1
|
Li Z, Hu T, Li R, Li J, Wang Y, Li Y, Lin Y, Wang Y, Jiani X. Effect of DHCR7 on adipocyte differentiation in goats. Anim Biotechnol 2024; 35:2298399. [PMID: 38157229 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2298399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Cholesterol is regarded as a signaling molecule in regulating the metabolism and function of fat cells, in which 7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, however, the exact function of DHCR7 in goat adipocytes remains unknown. Here, the effect of DHCR7 on the formation of subcutaneous and intramuscular fat in goats was investigated in vitro, and the result indicated that the mRNA level of DHCR7 showed a gradual downward trend in subcutaneous adipogenesis, but an opposite trend in intramuscular adipogenesis. In the process of subcutaneous preadipocytes differentiation, overexpression of DHCR7 inhibited the expression of adipocytes differentiation marker genes (CEBP/α, CEBP/β, SREBP1 and AP2), lipid metabolism-related genes (AGPAT6, FASN, SCD1 and LPL), and the lipid accumulation. However, in intramuscular preadipocyte differentiation, DHCR7 overexpression showed a promoting effect on adipocyte differentiation marker genes (CEBP/α, CEBP/β, PPARγ and SREBP1) and lipid metabolism-related genes (GPAM, AGPAT6, DGAT1 and SCD1) expression, and on lipid accumulation. In summary, our work demonstrated that DHCR7 played an important role in regulating adipogenic differentiation and lipid metabolism in preadipocytes in goats, which is of great significance for uncovering the underlying molecular mechanism of adipocyte differentiation and improving goat meat quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Protection and Utilization of Ministry of Education/Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Protection and Utilization of Ministry of Education/Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruiwen Li
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinlan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Protection and Utilization of Ministry of Education/Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youli Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Protection and Utilization of Ministry of Education/Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Protection and Utilization of Ministry of Education/Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaqiu Lin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Protection and Utilization of Ministry of Education/Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Protection and Utilization of Ministry of Education/Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xing Jiani
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Protection and Utilization of Ministry of Education/Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Giustina A, Bilezikian JP, Adler RA, Banfi G, Bikle DD, Binkley NC, Bollerslev J, Bouillon R, Brandi ML, Casanueva FF, di Filippo L, Donini LM, Ebeling PR, Fuleihan GEH, Fassio A, Frara S, Jones G, Marcocci C, Martineau AR, Minisola S, Napoli N, Procopio M, Rizzoli R, Schafer AL, Sempos CT, Ulivieri FM, Virtanen JK. Consensus Statement on Vitamin D Status Assessment and Supplementation: Whys, Whens, and Hows. Endocr Rev 2024:bnae009. [PMID: 38676447 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The 6th International Conference, "Controversies in Vitamin D," was convened to discuss controversial topics, such as vitamin D metabolism, assessment, actions, and supplementation. Novel insights into vitamin D mechanisms of action suggest links with conditions that do not depend only on reduced solar exposure or diet intake and that can be detected with distinctive noncanonical vitamin D metabolites. Optimal 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels remain debated. Varying recommendations from different societies arise from evaluating different clinical or public health approaches. The lack of assay standardization also poses challenges in interpreting data from available studies, hindering rational data pooling and meta-analyses. Beyond the well-known skeletal features, interest in vitamin D's extraskeletal effects has led to clinical trials on cancer, cardiovascular risk, respiratory effects, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, and mortality. The initial negative results are likely due to enrollment of vitamin D-replete individuals. Subsequent post hoc analyses have suggested, nevertheless, potential benefits in reducing cancer incidence, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular events, and diabetes. Oral administration of vitamin D is the preferred route. Parenteral administration is reserved for specific clinical situations. Cholecalciferol is favored due to safety and minimal monitoring requirements. Calcifediol may be used in certain conditions, while calcitriol should be limited to specific disorders in which the active metabolite is not readily produced in vivo. Further studies are needed to investigate vitamin D effects in relation to the different recommended 25(OH)D levels and the efficacy of the different supplementary formulations in achieving biochemical and clinical outcomes within the multifaced skeletal and extraskeletal potential effects of vitamin D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giustina
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University and IRCCS Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - John P Bilezikian
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Robert A Adler
- Richmond Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- IRCCS Galeazzi Sant'Ambrogio Hospital, Milano 20161, Italy
- San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Daniel D Bikle
- Department of Medicine, University of California and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Center, San Francisco, CA 94121-1545, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, University of California and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Center, San Francisco, CA 94121-1545, USA
| | - Neil C Binkley
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | | | - Roger Bouillon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Italian Foundation for the Research on Bone Diseases (F.I.R.M.O.), Florence 50129, Italy
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- Department of Medicine, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario and CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela University, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Luigi di Filippo
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University and IRCCS Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Lorenzo M Donini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Peter R Ebeling
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Ghada El-Hajj Fuleihan
- Calcium Metabolism and Osteoporosis Program, WHO CC for Metabolic Bone Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Angelo Fassio
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Verona, Verona 37129, Italy
| | - Stefano Frara
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University and IRCCS Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Glenville Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Claudio Marcocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Adrian R Martineau
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Salvatore Minisola
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Nicola Napoli
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes Campus Bio-Medico, University of Rome, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Massimo Procopio
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, "Molinette" Hospital, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - René Rizzoli
- Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
| | - Anne L Schafer
- Department of Medicine, University of California and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Center, San Francisco, CA 94121-1545, USA
| | | | - Fabio Massimo Ulivieri
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University and IRCCS Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Jyrki K Virtanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Peeples ES, Mirnics K, Korade Z. Chemical Inhibition of Sterol Biosynthesis. Biomolecules 2024; 14:410. [PMID: 38672427 PMCID: PMC11048061 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential molecule of life, and its synthesis can be inhibited by both genetic and nongenetic mechanisms. Hundreds of chemicals that we are exposed to in our daily lives can alter sterol biosynthesis. These also encompass various classes of FDA-approved medications, including (but not limited to) commonly used antipsychotic, antidepressant, antifungal, and cardiovascular medications. These medications can interfere with various enzymes of the post-lanosterol biosynthetic pathway, giving rise to complex biochemical changes throughout the body. The consequences of these short- and long-term homeostatic disruptions are mostly unknown. We performed a comprehensive review of the literature and built a catalogue of chemical agents capable of inhibiting post-lanosterol biosynthesis. This process identified significant gaps in existing knowledge, which fall into two main areas: mechanisms by which sterol biosynthesis is altered and consequences that arise from the inhibitions of the different steps in the sterol biosynthesis pathway. The outcome of our review also reinforced that sterol inhibition is an often-overlooked mechanism that can result in adverse consequences and that there is a need to develop new safety guidelines for the use of (novel and already approved) medications with sterol biosynthesis inhibiting side effects, especially during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68114, USA
