gu, Yong-In City, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sung Kim
- Department of Research and Development, Dong-Wha Pharmaceutical Company, Giheung Gu, Yong-In City, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Kook Rho
- Department of Research and Development, Dong-Wha Pharmaceutical Company, Giheung Gu, Yong-In City, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungkyoo Seong
- Department of Research and Development, Dong-Wha Pharmaceutical Company, Giheung Gu, Yong-In City, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwa Choi
- GyeongGi Bio Center, Youngtong Gu, Suwong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongeun Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Bonchul Ku
- Department of Research and Development, Dong-Wha Pharmaceutical Company, Giheung Gu, Yong-In City, Republic of Korea;
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22
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Roy LO, Poirier MB, Fortin D. Transforming growth factor-beta and its implication in the malignancy of gliomas. Target Oncol 2014; 10:1-14. [PMID: 24590691 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-014-0308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common type of primary malignant brain tumors. They are characterized by enhanced growing capabilities, neoangiogenic proliferation, and extensive infiltration of the brain parenchyma, which make their complete surgical resection impossible. Together with transient and refractory responses to standard therapy, these aggressive neoplasms are incurable and present a median survival of 12 to 14 months. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine of which two of the three isoforms expressed in humans have been shown to be overexpressed proportionally to the histologic grade of glioma malignancy. The increase of chromosomal aberrations and genetic mutations observed in glioma cells turns TGF-β into an oncogene. For that reason, it plays critical roles in glioma progression through induction of several genes implicated in many carcinogenic processes such as proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion. Consequently, investigators have begun developing innovative therapeutics targeting this growth factor or its signaling pathway in an attempt to hinder TGF-β's appalling effects in order to refine the treatment of malignant gliomas and improve their prognosis. In this paper, we extensively review the TGF-β-induced oncogenic pathways and discuss the diverse new molecules targeting this growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent-Olivier Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
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23
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Li MO, Flavell RA. TGF-β, T-cell tolerance and immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases and cancer. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 2:257-65. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.2.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) system signals via protein kinase receptors and SMAD mediators to regulate a large number of biological processes. Alterations of the TGF-β signalling pathway are implicated in human cancer. Prior to tumour initiation and early during progression, TGF-β acts as a tumour suppressor; however, at later stages, it is often a tumour promoter. Knowledge about the mechanisms involved in TGF-β signal transduction has allowed a better understanding of cancer progression, invasion, metastasis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, several molecular targets with great potential in therapeutic interventions have been identified. This review discusses the TGF-β signalling pathway, its involvement in cancer and current therapeutic approaches.
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25
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Pfeiffer H, Sowik T, Schatzschneider U. Bioorthogonal oxime ligation of a Mo(CO)4(N–N) CO-releasing molecule (CORM) to a TGF β-binding peptide. J Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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26
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Zhang Y, Aigner A, Agarwal S. Degradable and Biocompatible Poly(N
,N
-dimethylaminoethyl Methacrylate-co
-caprolactone)s as DNA Transfection Agents. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:1267-75. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Fb. Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein Strasse 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Achim Aigner
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology; Clinical Pharmacology; University of Leipzig; Haertelstrasse 16-18 D-04107 Leipzig Germany
| | - Seema Agarwal
- Macromolecular Chemistry II; Bayreuth Center for Interfaces and Colloids; University of Bayreuth; 95447 Bayreuth Germany
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27
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Abstract
