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Shan H, Wang N, Gao X, Wang Z, Yu J, Zhangsun D, Zhu X, Luo S. Fluorescent α-Conotoxin [Q1G, ΔR14]LvIB Identifies the Distribution of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor in the Rat Brain. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:200. [PMID: 38786593 PMCID: PMC11122421 DOI: 10.3390/md22050200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are mainly distributed in the central nervous system (CNS), including the hippocampus, striatum, and cortex of the brain. The α7 nAChR has high Ca2+ permeability and can be quickly activated and desensitized, and is closely related to Alzheimer's disease (AD), epilepsy, schizophrenia, lung cancer, Parkinson's disease (PD), inflammation, and other diseases. α-conotoxins from marine cone snail venom are typically short, disulfide-rich neuropeptides targeting nAChRs and can distinguish various subtypes, providing vital pharmacological tools for the functional research of nAChRs. [Q1G, ΔR14]LvΙB is a rat α7 nAChRs selective antagonist, modified from α-conotoxin LvΙB. In this study, we utilized three types of fluorescein after N-Hydroxy succinimide (NHS) activation treatment: 6-TAMRA-SE, Cy3 NHS, and BODIPY-FL NHS, labeling the N-Terminal of [Q1G, ΔR14]LvΙB under weak alkaline conditions, obtaining three fluorescent analogs: LvIB-R, LvIB-C, and LvIB-B, respectively. The potency of [Q1G, ΔR14]LvΙB fluorescent analogs was evaluated at rat α7 nAChRs expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Using a two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC), the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of LvIB-R, LvIB-C, and LvIB-B were 643.3 nM, 298.0 nM, and 186.9 nM, respectively. The stability of cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed that after incubation for 12 h, the retention rates of the three fluorescent analogs were 52.2%, 22.1%, and 0%, respectively. [Q1G, ΔR14]LvΙB fluorescent analogs were applied to explore the distribution of α7 nAChRs in the hippocampus and striatum of rat brain tissue and it was found that Cy3- and BODIPY FL-labeled [Q1G, ΔR14]LvΙB exhibited better imaging characteristics than 6-TAMARA-. It was also found that α7 nAChRs are widely distributed in the cerebral cortex and cerebellar lobules. Taking into account potency, imaging, and stability, [Q1G, ΔR14]LvΙB -BODIPY FL is an ideal pharmacological tool to investigate the tissue distribution and function of α7 nAChRs. Our findings not only provide a foundation for the development of conotoxins as visual pharmacological probes, but also demonstrate the distribution of α7 nAChRs in the rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Shan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.S.); (N.W.); (X.G.); (Z.W.); (J.Y.); (D.Z.)
| | - Nan Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.S.); (N.W.); (X.G.); (Z.W.); (J.Y.); (D.Z.)
| | - Xinyu Gao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.S.); (N.W.); (X.G.); (Z.W.); (J.Y.); (D.Z.)
| | - Zihan Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.S.); (N.W.); (X.G.); (Z.W.); (J.Y.); (D.Z.)
| | - Jinpeng Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.S.); (N.W.); (X.G.); (Z.W.); (J.Y.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dongting Zhangsun
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.S.); (N.W.); (X.G.); (Z.W.); (J.Y.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.S.); (N.W.); (X.G.); (Z.W.); (J.Y.); (D.Z.)
| | - Sulan Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.S.); (N.W.); (X.G.); (Z.W.); (J.Y.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Pradhan A, Mounford H, Peixinho J, Rea E, Epeslidou E, Scott JS, Cull J, Maxwell S, Webster R, Beeson D, Dong YY, Prekovic S, Bermudez I, Newbury DF. Unraveling the molecular interactions between α7 nicotinic receptor and a RIC3 variant associated with backward speech. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:129. [PMID: 38472514 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Recent work putatively linked a rare genetic variant of the chaperone Resistant to Inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (RIC3) (NM_024557.4:c.262G > A, NP_078833.3:p.G88R) to a unique ability to speak backwards, a language skill that is associated with exceptional working memory capacity. RIC3 is important for the folding, maturation, and functional expression of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). We compared and contrasted the effects of RIC3G88R on assembly, cell surface expression, and function of human α7 receptors using fluorescent protein tagged α7 nAChR and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy imaging in combination with functional assays and 125I-α-bungarotoxin binding. As expected, the wild-type RIC3 protein was found to increase both cell surface and functional expression of α7 receptors. In contrast, the variant form of RIC3 decreased both. FRET analysis showed that RICG88R increased the interactions between RIC3 and α7 protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. These results provide interesting and novel data to show that a RIC3 variant alters the interaction of RIC3 and α7, which translates to decreased cell surface and functional expression of α7 nAChR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Pradhan
- Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, England
| | - Hayley Mounford
- Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, England
| | - Jessica Peixinho
- Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, England
| | - Edward Rea
- Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, England
- Oxford Brookes Centre for Bioimaging, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, England
| | - Emmanouela Epeslidou
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Julia S Scott
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna Cull
- Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, England
| | - Susan Maxwell
- Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, England
| | - Richard Webster
- Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, England
| | - David Beeson
- Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, England
| | - Yin Yao Dong
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, England
| | - Stefan Prekovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel Bermudez
- Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, England
| | - Dianne F Newbury
- Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, England.
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3
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Yang Y, Arai T, Sasaki D, Kuramochi M, Inagaki H, Ohashi S, Sekiguchi H, Mio K, Kubo T, Sasaki YC. Real-time tilting and twisting motions of ligand-bound states of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2024; 53:15-25. [PMID: 38233601 PMCID: PMC10853312 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-023-01693-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a member of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor family and is composed of five α7 subunits arranged symmetrically around a central pore. It is localized in the central nervous system and immune cells and could be a target for treating Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Acetylcholine is a ligand that opens the channel, although prolonged application rapidly decreases the response. Ivermectin was reported as one of the positive allosteric modulators, since the binding of Ivermectin to the channel enhances acetylcholine-evoked α7 currents. One research has suggested that tilting motions of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor are responsible for channel opening and activation. To verify this hypothesis applies to α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, we utilized a diffracted X-ray tracking method to monitor the stable twisting and tilting motion of nAChR α7 without a ligand, with acetylcholine, with Ivermectin, and with both of them. The results show that the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor twists counterclockwise with the channel transiently opening, transitioning to a desensitized state in the presence of acetylcholine and clockwise without the channel opening in the presence of Ivermectin. We propose that the conformational transition of ACh-bound nAChR α7 may be due to the collective twisting of the five α7 subunits, resulting in the compression and movement, either downward or upward, of one or more subunits, thus manifesting tilting motions. These tilting motions possibly represent the transition from the resting state to channel opening and potentially to the desensitized state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Arai
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan
- AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa, 277-8565, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kuramochi
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi, 316-8511, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Inagaki
- Biomedical Research Insitute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Sumiko Ohashi
- Biomedical Research Insitute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sekiguchi
- Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Mio
- AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa, 277-8565, Japan
| | - Tai Kubo
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan
- AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa, 277-8565, Japan
| | - Yuji C Sasaki
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan.
- AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa, 277-8565, Japan.
- Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan.
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4
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Pirayesh E, Do HQ, Ferreira G, Pandhare A, Gallardo ZR, Jansen M. Identification of a binding site for bupropion in Gloeobacter violaceus ligand-gated ion channel. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.09.561596. [PMID: 37873398 PMCID: PMC10592773 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.09.561596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant and smoking cessation drug which causes adverse effects such as insomnia, irritability, and anxiety. Bupropion inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake transporters and eukaryotic cation-conducting pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs), such as nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) and serotonin type 3A (5-HT3A) receptors, at clinically relevant concentrations. However, the binding sites and binding mechanisms of bupropion are still elusive. To further understand the inhibition of pLGICs by bupropion, in this work, using a prokaryotic homologue of pLGICs as a model, we examined the inhibitory potency of bupropion in Gloeobacter violaceus ligand-gated ion channel (GLIC), a proton-gated ion channel. Bupropion inhibited proton-induced currents in GLIC with an inhibitory potency of 14.9 ± 2.0 μM, comparable to clinically attainable concentrations previously shown to also modulate eukaryotic pLGICs. Using single amino acid substitutions in GLIC and two-electrode voltage-clamp recordings, we further determined a binding site for bupropion in the lower third of the first transmembrane segment M1 at residue T214. The sidechain of M1 T214 together with additional residues of M1 and also of M3 of the adjacent subunit have previously been shown to contribute to binding of other lipophilic molecules like allopregnanolone and pregnanolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Pirayesh
- Medical Student Summer Research Program, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430 USA
| | - Hoa Quynh Do
- Medical Student Summer Research Program, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430 USA
| | - Garren Ferreira
- Medical Student Summer Research Program, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430 USA
| | - Akash Pandhare
- Medical Student Summer Research Program, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430 USA
| | - Zackary Ryan Gallardo
- Medical Student Summer Research Program, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430 USA
| | - Michaela Jansen
- Medical Student Summer Research Program, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430 USA
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5
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Vallés AS, Barrantes FJ. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Dysfunction in Addiction and in Some Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:2051. [PMID: 37626860 PMCID: PMC10453526 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic system plays an essential role in brain development, physiology, and pathophysiology. Herein, we review how specific alterations in this system, through genetic mutations or abnormal receptor function, can lead to aberrant neural circuitry that triggers disease. The review focuses on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and its role in addiction and in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases and epilepsy. Cholinergic dysfunction is associated with inflammatory processes mainly through the involvement of α7 nAChRs expressed in brain and in peripheral immune cells. Evidence suggests that these neuroinflammatory processes trigger and aggravate pathological states. We discuss the preclinical evidence demonstrating the therapeutic potential of nAChR ligands in Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and in autosomal dominant sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy. PubMed and Google Scholar bibliographic databases were searched with the keywords indicated below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofía Vallés
- Bahía Blanca Institute of Biochemical Research (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina;
| | - Francisco J. Barrantes
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Faculty of Medical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina—National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, Buenos Aires C1107AFF, Argentina
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6
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Mallet J, Godin O, Dansou Y, Mazer N, Scognamiglio C, Berna F, Boyer L, Capdevielle D, Chéreau I, D'Amato T, Dubreucq J, Fond G, Leigner S, Llorca PM, Misdrahi D, Passerieux C, Rey R, Pignon B, Urbach M, Schorr B, Schürhoff F, Yann LS, Dubertret C. Current (but not ex) cigarette smoking is associated with worse cognitive performances in schizophrenia: results from the FACE-SZ cohort. Psychol Med 2023; 53:5279-5290. [PMID: 36073848 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722002574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use is common in subjects with schizophrenia (SZ) and has sometimes been associated with better functioning in short-term studies. Only few studies embrace an extensive examination of tobacco influence on clinical, cognitive and therapeutic characteristics in stabilized SZ outpatients. The objective of the present study was to assess the association between cognitive performances and smoking status in SZ subjects. METHODS In total, 1233 SZ participants (73.9% men, mean age 31.5) were included and tested with a comprehensive battery. Tobacco status was self-declared (never-, ex-, or current smokers). Multivariable analyses including principal component analyses (PCA) were used. RESULTS In total, 53.7% were smokers with 33.7% of them nicotine-dependent. Multiple factor analysis revealed that current tobacco smoking was associated with impaired general intellectual ability and abstract reasoning (aOR 0.60, 95% IC 0.41-0.88, p = 0.01) and with a lifetime alcohol use disorder (p = 0.026) and a lifetime cannabis use disorder (p < 0.001). Ex- and never-smokers differed for age, mean outcome, cannabis history and medication [ex-smokers being older (p = 0.047), likely to have higher income (p = 0.026), a lifetime cannabis use disorder (p < 0.001) and higher CPZeq doses (p = 0.005)]. Premorbid IQ in the three groups significantly differed with, from higher to lower: ex-smokers, never-smoker, current smokers (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study is the largest to date providing strong evidence that chronic smoking is associated with cognitive impairment in SZ, arguing against the self-medication hypothesis as a contributor to the high prevalence of smoking in SZ. Ex-smokers may also represent a specific subgroup. Longitudinal studies are warranted to determine the developmental impact of tobacco on neurocognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Mallet