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Iwaya C, Suzuki A, Shim J, Kim A, Iwata J. Craniofacial bone anomalies related to cholesterol synthesis defects. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5371. [PMID: 38438535 PMCID: PMC10912708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55998-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
DHCR7 and SC5D are enzymes crucial for cholesterol biosynthesis, and mutations in their genes are associated with developmental disorders, which are characterized by craniofacial deformities. We have recently reported that a loss of either Dhcr7 or Sc5d results in a failure in osteoblast differentiation. However, it remains unclear to what extent a loss of function in either DHCR7 or SC5D affects craniofacial skeletal formation. Here, using micro computed tomography (μCT), we found that the bone phenotype differs in Dhcr7-/- and Sc5d-/- mice in a location-specific fashion. For instance, in Sc5d-/- mice, although craniofacial bones were overall affected, some bone segments, such as the anterior part of the premaxilla, the anterior-posterior length of the frontal bone, and the main body of the mandible, did not present significant differences compared to WT controls. By contrast, in Dhcr7-/- mice, while craniofacial bones were not much affected, the frontal bone was larger in width and volume, and the maxilla and palatine bone were hypoplastic, compared to WT controls. Interestingly the mandible in Dhcr7-/- mice was mainly affected at the condylar region, not the body. Thus, these results help us understand which bones and how greatly they are affected by cholesterol metabolism aberrations in Dhcr7-/- and Sc5d-/- mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Iwaya
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), School of Dentistry, 1941 East Road, BBS 4208, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), School of Dentistry, 1941 East Road, BBS 4208, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- University of Missouri - Kansas City, School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Junbo Shim
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), School of Dentistry, 1941 East Road, BBS 4208, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Aemin Kim
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), School of Dentistry, 1941 East Road, BBS 4208, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), School of Dentistry, 1941 East Road, BBS 4208, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li A, Tomita H, Xu L. Temporal gene expression changes and affected pathways in neurodevelopment of a mouse model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.21.568116. [PMID: 38045361 PMCID: PMC10690207 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.21.568116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder that arises from mutations in the gene DHCR7, which encodes the terminal enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, leading to decreased production of cholesterol and accumulation of the cholesterol precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol, and its oxysterol metabolites. The disorder displays a wide range of neurodevelopmental defects, intellectual disability, and behavioral problems. However, an in-depth study on the temporal changes of gene expression in the developing brains of SLOS mice has not been done before. In this work, we carried out the transcriptomic analysis of whole brains from WT and Dhcr7-KO mice at four-time points through postnatal day 0. First, we observed the expected downregulation of the Dhcr7 gene in the Dhcr7-KO mouse model, as well as gene expression changes of several other genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis throughout all time points. Pathway and GO term enrichment analyses revealed affected signaling pathways and biological processes that were shared amongst time points and unique to individual time points. Specifically, the pathways important for embryonic development, including Hippo, Wnt, and TGF-β signaling pathways are the most significantly affected at the earliest time point, E12.5. Additionally, neurogenesis-related GO terms were enriched in earlier time points, consistent with the timing of development. Conversely, pathways related to synaptogenesis, which occurs later in development compared to neurogenesis, are significantly affected at the later time points, E16.5 and PND0, including the cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic synapses. The impact of these transcriptomic changes and enriched pathways is discussed in the context of known biological phenotypes of SLOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Hideaki Tomita
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen W, Li Y, Yu X, Wang Z, Wang W, Rao M, Li Y, Luo Z, Zhang Q, Liu J, Wu J. Zika virus non-structural protein 4B interacts with DHCR7 to facilitate viral infection. Virol Sin 2023; 38:23-33. [PMID: 36182074 PMCID: PMC10006206 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) evolves non-structural proteins to evade immune response and ensure efficient replication in the host cells. Cholesterol metabolic enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) was recently reported to impact innate immune responses in ZIKV infection. However, the vital non-structural protein and mechanisms involved in DHCR7-mediated viral evasion are not well elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that ZIKV infection facilitated DHCR7 expression. Notably, the upregulated DHCR7 in turn facilitated ZIKV infection and blocking DHCR7 suppressed ZIKV infection. Mechanically, ZIKV non-structural protein 4B (NS4B) interacted with DHCR7 to induce DHCR7 expression. Moreover, DHCR7 inhibited TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation, which resulted in the reduction of interferon-beta (IFN-β) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) productions. Therefore, we propose that ZIKV NS4B binds to DHCR7 to repress TBK1 and IRF3 activation, which in turn inhibits IFN-β and ISGs, and thereby facilitating ZIKV evasion. This study broadens the insights on how viral non-structural proteins antagonize innate immunity to facilitate viral infection via cholesterol metabolic enzymes and intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, 528315, China
| | - Yukun Li
- Halison International Peace Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Hengshui, 053000, China
| | - Xiuling Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhenwei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Menglan Rao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yongkui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, 528315, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, 528315, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, 528315, China
| | - Jinbiao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, 528315, China.
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, 528315, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chattopadhyay A, Sharma A. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: A pathophysiological manifestation of the Bloch hypothesis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1120373. [PMID: 36714259 PMCID: PMC9878332 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1120373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of cholesterol, an essential component of higher eukaryotic membranes, was worked out by Konrad Bloch (and Feodor Lynen) in the 1960s and they received the Nobel Prize around that time in recognition of their pioneering contributions. An elegant consequence of this was a hypothesis proposed by Konrad Bloch (the Bloch hypothesis) which suggests that each subsequent intermediate in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway is superior in supporting membrane function in higher eukaryotes relative to its precursor. In this review, we discuss an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder, known as Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), associated with a defect in the Kandutsch-Russell pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis that results in accumulation of the immediate precursor of cholesterol in its biosynthetic pathway (7-dehydrocholesterol) and an altered cholesterol to total sterol ratio. Patients suffering from SLOS have several developmental, behavioral and cognitive abnormalities for which no drug is available yet. We characterize SLOS as a manifestation of the Bloch hypothesis and review its molecular etiology and current treatment. We further discuss defective Hedgehog signaling in SLOS and focus on the role of the serotonin1A receptor, a representative neurotransmitter receptor belonging to the GPCR family, in SLOS. Notably, ligand binding activity and cellular signaling of serotonin1A receptors are impaired in SLOS-like condition. Importantly, cellular localization and intracellular trafficking of the serotonin1A receptor (which constitute an important determinant of a GPCR cellular function) are compromised in SLOS. We highlight some of the recent developments and emerging concepts in SLOS pathobiology and suggest that novel therapies based on trafficking defects of target receptors could provide new insight into treatment of SLOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amitabha Chattopadhyay
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India,*Correspondence: Amitabha Chattopadhyay,
