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Lani R, Thariq IM, Suhaimi NS, Hassandarvish P, Abu Bakar S. From defense to offense: Modulating toll-like receptors to combat arbovirus infections. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2306675. [PMID: 38263674 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2306675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are a significant threat to global public health, with outbreaks occurring worldwide. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the innate immune response against these viruses by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns and initiating an inflammatory response. Significantly, TLRs commonly implicated in the immune response against viral infections include TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8; limiting or allowing them to replicate and spread within the host. Modulating TLRs has emerged as a promising approach to combat arbovirus infections. This review summarizes recent advances in TLR modulation as a therapeutic target in arbovirus infections. Studies have shown that the activation of TLRs can enhance the immune response against arbovirus infections, leading to increased viral clearance and protection against disease. Conversely, inhibition of TLRs can reduce the excessive inflammation and tissue damage associated with arbovirus infection. Modulating TLRs represents a potential therapeutic strategy to combat arbovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafidah Lani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ilya Maisarah Thariq
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nuramira Syazreen Suhaimi
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pouya Hassandarvish
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sazaly Abu Bakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Chen Z, Zhou Y, Chen X, Sheng Y, Liao J, Huang Y, Zhong X, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Zhang Z, Wang Y. Genome-wide identification of toll-like receptors in Octopus sinensis and expression analysis in response to different PAMPs stimulation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109591. [PMID: 38679344 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the extensively studied pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and play crucial roles in the immune responses of vertebrates and invertebrates. In this study, 14 TLR genes were identified from the genome-wide data of Octopus sinensis. Protein structural domain analysis showed that most TLR proteins had three main structural domains: extracellular leucine-rich repeats (LRR), transmembrane structural domains, and intracellular Toll/IL-1 receptor domain (TIR). The results of subcellular localization prediction showed that the TLRs of O. sinensis were mainly located on the plasma membrane. The results of quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) showed that the detected TLR genes were differentially expressed in the hemolymph, white bodies, hepatopancreas, gills, gill heart, intestine, kidney, and salivary gland of O. sinensis. Furthermore, the present study investigated the expression changes of O. sinensis TLR genes in hemolymph, white bodies, gills, and hepatopancreas in different phases (6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h) after stimulation with PGN, poly(I: C) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The expression of most of the TLR genes was upregulated at different time points after infection with pathogens or stimulation with PAMPs, a few genes were unchanged or even down-regulated, and many of the TLR genes were much higher after V. parahaemolyticus infection than after PGN and poly(I:C) stimulation. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the molecular immune mechanisms of O. sinensis TLRs genes in resistance to pathogen stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yuquan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yinzhen Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jiaqian Liao
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yicong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xiao Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Putian Municipal Institute of Fishery Science, Putian, 351100, China
| | - Youfang Zhu
- Putian Municipal Institute of Fishery Science, Putian, 351100, China
| | - Ziping Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Yilei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Fahmy L, Generalovic T, Ali YM, Seilly D, Sivanesan K, Kalmar L, Pipan M, Christie G, Grant AJ. A novel family of defensin-like peptides from Hermetia illucens with antibacterial properties. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:167. [PMID: 38755524 PMCID: PMC11097590 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The world faces a major infectious disease challenge. Interest in the discovery, design, or development of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as an alternative approach for the treatment of bacterial infections has increased. Insects are a good source of AMPs which are the main effector molecules of their innate immune system. Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) are being developed for large-scale rearing for food sustainability, waste reduction and as sustainable animal and fish feed. Bioinformatic studies have suggested that BSFL have the largest number of AMPs identified in insects. However, most AMPs identified in BSF have not yet undergone antimicrobial evaluation but are promising leads to treat critical infections. RESULTS Jg7197.t1, Jg7902.t1 and Jg7904.t1 were expressed into the haemolymph of larvae following infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and were predicted to be AMPs using the computational tool ampir. The genes encoding these proteins were within 2 distinct clusters in chromosome 1 of the BSF genome. Following removal of signal peptides, predicted structures of the mature proteins were superimposed, highlighting a high degree of structural conservation. The 3 AMPs share primary sequences with proteins that contain a Kunitz-binding domain; characterised for inhibitory action against proteases, and antimicrobial activities. An in vitro antimicrobial screen indicated that heterologously expressed SUMO-Jg7197.t1 and SUMO-Jg7902.t1 did not show activity against 12 bacterial strains. While recombinant SUMO-Jg7904.t1 had antimicrobial activity against a range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including the serious pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. CONCLUSIONS We have cloned and purified putative AMPs from BSFL and performed initial in vitro experiments to evaluate their antimicrobial activity. In doing so, we have identified a putative novel defensin-like AMP, Jg7904.t1, encoded in a paralogous gene cluster, with antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Fahmy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tomas Generalovic
- Better Origin, Future Business Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Youssif M Ali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Seilly
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kesavan Sivanesan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lajos Kalmar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Miha Pipan
- Better Origin, Future Business Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Graham Christie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew J Grant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Miao Z, Xiong C, Wang Y, Shan T, Jiang H. Identification of immunity-related genes distinctly regulated by Manduca sexta Spӓtzle-1/2 and Escherichia coli peptidoglycan. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 168:104108. [PMID: 38552808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The immune system of Manduca sexta has been well studied to understand molecular mechanisms of insect antimicrobial responses. While evidence supports the existence of major immune signaling pathways in this species, it is unclear how induced production of defense proteins is specifically regulated by the Toll and Imd pathways. Our previous studies suggested that diaminopimelic acid-type peptidoglycans (DAP-PG) from Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria, more than Lys-type peptidoglycans (Lys-PG) from other Gram-positive bacteria, triggers both pathways through membrane-bound receptors orthologous to Drosophila Toll and PGRP-LC. In this study, we produced M. sexta proSpätzle-1 and proSpätzle-2 in Sf9 cells, identified their processing enzymes, and used prophenoloxidase activating protease-3 to activate the cytokine precursors. After Spätzle-1 and -2 were isolated from the reaction mixtures, we separately injected the purified cytokines into larval hemocoel to induce gene transcription in fat body through the Toll pathway solely. On the other hand, we treated a M. sexta cell line with E. coli DAP-PG to only induce the Imd pathway and target gene expression. RNA-Seq analysis of the fat body and cultured cells collected at 0, 6, and 24 h after treatment indicated that expression of diapausin-4, -10, -12, -13, cecropin-2, -4, -5, attacin-5, -11, and lebocin D is up-regulated predominantly via Toll signaling, whereas transcription of cecropin-6, gloverin, lysozyme-1, and gallerimycin-2 is mostly induced by DAP-PG via Imd signaling. Other antimicrobial peptides are expressed in response to both pathways. Transcripts of most Toll-specific genes (e.g., lebocin D) peaked at 6 h, contrasting the gradual increase and plateauing of drosomycin mRNA level at 24-48 h in Drosophila. We also used T (oll)-I (md) ratios to estimate relative contributions of the two pathways to transcriptional regulation of other components of the immune system. The differences in pathway specificity and time course of transcriptional regulation call for further investigations in M. sexta and other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelong Miao
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Chao Xiong
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Tisheng Shan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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Carpenter S, O'Neill LAJ. From periphery to center stage: 50 years of advancements in innate immunity. Cell 2024; 187:2030-2051. [PMID: 38670064 PMCID: PMC11060700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Over the past 50 years in the field of immunology, something of a Copernican revolution has happened. For a long time, immunologists were mainly concerned with what is termed adaptive immunity, which involves the exquisitely specific activities of lymphocytes. But the other arm of immunity, so-called "innate immunity," had been neglected. To celebrate Cell's 50th anniversary, we have put together a review of the processes and components of innate immunity and trace the seminal contributions leading to the modern state of this field. Innate immunity has joined adaptive immunity in the center of interest for all those who study the body's defenses, as well as homeostasis and pathology. We are now entering the era where therapeutic targeting of innate immune receptors and downstream signals hold substantial promise for infectious and inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Carpenter
- University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Hixson B, Huot L, Morejon B, Yang X, Nagy P, Michel K, Buchon N. The transcriptional response in mosquitoes distinguishes between fungi and bacteria but not Gram types. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:353. [PMID: 38594632 PMCID: PMC11003161 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are prolific vectors of human pathogens, therefore a clear and accurate understanding of the organization of their antimicrobial defenses is crucial for informing the development of transmission control strategies. The canonical infection response in insects, as described in the insect model Drosophila melanogaster, is pathogen type-dependent, with distinct stereotypical responses to Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria/fungi mediated by the activation of the Imd and Toll pathways, respectively. To determine whether this pathogen-specific discrimination is shared by mosquitoes, we used RNAseq to capture the genome-wide transcriptional response of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) to systemic infection with Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi, as well as challenge with heat-killed Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and fungal pathogens. From the resulting data, we found that Ae. aegypti and An. gambiae both mount a core response to all categories of infection, and this response is highly conserved between the two species with respect to both function and orthology. When we compared the transcriptomes of mosquitoes infected with different types of bacteria, we observed that the intensity of the transcriptional response was correlated with both the virulence and growth rate of the infecting pathogen. Exhaustive comparisons of the transcriptomes of Gram-negative-challenged versus Gram-positive-challenged mosquitoes yielded no difference in either species. In Ae. aegypti, however, we identified transcriptional signatures specific to bacterial infection and to fungal infection. The bacterial infection response was dominated by the expression of defensins and cecropins, while the fungal infection response included the disproportionate upregulation of an uncharacterized family of glycine-rich proteins. These signatures were also observed in Ae. aegypti challenged with heat-killed bacteria and fungi, indicating that this species can discriminate between molecular patterns that are specific to bacteria and to fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bretta Hixson
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Louise Huot
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Bianca Morejon
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Current address: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute for Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Peter Nagy
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Kristin Michel
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Nicolas Buchon
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Pradeu T, Thomma BPHJ, Girardin SE, Lemaitre B. The conceptual foundations of innate immunity: Taking stock 30 years later. Immunity 2024; 57:613-631. [PMID: 38599162 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
While largely neglected over decades during which adaptive immunity captured most of the attention, innate immune mechanisms have now become central to our understanding of immunology. Innate immunity provides the first barrier to infection in vertebrates, and it is the sole mechanism of host defense in invertebrates and plants. Innate immunity also plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis, shaping the microbiota, and in disease contexts such as cancer, neurodegeneration, metabolic syndromes, and aging. The emergence of the field of innate immunity has led to an expanded view of the immune system, which is no longer restricted to vertebrates and instead concerns all metazoans, plants, and even prokaryotes. The study of innate immunity has given rise to new concepts and language. Here, we review the history and definition of the core concepts of innate immunity, discussing their value and fruitfulness in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pradeu