- University of Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes, France
- Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France
| | - Ophélia Godin
- Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France
- Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France Inserm, U955, Equipe 15 Psychiatrie génétique, Créteil, France AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Pôle de psychiatrie, Créteil, France Fondation FondaMental, fondation de cooperation scientifique, Créteil, France
| | | | - Nicolas Mazer
- University of Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes, France
- Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France
| | - Claire Scognamiglio
- University of Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes, France
- Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France
| | - Fabrice Berna
- University of Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Boyer
- AP-HM, Aix-Marseille Univ, School of medicine - La Timone Medical Campus, EA 3279: CEReSS - Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Delphine Capdevielle
- University of Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie Adulte, Hôpital la Colombière, CHRU Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Inserm 1061, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Chéreau
- University of Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Psychiatry, University of Clermont Auvergne, EA 7280, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry D'Amato
- University of Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Equipe PSYR2, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Pole Est, 95 bd Pinel, BP 30039, 69678 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Julien Dubreucq
- University of Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- Centre Référent de Réhabilitation Psychosociale et de Remédiation Cognitive (C3R), CH Alpes Isère, France
| | - Guillaume Fond
- University of Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- AP-HM, Aix-Marseille Univ, School of medicine - La Timone Medical Campus, EA 3279: CEReSS - Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Sylvain Leigner
- University of Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- Centre Référent de Réhabilitation Psychosociale et de Remédiation Cognitive (C3R), CH Alpes Isère, France
| | - Pierre-Michel Llorca
- University of Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Psychiatry, University of Clermont Auvergne, EA 7280, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Misdrahi
- University of Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Charles Perrens Hospital, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology (UMR INRA 1286), Bordeaux, France
| | - Christine Passerieux
- University of Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Adult Psychiatry and Addictology, Versailles Hospital, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, 177 rue de Versailles, 78157 Le Chesnay, France
- DisAP-DevPsy-CESP, INSERM UMR1018, University of Paris-Saclay, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Romain Rey
- University of Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Equipe PSYR2, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Pole Est, 95 bd Pinel, BP 30039, 69678 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Baptiste Pignon
- Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France Inserm, U955, Equipe 15 Psychiatrie génétique, Créteil, France AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Pôle de psychiatrie, Créteil, France Fondation FondaMental, fondation de cooperation scientifique, Créteil, France
| | - Mathieu Urbach
- University of Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Adult Psychiatry and Addictology, Versailles Hospital, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, 177 rue de Versailles, 78157 Le Chesnay, France
- DisAP-DevPsy-CESP, INSERM UMR1018, University of Paris-Saclay, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Benoit Schorr
- University of Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Franck Schürhoff
- Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France Inserm, U955, Equipe 15 Psychiatrie génétique, Créteil, France AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Pôle de psychiatrie, Créteil, France Fondation FondaMental, fondation de cooperation scientifique, Créteil, France
| | - Le Strat Yann
- University of Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes, France
- Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France
| | - Caroline Dubertret
- University of Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes, France
- Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France
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7
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Leonard S, Benfante R. Unanswered questions in the regulation and function of the duplicated α7 nicotinic receptor gene CHRFAM7A. Pharmacol Res 2023; 192:106783. [PMID: 37164281 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The α7 nicotinic receptor (α7 nAChR) is an important entry point for Ca2+ into the cell, which has broad and important effects on gene expression and function. The gene (CHRNA7), mapping to chromosome (15q14), has been genetically linked to a large number of diseases, many of which involve defects in cognition. While numerous mutations in CHRNA7 are associated with mental illness and inflammation, an important control point may be the function of a recently discovered partial duplication CHRNA7, CHRFAM7A, that negatively regulates the function of the α7 receptor, through the formation of heteropentamers; other functions cannot be excluded. The deregulation of this human specific gene (CHRFAM7A) has been linked to neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory disorders and has important copy number variations. Much effort is being made to understand its function and regulation both in healthy and pathological conditions. However, many questions remain to be answered regarding its functional role, its regulation, and its role in the etiogenesis of neurological and inflammatory disorders. Missing knowledge on the pharmacology of the heteroreceptor has limited the discovery of new molecules capable of modulating its activity. Here we review the state of the art on the role of CHRFAM7A, highlighting unanswered questions to be addressed. A possible therapeutic approach based on genome editing protocols is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Leonard
- Department of Psychiatry - University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Roberta Benfante
- CNR - Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro (MB), Italy; Dept. Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; NeuroMI - Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
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8
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Bye LJ, Finol-Urdaneta RK, Tae HS, Adams DJ. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: Key targets for attenuating neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 157:106387. [PMID: 36754161 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2023.106387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are master regulators of immune functions via the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and are expressed in microglia, the brain's resident immune cells. There is an extensive dialogue between the neurons and the glial cells around them from which microglia are tasked with monitoring, nurturing, and defending their microenvironment. Dysregulation of any of these processes can have devastating and long-lasting consequences involving microglia-mediated neuroinflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, amongst others. Disease-associated microglia acquire a distinguishing phenotype that emphasizes scavenging and defence functions while nurturing and repairing functions become muted. Attempts to resolve this critical imbalance remain a key focus of research. Furthermore, cholinergic modulation of neuroinflammation represents a promising avenue for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J Bye
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Rocio K Finol-Urdaneta
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Han-Shen Tae
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - David J Adams
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia.
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9
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Zakaria WNA, Sasongko TH, Al-Rahbi B, Al-Sowayan N, Ahmad AH, Zakaria R, Ahmi A, Othman Z. Gene and schizophrenia in the pregenome and postgenome-wide association studies era: a bibliometric analysis and network visualization. Psychiatr Genet 2023; 33:37-49. [PMID: 36825838 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to perform a bibliometric analysis on genetic studies in schizophrenia in the pregenome-wide association studies (GWAS) and post-GWAS era. We searched the literature on genes and schizophrenia using the Scopus database. The documents increased with time, especially after the human genome project and International HapMap Project, with the highest citation in 2008. The top occurrence author keywords were discovered to be different in the pre-GWAS and post-GWAS eras, reflecting the progress of genetic studies connected to schizophrenia. Emerging keywords highlighted a trend towards an application of precision medicine, showing an interplay of environmental exposures as well as genetic factors in schizophrenia pathogenesis, progression, and response to therapy. In conclusion, the gene and schizophrenia literature has grown rapidly after the human genome project, and the temporal variation in the author keywords pattern reflects the trend of genetic studies related to schizophrenia in the pre-GWAS and post-GWAS era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Nur Amalina Zakaria
- Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Teguh Haryo Sasongko
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Institute for Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Noorah Al-Sowayan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Hayati Ahmad
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rahimah Zakaria
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Aidi Ahmi
- Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy, Universiti Utara Malaysia 06010 UUM Sintok, Kedah
| | - Zahiruddin Othman
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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10
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Ohno Y, Taura D, Okamoto K, Fujita H, Honda-Kohmo K, Matsuo K, Sone M. Nicotine reduces ROS and enhances cell proliferation via the α4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit in human induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2023; 32:237-245. [PMID: 36860198 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of smoking on fetal development and stem cell differentiation are not fully understood. Although nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are expressed in many organs of the human body, their significance in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) remains unclear. After expression levels of nAChR subunits in hiPSCs were determined, the effects of the nAChR agonist, nicotine, on undifferentiated hiPSCs were evaluated using a Clariom S Array. We also determined the effect of nicotine alone and with a nAChR subunit antagonist on hiPSC cells. NAChR α4, α7, and β4 subunits were strongly expressed in hiPSCs. cDNA microarray, gene ontology, and enrichment analyses showed that exposing hiPSCs to nicotine altered expression of genes associated with immune responses, neurological system, carcinogenesis, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Particularly affected was metallothionein, which acts to decrease reactive oxygen species (ROS). The nicotine-induced reduction of ROS in hiPSCs was canceled by an α4 subunit or nonselective nAChR antagonist. HiPSC proliferation was increased by nicotine, and this effect, too, was canceled by an α4 antagonist. In conclusion, nicotine reduces ROS and enhances cell proliferation via the α4 nAChR subunit in hiPSCs. These findings provide new insight into the significance of nAChRs on human stem cells and fertilized human ova.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youichi Ohno
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto, Japan;
| | - Daisuke Taura
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto, Japan;
| | - Kentaro Okamoto
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto, Japan;
| | - Haruka Fujita
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan;
| | - Kyoko Honda-Kohmo
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 13875, Division of Preventive Healthcare, Suita, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Koji Matsuo
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto, Japan;
| | - Masakatsu Sone
- St Marianna University School of Medicine, 12927, Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan;
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11
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Neurobiology and Mechanisms of Nicotine Addiction. Respir Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-24914-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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12
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Physiologic Functions and Therapeutic Applications of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor in Brain Disorders. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010031. [PMID: 36678660 PMCID: PMC9865019 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating data suggest that α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs) are an important therapeutic target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. The homopentameric ligand-gated ion channel α7nAChR consists of five identical α7 subunits that are encoded by the CHRNA7 (cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha7 subunit) gene. Moreover, α7nAChRs are densely distributed throughout the hippocampus, cortex, and thalamus brain regions, but sparsely in the striatum, forebrain, and medulla. Compared with other nAChRs, α7nAChR binds with low affinity to the naturally occurring neurotransmitter acetylcholine and the non-specific exogenous agonist nicotine, and with high affinity to the specific antagonists α-bungarotoxin and methyllycaconitine. Reports indicate that α7nAChR plays important roles in neurotransmitter release, cognitive functioning, and the cholinergic anti-inflammatory response. Genetic variations that alter CHRNA7 mRNA and protein expression or cause α7nAChR dysfunction are associated with many brain disorders. Our previous studies revealed that α7nAChR exerts neuroprotection in AD by acting as a cargo receptor for binding the autophagosomal marker protein LC3 and engulfing extracellular neurotoxic Aβ1-42 during autophagic degradation of the α7nAChR-Aβ1-42 complex. However, the role of α7nAChRs in other diseases remains unknown. Here, we review and summarize the essential characteristics and current findings concerning α7nAChRs in four common brain diseases (AD, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and depression), which may elucidate the role of α7nAChRs and inform innovative research and novel treatments that target α7nAChRs in brain disease.