| | - Ashwani Sharma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Progressive Cholestasis and Biliary Cirrhosis After Initiating Oral Semaglutide: Report From the Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network. ACG Case Rep J 2022; 9:e00922. [PMID: 36600793 PMCID: PMC9794239 DOI: 10.14309/crj.0000000000000922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Semaglutide has little hepatic metabolism and is deemed low risk for causing drug-induced liver injury (DILI). We present a case of DILI from the US DILI Network. The case involved a 51-year-old man with type 2 diabetes who presented with jaundice and acute-on-chronic kidney disease 6 months after starting oral semaglutide. His liver injury progressed to biliary cirrhosis, accompanied by nephritis that led to end-stage renal disease. Extensive evaluations including liver and kidney biopsies revealed no alternative etiologies. Cholestatic gene sequencing revealed heterozygosity for ABCC2 and DHCR7. He eventually underwent combined liver and kidney transplantation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ballout RA, Livinski A, Fu YP, Steiner RD, Remaley AT. Statins for Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 11:CD013521. [PMID: 36373961 PMCID: PMC9661876 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013521.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a multiple congenital malformations syndrome caused by defective cholesterol biosynthesis. Affected individuals show cholesterol deficiency and accumulation of various precursor molecules, mainly 7-dehydrocholesterol and 8-dehydrocholesterol. There is currently no cure for SLOS, with cholesterol supplementation being primarily a biochemical therapy of limited evidence. However, several anecdotal reports and preclinical studies have highlighted statins as a potential therapy for SLOS. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of statins, either alone or in combination with other non-statin therapies (e.g. cholesterol, bile acid, or vitamin co-supplementation), compared to cholesterol supplementation alone or in combination with other non-statin therapies (e.g. bile acid or vitamin supplementation) on several important outcomes including overall survival, neurobehavioral features, and adverse effects in individuals with SLOS. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, five other databases and three trials registers on 15 February 2022, together with reference checking, citation searching and contact with study authors to identify additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs with parallel or cross-over designs, and non-randomized studies of interventions (NRSIs) including non-randomized trials, cohort studies, and controlled before-and-after studies, were eligible for inclusion in this review if they met our prespecified inclusion criteria, i.e. involved human participants with biochemically or genetically diagnosed SLOS receiving statin therapy or cholesterol supplementation, or both. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors screened titles and abstracts and subsequently full-texts for all potentially-relevant references. Both authors independently extracted relevant data from included studies and assessed the risks of bias. We analyzed the data extracted from the included NRSIs and cohort studies separately from the data extracted from the single included RCT. We used a random-effects model to account for the inherent heterogeneity and methodological variation between these different study designs. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of evidence. MAIN RESULTS We included six studies (61 participants with SLOS); one RCT (N = 18), three prospective NRSIs (N = 20), and two retrospective NRSIs (N = 22). Five studies included only children, and two limited their participant inclusion by disease severity. Overall, there were nearly twice as many males as females. All six studies compared add-on statin therapy to cholesterol supplementation alone. However, the dosages, formulations, and durations of treatment were highly variable across studies. We judged the RCT as having a high risk of bias due to missing data and selective reporting. All included NRSIs had a serious or critical overall risk of bias assessed by the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions tool (ROBINS-I). None of the included studies evaluated survival or reported quality of life (QoL). Only the included RCT formally assessed changes in the neurobehavioral manifestations of SLOS, and we are uncertain whether statin therapy improves this outcome (very low-certainty evidence). We are also uncertain whether the adverse events reported in the RCT were statin-related (very low-certainty evidence). In contrast, the adverse events reported in the NRSIs seem to be possibly due to statin therapy (risk ratio 13.00, 95% confidence interval 1.85 to 91.49; P = 0.01; low-certainty evidence), with only one of the NRSIs retrospectively mentioning changes in the irritability of two of their participants. We are uncertain whether statins affect growth based on the RCT or NRSI results (very low-certainty evidence). The RCT showed that statins may make little or no difference to plasma biomarker levels (low-certainty evidence), while we are uncertain of their effects on such parameters in the NRSIs (very low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Currently, there is no evidence on the potential effects of statin therapy in people with SLOS regarding survival or QoL, and very limited evidence on the effects on neurobehavioral manifestations. Likewise, current evidence is insufficient and of very low certainty regarding the effects of statins on growth parameters in children with SLOS and plasma or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of various disease biomarkers. Despite these limitations, current evidence seemingly suggests that statins may increase the risk of adverse reactions in individuals with SLOS receiving statins compared to those who are not. Given the insufficient evidence on potential benefits of statins in individuals with SLOS, and their potential for causing adverse reactions, anyone considering this therapy should take these findings into consideration. Future studies should address the highlighted gaps in evidence on the use of statins in individuals with SLOS by collecting prospective data on survival and performing serial standardized assessments of neurobehavioral features, QoL, anthropometric measures, and plasma and CSF biomarker levels after statin introduction. Future studies should also attempt to use consistent dosages, formulations and durations of cholesterol and statin therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rami A Ballout
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center and Children's Health, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alicia Livinski
- Division of Library Services, National Institutes of Health Library, Office of Research Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Fu
- Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert D Steiner
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tomita H, Hines KM, Herron JM, Li A, Baggett DW, Xu L. 7-Dehydrocholesterol-derived oxysterols cause neurogenic defects in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. eLife 2022; 11:e67141. [PMID: 36111785 PMCID: PMC9519149 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective 3β-hydroxysterol-Δ7 -reductase (DHCR7) in the developmental disorder, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), results in a deficiency in cholesterol and accumulation of its precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). Here, we show that loss of DHCR7 causes accumulation of 7-DHC-derived oxysterol metabolites, premature neurogenesis from murine or human cortical neural precursors, and depletion of the cortical precursor pool, both in vitro and in vivo. We found that a major oxysterol, 3β,5α-dihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one (DHCEO), mediates these effects by initiating crosstalk between glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and neurotrophin receptor kinase TrkB. Either loss of DHCR7 or direct exposure to DHCEO causes hyperactivation of GR and TrkB and their downstream MEK-ERK-C/EBP signaling pathway in cortical neural precursors. Moreover, direct inhibition of GR activation with an antagonist or inhibition of DHCEO accumulation with antioxidants rescues the premature neurogenesis phenotype caused by the loss of DHCR7. These results suggest that GR could be a new therapeutic target against the neurological defects observed in SLOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Tomita
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Kelly M Hines
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Josi M Herron
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - David W Baggett
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Allen LB, Mirnics K. Metoprolol Inhibits Developmental Brain Sterol Biosynthesis in Mice. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1211. [PMID: 36139049 PMCID: PMC9496459 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo sterol synthesis is a critical homeostatic mechanism in the brain that begins during early embryonic development and continues throughout life. Multiple medications have sterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting side effects, with potentially detrimental effects on brain health. Using LC-MS/MS, we investigated the effects of six commonly used beta-blockers on brain sterol biosynthesis in vitro using cell lines. Two beta-blockers, metoprolol (MTP) and nebivolol, showed extreme elevations of the highly oxidizable cholesterol precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) in vitro across multiple cell lines. We followed up on the MTP findings using a maternal exposure model in mice. We found that 7-DHC was significantly elevated in all maternal brain regions analyzed as well as in the heart, liver and brain of the maternally exposed offspring. Since DHCR7-inhibiting/7-DHC elevating compounds can be considered teratogens, these findings suggest that MTP utilization during pregnancy might be detrimental for the development of offspring, and alternative beta-blockers should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke B. Allen