- CNRS UMR 5164 ImmunoConcept, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Presidential Fellow, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Jang S, Ishigami K, Mergaert P, Kikuchi Y. Ingested soil bacteria breach gut epithelia and prime systemic immunity in an insect. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315540121. [PMID: 38437561 PMCID: PMC10945853 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315540121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects lack acquired immunity and were thought to have no immune memory, but recent studies reported a phenomenon called immune priming, wherein sublethal dose of pathogens or nonpathogenic microbes stimulates immunity and prevents subsequential pathogen infection. Although the evidence for insect immune priming is accumulating, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. The bean bug Riptortus pedestris acquires its gut microbiota from ambient soil and spatially structures them into a multispecies and variable community in the anterior midgut and a specific, monospecies Caballeronia symbiont population in the posterior region. We demonstrate that a particular Burkholderia strain colonizing the anterior midgut stimulates systemic immunity by penetrating gut epithelia and migrating into the hemolymph. The activated immunity, consisting of a humoral and a cellular response, had no negative effect on the host fitness, but on the contrary protected the insect from subsequent infection by pathogenic bacteria. Interruption of contact between the Burkholderia strain and epithelia of the gut weakened the host immunity back to preinfection levels and made the insects more vulnerable to microbial infection, demonstrating that persistent acquisition of environmental bacteria is important to maintain an efficient immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghan Jang
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido Center, 062-8517Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kota Ishigami
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido Center, 062-8517Sapporo, Japan
| | - Peter Mergaert
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, 91198Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yoshitomo Kikuchi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido Center, 062-8517Sapporo, Japan
- Unit of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, 060-8589Sapporo, Japan
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Perlmutter JI, Chapman JR, Wilkinson MC, Nevarez-Saenz I, Unckless RL. A single amino acid polymorphism in natural Metchnikowin alleles of Drosophila results in systemic immunity and life history tradeoffs. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011155. [PMID: 38466751 PMCID: PMC10957085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are at the interface of interactions between hosts and microbes and are therefore expected to be rapidly evolving in a coevolutionary arms race with pathogens. In contrast, previous work demonstrated that insect AMPs tend to evolve more slowly than the genome average. Metchikowin (Mtk) is a Drosophila AMP that has a single amino acid residue that segregates as either proline (P) or arginine (R) in populations of four different species, some of which diverged more than 10 million years ago. These results suggest that there is a distinct functional importance to each allele. The most likely hypotheses are driven by two main questions: does each allele have a different efficacy against different specific pathogens (specificity hypothesis)? Or, is one allele a more potent antimicrobial, but with a host fitness cost (autoimmune hypothesis)? To assess their functional differences, we created D. melanogaster lines with the P allele, R allele, or Mtk null mutation using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and performed a series of life history and infection assays to assess them. In males, testing of systemic immune responses to a repertoire of bacteria and fungi demonstrated that the R allele performs as well or better than the P and null alleles with most infections. Females show some results that contrast with males, with Mtk alleles either not contributing to survival or with the P allele outperforming the R allele. In addition, measurements of life history traits demonstrate that the R allele is more costly in the absence of infection for both sexes. These results are consistent with both the specificity hypothesis (either allele can perform better against certain pathogens depending on context), and the autoimmune hypothesis (the R allele is generally the more potent antimicrobial in males, and carries a fitness cost). These results provide strong in vivo evidence that differential fitness with or without infection and sex-based functional differences in alleles may be adaptive mechanisms of maintaining immune gene polymorphisms in contrast with expectations of rapid evolution. Therefore, a complex interplay of forces including pathogen species and host sex may lead to balancing selection for immune genotypes. Strikingly, this selection may act on even a single amino acid polymorphism in an AMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessamyn I. Perlmutter
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Joanne R. Chapman
- Institute of Environmental and Scientific Research (ESR), Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mason C. Wilkinson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Isaac Nevarez-Saenz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Unckless
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
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Kumar V, Stewart JH. cGLRs Join Their Cousins of Pattern Recognition Receptor Family to Regulate Immune Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1828. [PMID: 38339107 PMCID: PMC10855445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize danger signals such as PAMPs/MAMPs and DAMPs to initiate a protective immune response. TLRs, NLRs, CLRs, and RLRs are well-characterized PRRs of the host immune system. cGLRs have been recently identified as PRRs. In humans, the cGAS/STING signaling pathway is a part of cGLRs. cGAS recognizes cytosolic dsDNA as a PAMP or DAMP to initiate the STING-dependent immune response comprising type 1 IFN release, NF-κB activation, autophagy, and cellular senescence. The present article discusses the emergence of cGLRs as critical PRRs and how they regulate immune responses. We examined the role of cGAS/STING signaling, a well-studied cGLR system, in the activation of the immune system. The following sections discuss the role of cGAS/STING dysregulation in disease and how immune cross-talk with other PRRs maintains immune homeostasis. This understanding will lead to the design of better vaccines and immunotherapeutics for various diseases, including infections, autoimmunity, and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA;
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Du Y, Li J, Chen S, Xia Y, Jin K. Pathogenicity analysis and comparative genomics reveal the different infection strategies between the generalist Metarhizium anisopliae and the specialist Metarhizium acridum. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:820-836. [PMID: 37794279 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungal genera Metarhizium contain many important multiple species that are used as biocontrol agents and as model organisms for exploring insect-fungal interactions. Metarhizium spp. exhibit different traits of pathogenicity, suggesting that the pathogenesis can be quite distinctive. However, the underlying differences in their pathogenesis remain poorly understood. RESULTS Pathogenicity analysis showed that Metarhizium anisopliae (strain CQMa421) displayed higher virulence against oriental migratory locusts, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen), than the acridid-specific specie Metarhizium acridum (strain CQMa102). Relative to M. acridum, M. anisopliae possessed a higher conidial hydrophobicity, increased ability to penetrate the host, accelerated growth under hypoxia and enhanced ability for the utilization of different carbon sources. Different distributions of carbohydrate epitopes at cell wall surface of M. anisopliae might also contribute to successful evasion of host immune defenses. Comparative genomics showed that M. anisopliae has 98 more virulence-related secreted proteins (133) than M. acridum (35), which can be functionally classified as hydrolases, virulence effectors, cell wall degradation and stress tolerance-related proteins, and helpful to the cuticle penetration and host internal environment adaption. In addition, differences in genomic clusters specifically related to secondary metabolites, including the clusters of Indole-NRPS hybrid, T1PKS-NRPS like hybrid, Betalactone, Fungal-Ripp and NRPS-Terpene hybrid, may lead to differences in core virulence-related secondary metabolite genes in M. acridum (18) and M. anisopliae (36). CONCLUSION The comparative study provided new insights into the different infection strategies between M. anisopliae and M. acridum, and further facilitate the identification of virulence-related genes for the improvement of mycoinsecticides. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Du
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Shaopeng Chen
- Tobacco Leaf Branch of Chongqing Tobacco Company of China Tobacco Corporation, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yuxian Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Kai Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, P. R. China
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12
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Critchlow JT, Prakash A, Zhong KY, Tate AT. Mapping the functional form of the trade-off between infection resistance and reproductive fitness under dysregulated immune signaling. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012049. [PMID: 38408106 PMCID: PMC10919860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune responses benefit organismal fitness by clearing parasites but also exact costs associated with immunopathology and energetic investment. Hosts manage these costs by tightly regulating the induction of immune signaling to curtail excessive responses and restore homeostasis. Despite the theoretical importance of turning off the immune response to mitigate these costs, experimentally connecting variation in the negative regulation of immune responses to organismal fitness remains a frontier in evolutionary immunology. In this study, we used a dose-response approach to manipulate the RNAi-mediated knockdown efficiency of cactus (IκBα), a central regulator of Toll pathway signal transduction in flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum). By titrating cactus activity across four distinct levels, we derived the shape of the relationship between immune response investment and traits associated with host fitness, including infection susceptibility, lifespan, fecundity, body mass, and gut homeostasis. Cactus knock-down increased the overall magnitude of inducible immune responses and delayed their resolution in a dsRNA dose-dependent manner, promoting survival and resistance following bacterial infection. However, these benefits were counterbalanced by dsRNA dose-dependent costs to lifespan, fecundity, body mass, and gut integrity. Our results allowed us to move beyond the qualitative identification of a trade-off between immune investment and fitness to actually derive its functional form. This approach paves the way to quantitatively compare the evolution and impact of distinct regulatory elements on life-history trade-offs and fitness, filling a crucial gap in our conceptual and theoretical models of immune signaling network evolution and the maintenance of natural variation in immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Critchlow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Arun Prakash
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Katherine Y Zhong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ann T Tate
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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13
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Liu Y, He Y, Cao J, Lu H, Zou R, Zuo Z, Li R, Zhang Y, Sun J. Correlative analysis of transcriptome and proteome in Penaeus vannamei reveals key signaling pathways are involved in IFN-like antiviral regulation mediated by interferon regulatory factor (PvIRF). Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127138. [PMID: 37776923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are crucial transcription factors that regulate interferon (IFN) induction in response to pathogen invasion. The regulatory mechanism of IRF has been well studied in vertebrates, but little has been known in arthropods. Therefore, in order to obtain new insights into the potential molecular mechanism of Peneaus vannamei IRF (PvIRF) in response to viral infection, comprehensive comparative analysis of the transcriptome and proteome profiles in shrimp infected with WSSV after knocking down PvIRF was conducted by using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ). The sequence characterization, molecular functional evolution and 3D spatial structure of PvIRF were analyzed by using bioinformatics methods. PvIRF share the higher homology with different species in N-terminal end (containing DNA binding domain (DBD) including DNA sequence recognition sites and metal binding site) than that in C-terminal end. Within 4 IRF subfamilies of vertebrates, PvIRF had closer relationship with IRF1 subfamily. The DBD of PvIRF and C. gigas IRF1a were composed of α-helices and β-folds which was similar with the DBD structure of M. musculus IRF2. Interestingly, different from the five Tryptophan repeats highly homologous in the DBD of vertebrate IRF, the first and fifth tryptophans of PvIRF mutate to Phenylalanine and Leucine respectively, while the mutations were conserved among shrimp IRFs. RNAi knockdown of PvIRF gene by double-strand RNA could obviously promote the in vivo propagation of WSSV in shrimp and increase the mortality of WSSV-infected shrimp. It suggested that PvIRF was involved in inhibiting the replication of WSSV in shrimp. A total of 8787 transcripts and 2846 proteins were identified with significantly differential abundances in WSSV-infected shrimp after PvIRF knockdown, among which several immune-related members were identified and categorized into 10 groups according to their possible functions. Furthermore, the variation of expression profile from members of key signaling pathways involving JAK/STAT and Toll signaling pathway implied that they might participate IRF-mediated IFN-like regulation in shrimp. Correlative analyses indicated that 722 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) shared the same expression profiles with their corresponding transcripts, including recognition-related proteins (CTLs and ITGs), chitin-binding proteins (peritrophin), and effectors (ALFs and SWD), while 401 DEPs with the opposite expression profiles across the two levels emphasized the critical role of post-transcriptional and post-translational modification. The results provide candidate signaling pathway including pivotal genes and proteins involved in the regulatory mechanism of interferon mediated by IRF on shrimp antiviral response. This is the first report in crustacean to explore the IFN-like antiviral regulation pathway mediated by IRF on the basis of transcriptome and proteomics correlative analysis, and will provide new ideas for further research on innate immune and defense mechanisms of crustacean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yuxin He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jinlai Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hangjia Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Ruifeng Zou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Zhihan Zuo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Ran Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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14