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13
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McCamy KM, Rees KA, Winzer-Serhan UH. Peripheral immune challenges elicit differential up-regulation of hippocampal cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression in a mouse model of the 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome. Cytokine 2022; 159:156005. [PMID: 36084604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The human heterozygous 15q13.3 microdeletion is associated with neuropathological disorders, most prominently with epilepsy and intellectual disability. The 1.5 Mb deletion encompasses six genes (FAN1 [MTMR15], MTMR10, TRPM1, KLF13, OTUD7A, and CHRNA7); all but one (TRPM1) are expressed in the brain. The 15q13.3 microdeletion causes highly variable neurological symptoms, and confounding factors may contribute to a more severe phenotype. CHRNA7 and KLF13 are involved in immune system regulation and altered immune responses may contribute to neurological deficits. We used the Df[h15q13]/+ transgenic mouse model with a heterozygous deletion of the orthologous region (Het) to test the hypothesis that the microdeletion increases innate immune responses compared to wild type (WT). Male and female mice were acutely challenged with the bacteriomimetic lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) or the viral mimetic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C), 5 mg/kg). Hippocampal mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were determined three hours after injection using quantitative PCR analysis. In controls, expression was not affected by sex or genotype. LPS and Poly(I:C) resulted in significantly increased hippocampal expression of cytokines, chemokines, and interferon-γ (IFNγ), with more robust increases for TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, CXCL1, and CCL2 by LPS, higher induction of IFNγ by Poly(I:C), and similar increases of CCL4 and CCL5 by both agents. Generally, Hets exhibited stronger responses than WT mice, and significant effects of genotype or genotype × treatment interactions were detected for CXCL1 and CCL5, and IL-6, IL-1β, and CCL4, respectively, after LPS. Sex differences were detected for some targets. LPS but not Poly(I:C), reduced overnight burrowing independent of sex or genotype, suggesting that LPS induced sickness behavior. Thus, mice carrying the microdeletion have an increased innate immune response following a LPS challenge, but further studies will have to determine the extent and mechanisms of altered immune activation and subsequent contributions to 15q13.3 microdeletion associated deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M McCamy
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, United States
| | - Katherine A Rees
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, United States
| | - Ursula H Winzer-Serhan
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, United States.
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14
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de la Salle S, Choueiry J, McIntosh J, Bowers H, Ilivitsky V, Knott V. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism impairs sensory gating in the auditory cortex in response to speech stimuli. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:2155-2169. [PMID: 35348805 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in early auditory sensory processing in schizophrenia have been linked to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction, but the role of NMDARs in aberrant auditory sensory gating (SG) in this disorder is unclear. This study, conducted in 22 healthy humans, examined the acute effects of a subanesthetic dose of the NMDAR antagonist ketamine on SG as measured electrophysiologically by suppression of the P50 event-related potential (ERP) to the second (S2) relative to the first (S1) of two closely paired (500 ms) identical speech stimuli. Ketamine induced impairment in SG indices at sensor (scalp)-level and at source-level in the auditory cortex (as assessed with eLORETA). Together with preliminary evidence of modest positive associations between impaired gating and dissociative symptoms elicited by ketamine, tentatively support a model of NMDAR hypofunction underlying disturbances in auditory SG in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara de la Salle
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - Joelle Choueiry
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1Z 7K4, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Judy McIntosh
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - Hayley Bowers
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Vadim Ilivitsky
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - Verner Knott
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1Z 7K4, Canada. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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15
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Proshin AT. Comparative Analysis of Dopaminergic and Cholinergic Mechanisms of Sensory and Sensorimotor Gating in Healthy Individuals and in Patients With Schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:887312. [PMID: 35846783 PMCID: PMC9282644 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.887312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory and sensorimotor gating provide the early processing of information under conditions of rapid presentation of multiple stimuli. Gating deficiency is observed in various psychopathologies, in particular, in schizophrenia. However, there is also a significant proportion of people in the general population with low filtration rates who do not show any noticeable cognitive decline. The review article presents a comparative analysis of existing data on the peculiarities of cholinergic and dopaminergic mechanisms associated with lowering gating in healthy individuals and in patients with schizophrenia. The differences in gating mechanisms in cohorts of healthy individuals and those with schizophrenia are discussed.
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16
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Di Lascio S, Fornasari D, Benfante R. The Human-Restricted Isoform of the α7 nAChR, CHRFAM7A: A Double-Edged Sword in Neurological and Inflammatory Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073463. [PMID: 35408823 PMCID: PMC8998457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CHRFAM7A is a relatively recent and exclusively human gene arising from the partial duplication of exons 5 to 10 of the α7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit (α7 nAChR) encoding gene, CHRNA7. CHRNA7 is related to several disorders that involve cognitive deficits, including neuropsychiatric, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory disorders. In extra-neuronal tissues, α7nAChR plays an important role in proliferation, differentiation, migration, adhesion, cell contact, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and tumor progression, as well as in the modulation of the inflammatory response through the “cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway”. CHRFAM7A translates the dupα7 protein in a multitude of cell lines and heterologous systems, while maintaining processing and trafficking that are very similar to the full-length form. It does not form functional ion channel receptors alone. In the presence of CHRNA7 gene products, dupα7 can assemble and form heteromeric receptors that, in order to be functional, should include at least two α7 subunits to form the agonist binding site. When incorporated into the receptor, in vitro and in vivo data showed that dupα7 negatively modulated α7 activity, probably due to a reduction in the number of ACh binding sites. Very recent data in the literature report that the presence of the duplicated gene may be responsible for the translational gap in several human diseases. Here, we will review the studies that have been conducted on CHRFAM7A in different pathologies, with the intent of providing evidence regarding when and how the expression of this duplicated gene may be beneficial or detrimental in the pathogenesis, and eventually in the therapeutic response, to CHRNA7-related neurological and non-neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Di Lascio
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129 Milan, Italy; (S.D.L.); (D.F.)
| | - Diego Fornasari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129 Milan, Italy; (S.D.L.); (D.F.)
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20845 Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Roberta Benfante
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129 Milan, Italy; (S.D.L.); (D.F.)
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20845 Vedano al Lambro, Italy
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
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17
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Neurophysiology in psychosis: The quest for disease biomarkers. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:100. [PMID: 35277479 PMCID: PMC8917164 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01860-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychotic disorders affect 3% of the population at some stage in life, are a leading cause of disability, and impose a great economic burden on society. Major breakthroughs in the genetics of psychosis have not yet been matched by an understanding of its neurobiology. Biomarkers of perception and cognition obtained through non-invasive neurophysiological tools, especially EEG, offer a unique opportunity to gain mechanistic insights. Techniques for measuring neurophysiological markers are inexpensive and ubiquitous, thus having the potential as an accessible tool for patient stratification towards early treatments leading to better outcomes. In this paper, we review the literature on neurophysiological markers for psychosis and their relevant disease mechanisms, mainly covering event-related potentials including P50/N100 sensory gating, mismatch negativity, and the N100 and P300 waveforms. While several neurophysiological deficits are well established in patients with psychosis, more research is needed to study neurophysiological markers in their unaffected relatives and individuals at clinical high risk. We need to harness EEG to investigate markers of disease risk as key steps to elucidate the aetiology of psychosis and facilitate earlier detection and treatment.
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18
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Tsitsipa E, Rogers J, Casalotti S, Belessiotis-Richards C, Zubko O, Weil RS, Howard R, Bisby JA, Reeves S. Selective 5HT3 antagonists and sensory processing: a systematic review. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:880-890. [PMID: 35017671 PMCID: PMC8882165 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Ondansetron is a selective serotonin (5HT3) receptor antagonist that is under evaluation as an adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia, and a novel treatment for hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Ondansetron reverses sensory gating deficits and improves visuoperceptual processing in animal models of psychosis, but it is unclear to what extent preclinical findings have been replicated in humans. We systematically reviewed human studies that evaluated the effects of ondansetron and other 5HT3 receptor antagonists on sensory gating deficits or sensory processing. Of 11 eligible studies, eight included patients with schizophrenia who were chronically stable on antipsychotic medication; five measured sensory gating using the P50 suppression response to a repeated auditory stimulus; others included tests of visuoperceptual function. Three studies in healthy participants included tests of visuoperceptual and sensorimotor function. A consistent and robust finding (five studies) was that ondansetron and tropisetron (5HT3 antagonist and α7-nicotinic receptor partial agonist) improved sensory gating in patients with schizophrenia. Tropisetron also improved sustained visual attention in non-smoking patients. There was inconsistent evidence of the effects of 5HT3 antagonists on other measures of sensory processing, but interpretation was limited by the small number of studies, methodological heterogeneity and the potential confounding effects of concomitant medication in patients. Despite these limitations, we found strong evidence that selective 5HT3 antagonists (with or without direct α7-nicotinic partial agonist effects) improved sensory gating. Future studies should investigate how this relates to potential improvement in neurocognitive symptoms in antipsychotic naive patients with prodromal or milder symptoms, in order to understand the clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Tsitsipa
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T7NF UK
| | - Jonathan Rogers
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T7NF UK ,grid.415717.10000 0001 2324 5535South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, BR3 3BX UK
| | - Sebastian Casalotti
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T7NF UK
| | - Clara Belessiotis-Richards
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T7NF UK
| | - Olga Zubko
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T7NF UK
| | - Rimona S. Weil
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Dementia Research Centre, University College London, 8-11 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR UK ,grid.436283.80000 0004 0612 2631Movement Disorders Consortium, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR UK
| | - Robert Howard
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T7NF UK
| | - James A. Bisby
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T7NF UK
| | - Suzanne Reeves
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T7NF, UK.