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nguyen TD, Truong ME, Reiter JF. The Intimate Connection Between Lipids and Hedgehog Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:876815. [PMID: 35757007 PMCID: PMC9222137 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.876815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (HH) signaling is an intercellular communication pathway involved in directing the development and homeostasis of metazoans. HH signaling depends on lipids that covalently modify HH proteins and participate in signal transduction downstream. In many animals, the HH pathway requires the primary cilium, an organelle with a specialized protein and lipid composition. Here, we review the intimate connection between HH signaling and lipids. We highlight how lipids in the primary cilium can create a specialized microenvironment to facilitate signaling, and how HH and components of the HH signal transduction pathway use lipids to communicate between cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi D. Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Melissa E. Truong
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Jeremy F. Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Jeremy F. Reiter,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dutta P, Ray K. Ciliary membrane, localised lipid modification and cilia function. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2613-2631. [PMID: 35661356 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cilium, a tiny microtubule-based cellular appendage critical for cell signalling and physiology, displays a large variety of receptors. The composition and turnover of ciliary lipids and receptors determine cell behaviour. Due to the exclusion of ribosomal machinery and limited membrane area, a cilium needs adaptive logistics to actively reconstitute the lipid and receptor compositions during development and differentiation. How is this dynamicity generated? Here, we examine whether, along with the Intraflagellar-Transport, targeted changes in sector-wise lipid composition could control the receptor localisation and functions in the cilia. We discuss how an interplay between ciliary lipid composition, localised lipid modification, and receptor function could contribute to cilia growth and signalling. We argue that lipid modification at the cell-cilium interface could generate an added thrust for a selective exchange of membrane lipids and the transmembrane and membrane-associated proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang ZY, Pergande MR, Ragsdale CW, Cologna SM. Steroid hormones of the octopus self-destruct system. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2572-2579.e4. [PMID: 35561680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Among all invertebrates, soft-bodied cephalopods have the largest central nervous systems and the greatest brain-to-body mass ratios, yet unlike other big-brained animals, cephalopods are unusually short lived.1-5 Primates and corvids survive for many decades, but shallow-water octopuses, such as the California two-spot octopus (Octopus bimaculoides), typically live for only 1 year.6,7 Lifespan and reproduction are controlled by the principal neuroendocrine center of the octopus: the optic glands, which are functional analogs to the vertebrate pituitary gland.8-10 After mating, females steadfastly brood their eggs, begin fasting, and undergo rapid physiological decline, featuring repeated self-injury and leading to death.11 Removal of the optic glands completely reverses this life history trajectory,10 but the signaling factors underlying this major life transition are unknown. Here, we characterize the major secretions and steroidogenic pathways of the female optic gland using mass spectrometry techniques. We find that at least three pathways are mobilized to increase synthesis of select sterol hormones after reproduction. One pathway generates pregnane steroids, known in other animals to support reproduction.12-16 Two other pathways produce 7-dehydrocholesterol and bile acid intermediates, neither of which were previously known to be involved in semelparity. Our results provide insight into invertebrate cholesterol pathways and confirm a remarkable unity of steroid hormone biology in life history processes across Bilateria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Yan Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Melissa R Pergande
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Clifton W Ragsdale
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Stephanie M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Aguiar T, Teixeira A, Scliar MO, Sobral de Barros J, Lemes RB, Souza S, Tolezano G, Santos F, Tojal I, Cypriano M, Caminada de Toledo SR, Valadares E, Borges Pinto R, Pinto Artigalas OA, Caetano de Aguirre Neto J, Novak E, Cristofani LM, Miura Sugayama SM, Odone V, Cunha IW, Lima da Costa CM, Rosenberg C, Krepischi A. Unraveling the Genetic Architecture of Hepatoblastoma Risk: Birth Defects and Increased Burden of Germline Damaging Variants in Gastrointestinal/Renal Cancer Predisposition and DNA Repair Genes. Front Genet 2022; 13:858396. [PMID: 35495172 PMCID: PMC9039399 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.858396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultrarare hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common pediatric liver cancer. HB risk is related to a few rare syndromes, and the molecular bases remain elusive for most cases. We investigated the burden of rare damaging germline variants in 30 Brazilian patients with HB and the presence of additional clinical signs. A high frequency of prematurity (20%) and birth defects (37%), especially craniofacial (17%, including craniosynostosis) and kidney (7%) anomalies, was observed. Putative pathogenic or likely pathogenic monoallelic germline variants mapped to 10 cancer predisposition genes (CPGs: APC, CHEK2, DROSHA, ERCC5, FAH, MSH2, MUTYH, RPS19, TGFBR2 and VHL) were detected in 33% of the patients, only 40% of them with a family history of cancer. These findings showed a predominance of CPGs with a known link to gastrointestinal/colorectal and renal cancer risk. A remarkable feature was an enrichment of rare damaging variants affecting different classes of DNA repair genes, particularly those known as Fanconi anemia genes. Moreover, several potentially deleterious variants mapped to genes impacting liver functions were disclosed. To our knowledge, this is the largest assessment of rare germline variants in HB patients to date, contributing to elucidate the genetic architecture of HB risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talita Aguiar
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anne Teixeira
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília O. Scliar
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Sobral de Barros
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renan B. Lemes
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Souza
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Tolezano
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Santos
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Israel Tojal
- International Center for Research, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica Cypriano
- GRAACC—Grupo de Apoio Ao Adolescente e Criança Com Câncer, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eugênia Valadares
- Benjamim Guimarães Foundation - Department of Pediatrics Hospital da Baleia, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Raquel Borges Pinto
- Department of Genetics, Hospital da Criança Conceição, Hospitalar Conceição Group, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Estela Novak
- Pediatric Cancer Institute (ITACI) at the Pediatric Department, São Paulo University Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Molecular Genetics—Foundation Pro Sangue Blood Center of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian Maria Cristofani
- Pediatric Cancer Institute (ITACI) at the Pediatric Department, São Paulo University Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sofia M. Miura Sugayama
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vicente Odone
- Pediatric Cancer Institute (ITACI) at the Pediatric Department, São Paulo University Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carla Rosenberg
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Krepischi