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Wiil J, Sørensen JG, Colinet H. Exploring cross-protective effects between cold and immune stress in Drosophila melanogaster. Parasite 2023; 30:54. [PMID: 38084935 PMCID: PMC10714677 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that environmental and biotic stressors like temperature and pathogens/parasites are essential for the life of small ectotherms. There are complex interactions between cold stress and pathogen infection in insects. Possible cross-protective mechanisms occur between both stressors, suggesting broad connectivity in insect stress responses. In this study, the functional significance of these interactions was tested, as well as the potential role of newly uncovered candidate genes, turandot. This was done using an array of factorial experiments exposing Drosophila melanogaster flies to a combination of different cold stress regimes (acute or chronic) and infections with the parasitic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Following these crossed treatments, phenotypic and molecular responses were assessed by measuring 1) induced cold tolerance, 2) immune resistance to parasitic fungus, and 3) activation of turandot genes. We found various responses in the phenotypic outcomes according to the various treatment combinations with higher susceptibility to infection following cold stress, but also significantly higher acute cold survival in flies that were infected. Regarding molecular responses, we found overexpression of turandot genes in response to most treatments, suggesting reactivity to both cold and infection. Moreover, maximum peak expressions were distinctly observed in the combined treatments (infection plus cold), indicating a marked synergistic effect of the stressors on turandot gene expression patterns. These results reflect the great complexity of cross-tolerance reactions between infection and abiotic stress, but could also shed light on the mechanisms underlying the activation of these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Wiil
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Université de Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Écosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)] – UMR 6553 263 AVE du Général Leclerc 35000 Rennes France
| | | | - Hervé Colinet
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Université de Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Écosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)] – UMR 6553 263 AVE du Général Leclerc 35000 Rennes France
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15
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Ramage G, Borghi E, Rodrigues CF, Kean R, Williams C, Lopez-Ribot J. Our current clinical understanding of Candida biofilms: where are we two decades on? APMIS 2023; 131:636-653. [PMID: 36932821 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Clinically we have been aware of the concept of Candida biofilms for many decades, though perhaps without the formal designation. Just over 20 years ago the subject emerged on the back of progress made from the bacterial biofilms, and academic progress pace has continued to mirror the bacterial biofilm community, albeit at a decreased volume. It is apparent that Candida species have a considerable capacity to colonize surfaces and interfaces and form tenacious biofilm structures, either alone or in mixed species communities. From the oral cavity, to the respiratory and genitourinary tracts, wounds, or in and around a plethora of biomedical devices, the scope of these infections is vast. These are highly tolerant to antifungal therapies that has a measurable impact on clinical management. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overight of our current clinical understanding of where these biofilms cause infections, and we discuss existing and emerging antifungal therapies and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Ramage
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Study Group for Biofilms (ESGB), European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Borghi
- Study Group for Biofilms (ESGB), European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Medical School, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Célia Fortuna Rodrigues
- Study Group for Biofilms (ESGB), European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Basel, Switzerland
- LEPABE-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário-CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário-CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
- TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário-CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Ryan Kean
- Study Group for Biofilms (ESGB), European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Craig Williams
- Study Group for Biofilms (ESGB), European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Basel, Switzerland
- Microbiology Department, Morecambe Bay NHS Trust, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jose Lopez-Ribot
- Department of Biology and the South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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16
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Cardoso-Jaime V, Maya-Maldonado K, Tsutsumi V, Hernández-Martínez S. Mosquito pericardial cells upregulate Cecropin expression after an immune challenge. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 147:104745. [PMID: 37268262 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Most mosquito-transmitted pathogens grow or replicate in the midgut before invading the salivary glands. Pathogens are exposed to several immunological factors along the way. Recently, it was shown that hemocytes gather near the periostial region of the heart to efficiently phagocytose pathogens circulating in the hemolymph. Nerveless, not all pathogens can be phagocyted by hemocytes and eliminated by lysis. Interestingly, some studies have shown that pericardial cells (PCs) surrounding periostial regions, may produce humoral factors, such as lysozymes. Our current work provides evidence that Anopheles albimanus PCs are a major producer of Cecropin 1 (Cec1). Furthermore, our findings reveal that after an immunological challenge, PCs upregulate Cec1 expression. We conclude that PCs are positioned in a strategic location that could allow releasing humoral components, such as cecropin, to lyse pathogens on the heart or circulating in the hemolymph, implying that PCs could play a significant role in the systemic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Cardoso-Jaime
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Av. Universidad 655, Santa María Ahuacatitlan, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62100, Mexico; Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, IPN. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, C.P. 07360, Mexico
| | - Krystal Maya-Maldonado
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Av. Universidad 655, Santa María Ahuacatitlan, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62100, Mexico; Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, IPN. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, C.P. 07360, Mexico
| | - Víctor Tsutsumi
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, IPN. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, C.P. 07360, Mexico.
| | - Salvador Hernández-Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Av. Universidad 655, Santa María Ahuacatitlan, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62100, Mexico.
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17
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Liu J, Wang W, Kong N, Yu S, Dong M, Yang W, Li Y, Zhou X, Wang L, Song L. A pattern recognition receptor CgTLR3 involves in regulating the proliferation of haemocytes in oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 147:104762. [PMID: 37353060 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed on various immune cells as key elements of innate and adaptive immunity, and they also play significant roles in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. In the present study, the binding activity of CgTLR3 to PAMPs and CgMyD88-2, and its role in mediating the proliferation of haemocytes was investigated. The recombinant proteins of the extracellular six LRR domains (rCgTLR3-LRR) and intracellular TIR domain (rCgTLR3-TIR) of CgTLR3 were obtained respectively. rCgTLR3-LRR exhibited binding activity to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), mannan (MAN) and Poly (I:C), with the highest affinity for LPS. While rCgTLR3-TIR displayed binding activity to the recombinant protein of rCgMyD88-2, with KD value of 7.22 × 10-7 M. The CgTLR3 mRNA and protein were detected in three subpopulations of oyster haemocytes, and they were mainly concentrated in granulocytes, which was 7.27-fold (p < 0.05) of that in semi-granulocytes and 8.51-fold (p < 0.01) of that in agranulocytes. The percentage of CgTLR3 positive cells (FITC+ haemocytes) in granulocytes was 4.45-fold (p < 0.01) and 2.57-fold (p < 0.05) of that in agranulocytes and semi-granulocytes, respectively. After Vibrio splendidus stimulation, the mRNA expression level of CgTLR3 in haemocytes significantly upregulated at 6 h and 12 h, which was 2.93-fold (p < 0.05) and 4.15-fold (p < 0.05) of that in the control group. After the expression of CgTLR3 was inhibited by the injection of si-CgTLR3, the expression levels of transcription factors associated with hematopoiesis (CgGATA, CgRunx), cell cycle-related genes (CgPCNA, CgCDC-45, CgCDK-2), the agranulocyte marker CgCD-9, the granulocyte marker CgAATase, and the inflammatory factor CgIL17-1 significantly decreased (p < 0.05) after the V. splendidus stimulation, which were 0.43-fold, 0.83-fold, 0.48-fold, 0.44-fold, 0.53-fold, 0.7-fold, 0.62-fold, and 0.47-fold of that in NC + V. s group in vivo, respectively. Meanwhile, the percentage of EdU+ haemocytes in si-CgTLR3+V. s group was significantly reduced by 0.54-fold (p < 0.05) compared to the control group (2.7%). These results collectively indicated that CgTLR3 was involved in modulating the proliferation of haemocytes by regulating the expression of proliferation-related genes and inflammatory factor in oyster C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China
| | - Ning Kong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Simiao Yu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Miren Dong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wenwen Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yinan Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhou
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Guangdong, Zhuhai, 519000, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Guangdong, Zhuhai, 519000, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
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18
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Li S, Wang J, Tian X, Toufeeq S, Huang W. Immunometabolic regulation during the presence of microorganisms and parasitoids in insects. Front Immunol 2023; 14:905467. [PMID: 37818375 PMCID: PMC10560992 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.905467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms live in environments containing diverse nutrients and a wide variety of microbial communities. On the one hand, the immune response of organisms can protect from the intrusion of exogenous microorganisms. On the other hand, the dynamic coordination of anabolism and catabolism of organisms is a necessary factor for growth and reproduction. Since the production of an immune response is an energy-intensive process, the activation of immune cells is accompanied by metabolic transformations that enable the rapid production of ATP and new biomolecules. In insects, the coordination of immunity and metabolism is the basis for insects to cope with environmental challenges and ensure normal growth, development and reproduction. During the activation of insect immune tissues by pathogenic microorganisms, not only the utilization of organic resources can be enhanced, but also the activated immune cells can usurp the nutrients of non-immune tissues by generating signals. At the same time, insects also have symbiotic bacteria in their body, which can affect insect physiology through immune-metabolic regulation. This paper reviews the research progress of insect immune-metabolism regulation from the perspective of insect tissues, such as fat body, gut and hemocytes. The effects of microorganisms (pathogenic bacteria/non-pathogenic bacteria) and parasitoids on immune-metabolism were elaborated here, which provide guidance to uncover immunometabolism mechanisms in insects and mammals. This work also provides insights to utilize immune-metabolism for the formulation of pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Li
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, China
| | - Xing Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shahzad Toufeeq
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wuren Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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19
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Zhao M, Lin Z, Zheng Z, Yao D, Yang S, Zhao Y, Chen X, Aweya JJ, Zhang Y. The mechanisms and factors that induce trained immunity in arthropods and mollusks. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1241934. [PMID: 37744346 PMCID: PMC10513178 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1241934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides dividing the organism's immune system into adaptive and innate immunity, it has long been thought that only adaptive immunity can establish immune memory. However, many studies have shown that innate immunity can also build immunological memory through epigenetic reprogramming and modifications to resist pathogens' reinfection, known as trained immunity. This paper reviews the role of mitochondrial metabolism and epigenetic modifications and describes the molecular foundation in the trained immunity of arthropods and mollusks. Mitochondrial metabolism and epigenetic modifications complement each other and play a key role in trained immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhao
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Zhongyang Lin
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Zhihong Zheng
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Defu Yao
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Shen Yang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yongzhen Zhao
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning, China
| | - Xiuli Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
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20
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Al B, Suen TK, Placek K, Netea MG. Innate (learned) memory. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:551-566. [PMID: 37385546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
With the growing body of evidence, it is now clear that not only adaptive immune cells but also innate immune cells can mount a more rapid and potent nonspecific immune response to subsequent exposures. This process is known as trained immunity or innate (learned) immune memory. This review discusses the different immune and nonimmune cell types of the central and peripheral immune systems that can develop trained immunity. This review highlights the intracellular signaling and metabolic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the formation of innate immune memory. Finally, this review explores the health implications together with the potential therapeutic interventions harnessing trained immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Al
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn
| | - Tsz K Suen
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn
| | - Katarzyna Placek
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn; Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen.