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19
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Parker DA, Trotti RL, McDowell JE, Keedy SK, Hill SK, Gershon ES, Ivleva EI, Pearlson GD, Keshavan MS, Tamminga CA, Clementz BA. Auditory Oddball Responses Across the Schizophrenia-Bipolar Spectrum and Their Relationship to Cognitive and Clinical Features. Am J Psychiatry 2021; 178:952-964. [PMID: 34407624 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20071043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neural activations during auditory oddball tasks may be endophenotypes for psychosis and bipolar disorder. The authors investigated oddball neural deviations that discriminate multiple diagnostic groups across the schizophrenia-bipolar spectrum (schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, psychotic bipolar disorder, and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder) and clarified their relationship to clinical and cognitive features. METHODS Auditory oddball responses to standard and target tones from 64 sensor EEG recordings were compared across patients with psychosis (total N=597; schizophrenia, N=225; schizoaffective disorder, N=201; bipolar disorder with psychosis, N=171), patients with bipolar disorder without psychosis (N=66), and healthy comparison subjects (N=415) from the second iteration of the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network for Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP2) study. EEG activity was analyzed in voltage and in the time-frequency domain (low, beta, and gamma bands). Event-related potentials (ERPs) were compared with those from an independent sample collected during the first iteration of B-SNIP (B-SNIP1; healthy subjects, N=211; psychosis group, N=526) to establish the repeatability of complex oddball ERPs across multiple psychosis syndromes (r values >0.94 between B-SNIP1 and B-SNIP2). RESULTS Twenty-six EEG features differentiated the groups; they were used in discriminant and correlational analyses. EEG variables from the N100, P300, and low-frequency ranges separated the groups along a diagnostic continuum from healthy to bipolar disorder with psychosis/bipolar disorder without psychosis to schizoaffective disorder/schizophrenia and were strongly related to general cognitive function (r=0.91). P50 responses to standard trials and early beta/gamma frequency responses separated the bipolar disorder without psychosis group from the bipolar disorder with psychosis group. P200, N200, and late beta/gamma frequency responses separated the two bipolar disorder groups from the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Neural deviations during auditory processing are related to psychosis history and bipolar disorder. There is a powerful transdiagnostic relationship between severity of these neural deviations and general cognitive performance. These results have implications for understanding the neurobiology of clinical syndromes across the schizophrenia-bipolar spectrum that may have an impact on future biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Parker
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens (Parker, Trotti, McDowell, Clementz); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago (Keedy, Gershon); Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago (Hill); Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Ivleva, Tamminga); Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Pearlson); Olin Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Healthcare Corporation, Hartford, Conn. (Pearlson); and Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass. (Keshavan)
| | - Rebekah L Trotti
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens (Parker, Trotti, McDowell, Clementz); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago (Keedy, Gershon); Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago (Hill); Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Ivleva, Tamminga); Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Pearlson); Olin Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Healthcare Corporation, Hartford, Conn. (Pearlson); and Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass. (Keshavan)
| | - Jennifer E McDowell
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens (Parker, Trotti, McDowell, Clementz); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago (Keedy, Gershon); Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago (Hill); Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Ivleva, Tamminga); Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Pearlson); Olin Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Healthcare Corporation, Hartford, Conn. (Pearlson); and Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass. (Keshavan)
| | - Sarah K Keedy
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens (Parker, Trotti, McDowell, Clementz); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago (Keedy, Gershon); Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago (Hill); Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Ivleva, Tamminga); Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Pearlson); Olin Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Healthcare Corporation, Hartford, Conn. (Pearlson); and Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass. (Keshavan)
| | - S Kristian Hill
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens (Parker, Trotti, McDowell, Clementz); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago (Keedy, Gershon); Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago (Hill); Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Ivleva, Tamminga); Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Pearlson); Olin Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Healthcare Corporation, Hartford, Conn. (Pearlson); and Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass. (Keshavan)
| | - Elliot S Gershon
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens (Parker, Trotti, McDowell, Clementz); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago (Keedy, Gershon); Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago (Hill); Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Ivleva, Tamminga); Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Pearlson); Olin Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Healthcare Corporation, Hartford, Conn. (Pearlson); and Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass. (Keshavan)
| | - Elena I Ivleva
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens (Parker, Trotti, McDowell, Clementz); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago (Keedy, Gershon); Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago (Hill); Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Ivleva, Tamminga); Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Pearlson); Olin Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Healthcare Corporation, Hartford, Conn. (Pearlson); and Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass. (Keshavan)
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens (Parker, Trotti, McDowell, Clementz); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago (Keedy, Gershon); Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago (Hill); Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Ivleva, Tamminga); Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Pearlson); Olin Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Healthcare Corporation, Hartford, Conn. (Pearlson); and Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass. (Keshavan)
| | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens (Parker, Trotti, McDowell, Clementz); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago (Keedy, Gershon); Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago (Hill); Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Ivleva, Tamminga); Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Pearlson); Olin Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Healthcare Corporation, Hartford, Conn. (Pearlson); and Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass. (Keshavan)
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens (Parker, Trotti, McDowell, Clementz); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago (Keedy, Gershon); Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago (Hill); Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Ivleva, Tamminga); Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Pearlson); Olin Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Healthcare Corporation, Hartford, Conn. (Pearlson); and Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass. (Keshavan)
| | - Brett A Clementz
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens (Parker, Trotti, McDowell, Clementz); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago (Keedy, Gershon); Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago (Hill); Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Ivleva, Tamminga); Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Pearlson); Olin Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Healthcare Corporation, Hartford, Conn. (Pearlson); and Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass. (Keshavan)
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20
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Lewis JE, Poles J, Shaw DP, Karhu E, Khan SA, Lyons AE, Sacco SB, McDaniel HR. The effects of twenty-one nutrients and phytonutrients on cognitive function: A narrative review. J Clin Transl Res 2021; 7:575-620. [PMID: 34541370 PMCID: PMC8445631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Brain health is becoming more important to the average person as the number of people with cognitive impairments, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), is rising significantly. The current Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacotherapeutics for dementia neither cure nor halt cognitive decline; they just delay the worsening cognitive impairment. This narrative review summarizes the effects of nutrients and phytonutrients on cognitive function. METHODS A comprehensive literature search of PubMed was performed to find clinical trials in humans that assessed the effects of nutrients and phytonutrients on cognitive function published in English between 2000 and 2021. Six independent reviewers evaluated the articles for inclusion in this review. RESULTS Ninety-six articles were summarized in this narrative review. In total 21 categories of nutrients and phytonutrients were included, i.e., α-lipoic acid, Bacopa monnieri, B vitamins, cholinergic precursors, vitamin D, vitamin E, Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, lion's mane mushroom, N-acetyl cysteine, omega-3 fatty acids, aloe polysaccharides, Rhodiola rosea, rosemary, saffron, tart cherries, turmeric, wild yam, Withania somnifera, xanthines, and zinc. Particular noteworthy effects on cognition included memory, recollection, attention, intelligence, vocabulary, recognition, response inhibition, arousal, performance enhancement, planning, creative thinking, reaction time, vigilance, task switching, orientation to time, place, and person, reading, writing, comprehension, accuracy, learning, information processing speed, executive function, mental flexibility, daily functioning, decrease in mental fatigue, and freedom from distractibility. Some nutrients and phytonutrients also improved mood and contentedness and reduced anxiety and the need for caregiving. These effects are not completely consistent or ubiquitous across all patient populations or health statuses. Adverse effects were minimal or nonexistent. CONCLUSION Due to the growing population of people with cognitive impairment and the lack of effective pharmacotherapeutics, it is prudent for those afflicted or their caregivers to find alternative treatments. Our narrative review shows that many of these nutrients and phytonutrients may be promising for treating some aspects of cognitive impairment, especially for people afflicted with AD. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS As demonstrated in a number of clinical trials, healthy adults and patients with various health challenges (e.g., AD, mild cognitive impairment, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease) exhibiting a wide range of severity in cognitive defects would be best served to consider multiple nutrients and phytonutrients to improve aspects of their cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jillian Poles
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Delaney P. Shaw
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa Karhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sher Ali Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Annabel E. Lyons
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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21
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Barazesh M, Mohammadi S, Bahrami Y, Mokarram P, Morowvat MH, Saidijam M, Karimipoor M, Kavousipour S, Vosoughi AR, Khanaki K. CRISPR/Cas9 Technology as a Modern Genetic Manipulation Tool for Recapitulating of Neurodegenerative Disorders in Large Animal Models. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 21:130-148. [PMID: 33319680 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220666201214115024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases are often the consequence of alterations in structures and functions of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in patients. Despite obtaining massive genomic information concerning the molecular basis of these diseases and since the neurological disorders are multifactorial, causal connections between pathological pathways at the molecular level and CNS disorders development have remained obscure and need to be elucidated to a great extent. OBJECTIVE Animal models serve as accessible and valuable tools for understanding and discovering the roles of causative factors in the development of neurodegenerative disorders and finding appropriate treatments. Contrary to rodents and other small animals, large animals, especially non-human primates (NHPs), are remarkably similar to humans; hence, they establish suitable models for recapitulating the main human's neuropathological manifestations that may not be seen in rodent models. In addition, they serve as useful models to discover effective therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disorders due to their similarity to humans in terms of physiology, evolutionary distance, anatomy, and behavior. METHODS In this review, we recommend different strategies based on the CRISPR-Cas9 system for generating animal models of human neurodegenerative disorders and explaining in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 delivery procedures that are applied to disease models for therapeutic purposes. RESULTS With the emergence of CRISPR/Cas9 as a modern specific gene-editing technology in the field of genetic engineering, genetic modification procedures such as gene knock-in and knock-out have become increasingly easier compared to traditional gene targeting techniques. Unlike the old techniques, this versatile technology can efficiently generate transgenic large animal models without the need to complicate lab instruments. Hence, these animals can accurately replicate the signs of neurodegenerative disorders. CONCLUSION Preclinical applications of CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology supply a unique opportunity to establish animal models of neurodegenerative disorders with high accuracy and facilitate perspectives for breakthroughs in the research on the nervous system disease therapy and drug discovery. Furthermore, the useful outcomes of CRISPR applications in various clinical phases are hopeful for their translation to the clinic in a short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Barazesh
- School of Paramedical, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
| | - Shiva Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoram Abad, Iran
| | - Yadollah Bahrami
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Autophagy Research center, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Massoud Saidijam
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Morteza Karimipoor
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudabeh Kavousipour
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Vosoughi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Korosh Khanaki
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Paramedicine Faculty, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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22
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Structure and gating mechanism of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Cell 2021; 184:2121-2134.e13. [PMID: 33735609 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor plays critical roles in the central nervous system and in the cholinergic inflammatory pathway. This ligand-gated ion channel assembles as a homopentamer, is exceptionally permeable to Ca2+, and desensitizes faster than any other Cys-loop receptor. The α7 receptor has served as a prototype for the Cys-loop superfamily yet has proven refractory to structural analysis. We present cryo-EM structures of the human α7 nicotinic receptor in a lipidic environment in resting, activated, and desensitized states, illuminating the principal steps in the gating cycle. The structures also reveal elements that contribute to its function, including a C-terminal latch that is permissive for channel opening, and an anionic ring in the extracellular vestibule that contributes to its high conductance and calcium permeability. Comparisons among the α7 structures provide a foundation for mapping the gating cycle and reveal divergence in gating mechanisms in the Cys-loop receptor superfamily.