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Ana Krepischi,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li A, Hines KM, Ross DH, MacDonald JW, Xu L. Temporal changes in the brain lipidome during neurodevelopment of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome mice. Analyst 2022; 147:1611-1621. [PMID: 35293916 PMCID: PMC9018458 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00137c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopment is an intricately orchestrated program of cellular events that occurs with tight temporal and spatial regulation. While it is known that the development and proper functioning of the brain, which is the second most lipid rich organ behind adipose tissue, greatly rely on lipid metabolism and signaling, the temporal lipidomic changes that occur throughout the course of neurodevelopment have not been investigated. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is a metabolic disorder caused by genetic mutations in the DHCR7 gene, leading to defective 3β-hydroxysterol-Δ7-reductase (DHCR7), the enzyme that catalyzes the last step of the Kandutsch-Russell pathway of cholesterol synthesis. Due to the close regulatory relationship between sterol and lipid homeostasis, we hypothesize that altered or dysregulated lipid metabolism beyond the primary defect of cholesterol biosynthesis is present in the pathophysiology of SLOS. Herein, we applied our HILIC-IM-MS method and LiPydomics Python package to streamline an untargeted lipidomics analysis of developing mouse brains in both wild-type and Dhcr7-KO mice, identifying lipids at Level 3 (lipid species level: lipid class/subclass and fatty acid sum composition). We compared relative lipid abundances throughout development, from embryonic day 12.5 to postnatal day 0 and determined differentially expressed brain lipids between wild-type and Dhcr7-KO mice at specific developmental time points, revealing lipid metabolic pathways that are affected in SLOS beyond the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, such as glycerolipid, glycerophospholipid, and sphingolipid metabolism. Implications of the altered lipid metabolic pathways in SLOS pathophysiology are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Kelly M Hines
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Dylan H Ross
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - James W MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dudin O, Wielgoss S, New AM, Ruiz-Trillo I. Regulation of sedimentation rate shapes the evolution of multicellularity in a close unicellular relative of animals. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001551. [PMID: 35349578 PMCID: PMC8963540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant increases in sedimentation rate accompany the evolution of multicellularity. These increases should lead to rapid changes in ecological distribution, thereby affecting the costs and benefits of multicellularity and its likelihood to evolve. However, how genetic and cellular traits control this process, their likelihood of emergence over evolutionary timescales, and the variation in these traits as multicellularity evolves are still poorly understood. Here, using isolates of the ichthyosporean genus Sphaeroforma-close unicellular relatives of animals with brief transient multicellular life stages-we demonstrate that sedimentation rate is a highly variable and evolvable trait affected by at least 2 distinct physical mechanisms. First, we find extensive (>300×) variation in sedimentation rates for different Sphaeroforma species, mainly driven by size and density during the unicellular-to-multicellular life cycle transition. Second, using experimental evolution with sedimentation rate as a focal trait, we readily obtained, for the first time, fast settling and multicellular Sphaeroforma arctica isolates. Quantitative microscopy showed that increased sedimentation rates most often arose by incomplete cellular separation after cell division, leading to clonal "clumping" multicellular variants with increased size and density. Strikingly, density increases also arose by an acceleration of the nuclear doubling time relative to cell size. Similar size- and density-affecting phenotypes were observed in 4 additional species from the Sphaeroforma genus, suggesting that variation in these traits might be widespread in the marine habitat. By resequencing evolved isolates to high genomic coverage, we identified mutations in regulators of cytokinesis, plasma membrane remodeling, and chromatin condensation that may contribute to both clump formation and the increase in the nuclear number-to-volume ratio. Taken together, this study illustrates how extensive cellular control of density and size drive sedimentation rate variation, likely shaping the onset and further evolution of multicellularity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omaya Dudin
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sébastien Wielgoss
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aaron M. New
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Miyamoto T, Hosoba K, Akutsu SN, Matsuura S. Imaging of the Ciliary Cholesterol Underlying the Sonic Hedgehog Signal Transduction. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2374:49-57. [PMID: 34562242 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1701-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are antenna-like structures that develop on the surface of quiescent G0-phase cells and receive extracellular signals including sonic hedgehog (Shh) for embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis. In mammalian cells, cholesterol activates the seven-transmembrane protein Smoothened to transduce the Shh signal. Germline mutations of the DHCR7 gene encoding the cholesterol biogenesis enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase cause Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome with ciliopathy-related symptoms such as polycystic kidney and polydactyly, implying that cholesterol is indeed involved in ciliary functions. Notably, it has been reported that the cholesterol in ciliary membranes is significantly more abundant than that in the rest of the plasma membrane. However, several studies have failed to image the enriched ciliary cholesterol. Here, we propose a set of protocols for the sensitive imaging of ciliary cholesterol using the fluorescent small compound Filipin III and the green fluorescent protein tagged Domain 4 of the exotoxin Perfringolysin O derived from the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium perfringens. These cholesterol probes should be powerful tools for understanding the physiological and pathological roles of ciliary cholesterol in the context of Shh signaling in mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Hosoba
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Silvia Natsuko Akutsu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinya Matsuura
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Korade Z, Heffer M, Mirnics K. Medication effects on developmental sterol biosynthesis. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:490-501. [PMID: 33820938 PMCID: PMC8490477 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is essential for normal brain function and development. Genetic disruptions of sterol biosynthesis result in intellectual and developmental disabilities. Developing neurons synthesize their own cholesterol, and disruption of this process can occur by both genetic and chemical mechanisms. Many commonly prescribed medications interfere with sterol biosynthesis, including haloperidol, aripiprazole, cariprazine, fluoxetine, trazodone and amiodarone. When used during pregnancy, these compounds might have detrimental effects on the developing brain of the offspring. In particular, inhibition of dehydrocholesterol-reductase 7 (DHCR7), the last enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway, results in accumulation of the immediate cholesterol precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). 7-DHC is highly unstable, giving rise to toxic oxysterols; this is particularly pronounced in a mouse model when both the mother and the offspring carry the Dhcr7+/- genotype. Studies of human dermal fibroblasts from individuals who carry DCHR7+/- single allele mutations suggest that the same gene*medication interaction also occurs in humans. The public health relevance of these findings is high, as DHCR7-inhibitors can be considered teratogens, and are commonly used by pregnant women. In addition, sterol biosynthesis inhibiting medications should be used with caution in individuals with mutations in sterol biosynthesis genes. In an age of precision medicine, further research in this area could open opportunities to improve patient and fetal/infant safety by tailoring medication prescriptions according to patient genotype and life stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198
| | - Marija Heffer
- J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA. .,Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sterol and lipid analyses identifies hypolipidemia and apolipoprotein disorders in autism associated with adaptive functioning deficits. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:471. [PMID: 34504056 PMCID: PMC8429516 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01580-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An improved understanding of sterol and lipid abnormalities in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) could lead to personalized treatment approaches. Toward this end, in blood, we identified reduced synthesis of cholesterol in families with ≥2 children with ASD participating with the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE), as well as reduced amounts of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB), with 19.9% of the subjects presenting with apolipoprotein patterns similar to hypolipidemic clinical syndromes and 30% with either or both ApoA1 and ApoB less than the fifth centile. Subjects with levels less than the fifth centile of HDL or ApoA1 or ApoA1 + ApoB had lower adaptive functioning than other individuals with ASD, and hypocholesterolemic subjects had apolipoprotein deficits significantly divergent from either typically developing individuals participating in National Institutes of Health or the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III.