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21
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Kuyateh O, Obbard DJ. Viruses in Laboratory Drosophila and Their Impact on Host Gene Expression. Viruses 2023; 15:1849. [PMID: 37766256 PMCID: PMC10537266 DOI: 10.3390/v15091849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has one of the best characterized antiviral immune responses among invertebrates. However, relatively few easily transmitted natural virus isolates are available, and so many Drosophila experiments have been performed using artificial infection routes and artificial host-virus combinations. These may not reflect natural infections, especially for subtle phenotypes such as gene expression. Here, to explore the laboratory virus community and to better understand how natural virus infections induce changes in gene expression, we have analysed seven publicly available D. melanogaster transcriptomic sequencing datasets that were originally sequenced for projects unrelated to virus infection. We have found ten known viruses-including five that have not been experimentally isolated-but no previously unknown viruses. Our analysis of host gene expression revealed that numerous genes were differentially expressed in flies that were naturally infected with a virus. For example, flies infected with nora virus showed patterns of gene expression consistent with intestinal vacuolization and possible host repair via the upd3 JAK/STAT pathway. We also found marked sex differences in virus-induced differential gene expression. Our results show that natural virus infection in laboratory Drosophila does indeed induce detectable changes in gene expression, suggesting that this may form an important background condition for experimental studies in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumie Kuyateh
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK;
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Darren J. Obbard
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK;
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22
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Odnokoz O, Earland N, Badinloo M, Klichko VI, Benes J, Orr WC, Radyuk SN. Peroxiredoxins Play an Important Role in the Regulation of Immunity and Aging in Drosophila. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1616. [PMID: 37627611 PMCID: PMC10451867 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant immune responses and chronic inflammation can impose significant health risks and promote premature aging. Pro-inflammatory responses are largely mediated via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduction-oxidation reactions. A pivotal role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and the proper control of redox-sensitive signaling belongs to a family of antioxidant and redox-regulating thiol-related peroxidases designated as peroxiredoxins (Prx). Our recent studies in Drosophila have shown that Prxs play a critical role in aging and immunity. We identified two important 'hubs', the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, where extracellular and intracellular stress signals are transformed into pro-inflammatory responses that are modulated by the activity of the Prxs residing in these cellular organelles. Here, we found that mitochondrial Prx activity in the intestinal epithelium is required to prevent the development of intestinal barrier dysfunction, which can drive systemic inflammation and premature aging. Using a redox-negative mutant, we demonstrated that Prx acts in a redox-dependent manner in regulating the age-related immune response. The hyperactive immune response observed in flies under-expressing mitochondrial Prxs is due to a response to abiotic signals but not to changes in the bacterial content. This hyperactive response, but not reduced lifespan phenotype, can be rescued by the ER-localized Prx.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Svetlana N. Radyuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA; (O.O.); (N.E.); (M.B.); (V.I.K.); (J.B.); (W.C.O.)
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23
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Critchlow JT, Prakash A, Zhong KY, Tate AT. Mapping the functional form of the trade-off between infection resistance and reproductive fitness under dysregulated immune signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.10.552815. [PMID: 37645726 PMCID: PMC10461925 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.10.552815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses benefit organismal fitness by clearing parasites but also exact costs associated with immunopathology and energetic investment. Hosts manage these costs by tightly regulating the induction of immune signaling to curtail excessive responses and restore homeostasis. Despite the theoretical importance of turning off the immune response to mitigate these costs, experimentally connecting variation in the negative regulation of immune responses to organismal fitness remains a frontier in evolutionary immunology. In this study, we used a dose-response approach to manipulate the RNAi-mediated knockdown efficiency of cactus (IκBα), a central regulator of Toll pathway signal transduction in flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum). By titrating cactus activity along a continuous gradient, we derived the shape of the relationship between immune response investment and traits associated with host fitness, including infection susceptibility, lifespan, fecundity, body mass, and gut homeostasis. Cactus knock-down increased the overall magintude of inducible immune responses and delayed their resolution in a dsRNA dose-dependent manner, promoting survival and resistance following bacterial infection. However, these benefits were counterbalanced by dsRNA dose-dependent costs to lifespan, fecundity, body mass, and gut integrity. Our results allowed us to move beyond the qualitative identification of a trade-off between immune investment and fitness to actually derive its functional form. This approach paves the way to quantitatively compare the evolution and impact of distinct regulatory elements on life-history trade-offs and fitness, filling a crucial gap in our conceptual and theoretical models of immune signaling network evolution and the maintenance of natural variation in immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T. Critchlow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Arun Prakash
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Katherine Y. Zhong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ann T. Tate
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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24
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Rutkowski NAJ, McNamara KB, Jones TM, Foo YZ. Trans-generational immune priming is not mediated by the sex of the parent primed: a meta-analysis of invertebrate data. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1100-1117. [PMID: 36879482 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, only vertebrates were thought capable of acquired immune responses, such as the ability to transfer immunological experience vertically to their offspring (known as trans-generational immune priming, TGIP). Increasing evidence challenges this belief and it is now clear that invertebrates also have the ability to exhibit functionally equivalent TGIP. This has led to a surge in papers exploring invertebrate TGIP, with most focusing on the costs, benefits or factors that affect the evolution of this trait. Whilst many studies have found support for the phenomenon, not all studies do, and there is considerable variation in the strength of positive results. To address this, we conducted a meta-analysis to answer the question: what is the overall effect of TGIP in invertebrates? Then, to understand the specific factors that affect its presence and intensity, we conducted a moderator analysis. Our results corroborate that TGIP occurs in invertebrates (demonstrated by a large, positive effect size). The strength of the positive effect was related to if and how offspring were immune challenged (i.e. whether they were challenged with the same or different insult as their parents or not challenged at all). Interestingly, there was no effect of the ecology or life history of the species or the sex of the parent or the offspring primed, and responses were comparable across different immune elicitors. Our publication bias testing suggests that the literature may suffer from some level of positive-result bias. However, even after accounting for potential bias, our effect size remains positive. Publication bias testing can be influenced by diversity in the data set, which was considerable in our data, even after moderator analysis. It is therefore conceivable that differences among studies could be caused by other moderators that were unable to be included in our meta-analysis. Nonetheless, our results suggest that TGIP does occur in invertebrates, whilst providing some potential avenues to examine the factors that account for variation in effect sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola-Anne J Rutkowski
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Biosciences 4, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Kathryn B McNamara
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Biosciences 4, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Therésa M Jones
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Biosciences 4, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Yong Zhi Foo
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology & School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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25
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Hixson B, Huot L, Morejon B, Yang X, Nagy P, Michel K, Buchon N. The transcriptional response in mosquitoes distinguishes between fungi and bacteria but not Gram types. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.26.550663. [PMID: 37546902 PMCID: PMC10402080 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.26.550663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are prolific vectors of human pathogens; a clear and accurate understanding of the organization of their antimicrobial defenses is crucial for informing the development of transmission control strategies. The canonical infection response in insects, as described in the insect model Drosophila melanogaster , is pathogen type-dependent, with distinct stereotypical responses to Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria/fungi mediated by the activation of the Imd and Toll pathways, respectively. To determine whether this pathogen-specific discrimination is shared by mosquitoes, we used RNAseq to capture the genome-wide transcriptional response of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae ( s.l. ) to systemic infection with Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi, as well as challenge with heat-killed Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and fungal pathogens. From the resulting data, we found that Ae. aegypti and An. gambiae both mount a core response to all categories of infection, and this response is highly conserved between the two species with respect to both function and orthology. When we compared the transcriptomes of mosquitoes infected with different types of bacteria, we observed that the intensity of the transcriptional response was correlated with both the virulence and growth rate of the infecting pathogen. Exhaustive comparisons of the transcriptomes of Gram-negative-challenged versus Gram-positive-challenged mosquitoes yielded no difference in either species. In Ae. aegypti , however, we identified transcriptional signatures specific to bacterial infection and to fungal infection. The bacterial infection response was dominated by the expression of defensins and cecropins, while the fungal infection response included the disproportionate upregulation of an uncharacterized family of glycine-rich proteins. These signatures were also observed in Ae. aegypti challenged with heat-killed bacteria and fungi, indicating that this species can discriminate between molecular patterns that are specific to bacteria and to fungi.