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23
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Cleverley K, Lee WC, Mumford P, Collins T, Rickman M, Cunningham TJ, Cleak J, Mianne J, Szoke-Kovacs Z, Stewart M, Teboul L, Maduro C, Wells S, Wiseman FK, Fisher EMC. A novel knockout mouse for the small EDRK-rich factor 2 (Serf2) showing developmental and other deficits. Mamm Genome 2021; 32:94-103. [PMID: 33713180 PMCID: PMC8012326 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The small EDRK-rich factor 2 (SERF2) is a highly conserved protein that modifies amyloid fibre assembly in vitro and promotes protein misfolding. However, the role of SERF2 in regulating age-related proteotoxicity remains largely unexplored due to a lack of in vivo models. Here, we report the generation of Serf2 knockout mice using an ES cell targeting approach, with Serf2 knockout alleles being bred onto different defined genetic backgrounds. We highlight phenotyping data from heterozygous Serf2+/− mice, including unexpected male-specific phenotypes in startle response and pre-pulse inhibition. We report embryonic lethality in Serf2−/− null animals when bred onto a C57BL/6 N background. However, homozygous null animals were viable on a mixed genetic background and, remarkably, developed without obvious abnormalities. The Serf2 knockout mice provide a powerful tool to further investigate the role of SERF2 protein in previously unexplored pathophysiological pathways in the context of a whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cleverley
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Weaverly Colleen Lee
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Paige Mumford
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,The UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Toby Collins
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Matthew Rickman
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | | | - Joffrey Mianne
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | | | | | | | - Cheryl Maduro
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sara Wells
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Frances K Wiseman
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,The UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Elizabeth M C Fisher
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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24
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Hunter SK, Hoffman MC, D'Alessandro A, Noonan K, Wyrwa A, Freedman R, Law AJ. Male fetus susceptibility to maternal inflammation: C-reactive protein and brain development. Psychol Med 2021; 51:450-459. [PMID: 31787129 PMCID: PMC7263978 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719003313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal inflammation in early pregnancy has been identified epidemiologically as a prenatal pathogenic factor for the offspring's later mental illness. Early newborn manifestations of the effects of maternal inflammation on human fetal brain development are largely unknown. METHODS Maternal infection, depression, obesity, and other factors associated with inflammation were assessed at 16 weeks gestation, along with maternal C-reactive protein (CRP), cytokines, and serum choline. Cerebral inhibition was assessed by inhibitory P50 sensory gating at 1 month of age, and infant behavior was assessed by maternal ratings at 3 months of age. RESULTS Maternal CRP diminished the development of cerebral inhibition in newborn males but paradoxically increased inhibition in females. Similar sex-dependent effects were seen in mothers' assessment of their infant's self-regulatory behaviors at 3 months of age. Higher maternal choline levels partly mitigated the effect of CRP in male offspring. CONCLUSIONS The male fetal-placental unit appears to be more sensitive to maternal inflammation than females. Effects are particularly marked on cerebral inhibition. Deficits in cerebral inhibition 1 month after birth, similar to those observed in several mental illnesses, including schizophrenia, indicate fetal developmental pathways that may lead to later mental illness. Deficits in early infant behavior follow. Early intervention before birth, including prenatal vitamins, folate, and choline supplements, may help prevent fetal development of pathophysiological deficits that can have life-long consequences for mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K Hunter
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado80045, USA
| | - M Camille Hoffman
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado80045, USA
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado80045, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado80045, USA
| | - Kathleen Noonan
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado80045, USA
| | - Anna Wyrwa
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado80045, USA
| | - Robert Freedman
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado80045, USA
| | - Amanda J Law
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado80045, USA
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado80045, USA
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25
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Stern T, Crutcher EH, McCarthy JM, Ali MA, Issachar G, Geva AB, Peremen Z, Schaaf CP. Brain Network Analysis of EEG Recordings Can Be Used to Assess Cognitive Function in Teenagers With 15q13.3 Microdeletion Syndrome. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:622329. [PMID: 33584189 PMCID: PMC7876406 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.622329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome causes a spectrum of cognitive disorders, including intellectual disability and autism. We assessed the ability of the EEG analysis algorithm Brain Network Analysis (BNA) to measure cognitive function in 15q13.3 deletion patients, and to differentiate between patient and control groups. EEG data was collected from 10 individuals with 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome (14–18 years of age), as well as 30 age-matched healthy controls, as the subjects responded to Auditory Oddball (AOB) and Go/NoGo cognitive tasks. It was determined that BNA can be used to evaluate cognitive function in 15q13.3 microdeletion patients. This analysis also significantly differentiates between patient and control groups using 5 scores, all of which are produced from ERP peaks related to late cortical components that represent higher cognitive functions of attention allocation and response inhibition (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emeline H Crutcher
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John M McCarthy
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - May A Ali
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | | | | | - Christian P Schaaf
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Molecular, physiological and behavioral characterization of the heterozygous Df[h15q13]/+ mouse model associated with the human 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome. Brain Res 2020; 1746:147024. [PMID: 32712126 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The human 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome (DS) is caused by a heterozygous microdeletion (MD) affecting six genes: FAN1; MTMR10; TRPM1; KLF13; OTUD7A; and CHRNA7. Carriers are at risk for intellectual disability, epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia. Here we used the Df[h15q13]/+ mouse model with an orthologous deletion to further characterize molecular, neurophysiological, and behavioral parameters that are relevant to the 15q13.3 DS. First, we verified the expression and distribution of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), a gene product of the CHRNA7, in cortical and subcortical areas. Results revealed similar mRNA distribution pattern in wildtype (WT) and heterozygous (Het) mice, with about half the number of α7 nAChR binding sites in mutants. Hippocampal recordings showed similar input/output responses of field excitatory post-synaptic potentials and theta-burst induced long-term potentiation in WT and Het mice. Het males exhibited impaired spatial learning acquisition in the Barnes Maze. Indicative of increased seizure susceptibility, Het mice developed secondary seizures after 6-Hz corneal stimulation, and had significantly increased sensitivity to the chemoconvulsant pentylenetetrazol resulting in increased spiking in hippocampal EEG recordings. Basal mRNA expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor and activity regulated immediate early genes (c-fos, Arc, Erg-1 and Npas4) during adolescence, a critical period of brain maturation, was unaffected by genotype. Thus, the MD did not show gross neuroanatomical, molecular, and neurophysiological abnormalities despite deficits in spatial learning and increased susceptibility to seizures. Altogether, our results verify the phenotypic profile of the heterozygous Df[h15q13]/+ mouse model and underscore its translational relevance for human 15q13.3 DS.
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27
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Freedman R, Hunter SK, Noonan K, Wyrwa A, Christians U, Law AJ, Hoffman MC. Maternal Prenatal Depression in Pregnancies With Female and Male Fetuses and Developmental Associations With C-reactive Protein and Cortisol. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 6:310-320. [PMID: 33060035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal depression has lasting effects on development in offspring, including later mental illness risk. Maternal responses to depression include inflammation and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stimulation. Effects on development of cerebral inhibitory neurocircuits may differ for female and male fetuses. METHODS Mothers (N = 181) were assessed periodically, beginning at 16 weeks' gestation, using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. Maternal prenatal C-reactive protein and hair cortisol and cortisone levels were determined. Cortisone was determined in neonatal hair. Development of cerebral inhibitory neurocircuits was assessed in 162 1-month-old newborns by inhibition of P50 electrophysiological responses to repeated sounds. RESULTS Maternal depression was associated with decreased newborn P50 inhibition in both sexes. Maternal C-reactive protein levels were significantly associated with depression only in pregnancies with male fetuses and with decreased newborn P50 inhibition only in male newborns. Maternal cortisol levels were significantly associated with depression only in pregnancies with female fetuses and with decreased newborn P50 inhibition only in female newborns. In pregnancies with male fetuses compared with pregnancies with female fetuses, cortisol was more robustly metabolized to cortisone, which does not activate cortisol receptors. CONCLUSIONS This study finds sex-specific associations of C-reactive protein and cortisol levels with prenatal depression in women and with decreased development of newborn P50 inhibition. Sex-based differences in maternal response to depression with inflammation or cortisol and their developmental effects may reflect evolutionary influences to promote survival in adversity. Decreased newborn P50 inhibition is associated with later childhood behavioral problems, and decreased P50 inhibition is a pathophysiological feature of several mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Freedman
- Institute for Children's Mental Disorders, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center F-546, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Sharon K Hunter
- Institute for Children's Mental Disorders, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center F-546, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kathleen Noonan
- Institute for Children's Mental Disorders, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center F-546, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anna Wyrwa
- Institute for Children's Mental Disorders, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center F-546, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Uwe Christians
- Department of Psychiatry, iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center F-546, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Amanda J Law
- Institute for Children's Mental Disorders, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center F-546, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center F-546, Aurora, Colorado
| | - M Camille Hoffman
- Institute for Children's Mental Disorders, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center F-546, Aurora, Colorado; Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center F-546, Aurora, Colorado
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28
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Do Nicotinic Receptors Modulate High-Order Cognitive Processing? Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:550-564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Mahmood HM, Aldhalaan HM, Alshammari TK, Alqasem MA, Alshammari MA, Albekairi NA, AlSharari SD. The Role of Nicotinic Receptors in the Attenuation of Autism-Related Behaviors in a Murine BTBR T + tf/J Autistic Model. Autism Res 2020; 13:1311-1334. [PMID: 32691528 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinic receptors are distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. Postmortem studies have reported that some nicotinic receptor subtypes are altered in the brains of autistic people. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the autistic behavior of BTBR T + tf/J mouse model of autism. This study was undertaken to examine the behavioral effects of targeted nAChRs using pharmacological ligands, including nicotine and mecamylamine in BTBR T + tf/J and C57BL/6J mice in a panel of behavioral tests relating to autism. These behavioral tests included the three-chamber social interaction, self-grooming, marble burying, locomotor activity, and rotarod test. We examined the effect of various oral doses of nicotine (50, 100, and 400 mcg/mL; po) over a period of 2 weeks in BTBR T + tf/J mouse model. The results indicated that the chronic administration of nicotine modulated sociability and repetitive behavior in BTBR T + tf/J mice while no effects observed in C57BL/6J mice. Furthermore, the nonselective nAChR antagonist, mecamylamine, reversed nicotine effects on sociability and increased repetitive behaviors in BTBR T + tf/J mice. Overall, the findings indicate that the pharmacological modulation of nicotinic receptors is involved in modulating core behavioral phenotypes in the BTBR T + tf/J mouse model. LAY SUMMARY: The involvement of brain nicotinic neurotransmission system plays a crucial role in regulating autism-related behavioral features. In addition, the brain of the autistic-like mouse model has a low acetylcholine level. Here, we report that nicotine, at certain doses, improved sociability and reduced repetitive behaviors in a mouse model of autism, implicating the potential therapeutic values of a pharmacological intervention targeting nicotinic receptors for autism therapy. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1311-1334. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz M Mahmood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham M Aldhalaan
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Autism Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani K Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael A Alqasem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musaad A Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah A Albekairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakir D AlSharari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Atagun MI, Drukker M, Hall MH, Altun IK, Tatli SZ, Guloksuz S, van Os J, van Amelsvoort T. Meta-analysis of auditory P50 sensory gating in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2020; 300:111078. [PMID: 32361172 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the brain to reduce the amount of trivial or redundant sensory inputs is called gating function. Dysfunction of sensory gating may lead to cognitive fragmentation and poor real-world functioning. The auditory dual-click paradigm is a pertinent neurophysiological measure of sensory gating function. This meta-analysis aimed to examine the subcomponents of abnormal P50 waveforms in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia to assess P50 sensory gating deficits and examine effects of diagnoses, illness states (first-episode psychosis vs. schizophrenia, remission vs. episodes in bipolar disorder), and treatment status (medication-free vs. medicated). Literature search of PubMed between Jan 1st 1980 and March 31st 2019 identified 2091 records for schizophrenia, 362 for bipolar disorder. 115 studies in schizophrenia (4932 patients), 16 in bipolar disorder (975 patients) and 10 in first-degree relatives (848 subjects) met the inclusion criteria. P50 sensory gating ratio (S2/S1) and S1-S2 difference were significantly altered in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and their first-degree relatives. First-episode psychosis did not differ from schizophrenia, however episodes altered P50 sensory gating in bipolar disorder. Medications improve P50 sensory gating alterations in schizophrenia significantly and at trend level in bipolar disorder. Future studies should examine longitudinal course of P50 sensory gating in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Ilhan Atagun
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University Medical School, Universities Region, Ihsan Dogramaci Boulevard. No: 6, Bilkent, Cankaya, Ankara Turkey.