Immunotherapy for solid tumors has shown promise in preclinical as well as early clinical studies. However, its efficacy remains limited. The hindrance to achieving objective, long-lasting therapeutic responses in solid tumors is, in part, mediated by the dynamic nature of the tumor and its complex microenvironment. Tumor-directed therapies fail to eliminate components of the microenvironment, which can reinstate a tumorigenic milieu and contribute to recurrence. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) form the most preponderant cell type in the solid tumor microenvironment. Given their pervasive role in facilitating tumor growth and metastatic dissemination, CAFs have emerged as attractive therapeutic targets in the tumor microenvironment. In this article, we highlight the cross-talk between CAFs and cancer cells, and discuss how targeting CAFs has the potential to improve current immunotherapy approaches for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunitha Kakarla
- Center for Cell & Gene Therapy, Texas Children’s Hospital, The Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Street, Suite 1770, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology & Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiao-Tong Song
- Center for Cell & Gene Therapy, Texas Children’s Hospital, The Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Street, Suite 1770, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Center for Cell & Gene Therapy, Texas Children’s Hospital, The Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Street, Suite 1770, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology & Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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28
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Peng H, Wu Y, Zhang Y. Efficient delivery of DNA and morpholinos into mouse preimplantation embryos by electroporation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43748. [PMID: 22928027 PMCID: PMC3424252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse preimplantation development is characterized by three major transitions and two lineage segregations. Each transition or lineage segregation entails pronounced changes in the pattern of gene expression. Thus, research into the function of genes with obvious changes in expression pattern will shed light on the molecular basis of preimplantation development. We have described a simplified and effective method–electroporation–of introducing plasmid DNA and morpholinos into mouse preimplantation embryos and verified effectiveness of this approach by testing the procedure on the endogenous gene Oct4. Before electroporation, the zona pellucida was weakened by the treatment of acid Tyrode’s solution. Then we optimized the parameters such as voltage, pulse duration, number of pulses and repeats, and applied these parameters to subsequent experiments. Compared with the control groups, the number of apoptotic cells and the expression and localization of OCT3/4 or CDX2 was not significantly changed in blastocysts developed from 1-cell embryos, which were electroporated with pIRES2-AcGFP1-Nuc eukaryotic expression vector or mismatched morpholino oligonucleotides. Furthermore, electroporated plasmid DNA and morpholinos targeting the endogenous gene Oct4 were able to sharply down regulate expression of OCT4 protein and actually cause expected phenotypes in mouse preimplantation embryos. In conclusion, plasmid DNA and morpholinos could be efficient delivered into mouse preimplantation embryos by electroporation and exert their functions, and normal development of preimplantation embryos was not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongyan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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29
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Silencing of the TGF-β1 gene increases the immunogenicity of cells from human ovarian carcinoma. J Immunother 2012; 35:267-75. [PMID: 22421944 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31824d72ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cells from many tumors produce transforming growth factor (TGF)-β which facilitates their escape from control by the immune system. We previously reported that nonimmunogenic cells from either of 2 transplantable mouse tumors became effective as therapeutic tumor vaccines after lentivirus-mediated shRNA interference to "silence" the TGF-β1 gene. We now show that cells from in vitro cultured human ovarian carcinomas (OvC) make large amounts of TGF-β1 and that this can be prevented by "silencing" the TGF-β1 gene. We further show that in vitro sensitization of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the presence of either mitomycin-treated OvC cells whose TGF-β1 gene was silenced or in vitro matured dendritic cells that had been pulsed with homogenates from OvC cells with silenced TGF-β1 generated a stronger Th1/Tc1 immune response to the respective wild-type OvC and also to the OvC antigens mesothelin and HE4 as measured by ELIspot assays. The percentage of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells increased while there were fewer cells expressing markers characteristic for regulatory T cells or myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Similar results were obtained when peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a patient with OvC were sensitized to dendritic cells pulsed with homogenate from autologous TGF-β1-silenced tumor cells, and a cytolytic lymphocyte response was generated to autologous OvC cells. Our results support clinical evaluation of TGF-β1-silenced tumor vaccines for immunotherapy of OvC.