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26
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Wrońska AK, Kaczmarek A, Boguś MI, Kuna A. Lipids as a key element of insect defense systems. Front Genet 2023; 14:1183659. [PMID: 37359377 PMCID: PMC10289264 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1183659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between insect pathogenic fungi and their insect hosts is a classic example of a co-evolutionary arms race between pathogen and target host: parasites evolve towards mechanisms that increase their advantage over the host, and the host increasingly strengthens its defenses. The present review summarizes the literature data describing the direct and indirect role of lipids as an important defense mechanism during fungal infection. Insect defense mechanisms comprise anatomical and physiological barriers, and cellular and humoral response mechanisms. The entomopathogenic fungi have the unique ability to digest the insect cuticle by producing hydrolytic enzymes with chitin-, lipo- and proteolytic activity; besides the oral tract, cuticle pays the way for fungal entry within the host. The key factor in insect resistance to fungal infection is the presence of certain types of lipids (free fatty acids, waxes or hydrocarbons) which can promote or inhibit fungal attachment to cuticle, and might also have antifungal activity. Lipids are considered as an important source of energy, and as triglycerides are stored in the fat body, a structure analogous to the liver and adipose tissue in vertebrates. In addition, the fat body plays a key role in innate humoral immunity by producing a range of bactericidal proteins and polypeptides, one of which is lysozyme. Energy derived from lipid metabolism is used by hemocytes to migrate to the site of fungal infection, and for phagocytosis, nodulation and encapsulation. One polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid, is used in the synthesis of eicosanoids, which play several crucial roles in insect physiology and immunology. Apolipoprotein III is important compound with antifungal activity, which can modulate insect cellular response and is considered as important signal molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Katarzyna Wrońska
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Science, Warszawa, Poland
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Kaczmarek
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Science, Warszawa, Poland
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieczysława Irena Boguś
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Science, Warszawa, Poland
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kuna
- Independent Researcher, Warsaw, Poland
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27
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Abstract
Endocrine signaling networks control diverse biological processes and life history traits across metazoans. In both invertebrate and vertebrate taxa, steroid hormones regulate immune system function in response to intrinsic and environmental stimuli, such as microbial infection. The mechanisms of this endocrine-immune regulation are complex and constitute an ongoing research endeavor facilitated by genetically tractable animal models. The 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) is the major steroid hormone in arthropods, primarily studied for its essential role in mediating developmental transitions and metamorphosis; 20E also modulates innate immunity in a variety of insect taxa. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of 20E-mediated innate immune responses. The prevalence of correlations between 20E-driven developmental transitions and innate immune activation are summarized across a range of holometabolous insects. Subsequent discussion focuses on studies conducted using the extensive genetic resources available in Drosophila that have begun to reveal the mechanisms underlying 20E regulation of immunity in the contexts of both development and bacterial infection. Lastly, I propose directions for future research into 20E regulation of immunity that will advance our knowledge of how interactive endocrine networks coordinate animals' physiological responses to environmental microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Keith
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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28
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Candian V, Tedeschi R. Impact of the Diet on the Mortality and on Gene Expression of the Antimicrobial Peptide Tenecin 3 in Tenebrio molitor Larvae Infected by Beauveria bassiana. INSECTS 2023; 14:359. [PMID: 37103174 PMCID: PMC10146776 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale insect rearing can be subjected to microbial infections, leading to serious economic losses. When possible, the use of antibiotics is to be avoided for insects intended as feed or food and new strategies to preserve the health of the farmed insects are required. The effectiveness of insect immune system depends on several factors, including the nutritional composition of the diet. The possibility to modulate immune responses through the diet is currently a topic of great interest from an application point of view. We evaluated the effect of two different diets on the survival rate and gene expression of the antimicrobial peptide Tenecin 3 in uninfected and Beauveria bassiana-infected Tenebrio molitor L. larvae. A wheat bran diet, mixed 50% with brewers' spent grains, could positively influence the expression of Tenecin 3 gene when uninfected T. molitor is allowed to develop on such a substrate from early larval stages. Even if, in our trial, the diet with added brewers' spent grains could not reduce the mortality of the larvae infected with B. bassiana, higher transcriptional levels of the antifungal peptide were observed in insects fed this diet, depending on the timing of diet administration.
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29
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Altered Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030754. [PMID: 36771460 PMCID: PMC9919831 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are essential components of innate immunity with a broad range of antimicrobial activities against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The aim of this study was to investigate AMP expression in the upper gastrointestinal tract in normal and pathological metabolic states in humans. Furthermore, we examined the correlation between vitamin D levels and AMP expression in the same cohort. Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 were measured, and mRNA expression of β-defensins HBD-1, -2, -3, -4, α-defensins HD-5 and -6 and cathelicidin in the upper gastrointestinal tract epithelia were determined by quantitative RT-PCR in 31 individuals (10 with type 2 diabetes, 10 with insulin resistance, and 11 healthy controls). The majority of the cohort showed low vitamin D concentrations, which were negatively correlated with mRNA expression levels of HBD-3 in corpus mucosa. HBD-1 and HBD-3 mRNA were expressed in corpus mucosa, with the former significantly decreased in patients with diabetes. Hence, we conclude that type 2 diabetes is associated with reduced AMP expression in the upper gastrointestinal tract, which might contribute towards epithelial barrier dysfunction and increased bacterial translocation in these patients.
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30
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Zhang YM, Lin CY, Li BZ, Xu WB, Dong WR, Shu MA. Characterization of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) from the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii and its role in antiviral and antimicrobial immune responses. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 196:107865. [PMID: 36436575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
FGFRs involved multiple physiological processes, such as endocrine homeostasis, wound repair, and cellular behaviors including proliferation, differentiation and survival. In the present study, the homologs of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) were identified and characterized from the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii for the first time. The full-length cDNAs of pcFGFR4 were 2878 bp with 2451 bp open reading frame (ORF), respectively. The deduced pcFGFR4 protein contained an immunoglobulin, two immunoglobulin C-2 Type, a transmembrane region and a catalytic domain. Real-time PCR analysis showed that pcFGFR4 were highly expressed in muscle and hemocyte. Moreover, the expression levels of pcFGFR4 in the hepatopancreas and hemocyte were positively stimulated after challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila and WSSV, implying the involvement of pcFGFR4 against bacterial and viral infections in innate immune responses. While pcFGFR4 were silenced in vivo, the expression levels of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes (pcALF1-5,8 and pcCrustin1-2) and NF-κB signaling components (pcDrosal and pcRelish) were significantly reduced. Additionally, NF-κB signaling could be markedly activated by overexpression of pcFGFR4 in HEK293T cells. Finally, our results indicated that pcFGFR4 regulated crayfish's innate immunity by modulating NF-κB signaling. These findings may provide new insights into pcFGFR4-mediated signaling cascades in crustaceans and provide a better understanding of crustacean innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Mei Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chen-Yang Lin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bang-Ze Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wen-Bin Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei-Ren Dong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Miao-An Shu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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31
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Morejon B, Michel K. A zone-of-inhibition assay to screen for humoral antimicrobial activity in mosquito hemolymph. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:891577. [PMID: 36779191 PMCID: PMC9908765 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.891577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In insects, antibacterial immunity largely depends on the activation of downstream signaling and effector responses, leading to the synthesis and secretion of soluble effector molecules, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). AMPs are acute infection response peptides secreted into the hemolymph upon bacterial stimulation. The transcription of innate immunity genes encoding for AMPs is highly dependent on several signaling cascade pathways, such as the Toll pathway. In the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, AMPs hold a special interest as their upregulation have been shown to limit the growth of malaria parasites, bacteria, and fungi. Most of the current knowledge on the regulation of insect AMPs in microbial infection have been obtained from Drosophila. However, largely due to the lack of convenient assays, the regulation of antimicrobial activity in mosquito hemolymph is still not completely understood. In this study, we report a zone of inhibition assay to identify the contribution of AMPs and components of the Toll pathway to the antimicrobial activity of A. gambiae hemolymph. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate that Micrococcus luteus challenge induces antimicrobial activity in the adult female mosquito hemolymph, which is largely dependent on defensin 1. Moreover, by using RNAi to silence Cactus, REL1, and MyD88, we showed that Cactus kd induces antimicrobial activity in the mosquito hemolymph, whereas the antimicrobial activity in REL1 kd and MyD88 kd is reduced after challenge. Finally, while injection itself is not sufficient to induce antimicrobial activity, our results show that it primes the response to bacterial challenge. Our study provides information that increases our knowledge of the regulation of antimicrobial activity in response to microbial infections in mosquitoes. Furthermore, this assay represents an ex vivo medium throughput assay that can be used to determine the upstream regulatory elements of antimicrobial activity in A. gambiae hemolymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Morejon
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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32
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Perlmutter JI, Chapman JR, Wilkinson MC, Nevarez-Saenz I, Unckless RL. A single amino acid polymorphism in natural Metchnikowin alleles of Drosophila results in systemic immunity and life history tradeoffs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.16.524277. [PMID: 36712113 PMCID: PMC9882182 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.16.524277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are at the interface of interactions between hosts and microbes and are therefore expected to be fast evolving in a coevolutionary arms race with pathogens. In contrast, previous work demonstrated that one AMP, Metchikowin (Mtk), has a single residue that segregates as either proline (P) or arginine (R) in populations of four different Drosophila species, some of which diverged more than 10 million years ago. The recurrent finding of this polymorphism regardless of geography or host species, coupled with evidence of balancing selection in Drosophila AMPs, suggest there is a distinct functional importance to each allele. The most likely hypotheses involve alleles having specificity to different pathogens or the more potent allele conferring a cost on the host. To assess their functional differences, we created D. melanogaster lines with the P allele, R allele, or Mtk null mutation using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Here, we report results from experiments assessing the two hypotheses using these lines. In males, testing of systemic immune responses to a repertoire of bacteria and fungi demonstrated that the R allele performs as well or better than the P and null alleles with most infections. With some pathogens, however, females show results in contrast with males where Mtk alleles either do not contribute to survival or where the P allele outperforms the R allele. In addition, measurements of life history traits demonstrate that the R allele is more costly in the absence of infection for both sexes. These results provide strong in vivo evidence that differential fitness with or without infection and sex-based functional differences in alleles may be adaptive mechanisms of maintaining immune gene polymorphisms in contrast with expectations of rapid evolution. Therefore, a complex interplay of forces including pathogen species and host sex may lead to balancing selection for immune genotypes. Strikingly, this selection may act on even a single amino acid polymorphism in an AMP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanne R. Chapman