| | - Marjan Drukker
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mei Hua Hall
- Psychosis Neurobiology Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ilkay Keles Altun
- Department of Psychiatry, Bursa Higher Education Training and Education Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | | | - Sinan Guloksuz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht, the Netherlands; King's Health Partners Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thérèse van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Bases épistémologiques de la recherche sur les psychoses. Quelle solution pour le choc des paradigmes? ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhaori G. Professor Robert Freedman and his contributions to psychiatric research. Pediatr Investig 2020; 4:73-76. [PMID: 32851347 PMCID: PMC7331399 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Getu Zhaori
- Editorial OfficePediatric InvestigationBeijing Children’s HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children’s HealthBeijingChina
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Nguyen AT, Hetrick WP, O'Donnell BF, Brenner CA. Abnormal beta and gamma frequency neural oscillations mediate auditory sensory gating deficit in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 124:13-21. [PMID: 32109667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensory gating is a process in which the brain's response to irrelevant and repetitive stimuli is inhibited. The sensory gating deficit in schizophrenia (SZ) is typically measured by the ratio or difference score of the P50 event-related potential (ERP) amplitudes in response to a paired click paradigm. While the P50 gating effect has usually been measured in relation to the peak amplitude of the S1 and S2 P50 ERPs, there is increasing evidence that inhibitory processes may be reflected by evoked or induced oscillatory activity during the inter-click interval in the beta (20-30 Hz) and gamma (30-50 Hz) frequency bands. We therefore examined the relationship between frequency specific activity in the inter-click interval with gating effects in the time and frequency domains. METHOD Paired-auditory stimuli were presented to 131 participants with schizophrenia and 196 healthy controls (HC). P50 ERP amplitudes to S1 and S2as well as averaged- and single-trial beta (20-30 Hz) and gamma (30-50 Hz) frequency power during the inter-click interval were measured from the CZ electrode site. RESULTS In the time domain, P50 gating deficits were apparent in both ratio and difference scores. This effect was mainly due to smaller S1 amplitudes in the patient group. SZ patients exhibited less evoked beta and gamma power, particularly at the 0-100 ms time point, in response to S1. Early (0-100 ms) evoked beta and gamma responses were critical in determining the S1 amplitude and extent of P50 gating across the delay interval for both HC and SZ. CONCLUSION Our findings support a disruption in initial sensory registration in those with SZ, and do not support an active mechanism throughout the delay interval. The degree of response to S1 and early beta and gamma frequency oscillations in the delay interval provides information about the mechanisms supporting auditory sensory gating, and may provide a framework for studying the mechanisms that support sensory inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann T Nguyen
- Loma Linda University, Department of Psychology, 11130 Anderson St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Indiana University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 1101 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA; Larue D. Carter Hospital, 2601 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46220, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Indiana University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 1101 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA; Larue D. Carter Hospital, 2601 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46220, USA
| | - Colleen A Brenner
- Loma Linda University, Department of Psychology, 11130 Anderson St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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Abstract
AbstractThe relatively high comorbidity of type 2 diabetes and schizophrenia may suggest a shared biological susceptibility to these twoconditions. Family studies have demonstrated an increased risk of diabetes in unaffected relatives of patients with schizophrenia, consistent with a heritable susceptibility trait. Linkage analyses have identified several loci that are associated with schizophrenia and some of these, notably those on chromosomes 2p22.1-p13.2 and 6g21-824.1 have also been observed in linkage studies in type 2 diabetes. In addition, the dopamine D5 receptor on chromosome 5 and the tyrosine hydroxylase gene on chromosome 11 have both been suggested as candidate genes in schizophrenia and may also be implicated in susceptibility to poor glycaemic control. In addition, an increased rate of type II diabetes has been observed in some patients treated with antipsychotics. Potential neurochemical substrates of this effect include the histamine H1 receptor, the 5-HT2C serotonin receptor or the β3 adrenoreceptor. However, the search for a genetic basis to the association between diabetes and schizophrenia is still in its infancy, and much further work needs to be performed, including the systematic screening of all confirmed susceptibility loci and quantitative trait locus mapping of glycaemic control.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Comorbidity
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Genetic Linkage/genetics
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Iatrogenic Disease
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics
- Receptors, Histamine H1/genetics
- Receptors, Serotonin/genetics
- Schizophrenia/drug therapy
- Schizophrenia/epidemiology
- Schizophrenia/genetics
- Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bellivier
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Henri-Mondor, 94010 Créteil cedex, France.
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Freedman R, Olsen-Dufour AM, Olincy A. P50 inhibitory sensory gating in schizophrenia: analysis of recent studies. Schizophr Res 2020; 218:93-98. [PMID: 32061454 PMCID: PMC7299819 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inhibitory sensory gating of the P50 cerebral evoked potential to paired auditory stimuli (S1, S2) is a widely used paradigm for the study of schizophrenia and related conditions. Its use to measure genetic, treatment, and developmental effects requires a metric with more stable properties than the simple ratio of the paired responses. METHODS This study assessed the ratio P50S2μV/P50S1μV and P50S2μV co-varied for P50S1μV in all 27 independent published studies that compared schizophrenia patients with healthy controls from 2000 to 2019. The largest study from each research group was selected. The Colorado research group's studies were excluded to eliminate bias from the first report of the phenomenon. RESULTS Across the 27 studies encompassing 1179 schizophrenia patients and 1091 healthy controls, both P50S2μV co-varied for P50S1μV and P50S2μV/P50S1μV significantly separated the patients from the controls (both P < 0.0001). Effect size for P50S2μV co-varied for P50S1μV is d' = 1.23. The normal distribution of P50S2μV co-varied for P50S1μV detected influences of maternal inflammation and effects on behavior in a recent developmental study, an emerging use for the P50 inhibitory gating measure. P50S2μV/P50S1μV was not normally distributed. Results from two multi-site NIMH genetics collaborations also support the use of P50S2μV as a biomarker. CONCLUSION Both methods detect an abnormality of cerebral inhibition in schizophrenia with high significance across multiple independent laboratories. The normal distribution of P50S2μV co-varied for P50S1μV makes it more suitable for studies of genetic, treatment, and other influences on the development and expression of inhibitory deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center, Mail Stop F546, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Amanda M. Olsen-Dufour
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center, Mail Stop F546, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Ann Olincy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center, Mail Stop F546, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
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Chen CP, Chen CY, Chern SR, Wu PS, Chen SW, Wu FT, Chen LF, Wang W. Detection of de novo del(18)(q22.2) and a familial of 15q13.2-q13.3 microduplication in a fetus with congenital heart defects. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 58:704-708. [PMID: 31542097 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present detection of de novo del(18)(q22.2) and a familial 15q13.2-q13.3 microduplication in a fetus with congenital heart defects (CHD). CASE REPORT A 27-year-old, primigravid woman was referred for genetic counseling because of fetal CHD. Prenatal ultrasound at 17 weeks of gestation revealed pericardial effusion, cardiomegaly and a large ventricular septal defect. The pregnancy was subsequently terminated at 18 weeks of gestation, and a 192-g female fetus was delivered with facial dysmorphism. Cytogenetic analysis of the umbilical cord revealed a karyotype of 46,XX,del(18)(q22.2). The parental karyotypes were normal. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) of the placental tissue revealed a 2.08-Mb 15q13.2-q13.3 microduplication encompassing KLF13 and CHRNA7, and a 10.74-Mb 18q22.2-q23 deletion encompassing NFATC1. The phenotypically normal father carried the same 2.08-Mb 15q13.2-q13.3 microduplication. Polymorphic DNA marker analysis confirmed a paternal origin of the distal 18q deletion. CONCLUSION Prenatal diagnosis of CHD should include a complete genetic study of the embryonic tissues, and the acquired information is useful for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Yu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shin-Wen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Tzu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Feng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Bioengineering, Tatung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Shen CL, Chou TL, Lai WS, Hsieh MH, Liu CC, Liu CM, Hwu HG. P50, N100, and P200 Auditory Sensory Gating Deficits in Schizophrenia Patients. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:868. [PMID: 33192632 PMCID: PMC7481459 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensory gating describes neurological processes of filtering out redundant or unnecessary stimuli during information processing, and sensory gating deficits may contribute to the symptoms of schizophrenia. Among the three components of auditory event-related potentials reflecting sensory gating, P50 implies pre-attentional filtering of sensory information and N100/P200 reflects attention triggering and allocation processes. Although diminished P50 gating has been extensively documented in patients with schizophrenia, previous studies on N100 were inconclusive, and P200 has been rarely examined. This study aimed to investigate whether patients with schizophrenia have P50, N100, and P200 gating deficits compared with control subjects. METHODS Control subjects and clinically stable schizophrenia patients were recruited. The mid-latency auditory evoked responses, comprising P50, N100, and P200, were measured using the auditory-paired click paradigm without manipulation of attention. Sensory gating parameters included S1 amplitude, S2 amplitude, amplitude difference (S1-S2), and gating ratio (S2/S1). We also evaluated schizophrenia patients with PANSS to be correlated with sensory gating indices. RESULTS One hundred four patients and 102 control subjects were examined. Compared to the control group, schizophrenia patients had significant sensory gating deficits in P50, N100, and P200, reflected by larger gating ratios and smaller amplitude differences. Further analysis revealed that the S2 amplitude of P50 was larger, while the S1 amplitude of N100/P200 was smaller, in schizophrenia patients than in the controls. We found no correlations between sensory gating indices and schizophrenia positive or negative symptom clusters. However, we found a negative correlation between the P200 S2 amplitude and Bell's emotional discomfort factor/Wallwork's depressed factor. CONCLUSION Till date, this study has the largest sample size to analyze P50, N100, and P200 collectively by adopting the passive auditory paired-click paradigm without distractors. With covariates controlled for possible confounds, such as age, education, smoking amount and retained pairs, we found that schizophrenia patients had significant sensory gating deficits in P50-N100-P200. The schizophrenia patients had demonstrated a unique pattern of sensory gating deficits, including repetition suppression deficits in P50 and stimulus registration deficits in N100/200. These results suggest that sensory gating is a pervasive cognitive abnormality in schizophrenia patients that is not limited to the pre-attentive phase of information processing. Since P200 exhibited a large effect size and did not require additional time during recruitment, future studies of P50-N100-P200 collectively are highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Lan Shen
- Department of General Psychiatry, Tsao-Tun Psychiatric Center, Nanto, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, College of Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Li Chou
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sung Lai
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming H Hsieh