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang M, Song M, Cheng F, Yang Z, Davoudi M, Chen J, Lou Q. Identification of a putative candidate gene encoding 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase involved in brassinosteroids biosynthesis for compact plant architecture in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:2023-2034. [PMID: 33683399 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03802-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
By the strategy of bulked segregant analysis sequencing combined with genetic mapping, CsDWF5, which encodes 7 dehydrocholesterol reductase that involved in brassinosteroids biosynthesis, was identified as the candidate gene for cpa. Dwarf architecture is one of the most important breeding goals in crops. The biosynthesis and signal transduction of brassinosteroids (BRs) have a great impact on plant growth and development including plant architecture. Here, we identified a compact plant architecture (cpa) mutant from an EMS-induced cucumber population. cpa displayed the extremely dwarf phenotype with shortened internode and petiole, darkened and wrinkled leaf. Genetic analysis revealed that cpa was caused by a single recessive gene. By the strategy of bulked segregant analysis sequencing combined with genetic mapping, CsDWF5, encoding a 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase that involved in sterol biosynthesis, was identified as the candidate gene for cpa. One single nucleotide mutation (G→A) in splicing site causing 3-bp insertion (TAG) was found in the first base of the sixth intron of CsDWF5 in cpa, which furtherly resulted in the frameshift mutation and got a premature stop codon. The expression of CsDWF5 gene was significantly down regulated in different tissues of the cpa mutant compared with that in wild type. The phenotype of cpa could be partially recovered by exogenous BR treatment. Transcriptome analysis identified 1096 genes that exhibited differential expression between the cpa mutant and wild type. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in BR biosynthesis and plant-pathogen interaction pathways. These results provide perspectives on the molecular mechanisms underlying the dwarfing phenotype in cucumber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mengfei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhige Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Marzieh Davoudi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Qunfeng Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
mTOR Driven Gene Transcription Is Required for Cholesterol Production in Neurons of the Developing Cerebral Cortex. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116034. [PMID: 34204880 PMCID: PMC8199781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity is associated with various neurodevelopmental disorders ranging from idiopathic autism spectrum disorders (ASD) to syndromes caused by single gene defects. This suggests that maintaining mTOR activity levels in a physiological range is essential for brain development and functioning. Upon activation, mTOR regulates a variety of cellular processes such as cell growth, autophagy, and metabolism. On a molecular level, however, the consequences of mTOR activation in the brain are not well understood. Low levels of cholesterol are associated with a wide variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. We here describe numerous genes of the sterol/cholesterol biosynthesis pathway to be transcriptionally regulated by mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling in vitro in primary neurons and in vivo in the developing cerebral cortex of the mouse. We find that these genes are shared targets of the transcription factors SREBP, SP1, and NF-Y. Prenatal as well as postnatal mTORC1 inhibition downregulated expression of these genes which directly translated into reduced cholesterol levels, pointing towards a substantial metabolic function of the mTORC1 signaling cascade. Altogether, our results indicate that mTORC1 is an essential transcriptional regulator of the expression of sterol/cholesterol biosynthesis genes in the developing brain. Altered expression of these genes may be an important factor contributing to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders associated with dysregulated mTOR signaling.
Collapse
|
23
|
Zalewski CK, Sydlowski SA, King KA, Bianconi S, Dang Do A, Porter FD, Brewer CC. Auditory phenotype of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:1131-1141. [PMID: 33529473 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive multiple congenital malformation and intellectual disability syndrome resulting from variants in DHCR7. Auditory characteristics of persons with SLOS have been described in limited case reports but have not been systematically evaluated. The objective of this study is to describe the auditory phenotype in SLOS. Age- and ability-appropriate hearing evaluations were conducted on 32 patients with SLOS. A subset of 21 had auditory brainstem response testing, from which an auditory neural phenotype is described. Peripheral or retrocochlear auditory dysfunction was observed in at least one ear of 65.6% (21) of the patients in our SLOS cohort. The audiometric phenotype was heterogeneous and included conductive, mixed, and sensorineural hearing loss. The most common presentation was a slight to mild conductive hearing loss, although profound sensorineural hearing loss was also observed. Abnormal auditory brainstem responses indicative of retrocochlear dysfunction were identified in 21.9% of the patients. Many were difficult to test behaviorally and required objective assessment methods to estimate hearing sensitivity. Individuals with SLOS are likely to have hearing loss that may impact communication, including speech and language development. Routine audiologic surveillance should be conducted to ensure prompt management of hearing loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah A Sydlowski
- NIDCD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Cleveland Clinic Head & Neck Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kelly A King
- NIDCD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Simona Bianconi
- NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - An Dang Do
- NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Forbes D Porter
- NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carmen C Brewer
- NIDCD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dave AM, Peeples ES. Cholesterol metabolism and brain injury in neonatal encephalopathy. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:37-44. [PMID: 33106607 PMCID: PMC8511855 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) results from impaired cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery to the brain. The pathophysiology of NE is complex and our understanding of its underlying pathways continues to evolve. There is considerable evidence that cholesterol dysregulation is involved in several adult diseases, including traumatic brain injury, stroke, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Although the research is less robust in pediatrics, there is emerging evidence that aberrations in cholesterol metabolism may also be involved in the pathophysiology of neonatal NE. This narrative review provides an overview of cholesterol metabolism in the brain along with several examples from the adult literature where pathologic alterations in cholesterol metabolism have been associated with inflammatory and ischemic brain injury. Using those data as a background, the review then discusses the current preclinical data supporting the involvement of cholesterol in the pathogenesis of NE as well as how brain-specific cholesterol metabolites may serve as serum biomarkers for brain injury. Lastly, we review the potential for using the cholesterol metabolic pathways as therapeutic targets. Further investigation of the shifts in cholesterol synthesis and metabolism after hypoxia-ischemia may prove vital in understanding NE pathophysiology as well as providing opportunities for rapid diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. IMPACT: This review summarizes emerging evidence that aberrations in cholesterol metabolism may be involved in the pathophysiology of NE. Using data from NE as well as analogous adult disease states, this article reviews the potential for using cholesterol pathways as targets for developing novel therapeutic interventions and using cholesterol metabolites as biomarkers for injury. When possible, gaps in the current literature were identified to aid in the development of future studies to further investigate the interactions between cholesterol pathways and NE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Dave
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Eric S Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Role of Metabolism in Bone Development and Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238992. [PMID: 33256181 PMCID: PMC7729585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are the underlying energy sources for animals and are catabolized through specific biochemical cascades involving numerous enzymes. The catabolites and metabolites in these metabolic pathways are crucial for many cellular functions; therefore, an imbalance and/or dysregulation of these pathways causes cellular dysfunction, resulting in various metabolic diseases. Bone, a highly mineralized organ that serves as a skeleton of the body, undergoes continuous active turnover, which is required for the maintenance of healthy bony components through the deposition and resorption of bone matrix and minerals. This highly coordinated event is regulated throughout life by bone cells such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, and requires synchronized activities from different metabolic pathways. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the cellular metabolism involved in bone development and homeostasis, as revealed by mouse genetic studies.