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Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer and mesothelioma are thoracic malignancies, which in their advanced stages are incurable and have poor prognosis. Advances in our understanding of immune responses to tumours, tumour immunosuppression mechanisms, and tumour-specific shared antigens enabled successful early clinical trials of several specific and non-specific immunotherapies. For non-small-cell lung cancer, phase 3 clinical trial results of Toll-like receptor agonists show little promise. However, ongoing phase 3 trials are assessing melanoma-associated antigen A3 vaccine, liposomal BLP25, belagenpumatucel-L, and talactoferrin. In mesothelioma, immunotherapies being investigated include dendritic cell-based and Listeria-based vaccines, and allogeneic tumour cell and WT1 analogue peptide vaccines. Selection of appropriate patients and disease stages for immunotherapy, measurement of tumour-specific immune responses, and understanding the association between immune and clinical responses are some of the major challenges for the development of immunotherapies for these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Thomas
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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32
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Butz H, Rácz K, Hunyady L, Patócs A. Crosstalk between TGF-β signaling and the microRNA machinery. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:382-93. [PMID: 22613783 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The activin/transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway plays an important role in tumorigenesis either by its tumor suppressor or tumor promoting effect. Loss of members of the TGF-β signaling by somatic mutations or epigenetic events, such as DNA methylation or regulation by microRNA (miRNA), may affect the signaling process. Most members of the TGF-β pathway are known to be targeted by one or more miRNAs. In addition, the biogenesis of miRNAs is also regulated by TGF-β both directly and through SMADs. Based on these interactions, it appears that autoregulatory feedback loops between TGF-β and miRNAs influence the fate of tumor cells. Our aim is to review the crosstalk between TGF-β signaling and the miRNA machinery to highlight potential novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriett Butz
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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33
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Zhang Y, Zheng M, Kissel T, Agarwal S. Design and biophysical characterization of bioresponsive degradable poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) based polymers for in vitro DNA transfection. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:313-22. [PMID: 22191470 DOI: 10.1021/bm2015174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble, degradable polymers based on poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) with low cytotoxicity and good p-DNA transfection efficiency are highlighted in this article. To solve the nondegradability issue of PDMAEMA, new polymers based on DMAEMA and 5,6-benzo-2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane (BMDO) for gene transfection were synthesized. A poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) azo-initiator was used as free-radical initiator. PEGylation was performed to improve water solubility and to reduce cytotoxicity of the polymers. The resulting polymers contain hydrolyzable ester linkages in the backbone and were soluble in water even with very high amounts of ester linkages. These degradable copolymers showed significantly less toxicity with a MTT assay using L929 cell lines and demonstrated promising DNA transfection efficiency when compared with the gold standard poly(ethyleneimine). Bioresponsive properties of the corresponding quaternized DMAEMA based degradable polymers were also studied. Although the quaternized DMAEMA copolymers showed enhanced water solubility, they were inferior in gene transfection and toxicity as compared to the unquaternized copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Scientific Center for Materials Science, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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34
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Phase I trial of "bi-shRNAi(furin)/GMCSF DNA/autologous tumor cell" vaccine (FANG) in advanced cancer. Mol Ther 2011; 20:679-86. [PMID: 22186789 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a phase I trial of FANG vaccine, an autologous tumor-based product incorporating a plasmid encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) and a novel bifunctional short hairpin RNAi (bi-shRNAi) targeting furin convertase, thereby downregulating endogenous immunosuppressive transforming growth factors (TGF) β1 and β2. Patients with advanced cancer received up to 12 monthly intradermal injections of FANG vaccine (1 × 10(7) or 2.5 × 10(7) cells/ml injection). GMCSF, TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and furin proteins were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Safety and response were monitored. Vaccine manufacturing was successful in 42 of 46 patients of whom 27 received ≥1 vaccine. There were no treatment-related serious adverse events. Most common grade 1, 2 adverse events included local induration (n = 14) and local erythema (n = 11) at injection site. Post-transfection mean product expression GMCSF increased from 7.3 to 1,108 pg/10(6) cells/ml. Mean TGFβ1 and β2 effective target knockdown was 93.5 and 92.5% from baseline, respectively. Positive enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) response at month 4 was demonstrated in 9 of 18 patients serially assessed and correlated with survival duration from time of treatment (P = 0.025). Neither dose-adverse event nor dose-response relationship was noted. In conclusion, FANG vaccine was safe and elicited an immune response correlating with prolonged survival. Phase II assessment is justified.
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35
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Buijs JT, Stayrook KR, Guise TA. TGF-β in the Bone Microenvironment: Role in Breast Cancer Metastases. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2011; 4:261-81. [PMID: 21748439 PMCID: PMC3234330 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-011-0075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among females worldwide. It has long been known that cancers preferentially metastasize to particular organs, and bone metastases occur in ∼70% of patients with advanced breast cancer. Breast cancer bone metastases are predominantly osteolytic and accompanied by bone destruction, bone fractures, pain, and hypercalcemia, causing severe morbidity and hospitalization. In the bone matrix, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is one of the most abundant growth factors, which is released in active form upon tumor-induced osteoclastic bone resorption. TGF-β, in turn, stimulates bone metastatic cells to secrete factors that further drive osteolytic destruction of the bone adjacent to the tumor, categorizing TGF-β as a crucial factor responsible for driving the feed-forward vicious cycle of cancer growth in bone. Moreover, TGF-β activates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, increases tumor cell invasiveness and angiogenesis and induces immunosuppression. Blocking the TGF-β signaling pathway to interrupt this vicious cycle between breast cancer and bone offers a promising target for therapeutic intervention to decrease skeletal metastasis. This review will describe the role of TGF-β in breast cancer and bone metastasis, and pre-clinical and clinical data will be evaluated for the potential use of TGF-β inhibitors in clinical practice to treat breast cancer bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen T. Buijs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 West Walnut Street, Walther Hall R3, #C132, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Keith R. Stayrook
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 West Walnut Street, Walther Hall R3, #C132, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Theresa A. Guise
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 West Walnut Street, Walther Hall R3, #C132, Indianapolis, IN USA
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36
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Immunotherapy of brain cancers: the past, the present, and future directions. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2010:296453. [PMID: 21437175 PMCID: PMC3061456 DOI: 10.1155/2010/296453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of brain cancers, especially high grade gliomas (WHO stage III and IV) is slowly making progress, but not as fast as medical researchers and the patients would like. Immunotherapy offers the opportunity to allow the patient's own immune system a chance to help eliminate the cancer. Immunotherapy's strength is that it efficiently treats relatively small tumors in experimental animal models. For some patients, immunotherapy has worked for them while not showing long-term toxicity. In this paper, we will trace the history of immunotherapy for brain cancers. We will also highlight some of the possible directions that this field may be taking in the immediate future for improving this therapeutic option.