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chung Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kim HK, Blumberger DM, Daskalakis ZJ. Neurophysiological Biomarkers in Schizophrenia-P50, Mismatch Negativity, and TMS-EMG and TMS-EEG. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:795. [PMID: 32848953 PMCID: PMC7426515 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired early auditory processing is a well characterized finding in schizophrenia that is theorized to contribute to clinical symptoms, cognitive impairment, and social dysfunction in patients. Two neurophysiological measures of early auditory processing, P50 gating ("P50") and mismatch negativity (MMN), which measure sensory gating and detection of change in auditory stimuli, respectively, are consistently shown to be impaired in patients with schizophrenia. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) may also be a potential method by which sensory processing can be assessed, since TMS paradigms can be used to measure GABAB-mediated cortical inhibition that is linked with sensory gating. In this review, we examine the potential of P50, MMN and two TMS paradigms, cortical silent period (CSP) and long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI), as endophenotypes as well as their ability to be used as predictive markers for interventions targeted at cognitive and psychosocial functioning. Studies consistently support a link between MMN, P50, and cognitive dysfunction, with robust evidence for a link between MMN and psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia as well. Importantly, studies have demonstrated that MMN can be used to predict performance in social and cognitive training tasks. A growing body of studies also supports the potential of MMN to be used as an endophenotype, and future studies are needed to determine if MMN can be used as an endophenotype specifically in schizophrenia. P50, however, has weaker evidence supporting its use as an endophenotype. While CSP and LICI are not as extensively investigated, growing evidence is supporting their potential to be used as an endophenotype in schizophrenia. Future studies that assess the ability of P50, MMN, and TMS neurophysiological measures to predict performance in cognitive and social training programs may identify markers that inform clinical decisions in the treatment of neurocognitive impairments in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena K Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel M Blumberger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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McClain L, Segreti AM, Nau S, Shaw P, Finegold DN, Pan LA, Peters DG. Chromosome 15q13.3 microduplications are associated with treatment refractory major depressive disorder. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 19:e12628. [PMID: 31828948 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects approximately 15 million Americans. Approximately 2 million of these are classified as being refractory to treatment (TR-MDD). Because of the lack of available therapies for TR-MDD, and the high risk of suicide, there is interest in identifying new treatment modalities and diagnostic methods. Understanding of the impact of genomic copy number variation in the etiology of a variety of neuropsychiatric phenotypes is increasing. Low copy repeat elements at 15q13.3 facilitate non-allelic homologous recombination, resulting in recurrent copy number variants (CNVs). Numerous reports have described association between microdeletions in this region and a variety of neuropsychiatric phenotypes, with CHRNA7 implicated as a candidate gene. However, the pathogenicity of 15q13.3 duplications is less clear. As part of an ongoing study, in which we have identified a number of metabolomic anomalies in spinal fluid from TR-MDD patients, we also evaluated genomic copy number variation in patients (n = 125) and controls (n = 26) via array-based copy number genomic hybridization (CGH); the case frequency was compared with frequencies reported in a prior study as well as a larger population-sized cohort. We identified five TR-MDD patients with microduplications involving CHRNA7. CHRNA7 duplications are the most common CNVs identified by clinical CGH in this cohort. Therefore, this study provides insight into the potential involvement of CHRNA7 duplications in the etiology of TR-MDD and informs those involved with care of affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora McClain
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anna M Segreti
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sharon Nau
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patricia Shaw
- Magee-Womens Research Institute and Foundation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David N Finegold
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lisa A Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David G Peters
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Magee-Womens Research Institute and Foundation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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40
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Holland AJ, Aman LC, Whittington JE. Defining Mental and Behavioural Disorders in Genetically Determined Neurodevelopmental Syndromes with Particular Reference to Prader-Willi Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10121025. [PMID: 31835392 PMCID: PMC6947448 DOI: 10.3390/genes10121025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically determined neurodevelopmental syndromes are frequently associated with a particular developmental trajectory, and with a cognitive profile and increased propensity to specific mental and behavioural disorders that are particular to, but not necessarily unique to the syndrome. How should these mental and behavioural disorders best be conceptualised given that similar symptoms are included in the definition of different mental disorders as listed in DSM-5 and ICD-10? In addition, a different conceptual framework, that of applied behavioural analysis, has been used to inform interventions for what are termed ‘challenging behaviours’ in contrast to types of interventions for those conditions meeting diagnostic criteria for a ‘mental disorder’. These syndrome-specific developmental profiles and associated co-morbidities must be a direct or indirect consequence of the genetic abnormality associated with that syndrome, but the genetic loci associated with the syndrome may not be involved in the aetiology of similar symptoms in the general population. This being so, should we expect underlying brain mechanisms and treatments for specific psychopathology in one group to be effective in the other? Using Prader-Willi syndrome as an example, we propose that the conceptual thinking that informed the development of the Research Domain Criteria provides a model for taxonomy of psychiatric and behavioural disorders in genetically determined neurodevelopmental syndromes. This model brings together diagnostic, psychological and developmental approaches with the aim of matching specific behaviours to identifiable neural mechanisms.
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Halawa AA, Rees KA, McCamy KM, Winzer-Serhan UH. Central and peripheral immune responses to low-dose lipopolysaccharide in a mouse model of the 15q13.3 microdeletion. Cytokine 2019; 126:154879. [PMID: 31629107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carriers of the human 15q13.3 microdeletion (MD) present with a variable spectrum of neuropathological phenotypes that range from asymptomatic to severe clinical outcomes, suggesting an interplay of genetic and non-genetic factors. The most common 2 MB 15q13.3 MD encompasses six genes (MTMR10, FAN1, TRPM1, KLF13, OTUD7A, and CHRNA7), which are expressed in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) α7, encoded by CHRNA7, is a key player in the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, and the transcription factor KLF13 is also involved in immune responses. Using a mouse model with a heterozygous deletion of the orthologous region of the human 15q13.3 (Df[h15q13]/+), the present study examined peripheral and central innate immune responses to an acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the bacteriomimetic, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 μg/kg) in adult heterozygous (Het) and wildtype (WT) mice. Serum levels of inflammatory markers were measured 2 h post injection using a Multiplex assay. In control saline injected animals, all measured cytokines were at or below detection limits, whereas LPS significantly increased serum levels of interleukin 1beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6 and IL-10, but not interferon-γ. There was no effect of genotype but a sexual dimorphic response for TNF-α, with females exhibiting greater LPS-induced TNF-α serum levels than males. In situ hybridization revealed similar increases in LPS-induced c-fos mRNA expression in the dorsal vagal complex in all groups. The hippocampal expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines was evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR. LPS-treatment resulted in significantly increased mRNA expression for IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α compared to saline controls, with no effect of genotype, but a significant sex-effect was detected for IL-1β. The present study provided no evidence for interactive effects between the heterozygous 15q13.3 MD and a low-dose LPS immune challenge in innate peripheral or central immune responses, although, sex-differential effects in males and females were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A Halawa
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Katherine A Rees
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Kristin M McCamy
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Ursula H Winzer-Serhan
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
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Bodkin JA, Coleman MJ, Godfrey LJ, Carvalho CM, Morgan CJ, Suckow RF, Anderson T, Ongur D, Kaufman MJ, Lewandowski KE, Siegel AJ, Waldstreicher E, Grochowski CM, Javitt DC, Rujescu D, Hebbring S, Weinshilboum R, Rodriguez SB, Kirchhoff C, Visscher T, Vuckovic A, Fialkowski A, McCarthy S, Malhotra D, Sebat J, Goff DC, Hudson JI, Lupski JR, Coyle JT, Rudolph U, Levy DL. Targeted Treatment of Individuals With Psychosis Carrying a Copy Number Variant Containing a Genomic Triplication of the Glycine Decarboxylase Gene. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86:523-535. [PMID: 31279534 PMCID: PMC6745274 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased mutational burden for rare structural genomic variants in schizophrenia and other neurodevelopmental disorders has so far not yielded therapies targeting the biological effects of specific mutations. We identified two carriers (mother and son) of a triplication of the gene encoding glycine decarboxylase, GLDC, presumably resulting in reduced availability of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor coagonists glycine and D-serine and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction. Both carriers had a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder. METHODS We carried out two double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor augmentation of psychotropic drug treatment in these two individuals. Glycine was used in the first clinical trial, and D-cycloserine was used in the second one. RESULTS Glycine or D-cycloserine augmentation of psychotropic drug treatment each improved psychotic and mood symptoms in placebo-controlled trials. CONCLUSIONS These results provide two independent proof-of-principle demonstrations of symptom relief by targeting a specific genotype and explicitly link an individual mutation to the pathophysiology of psychosis and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dost Ongur
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marc J. Kaufman
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Arthur J. Siegel
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Daniel C. Javitt
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.,Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Scott Hebbring
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Donald C. Goff
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - James I. Hudson
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Joseph T. Coyle
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Uwe Rudolph
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Deborah L. Levy
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Pharmacological characterization of JWX-A0108 as a novel type I positive allosteric modulator of α7 nAChR that can reverse acoustic gating deficits in a mouse prepulse inhibition model. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:737-745. [PMID: 30333556 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0163-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) is a ligand-gated Ca2+-permeable homopentameric ion channel implicated in cognition and neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacological enhancement of α7 nAChR function has been suggested for improvement of cognitive deficits. In the present study, we characterized a thiazolyl heterocyclic derivative, 6-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl)amino)thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-7(6H)-one (JWX-A0108), as a novel type I α7 nAChR positive allosteric modulator (PAM), and evaluated its ability to reverse auditory gating and spatial working memory deficits in mice. In Xenopus oocytes expressing human nAChR channels, application of JWX-A0108 selectively enhanced α7 nAChR-mediated inward current in the presence of the agonist ACh (EC50 value = 4.35 ± 0.12 µM). In hippocampal slices, co-application of ACh and JWX-A0108 (10 µM for each) markedly increased both the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) recorded in pyramidal neurons, but JWX-A0108 did not affect GABA-induced current in oocytes expressing human GABAA receptor α1β3γ2 and α5β3γ2 subtypes. In mice with MK-801-induced deficits in auditory gating, administration of JWX-A0108 (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently attenuates MK-801-induced auditory gating deficits in five prepulse intensities (72, 76, 80, 84, and 88 dB). Furthermore, administration of JWX-A0108 (0.03, 0.1, or 0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reversed MK-801-induced impaired spatial working memory in mice. Our results demonstrate that JWX-A0108 is a novel type I PAM of α7 nAChR, which may be beneficial for improvement of cognitive deficits commonly found in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease.