Collapse
|
26
|
Temple SEL, Sachdev R, Ellaway C. Familial DHCR7 genotype presenting as a very mild form of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome and lethal holoprosencephaly. JIMD Rep 2020; 56:3-8. [PMID: 33204589 PMCID: PMC7653247 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by variants in the DHCR7 gene. In cholesterol biosynthesis, 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) is converted to cholesterol by the enzyme 7-DHC reductase, which is encoded by the gene DHCR7. Thus, an elevated 7-DHC is indicative of SLOS. Characteristically SLOS is usually associated with congenital anomalies, dysmorphisms, and moderate to severe neurodevelopmental delay. However, there are rare descriptions of individuals with milder phenotypes. We report a mild case of SLOS presenting with short stature, cleft palate, imperforate anus, and mild language delay with subtle dysmorphic features. 7-DHC was not elevated at 1 year of age and SLOS considered excluded at this time. The parents had two pregnancies with holoprosencephaly. Whole exome sequencing of one of the fetuses identified compound heterozygous pathogenic variants in the DHCR7 gene (c.964-1G>C (p.?) and c.1039G>A (p.Gly347Ser) causative of SLOS. The proband with a mild form of SLOS was also found to have the same DHCR7 variants as the fetus and repeat testing of 7-DHC at 4 years of age was elevated, in keeping with SLOS. This case is the first to describe a wide intrafamilial phenotypic spectrum of SLOS as a result of the same DHCR7 genotype. This case also supports the findings of others that a normal or near normal development should not exclude SLOS. As demonstrated in this case exclusion of a metabolic diagnosis because of a negative biochemical marker such as 7-DHC is not absolute and if clinical suspicion remains genomic sequencing is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna E. L. Temple
- Centre for Clinical GeneticsSydney Children's HospitalRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Rani Sachdev
- Centre for Clinical GeneticsSydney Children's HospitalRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Carolyn Ellaway
- Centre for Clinical GeneticsSydney Children's HospitalRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Delvecchio M, Rapone B, Simonetti S, Fecarotta S, De Carlo G, Favoino E, Loverro MT, Romano AMI, Taurino F, Di Naro E, Gnoni A. Dietary cholesterol supplementation and inhibitory factor 1 serum levels in two dizygotic Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome twins: a case report. Ital J Pediatr 2020; 46:161. [PMID: 33115520 PMCID: PMC7594264 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-020-00924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder caused by the defect in the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase. This defect leads to the deficiency of cholesterol biosynthesis with accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol. Inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) is a well-known mitochondrial protein. Recently, it has been discovered in the human serum where it is reported to be involved in the HDL-cholesterol intake. Here we report the IF1 presence in the serum of two paediatric SLOS dizygotic twins treated with dietary cholesterol supplementation. CASE PRESENTATION The patients showed a typical phenotype. They started dietary supplementation with cholesterol when 2 months old. The cholesterol intake was periodically titrated on the basis of weight increase and the twin 1 required a larger supplementation than the twin 2 during the follow-up. When 6.4-year-old, they underwent IF1 assay that was 7-fold increased in twin 2 compared to twin 1 (93.0 pg/ml vs 13.0 pg/ml, respectively). CONCLUSIONS We report, for the first time, the presence of circulating IF1 in the serum of SLOS patients, showing different levels among them. Our findings confirm that IF1 could be a novel research target in cholesterol-related disorders and also in SLOS, and could contribute to the general debate on IF1 as a new modulator of cholesterol levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Delvecchio
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Genetics and Diabetology, Giovanni XXIII Children's Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Biagio Rapone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Simonetta Simonetti
- Regional Centre for Neonatal Screening, Children Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari, Italy
| | - Simona Fecarotta
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Graziana De Carlo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Elvira Favoino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Loverro
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Isdraele Romano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Federica Taurino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Edoardo Di Naro
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Gnoni
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Christodoulou A, Maimaris G, Makrigiorgi A, Charidemou E, Lüchtenborg C, Ververis A, Georgiou R, Lederer CW, Haffner C, Brügger B, Santama N. TMEM147 interacts with lamin B receptor, regulates its localization and levels, and affects cholesterol homeostasis. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs245357. [PMID: 32694168 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.245357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The structurally and functionally complex endoplasmic reticulum (ER) hosts critical processes including lipid synthesis. Here, we focus on the functional characterization of transmembrane protein TMEM147, and report that it localizes at the ER and nuclear envelope in HeLa cells. Silencing of TMEM147 drastically reduces the level of lamin B receptor (LBR) at the inner nuclear membrane and results in mistargeting of LBR to the ER. LBR possesses a modular structure and corresponding bifunctionality, acting in heterochromatin organization via its N-terminus and in cholesterol biosynthesis via its sterol-reductase C-terminal domain. We show that TMEM147 physically interacts with LBR, and that the C-terminus of LBR is essential for their functional interaction. We find that TMEM147 also physically interacts with the key sterol reductase DHCR7, which is involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. Similar to what was seen for LBR, TMEM147 downregulation results in a sharp decline of DHCR protein levels and co-ordinate transcriptional decreases of LBR and DHCR7 expression. Consistent with this, lipidomic analysis upon TMEM147 silencing identified changes in cellular cholesterol levels, cholesteryl ester levels and profile, and in cellular cholesterol uptake, raising the possibility that TMEM147 is an important new regulator of cholesterol homeostasis in cells.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andri Christodoulou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Giannis Maimaris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andri Makrigiorgi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Evelina Charidemou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Antonis Ververis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Renos Georgiou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Carsten W Lederer
- Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassaemia and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 1683 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christof Haffner
- Institute of Stroke and Dementia Research, University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Britta Brügger
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niovi Santama
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Smet ME, Scott FP, McLennan AC. Discordant fetal sex on NIPT and ultrasound. Prenat Diagn 2020; 40:1353-1365. [PMID: 32125721 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal diagnosis of sex discordance is a relatively new phenomenon. Prior to cell-free DNA testing, the diagnosis of a disorder of sexual differentiation was serendipitous, either through identification of ambiguous genitalia at the midtrimester morphology ultrasound or discovery of genotype-phenotype discordance in cases where preimplantation genetic diagnosis or invasive prenatal testing had occurred. The widespread integration of cfDNA testing into modern antenatal screening has made sex chromosome assessment possible from 10 weeks of gestation, and discordant fetal sex is now more commonly diagnosed prenatally, with a prevalence of approximately 1 in 1500-2000 pregnancies. Early detection of phenotype-genotype sex discordance is important as it may indicate an underlying genetic, chromosomal or biochemical condition and it also allows for time-critical postnatal treatment. The aim of this article is to review cfDNA and ultrasound diagnosis of fetal sex, identify possible causes of phenotype-genotype discordance and provide a systematic approach for clinicians when counseling and managing couples in this circumstance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Elisabeth Smet
- Sydney Ultrasound for Women, Chatswood, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fergus P Scott
- Sydney Ultrasound for Women, Chatswood, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew C McLennan
- Sydney Ultrasound for Women, Chatswood, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Neonatology, The University of Sydney Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Usui N, Iwata K, Miyachi T, Takagai S, Wakusawa K, Nara T, Tsuchiya KJ, Matsumoto K, Kurita D, Kameno Y, Wakuda T, Takebayashi K, Iwata Y, Fujioka T, Hirai T, Toyoshima M, Ohnishi T, Toyota T, Maekawa M, Yoshikawa T, Maekawa M, Nakamura K, Tsujii M, Sugiyama T, Mori N, Matsuzaki H. VLDL-specific increases of fatty acids in autism spectrum disorder correlate with social interaction. EBioMedicine 2020; 58:102917. [PMID: 32739868 PMCID: PMC7393524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities of lipid metabolism contributing to the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) pathogenesis have been suggested, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. We aimed to characterize the lipid metabolism in ASD and to explore a biomarker for clinical evaluation. METHODS An age-matched case-control study was designed. Lipidomics was conducted using the plasma samples from 30 children with ASD compared to 30 typical developmental control (TD) children. Large-scale lipoprotein analyses were also conducted using the serum samples from 152 children with ASD compared to 122 TD children. Data comparing ASD to TD subjects were evaluated using univariate (Mann-Whitney test) and multivariate analyses (conditional logistic regression analysis) for main analyses using cofounders (diagnosis, sex, age, height, weight, and BMI), Spearman rank correlation coefficient, and discriminant analyses. FINDINGS Forty-eight significant metabolites involved in lipid biosynthesis and metabolism, oxidative stress, and synaptic function were identified in the plasma of ASD children by lipidomics. Among these, increased fatty acids (FAs), such as omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6), showed correlations with clinical social interaction score and ASD diagnosis. Specific reductions of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and apoprotein B (APOB) in serum of ASD children also were found by large-scale lipoprotein analysis. VLDL-specific reduction in ASD was correlated with APOB, indicating VLDL-specific dyslipidaemia associated with APOB in ASD children. INTERPRETATION Our results demonstrated that the increases in FAs correlated positively with social interaction are due to VLDL-specific degradation, providing novel insights into the lipid metabolism underlying ASD pathophysiology. FUNDING This study was supported mainly by MEXT, Japan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Usui