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37
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Marchi LHL, Paschoalin T, Travassos LR, Rodrigues EG. Gene therapy with interleukin-10 receptor and interleukin-12 induces a protective interferon-γ-dependent response against B16F10-Nex2 melanoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2010; 18:110-22. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2010.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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38
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Krishnamachari Y, Geary SM, Lemke CD, Salem AK. Nanoparticle delivery systems in cancer vaccines. Pharm Res 2010; 28:215-36. [PMID: 20721603 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies that involve the manipulation of the host's immune system are gaining momentum in cancer research. Antigen-loaded nanocarriers are capable of being actively taken up by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and have shown promising potential in cancer immunotherapy by initiating a strong immunostimulatory cascade that results in potent antigen-specific immune responses against the cancer. Such carrier systems offer versatility in that they can simultaneously co-deliver adjuvants with the antigens to enhance APC activation and maturation. Furthermore, modifying the surface properties of these nanocarriers affords active targeting properties to APCs and/or enhanced accumulation in solid tumors. Here, we review some recent advances in these colloidal and particulate nanoscale systems designed for cancer immunotherapy and the potential for these systems to translate into clinical cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Krishnamachari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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39
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Ladjemi MZ, Jacot W, Chardès T, Pèlegrin A, Navarro-Teulon I. Anti-HER2 vaccines: new prospects for breast cancer therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1295-312. [PMID: 20532501 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0869-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Each year, breast cancer accounts for more than 400,000 new cancer cases and more than 130,000 cancer deaths in Europe. Prognosis of nonmetastatic breast cancer patients is directly related to the extent of the disease, mainly nodal spreading and tumor size, and to the molecular profile, particularly HER2 over-expression. In patients with HER2-over-expressing tumors, different studies have shown cellular and/or humoral immune responses against HER2 associated with a lower tumor development at early stages of the disease. These findings have led to the hypothesis that the generation of an anti-HER2 immune response should protect patients from HER2-over-expressing tumor growth. Taken together with the clinical efficiency of trastuzumab-based anti-HER2 passive immunotherapy, these observations allowed to envisage various vaccine strategies against HER2. The induction of a stable and strong immunity by cancer vaccines is expected to lead to establishment of immune memory, thereby preventing tumor recurrence. However, an immunological tolerance against HER2 antigen exists representing a barrier to effective vaccination against this oncoprotein. As a consequence, the current challenge for vaccines is to find the best conditions to break this immunological tolerance. In this review, we will discuss the different anti-HER2 vaccine strategies currently developed; considering the strategies having reached the clinical phases as well as those still in preclinical development. The used antigen can be either composed of tumoral allogenic cells or autologous cells, or specific to HER2. It can be delivered by dendritic cells or in a DNA, peptidic or proteic form. Another area of research concerns the use of anti-idiotypic antibodies mimicking HER2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Zohra Ladjemi
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U896, Université Montpellier1, Montpellier, France
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40
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Pellegatta S, Poliani PL, Stucchi E, Corno D, Colombo CA, Orzan F, Ravanini M, Finocchiaro G. Intra-tumoral dendritic cells increase efficacy of peripheral vaccination by modulation of glioma microenvironment. Neuro Oncol 2010; 12:377-88. [PMID: 20308315 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nop024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pilot data showed that adding intratumoral (IT) injection of dendritic cells (DCs) prolongs survival of patients affected by glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treated by subcutaneous (SC) delivery of DCs. Using a murine model resembling GBM, we investigated the immunological mechanisms underlying this effect. C57BL6/N mice received brain injections of GL261 glioma cells. Seven days later, mice were treated by 3 SC injections of DCs with or without 1 IT injection of DCs. DC maturation, induced by pulsing with GL261 lysates, was necessary to develop effective immune responses. IT injection of pulsed (pDC), but not unpulsed DCs (uDC), increased significantly the survival, either per se or in combination with SC-pDC (P < .001 vs controls). Mice treated by IT-pDC plus SC-pDC survived longer than mice treated by SC-pDC only (P = .03). Injected pDC were detectable in tumor parenchyma, but not in cervical lymph nodes. In gliomas injected with IT-pDC, CD8+ cells were significantly more abundant and Foxp3+ cells were significantly less abundant than in other groups. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, we also found enhanced expression of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha and decreased expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and Foxp3 in mice treated with SC-pDC and IT-pDC. In vitro, pDC produced more TNF-alpha than uDC: addition of TNF-alpha to the medium decreased the proliferation of glioma cells. Overall, the results suggest that IT-pDC potentiates the anti-tumor immune response elicited by SC-pDC by pro-immune modulation of cytokines in the tumor microenvironment, decrease of Treg cells, and direct inhibition of tumor proliferation by TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Pellegatta
- Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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41
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Han SJ, Kaur G, Yang I, Lim M. Biologic Principles of Immunotherapy for Malignant Gliomas. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2010; 21:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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42
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Vaccine Therapy for Lung Cancer. Lung Cancer 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-524-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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43
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Biollaz G, Bernasconi L, Cretton C, Püntener U, Frei K, Fontana A, Suter T. Site-specific anti-tumor immunity: differences in DC function, TGF-beta production and numbers of intratumoral Foxp3+ Treg. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1323-33. [PMID: 19337997 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas localized within the CNS are generally not rejected by the immune system despite being immunogenic. This failure of the immune system has been associated both with glioma-derived immunosuppressive molecules and the immune-privileged state of the CNS. However, the relative contribution of tumor location to the glioma-mediated immunosuppression, as well as the immune mechanisms involved in the failure of glioma rejection are not fully defined. We report here that syngeneic GL261 gliomas growing either intracranially or subcutaneously in mice are infiltrated by DC and T cells. However, only subcutaneous gliomas elicit an effective anti-tumor immune response. In contrast to DC infiltrating subcutaneously grown GL261 gliomas, tumor-infiltrating DC from intracranial gliomas do not activate antigen-dependent T-cell proliferation in vitro. In addition, brain-localized GL261 gliomas are characterized by significantly higher numbers of Foxp3(+) Treg and higher levels of TGF-beta1 mRNA and protein expression when compared with GL261 gliomas in the skin. Our data show that gliomas in the CNS, but not in the skin, give rise to TGF-beta production and accumulation of both Treg and functionally impaired DC. Thus, not the tumor itself, but its location dictates the efficiency of the anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregoire Biollaz
- Division of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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44
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Inhibition of TGFbeta1 makes nonimmunogenic tumor cells effective for therapeutic vaccination. J Immunother 2009; 32:232-9. [PMID: 19242377 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e318197ac86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that transplanted cells from the SW1 clone of the K1735 melanoma and the Ag104 sarcoma grow progressively in syngeneic C3H mice even after transfection to engage CD137, a procedure that increases the immunogenicity of many other tumors. We now show that SW1 and Ag104 cells produce high levels of transforming growth factor (TGF) beta1, and that they can induce an antitumor response if they are transfected with a nonreplicating lentivirus vector to "silence" the TGFbeta1 gene via short hairpin RNA. Importantly, vaccination with SW1 or Ag104 cells, which do not make TGFbeta1, is therapeutically efficacious against small wild type tumors, including SW1 micrometastases in the lung. An analogous approach may be applicable to human tumors that produce TGFbeta1 or other immunosuppressive molecules to improve the efficacy of tumor cell-based therapeutic vaccines.