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Freedman R, Hunter SK, Law AJ, Wagner BD, D’Alessandro A, Christians U, Noonan K, Wyrwa A, Hoffman MC. Higher Gestational Choline Levels in Maternal Infection Are Protective for Infant Brain Development. J Pediatr 2019; 208:198-206.e2. [PMID: 30879727 PMCID: PMC6707520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether maternal choline decreases effects of mothers' infections on fetal brain circuit development and on expression of infant behavior at 1 year of age. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional study was conducted in a public hospital obstetrics and midwifery service, with prenatal assessments of maternal infection, C-reactive protein, and choline level and postnatal assessments of cerebral neuronal inhibition in 162 newborns. At 1 year, 136 parents completed reports of their child's behavior. RESULTS Maternal infection at 16 weeks of gestation, experienced by 41% of mothers, raised mean maternal C-reactive protein (d' = 0.47, P = .002) and decreased the development of cerebral inhibition of auditory response at 1 month of age (d' = 0.39, P < .001). Decreased newborn cerebral inhibition manifested as decreased behavioral self-regulation at 1 year. Greater choline levels in mothers with infections were associated with improved newborn inhibition of auditory cerebral response, mitigating the effect of infection (β = -0.34 [95% CI, -5.35 to -0.14], P = .002). At 1 year of age, children of mothers with infection and greater gestational choline levels had improved development of self-regulation, approaching the level of children of mothers without infection (β = 0.29 [95% CI 0.05-0.54], P = .03). CONCLUSIONS Greater maternal choline, recommended by the American Medical Association as a prenatal supplement, is associated with greater self-regulation among infants who experienced common maternal infections during gestation. Behavioral problems with diminished self-regulation often lead to referrals to pediatricians and might lead to later mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.
| | - Sharon K. Hunter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine
| | - Amanda J Law
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine,,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine
| | - Brandie D. Wagner
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health (BDW)
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine
| | - Uwe Christians
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine
| | - Kathleen Noonan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine
| | - Anna Wyrwa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine
| | - M. Camille Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine,,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine
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Choueiry J, Blais CM, Shah D, Smith D, Fisher D, Labelle A, Knott V. Combining CDP-choline and galantamine, an optimized α7 nicotinic strategy, to ameliorate sensory gating to speech stimuli in schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 145:70-82. [PMID: 30790597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neural α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) expression and functioning deficits have been extensively associated with cognitive and early sensory gating (SG) impairments in schizophrenia (SCZ) patients and their relatives. SG, the suppression of irrelevant and redundant stimuli, is measured in a conditioning-testing (S1-S2) paradigm eliciting electroencephalography-derived P50 event-related potentials (ERPs), the S2 amplitudes of which are typically suppressed relative to S1. Despite extensive reports of nicotine-related improvements and several decades of research, an efficient nicotinic treatment has yet to be approved for SCZ. Following reports of SG improvements in low P50 suppressing SCZ patients and healthy participants with the α7 agonist, CDP-choline, this pilot study examined the combined modulatory effect of CDP-choline (500 mg) and galantamine (16 mg), a nAChR positive allosteric modulator and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, on SG to speech stimuli in twenty-four SCZ patients in a randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled design. As expected, in low P50 suppressors CDP-choline/galantamine (vs. Placebo) improved rP50 and dP50 scores by increasing inhibitory mechanisms as reflected by S2P50 amplitude reductions. Results also suggest a moderating role for auditory verbal hallucinations in treatment response. These preliminary findings provide supportive evidence for the involvement of α7 nAChR activity in speech gating in SCZ and support additional trials, examining different dose combinations and repeated doses of this optimized and personalized targeted α7 cholinergic treatment for SG dysfunction in subgroups of SCZ patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle Choueiry
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Crystal M Blais
- Institute of Cognitive Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dhrasti Shah
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dylan Smith
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Derek Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Alain Labelle
- The Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Verner Knott
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Institute of Cognitive Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada; The Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada; University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Lucatch AM, Lowe DJE, Clark RC, Kozak K, George TP. Neurobiological Determinants of Tobacco Smoking in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:672. [PMID: 30574101 PMCID: PMC6291492 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of review: To provide an overview of the underlying neurobiology of tobacco smoking in schizophrenia, and implications for treatment of this comorbidity. Recent findings: Explanations for heavy tobacco smoking in schizophrenia include pro-cognitive effects of nicotine, and remediation of the underlying pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Nicotine may ameliorate neurochemical deficits through nicotine acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) located on the dopamine, glutamate, and GABA neurons. Neurophysiological indices including electroencephalography, electromyography, and smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) paradigms may be biomarkers for underlying neuronal imbalances that contribute to the specific risk of tobacco smoking initiation, maintenance, and difficulty quitting within schizophrenia. Moreover, several social factors including socioeconomic factors and permissive smoking culture in mental health facilities, may contribute to the smoking behaviors (initiation, maintenance, and inability to quit smoking) within this disorder. Summary: Tobacco smoking may alleviate specific symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings and psychosocial determinants of this comorbidity may better explain these potential beneficial effects, while also providing important insights into effective treatments for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya M. Lucatch
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Darby J. E. Lowe
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel C. Clark
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Karolina Kozak
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tony P. George
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division and Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Mohammadi A, Rashidi E, Amooeian VG. Brain, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and serum biomarkers in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2018; 265:25-38. [PMID: 29680514 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, finding a reliable biomarker for the early detection of schizophrenia (Scz) has been a topic of interest. The main goal of the current review is to provide a comprehensive view of the brain, blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and serum biomarkers of Scz disease. Imaging studies have demonstrated that the volumes of the corpus callosum, thalamus, hippocampal formation, subiculum, parahippocampal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices, and amygdala-hippocampal complex were reduced in patients diagnosed with Scz. It has been revealed that the levels of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α were increased in patients with Scz. Decreased mRNA levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), nerve growth factor (NGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) genes have also been reported in Scz patients. Genes with known strong relationships with this disease include BDNF, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), regulator of G-protein signaling 4 (RGS4), dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 (DTNBP1), neuregulin 1 (NRG1), Reelin (RELN), Selenium-binding protein 1 (SELENBP1), glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD 67), and disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1). The levels of dopamine, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor 1A and B (5-HTR1A and 5-HTR1B), and 5-HT1B were significantly increased in Scz patients, while the levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 5-HT transporter (5-HTT), and 5-HT receptor 2A (5-HTR2A) were decreased. The increased levels of SELENBP1 and Glycogen synthase kinase 3 subunit α (GSK3α) genes in contrast with reduced levels of B-cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1), human leukocyte antigen DRB1 (HLA-DRB1), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3 (HNRPA3), and serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SFRS1) genes have also been reported. This review covers various dysregulation of neurotransmitters and also highlights the strengths and weaknesses of studies attempting to identify candidate biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mohammadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Rashidi
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Ghasem Amooeian
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Freedman R, Hunter SK, Hoffman MC. Prenatal Primary Prevention of Mental Illness by Micronutrient Supplements in Pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry 2018; 175:607-619. [PMID: 29558816 PMCID: PMC6984656 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17070836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Genes, infection, malnutrition, and other factors affecting fetal brain development are a major component of risk for a child's emotional development and later mental illnesses, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism. Prenatal interventions to ameliorate that risk have yet to be established for clinical use. A systematic review of prenatal nutrients and childhood emotional development and later mental illness was performed. Randomized trials of folic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and omega-3 fatty acid supplements assess effects of doses beyond those adequate to remedy deficiencies to promote normal fetal development despite genetic and environmental risks. Folic acid to prevent neural tube defects is an example. Vitamins A and D are currently recommended at maximum levels, but women's incomplete compliance permits observational studies of their effects. Folic acid and phosphatidylcholine supplements have shown evidence for improving childhood emotional development associated with later mental illnesses. Vitamins A and D decreased the risk for schizophrenia and autism in retrospective observations. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation during early pregnancy increased the risk for schizophrenia and increased symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, but in later pregnancy it decreased childhood wheezing and premature birth. Studies are complicated by the length of time between birth and the emergence of mental illnesses like schizophrenia, compared with anomalies like facial clefts identified at birth. As part of comprehensive maternal and fetal care, prenatal nutrient interventions should be further considered as uniquely effective first steps in decreasing risk for future psychiatric and other illnesses in newborn children. [AJP at 175: Remembering Our Past As We Envision Our Future July 1959: Longitudinal Observations of Biological Deviations in a Schizophrenic Infant Barbara Fish described the course of an infant born with fluctuating motor problems who developed schizophrenia. (Am J Psychiatry 1959; 116:25-31 )].
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Freedman
- From the Institute for Children’s Mental Disorders and the Departments of Psychiatry and of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Sharon K. Hunter
- From the Institute for Children’s Mental Disorders and the Departments of Psychiatry and of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - M. Camille Hoffman
- From the Institute for Children’s Mental Disorders and the Departments of Psychiatry and of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
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Mechanistic insights into the genetics of affective psychosis from Prader-Willi syndrome. Lancet Psychiatry 2018; 5:370-378. [PMID: 29352661 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are common, severe, and disabling psychotic disorders, which are difficult to research. We argue that the genetically determined neurodevelopmental disorder Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), which is associated with a high risk of affective psychotic illness, can provide a window into genetic mechanisms and associated neural pathways. People with PWS can all show non-psychotic psychopathology and problem behaviours, but the prevalence of psychotic illness differs markedly by genetic subtype; people with PWS due to chromosome 15 maternal uniparental disomy have higher prevalence of psychotic illness compared with patients with PWS due to 15q11-13 deletions of paternal origin. On the basis of this observation and the neural differences between genetic subtypes, we hypothesise that the combined effects of the absent expression of specific maternally imprinted genes at 15q11-13, and excess maternally imprinted or paternally expressed genes on chromosome 15, affect the γ-aminobutyric acid-glutamatergic pathways and associated neural networks that underpin mood regulation and sensory processing, resulting in psychotic illness. We propose a model of potential mechanisms of psychosis in PWS, which might be relevant in the general population, and should inform future research.
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50
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Ho BC, Barry AB, Koeppel JA. Impulsivity in unaffected adolescent biological relatives of schizophrenia patients. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 97:47-53. [PMID: 29175297 PMCID: PMC5742548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although schizophrenia is not a prototypic impulse-control disorder, patients report more impulsive behaviors, have higher rates of substance use, and show dysfunction in brain circuits that underlie impulsivity. We investigate impulsivity in unaffected biological relatives of schizophrenia patients to further understand the relationships between schizophrenia risk and impulse control during adolescence. METHOD Group differences in impulsivity (UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale and delay discounting) were tested in 210 adolescents contrasting 39 first- and 53 second-degree biological relatives of schizophrenia patients, and 118 subjects with no schizophrenia family history (NSFH). RESULTS Compared to NSFH adolescents and to second-degree relatives, first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients had increased impulsivity-related behaviors (higher UPPS-P Perseverance, Positive Urgency and Premeditation subscale scores) and greater preference for immediate rewards (smaller AUC and larger discounting constant). Second-degree relatives did not differ significantly from NSFH adolescents on self-report impulsive behaviors or on measures of impulsive decision-making. These group differences remained even after careful consideration of potential confounding factors. CONCLUSION Impulsivity is associated with schizophrenia risk, and its severity increases with greater familial relatedness to the schizophrenia proband. Additional studies are needed to understand the role impulsivity may play in mediating schizophrenia susceptibility during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beng-Choon Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Amy B Barry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Julie A Koeppel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
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