- Institute of Environmental and Scientific Research (ESR), Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mason C. Wilkinson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Isaac Nevarez-Saenz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Robert L. Unckless
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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33
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de Oliveira Barbosa Bitencourt R, Corrêa TA, Santos-Mallet J, Santos HA, Lowenberger C, Moreira HVS, Gôlo PS, Bittencourt VREP, da Costa Angelo I. Beauveria bassiana interacts with gut and hemocytes to manipulate Aedes aegypti immunity. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:17. [PMID: 36650591 PMCID: PMC9847134 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05655-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito-borne diseases affect millions of people. Chemical insecticides are currently employed against mosquitoes. However, many cases of insecticide resistance have been reported. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have demonstrated potential as a bioinsecticide. Here, we assessed the invasion of the EPF Beauveria bassiana into Aedes aegypti larvae and changes in the activity of phenoloxidase (PO) as a proxy for the general activation of the insect innate immune system. In addition, other cellular and humoral responses were evaluated. METHODS Larvae were exposed to blastospores or conidia of B. bassiana CG 206. After 24 and 48 h, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was conducted on the larvae. The hemolymph was collected to determine changes in total hemocyte concentration (THC), the dynamics of hemocytes, and to observe hemocyte-fungus interactions. In addition, the larvae were macerated to assess the activity of PO using L-DOPA conversion, and the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) was measured using quantitative Real-Time PCR. RESULTS Propagules invaded mosquitoes through the midgut, and blastopores were detected inside the hemocoel. Both propagules decreased the THC regardless of the time. By 24 h after exposure to conidia the percentage of granulocytes and oenocytoids increased while the prohemocytes decreased. By 48 h, the oenocytoid percentage increased significantly (P < 0.05) in larvae exposed to blastospores; however, the other hemocyte types did not change significantly. Regardless of the time, SEM revealed hemocytes adhering to, and nodulating, blastospores. For the larvae exposed to conidia, these interactions were observed only at 48 h. Irrespective of the propagule, the PO activity increased only at 48 h. At 24 h, cathepsin B was upregulated by infection with conidia, whereas both propagules resulted in a downregulation of cecropin and defensin A. At 48 h, blastospores and conidia increased the expression of defensin A suggesting this may be an essential AMP against EPF. CONCLUSION By 24 h, B. bassiana CG 206 occluded the midgut, reduced THC, did not stimulate PO activity, and downregulated AMP expression in larvae, all of which allowed the fungus to impair the larvae to facilitate infection. Our data reports a complex interplay between Ae. aegypti larvae and B. bassiana CG 206 demonstrating how this fungus can infect, affect, and kill Ae. aegypti larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo de Oliveira Barbosa Bitencourt
- grid.412391.c0000 0001 1523 2582Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ Brazil
| | - Thaís Almeida Corrêa
- grid.412391.c0000 0001 1523 2582Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ Brazil
| | - Jacenir Santos-Mallet
- grid.418068.30000 0001 0723 0931Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, IOC-FIOCRUZ-RJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil ,FIOCRUZ-PI, Teresina, Piauí Brazil ,grid.441915.c0000 0004 0501 3011Iguaçu University-UNIG, Nova Iguaçu, RJ Brazil
| | - Huarrison Azevedo Santos
- grid.412391.c0000 0001 1523 2582Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ Brazil
| | - Carl Lowenberger
- grid.61971.380000 0004 1936 7494Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Haika Victória Sales Moreira
- grid.412391.c0000 0001 1523 2582Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ Brazil
| | - Patrícia Silva Gôlo
- grid.412391.c0000 0001 1523 2582Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ Brazil
| | - Vânia Rita Elias Pinheiro Bittencourt
- grid.412391.c0000 0001 1523 2582Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ Brazil
| | - Isabele da Costa Angelo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
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Ramirez JL, Hampton KJ, Rosales AM, Muturi EJ. Multiple mosquito AMPs are needed to potentiate their antifungal effect against entomopathogenic fungi. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1062383. [PMID: 36687607 PMCID: PMC9852974 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1062383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito resistance to microbial infections, including fungal entomopathogens that are selected for mosquito control, depend on a range of antimicrobial effectors, among them antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). These short peptides, along the antimicrobial effector lysozyme, act by disrupting the microbial cell membrane or by interfering with microbial physiological processes. While the induction of AMPs and lysozyme during fungal entomopathogenic infections have been reported, their contribution to the mosquito antifungal response has not been evaluated. In this study, we assessed the induction of Ae. aegypti AMPs and lysozyme genes at two points of infection and against distinct entomopathogenic fungi. Our results indicate that fungal infection elicits the expression of cecropin, defensin, diptericin, holotricin, and lysozyme, but do not affect those of attacin or gambicin. We further evaluated the role of these antimicrobial effectors via RNAi-based depletion of select AMPs during challenges with two entomopathogenic fungi. Our results reveal that AMPs and lysozyme are critical to the antifungal response, acting in concert, rather than individually, to potentiate their antimicrobial effect against entomopathogenic fungi. This study further contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms that confer resistance to entomopathogenic fungi in an important mosquito vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. Ramirez
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, United States,*Correspondence: José L. Ramirez, ,
| | - Kylie J. Hampton
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, United States
| | | | - Ephantus J. Muturi
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, United States
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Wu D, Fu L, Wen W, Dong N. The dual antimicrobial and immunomodulatory roles of host defense peptides and their applications in animal production. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:141. [PMID: 36474280 PMCID: PMC9724304 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) are small molecules with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities against infectious bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Increasing evidence suggests that HDPs can also indirectly protect hosts by modulating their immune responses. Due to these dual roles, HDPs have been considered one of the most promising antibiotic substitutes to improve growth performance, intestinal health, and immunity in farm animals. This review describes the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory roles of host defense peptides and their recent applications in animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Linglong Fu
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Weizhang Wen
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Na Dong
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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36
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Zhang YM, Lin CY, Li BZ, Dong WR, Shu MA. Identification and functional analysis of two drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein(Smad)genes and their involvement in immune responses in the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:1255-1263. [PMID: 36427760 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic proteins (Smads), the crucial signal transducers in activating downstream gene transcription through transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) receptors, are the pleiotropic factors with important role in mediating cell proliferation, homeostasis, differentiation, apoptosis and immune response. However, whether Smads are involved in immune response in crustaceans remains unexplored. In the present study, the Smad3 and Smad4 were firstly identified and functionally characterized from the Red Swamp Crayfish Procambarus clarkii. The full-length cDNAs of pcSmad3 and pcSmad4 were 1, 670 bp and 3, 060 bp with 1, 326 bp and 1, 875 bp open reading frame (ORF), respectively. Real-time PCR analysis of the expression profiles demonstrated that pcSmad3 and pcSmad4 were predominantly expressed at in stomach, heart, and hemocytes. Notably, the expression levels of pcSmad3 and pcSmad4 both Aeromonas hydrophila and WSSV challenges were significantly altered, suggesting the involvement of pcSmad3 and pcSmad4 in innate immune responses. Knockdown of pcSmad3 and pcSmad4 in vivo dramatically activated the transcriptions of NF-κB signaling genes and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor genes. The overexpression of pcSmad3 and pcSmad4 could significantly activate NF-κB signaling in HEK293T cells. Meanwhile, the clearance of bacteria was significantly reduced with knockdown of pcSmad3 and pcSmad4 in vivo. Results indicated that pcSmad3 and pcSmad4 played an immune-regulatory role in crayfish's innate immunity, which might pave the for a better understanding of the TGF-β superfamily members in crustacean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Mei Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chen-Yang Lin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bang-Ze Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei-Ren Dong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Miao-An Shu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Li BW, Xu WB, Dong WR, Zhang YM, Cheng YX, Chen DY, Xiao Y, Chen YY, Shu MA. Identification and function analysis of two fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) from Scylla paramamosain: The evidence of FGFR involved in innate immunity in crustacean. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:602-611. [PMID: 36064005 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) belongs to the tyrosine kinase family consisting of four members (FGFR1-4). This study involved identification and characterization of FGFR1 and FGFR3 from mud crab Scylla paramamosain for the first time. The obtained cDNAs of SpFGFR1 and SpFGFR3 were 2,380 bp and 2,982 bp in length with a 1,503 bp and 2,310 bp open reading frame, respectively. The predicted SpFGFR1 protein included three immunoglobulin domains and a transmembrane region, while SpFGFR3 protein possessed a typical TyrKc (Tyrosine kinase, catalytic) domain. Real-time PCR analysis showed that SpFGFR1 and SpFGFR3 were highly expressed in the hepatopancreas. Furthermore, the expression levels of SpFGFR1 and SpFGFR3 in the hepatopancreas were enhanced following challenges with Vibro alginolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Poly (I:C) and White spot syndrome virus, which shows the involvement of SpFGFR1 and SpFGFR3 in innate immune response to infections from bacteria and virus. There was significant suppression of six antimicrobial peptide genes (SpALF1-5 and SpCrustin) and three NF-κB members (SpDorsal, SpIKK and SpRelish) when SpFGFR1 and SpFGFR3 was interfered in vivo. Also, treatment of the hemocytes with specific inhibitor of SpFGFR for 24 h consistently down-regulated SpDorsal, SpRelish and AMPs. These results suggested that SpFGFR1 and SpFGFR3 played important roles in regulating the Toll signaling pathway and immune deficiency (IMD) pathway through NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings may provide new insights into the role of FGFRs in the innate immune function of crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Wu Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wen-Bin Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei-Ren Dong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan-Mei Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuan-Xin Cheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Da-Yong Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yu-Yin Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Miao-An Shu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Kinoshita S, Takarada K, Kinoshita Y, Inoue YH. Drosophila hemocytes recognize lymph gland tumors of mxc mutants and activate the innate immune pathway in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner. Biol Open 2022; 11:277211. [PMID: 36226812 PMCID: PMC9641529 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of cancer cell recognition and elimination by the innate immune system remains unclear. The immune signaling pathways are activated in the fat body to suppress the tumor growth in mxcmbn1 hematopoietic tumor mutants in Drosophila by inducing antimicrobial peptides (AMP). Here, we investigated the regulatory mechanism underlying the activation in the mutant. Firstly, we found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulated in the hemocytes due to induction of dual oxidase and one of its activators. This was required for the AMP induction and the tumor growth suppression. Next, more hemocytes transplanted from normal larvae were associated with the mutant tumor than normal lymph glands (LGs). Matrix metalloproteinase 1 and 2 (MMP2) were highly expressed in the tumors. The basement membrane components in the tumors were reduced and ultimately lost inside. Depletion of the MMP2 rather than MMP1 resulted in a significantly reduced AMP expression in the mutant larvae. The hemocytes may recognize the disassembly of basement membrane in the tumors and activate the ROS production. Our findings highlight the mechanism via which macrophage-like hemocytes recognize tumor cells and subsequently convey the information to induce AMPs in the fat body. They contribute to uncover the role of innate immune system against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzuko Kinoshita
- Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takarada
- Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yuriko Kinoshita
- Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro H. Inoue
- Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan,Author for correspondence ()
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Cheng YX, Xu WB, Dong WR, Zhang YM, Li BW, Chen DY, Xiao Y, Guo XL, Shu MA. Identification and functional analysis of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) from Scylla paramamosain: The first evidence of two EGFR genes in animal and their involvement in immune defense against pathogen infection. Mol Immunol 2022; 151:143-157. [PMID: 36150275 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a pleiotropic glycoprotein which plays a role in regulating cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. However, the genetic diversity of EGFR in crustaceans as well as its function, such as whether it is involved in immune regulation, remains obscure. In this study, two EGFR genes, including EGFR1 and EGFR2, and three transcripts were identified and characterized in Scylla Paramamosain for the first time. To our knowledge, this is the first time that more than one EGFR gene was identified in a single species. The complete open reading frames (ORFs) of SpEGFR1, SpEGFR2a and SpEGFR2b were 4377 bp, 4404 bp and 4341 bp encoding deduced proteins of 1458 amino acids (aa), 1467 aa and 1446 aa, respectively. All EGFR had a signal peptide region and two Recep_L_domain region, followed by a transmembrane region and a conserved tyrosine kinase domain (TyrKc), and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated three SpEGFRs clustered together with invertebrate EGFR branch. Tissue specific expression analysis depicted that all SpEGFRs presented similar transcription patterns. The expression levels of SpEGFR1 and SpEGFR2s in hepatopancreas and gills were significantly altered after the stimulation of bacterial and viral pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio alginolyticus, White spot syndromre virus and Polycytidylinic acid. The in vivo RNA interference assays demonstrated that expression levels of SpIKK, two members of NF-κB (SpRelish and SpDorsal) and six antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes (SpCrustin and SpALF1-5) were significantly reduced when SpEGFR1 or SpEGFR2 was silenced, respectively. The transcription patterns of SpIKK, SpRelish, SpDorsal and AMPs exhibited similar down- or up-regulation trend when the primary cultured hemocytes were treated with EGFR antagonist or agonist for 24 h. These results suggested that SpEGFR might play an important role in innate immune responses to bacterial and viral infections by regulating the NF-κB pathway. It also provided a better understanding of the origin or evolution of EGFR in crustaceans and even invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Xin Cheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen-Bin Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei-Ren Dong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan-Mei Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bing-Wu Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Da-Yong Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Guo
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Miao-An Shu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Fuse N, Okamori C, Okaji R, Tang C, Hirai K, Kurata S. Transcriptome features of innate immune memory in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010005. [PMID: 36252180 PMCID: PMC9612818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune memory is the ability of organisms to elicit potentiated immune responses at secondary infection. Current studies have revealed that similar to adaptive immunity, innate immunity exhibits memory characteristics (called "innate immune memory"). Although epigenetic reprogramming plays an important role in innate immune memory, the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated, especially at the individual level. Here, we established experimental systems for detecting innate immune memory in Drosophila melanogaster. Training infection with low-pathogenic bacteria enhanced the survival rate of the flies at subsequent challenge infection with high-pathogenic bacteria. Among low-pathogenic bacteria, Micrococcus luteus (Ml) and Salmonella typhimurium (St) exerted apparent training effects in the fly but exhibited different mechanisms of action. Ml exerted training effects even after its clearance from flies, while live St persisted in the flies for a prolonged duration. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis revealed that Ml training enhanced the expression of the immune-related genes under the challenge condition but not under the non-challenge condition. In contrast, St training upregulated the expression of the immune-related genes independent of challenge. These results suggest that training effects with Ml and St are due to memory and persistence of immune responses, respectively. Furthermore, we searched for the gene involved in immune memory, and identified a candidate gene, Ada2b, which encodes a component of the histone modification complex. The Ada2b mutant suppressed Ml training effects on survival and disrupted the expression of some genes under the training + challenge condition. These results suggest that the gene expression regulated by Ada2b may contribute to innate immune memory in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Fuse
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail: (NF); (SK)
| | - Chisaki Okamori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryoma Okaji
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Chang Tang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kikuko Hirai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kurata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail: (NF); (SK)
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Nishide Y, Nagamine K, Kageyama D, Moriyama M, Futahashi R, Fukatsu T. A new antimicrobial peptide, Pentatomicin, from the stinkbug Plautia stali. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16503. [PMID: 36192417 PMCID: PMC9529961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20427-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play crucial roles in the innate immunity of diverse organisms, which exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structural property and antimicrobial spectrum. Here, we describe a new AMP, named Pentatomicin, from the stinkbug Plautia stali (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Orthologous nucleotide sequences of Pentatomicin were present in stinkbugs and beetles but not in other insect groups. Notably, orthologous sequences were also detected from a horseshoe crab, cyanobacteria and proteobacteria, suggesting the possibility of inter-domain horizontal gene transfers of Pentatomicin and allied protein genes. The recombinant protein of Pentatomicin was effective against an array of Gram-positive bacteria but not against Gram-negative bacteria. Upon septic shock, the expression of Pentatomicin drastically increased in a manner similar to other AMPs. On the other hand, unlike other AMPs, mock and saline injections increased the expression of Pentatomicin. RNAi-mediated downregulation of Imd pathway genes (Imd and Relish) and Toll pathway genes (MyD88 and Dorsal) revealed that the expression of Pentatomicin is under the control of Toll pathway. Being consistent with in vitro effectiveness of the recombinant protein, adult insects injected with dsRNA of Pentatomicin exhibited higher vulnerability to Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus than to Gram-negative Escherichia coli. We discovered high levels of Pentatomicin expression in eggs, which is atypical of other AMPs and suggestive of its biological functioning in eggs. Contrary to the expectation, however, RNAi-mediated downregulation of Pentatomicin did not affect normal embryonic development of P. stali. Moreover, the downregulation of Pentatomicin in eggs did not affect vertical symbiont transmission to the offspring even under heavily contaminated conditions, which refuted our expectation that the antimicrobial activity of Pentatomicin may contribute to egg surface-mediated symbiont transmission by suppressing microbial contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Nishide
- grid.416835.d0000 0001 2222 0432Institute of Agrobiological Sciences Ohwashi, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, 305-8634 Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagamine
- grid.416835.d0000 0001 2222 0432Institute of Agrobiological Sciences Ohwashi, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, 305-8634 Japan ,grid.54432.340000 0001 0860 6072Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tokyo, 102-0083 Japan
| | - Daisuke Kageyama
- grid.416835.d0000 0001 2222 0432Institute of Agrobiological Sciences Ohwashi, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, 305-8634 Japan
| | - Minoru Moriyama
- grid.208504.b0000 0001 2230 7538National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566 Japan
| | - Ryo Futahashi
- grid.208504.b0000 0001 2230 7538National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566 Japan
| | - Takema Fukatsu
- grid.208504.b0000 0001 2230 7538National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566 Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan ,grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
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Park BJ, Yoon YB, Park SC, Lee DH, Shin C, Kwak HJ, Kim JW, Cho SJ. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins from the earthworm, Eisenia andrei: Differential inducibility and tissue-specific expression. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 135:104483. [PMID: 35760219 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in innate immunity have been identified and characterized in earthworms. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are highly conserved PRRs that activate effector pathways such as prophenoloxidase cascade and Toll-like receptor pathway. In addition, PGRPs function as an enzyme, N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase (NAMLAA), to directly hydrolyze peptidoglycan. We identified four full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences, Ean-PGRP1/2/3/4, in Eisenia andrei, an earthworm. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses indicate that earthworm PGRP orthologs resemble short PGRP member proteins. The subcellular localizations of four Ean-PGRPs lacking the transmembrane domain are predicted to be extracellular or cytoplasmic. All Ean-PGRPs contain a highly conserved PGRP domain with a conserved Zn2+ binding site including a tyrosine residue essential for active amidase activity. Three highly conserved amino-acid residues (His, Trp, and Thr) necessary for amidase activity are also present, indicating that the Ean-PGRPs can be predicted to have amidase activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the Ean-PGRP genes are differentially induced by certain bacterial species, suggesting that the innate immune system of earthworms is likely to be somewhat specific rather than entirely non-specific. Tissue expression patterns indicate that Ean-PGRP mRNAs are primarily expressed in the immune-competent tissues and that their expression is tissue-specific according to Ean-PGRP types, particularly for Ean-PGRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom Jun Park
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Yoo Bin Yoon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Soon Cheol Park
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Dong Ho Lee
- Da Vinci College of General Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Chuog Shin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kwak
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Jung-Woong Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea.
| | - Sung-Jin Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea.