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45
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Investigation of immunosuppressive mechanisms in a mouse glioma model. J Neurooncol 2009; 93:107-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-009-9884-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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46
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Ahn YO, Lee JC, Sung MW, Heo DS. Presence of Membrane-Bound TGF-β1 and Its Regulation by IL-2-Activated Immune Cell-Derived IFN-γ in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6114-20. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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47
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Phase II trial of Belagenpumatucel-L, a TGF-beta2 antisense gene modified allogeneic tumor vaccine in advanced non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Cancer Gene Ther 2009; 16:620-4. [PMID: 19287371 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2009.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In a previous dose escalation trial we demonstrated dose related survival correlation to Belagenpumatucel-L. In order to further evaluate safety and response at the previously defined optimal dose and schedule and to gain preliminary evidence on a hypothesis that the level of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood may correlate with the overall survival of patients with stage IV NSCLC, we initiated a phase II trial. Patients received intradermal immunization of 2.5 x 10(7) transfected allogeneic tumor cells (Belagenpumatucel-L, supplied by NovaRx) 1 x every month for a total of 16 months. Circulating tumor cells (Veridex, Raritan, NJ) were measured every 4 weeks. Twenty-one advanced NSCLC patients were enrolled on this study. No significant toxic effect was observed. Overall survival was 562 days. The median survival was 660 days in patients having less than 2 CTCs at baseline compared to 150 days in patients with 2 or more CTCs (P=0.025). Phase II results of safety and response are consistent with prior experience following treatment with Belagenpumatucel-L and there is a suggestion that the number of circulating tumor cells at baseline appears to correlate with overall survival. A larger clinical trial is warranted to further explore this observation.
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48
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Zhang C, Zhang F, Tsan R, Fidler IJ. Transforming growth factor-beta2 is a molecular determinant for site-specific melanoma metastasis in the brain. Cancer Res 2009; 69:828-35. [PMID: 19141644 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Murine melanomas produce site-specific experimental brain metastases that reflect clinical reality. When injected into the internal carotid artery of mice, K-1735 melanoma cells produce metastatic lesions only in the brain parenchyma, whereas B16 melanoma cells and the somatic hybrid cells of B16 x K-1735 melanoma cells produce metastatic lesions only in the leptomeninges and ventricles. In the present study, we identified transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta2), an isoform of the TGF-beta family, as a molecular determinant of melanoma cell growth in the brain parenchyma. We found that the TGF-beta2 mRNA was highly expressed by the K-1735 cells, whereas the B16 cells or any B16 x K-1735 somatic cell-cell fusion hybrids have low expression. Transfection of the TGF-beta2 gene into B16 cells resulted in the production of microscopic metastatic lesions in the brain parenchyma, without a decrease in metastasis to the leptomeninges or ventricles. TGF-beta2 knockdown in the K-1735 melanoma cells significantly reduced metastasis to the brain parenchyma but did not induce metastasis to the leptomeninges or ventricles. These data show that TGF-beta2 expression by murine melanoma cells is necessary for the establishment and growth of metastases in the brain parenchyma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain Neoplasms/genetics
- Brain Neoplasms/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/secondary
- Cell Growth Processes/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/secondary
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Transfection
- Transforming Growth Factor beta2/biosynthesis
- Transforming Growth Factor beta2/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Metastasis Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77230-1429, USA
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Abstract
The development of effective immunotherapy strategies for glioma requires adequate understanding of the unique immunological microenvironment in the central nervous system (CNS) and CNS tumors. Although the CNS is often considered to be an immunologically privileged site and poses unique challenges for the delivery of effector cells and molecules, recent advances in technology and discoveries in CNS immunology suggest novel mechanisms that may significantly improve the efficacy of immunotherapy against gliomas. In this review, we first summarize recent advances in the CNS and CNS tumor immunology. We address factors that may promote immune escape of gliomas. We also review advances in passive and active immunotherapy strategies for glioma, with an emphasis on lessons learned from recent early-phase clinical trials. We also discuss novel immunotherapy strategies that have been recently tested in non-CNS tumors and show great potential for application to gliomas. Finally, we discuss how each of these promising strategies can be combined to achieve clinical benefit for patients with gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideho Okada
- Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Historically, limited results have been observed with immunity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the last 5 years, however, several immune-stimulating products have demonstrated enhancement of tumor antigen recognition through activation of dendritic cell-involved processes. Moreover, clinical benefit has been demonstrated in subsets of patients, justifying ongoing phase III investigation. Results of key gene immunotherapies being tested in NSCLC are reviewed. Preliminary results in advanced NSCLC suggest evidence of well-tolerated immune activation with suggested evidence of clinical benefit with respect to survival and response.
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