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43
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Characterization of New Defensin Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Expression in Bed Bugs in Response to Bacterial Ingestion and Injection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911505. [PMID: 36232802 PMCID: PMC9570333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Common bed bugs, Cimex lectularius, can carry, but do not transmit, pathogens to the vertebrate hosts on which they feed. Some components of the innate immune system of bed bugs, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), eliminate the pathogens. Here, we determined the molecular characteristics, structural properties, and phylogenetic relatedness of two new defensins (CL-defensin1 (XP_024085718.1), CL-defensin2 (XP_014240919.1)), and two new defensin isoforms (CL-defensin3a (XP_014240918.1), CL-defensin3b (XP_024083729.1)). The complete amino acid sequences of CL-defensin1, CL-defensin2, CL-defensin3a, and CL-defensin3b are strongly conserved, with only minor differences in their signal and pro-peptide regions. We used a combination of comparative transcriptomics and real-time quantitative PCR to evaluate the expression of these defensins in the midguts and the rest of the body of insects that had been injected with bacteria or had ingested blood containing the Gram-positive (Gr+) bacterium Bacillus subtilis and the Gram-negative (Gr–) bacterium Escherichia coli. We demonstrate, for the first time, sex-specific and immunization mode-specific upregulation of bed bug defensins in response to injection or ingestion of Gr+ or Gr– bacteria. Understanding the components, such as these defensins, of the bed bugs’ innate immune systems in response to pathogens may help unravel why bed bugs do not transmit pathogens to vertebrates.
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44
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Infection increases activity via Toll dependent and independent mechanisms in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010826. [PMID: 36129961 PMCID: PMC9529128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Host behavioural changes are among the most apparent effects of infection. ‘Sickness behaviour’ can involve a variety of symptoms, including anorexia, depression, and changed activity levels. Here, using a real-time tracking and behavioural profiling platform, we show that in Drosophila melanogaster, several systemic bacterial infections cause significant increases in physical activity, and that the extent of this activity increase is a predictor of survival time in some lethal infections. Using multiple bacteria and D. melanogaster immune and activity mutants, we show that increased activity is driven by at least two different mechanisms. Increased activity after infection with Micrococcus luteus, a Gram-positive bacterium rapidly cleared by the immune response, strictly requires the Toll ligand spätzle. In contrast, increased activity after infection with Francisella novicida, a Gram-negative bacterium that cannot be cleared by the immune response, is entirely independent of both Toll and the parallel IMD pathway. The existence of multiple signalling mechanisms by which bacterial infections drive increases in physical activity implies that this effect may be an important aspect of the host response. Sickness behaviours are often observed during infection. Animals have been shown to change their feeding, mating, social and resting (sleeping) behaviours in response to infection. We show here that fruit-flies infected with bacteria respond by increasing their physical activity and decreasing the amount of time spent sleeping. This increase in activity is seen in some, but not all, bacterial infections, and appears to be driven by at least two different mechanisms: with some bacteria, activating the immune response is the only requirement to induce increased activity, while other bacteria induce increased activity independently of known immune detection pathways. The biological role of increased activity is unclear; flies in the wild may be driven to flee sites where infection risk or pathogen burden is high. Alternatively, increased activity could serve a less direct anti-microbial function. For example, active animals may be more likely to encounter potential mates or food resource.
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45
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Drosophila melanogaster as an emerging model host for entomopathogenic fungi. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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46
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Microbiota aggravates the pathogenesis of Drosophila acutely exposed to vehicle exhaust. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10382. [PMID: 36060467 PMCID: PMC9437797 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vehicle exhaust (VE) is the primary cause of urban air pollution, which adversely affects the respiratory system, exacerbates lung diseases, and results in high mortality rates. However, the underlying mechanism of the pathogenesis is largely unclear. Here, we developed a Drosophila model to systematically investigate the effects of VE on their health and physiology. We found that VE significantly impaired life span and locomotion in Drosophila. Interestingly, there was an increase in bacterial load in the guts upon VE exposure, suggesting VE is able to induce dysbiosis in the guts. Microbiota depletion can ameliorate the impairment of life span and locomotion. VE causes permeability of intestinal epithelial cells and increases proliferation of intestinal cells, suggesting VE disrupts intestinal homeostasis. We elucidate the underlying mechanism by which VE triggers Imd and DUOX gene expression. Taken together, this Drosophila model provides insight into the pathogenesis of Drosophila exposure to VE, enabling us to better understand the specific role of microbiota.
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47
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Decomposing virulence to understand bacterial clearance in persistent infections. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5023. [PMID: 36028497 PMCID: PMC9418333 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Following an infection, hosts cannot always clear the pathogen, instead either dying or surviving with a persistent infection. Such variation is ecologically and evolutionarily important because it can affect infection prevalence and transmission, and virulence evolution. However, the factors causing variation in infection outcomes, and the relationship between clearance and virulence are not well understood. Here we show that sustained persistent infection and clearance are both possible outcomes across bacterial species showing a range of virulence in Drosophila melanogaster. Variation in virulence arises because of differences in the two components of virulence: bacterial infection intensity inside the host (exploitation), and the amount of damage caused per bacterium (per parasite pathogenicity). As early-phase exploitation increased, clearance rates later in the infection decreased, whereas there was no apparent effect of per parasite pathogenicity on clearance rates. Variation in infection outcomes is thereby determined by how virulence - and its components - relate to the rate of pathogen clearance. Taken together we demonstrate that the virulence decomposition framework is broadly applicable and can provide valuable insights into host-pathogen interactions.
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48
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Zhang YM, Xu WB, Li BZ, Lin CY, Cheng YX, Xiao Y, Chen DY, Dong WR, Shu MA. Identification and functional analysis of drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein gene 1 (Smad1) from the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii: The first evidence of Smad1 involved in immunity in invertebrates. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:13-22. [PMID: 35667540 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Smads, part of signaling cascades that represent downstream pathways of the TGF-β super family proteins, are pleiotropic cytokines with important role in mediating cell proliferation, homeostasis, differentiation, apoptosis and immune response. However, the specific functions of Smads remain unknown in crustaceans. In the present study, the drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein gene 1 (Smad1) was firstly identified and characterized from the Red Swamp Crayfish Procambarus clarkii. The obtained cDNA sequence of pcSmad1was 2, 503 bp long with a 1, 488 bp open reading fame, which encoded a putative protein of 496 amino acids. Furthermore, pcSmad1 responded to both Aeromonas hydrophila and WSSV challenge, suggesting the involvement of pcSmad1 in innate immune responses. Knockdown of pcSmad1 in vivo dramatically increased the expressions of NF-κB signaling genes and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor genes. Additionally, overexpression of pcSmad1 in HEK293T cells could markedly activate NF-κB signaling. Taken together, these results indicated that pcSmad1 played an immune-regulatory role in crayfish's innate immunity, which may provide a better understanding of TGF-β superfamily members in crustacean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Mei Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wen-Bin Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bang-Ze Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chen-Yang Lin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuan-Xin Cheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Da-Yong Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei-Ren Dong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Miao-An Shu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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49
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Shen R, Zheng K, Zhou Y, Chi X, Pan H, Wu C, Yang Y, Zheng Y, Pan D, Liu B. A dRASSF-STRIPAK-Imd-JAK/STAT axis controls antiviral immune response in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111143. [PMID: 35905720 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Host antiviral immunity suffers strong pressure from rapidly evolving viruses. Identifying host antiviral immune mechanisms has profound implications for developing antiviral strategies. Here, we uncover an essential role for the tumor suppressor Ras-association domain family (RASSF) in Drosophila antiviral response. Loss of dRassf in fat body leads to increased vulnerability to viral infection and impaired Imd pathway activation accompanied by detrimental JAK/STAT signaling overactivation. Mechanistically, dRASSF protects TAK1, a key kinase of Imd pathway, from inhibition by the STRIPAK PP2A phosphatase complex. Activated Imd signaling then employs the effector Relish to interfere with the dimerization of JAK/STAT transmembrane receptor Domeless, therefore preventing excessive JAK/STAT signaling. Moreover, we find that RASSF and STRIPAK PP2A complex are also involved in antiviral response in human cell lines. Our study identifies an important role for RASSF in antiviral immunity and elucidates a dRASSF-STRIPAK-Imd-JAK/STAT signaling axis that ensures proper antiviral responses in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Kewei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Huimin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Chengfang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yinan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yonggang Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Duojia Pan
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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50
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Hanson MA, Kondo S, Lemaitre B. Drosophila immunity: the Drosocin gene encodes two host defence peptides with pathogen-specific roles. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220773. [PMID: 35730150 PMCID: PMC9233930 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are key to defence against infection in plants and animals. Use of AMP mutations in Drosophila has now revealed that AMPs can additively or synergistically contribute to defence in vivo. However, these studies also revealed high specificity, wherein just one AMP contributes an outsized role in combatting a specific pathogen. Here, we show the Drosocin locus (CG10816) is more complex than previously described. In addition to its namesake peptide 'Drosocin', it encodes a second mature peptide from a precursor via furin cleavage. This peptide corresponds to the previously uncharacterized 'Immune-induced Molecule 7'. A polymorphism (Thr52Ala) in the Drosocin precursor protein previously masked the identification of this peptide, which we name 'Buletin'. Using mutations differently affecting Drosocin and Buletin, we show that only Drosocin contributes to Drosocin gene-mediated defence against Enterobacter cloacae. Strikingly, we observed that Buletin, but not Drosocin, contributes to the Drosocin gene-mediated defence against Providencia burhodogranariea, including an importance of the Thr52Ala polymorphism for survival. Our study reveals that the Drosocin gene encodes two prominent host defence peptides with different specificity against distinct pathogens. This finding emphasizes the complexity of the Drosophila humoral response and demonstrates how natural polymorphisms can affect host susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Hanson
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S. Kondo
- Invertebrate Genetics Laboratory, Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - B. Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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