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Center for Medical Research and Education, and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Addiction Research Unit, Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, Osaka Psychiatric Medical Center, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Keiko Iwata
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Taishi Miyachi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya City University Medical School, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Shu Takagai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Keisuke Wakusawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Miyagi Children's Hospital, Miyagi 989-3126, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nara
- Department of Rehabilitation, Miyagi Children's Hospital, Miyagi 989-3126, Japan
| | - Kenji J Tsuchiya
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kaori Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Psychology, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Ishikawa 921-8054, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurita
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kameno
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Wakuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Takebayashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Fukude Nishi Hospital, Shizuoka 437-1216, Japan
| | - Toru Fujioka
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takaharu Hirai
- Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Manabu Toyoshima
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ohnishi
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Motoko Maekawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masato Maekawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Tsujii
- School of Contemporary Sociology, Chukyo University, Aichi 470-0393, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sugiyama
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Norio Mori
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Fukude Nishi Hospital, Shizuoka 437-1216, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuzaki
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Reynolds K, Zhang S, Sun B, Garland MA, Ji Y, Zhou CJ. Genetics and signaling mechanisms of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1588-1634. [PMID: 32666711 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial development involves several complex tissue movements including several fusion processes to form the frontonasal and maxillary structures, including the upper lip and palate. Each of these movements are controlled by many different factors that are tightly regulated by several integral morphogenetic signaling pathways. Subject to both genetic and environmental influences, interruption at nearly any stage can disrupt lip, nasal, or palate fusion and result in a cleft. Here, we discuss many of the genetic risk factors that may contribute to the presentation of orofacial clefts in patients, and several of the key signaling pathways and underlying cellular mechanisms that control lip and palate formation, as identified primarily through investigating equivalent processes in animal models, are examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Michael A Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Talamillo A, Ajuria L, Grillo M, Barroso-Gomila O, Mayor U, Barrio R. SUMOylation in the control of cholesterol homeostasis. Open Biol 2020; 10:200054. [PMID: 32370667 PMCID: PMC7276529 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation—protein modification by the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)—affects several cellular processes by modulating the activity, stability, interactions or subcellular localization of a variety of substrates. SUMO modification is involved in most cellular processes required for the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. Cholesterol is one of the main lipids required to preserve the correct cellular function, contributing to the composition of the plasma membrane and participating in transmembrane receptor signalling. Besides these functions, cholesterol is required for the synthesis of steroid hormones, bile acids, oxysterols and vitamin D. Cholesterol levels need to be tightly regulated: in excess, it is toxic to the cell, and the disruption of its homeostasis is associated with various disorders like atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. This review focuses on the role of SUMO in the regulation of proteins involved in the metabolism of cholesterol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Talamillo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Leiore Ajuria
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Marco Grillo
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Orhi Barroso-Gomila
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Ugo Mayor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rosa Barrio
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Miyamoto T, Hosoba K, Itabashi T, Iwane AH, Akutsu SN, Ochiai H, Saito Y, Yamamoto T, Matsuura S. Insufficiency of ciliary cholesterol in hereditary Zellweger syndrome. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103499. [PMID: 32368833 PMCID: PMC7298307 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are antenna‐like organelles on the surface of most mammalian cells that receive sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling in embryogenesis and carcinogenesis. Cellular cholesterol functions as a direct activator of a seven‐transmembrane oncoprotein called Smoothened (Smo) and thereby induces Smo accumulation on the ciliary membrane where it transduces the Shh signal. However, how cholesterol is supplied to the ciliary membrane remains unclear. Here, we report that peroxisomes are essential for the transport of cholesterol into the ciliary membrane. Zellweger syndrome (ZS) is a peroxisome‐deficient hereditary disorder with several ciliopathy‐related features and cells from these patients showed a reduced cholesterol level in the ciliary membrane. Reverse genetics approaches revealed that the GTP exchange factor Rabin8, the Rab GTPase Rab10, and the microtubule minus‐end‐directed kinesin KIFC3 form a peroxisome‐associated complex to control the movement of peroxisomes along microtubules, enabling communication between peroxisomes and ciliary pocket membranes. Our findings suggest that insufficient ciliary cholesterol levels may underlie ciliopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hosoba
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Itabashi
- Laboratory for Cell Field Structure, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsuko H Iwane
- Laboratory for Cell Field Structure, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Silvia Natsuko Akutsu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ochiai
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Life and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinya Matsuura
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Disruption of Dhcr7 and Insig1/2 in cholesterol metabolism causes defects in bone formation and homeostasis through primary cilium formation. Bone Res 2020; 8:1. [PMID: 31934493 PMCID: PMC6946666 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-019-0078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human linkage studies suggest that craniofacial deformities result from either genetic mutations related to cholesterol metabolism or high-cholesterol maternal diets. However, little is known about the precise roles of intracellular cholesterol metabolism in the development of craniofacial bones, the majority of which are formed through intramembranous ossification. Here, we show that an altered cholesterol metabolic status results in abnormal osteogenesis through dysregulation of primary cilium formation during bone formation. We found that cholesterol metabolic aberrations, induced through disruption of either Dhcr7 (which encodes an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis) or Insig1 and Insig2 (which provide a negative feedback mechanism for cholesterol biosynthesis), result in osteoblast differentiation abnormalities. Notably, the primary cilia responsible for sensing extracellular cues were altered in number and length through dysregulated ciliary vesicle fusion in Dhcr7 and Insig1/2 mutant osteoblasts. As a consequence, WNT/β-catenin and hedgehog signaling activities were altered through dysregulated primary cilium formation. Strikingly, the normalization of defective cholesterol metabolism by simvastatin, a drug used in the treatment of cholesterol metabolic aberrations, rescued the abnormalities in both ciliogenesis and osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our results indicate that proper intracellular cholesterol status is crucial for primary cilium formation during skull formation and homeostasis.
Collapse
|
35
|
Schoner K, Witsch-Baumgartner M, Behunova J, Petrovic R, Bald R, Kircher SG, Ramaswamy A, Kluge B, Meyer-Wittkopf M, Schmitz R, Fritz B, Zschocke J, Laccone F, Rehder H. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome - Fetal phenotypes with special reference to the syndrome-specific internal malformation pattern. Birth Defects Res 2019; 112:175-185. [PMID: 31840946 PMCID: PMC7432161 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Autosomal‐recessive SLOS is caused by mutations in the DHCR7 gene. It is defined as a highly variable complex of microcephaly with intellectual disability, characteristic facies, hypospadias, and polysyndactyly. Syndrome diagnosis is often missed at prenatal ultrasound and fetal autopsy Methods We performed autopsies and DHCR7 gene analyses in eight fetuses suspected of having SLOS and measured cholesterol values in long‐term formalin‐fixed tissues of an additional museum exhibit Results Five of the nine fetuses presented classical features of SLOS, including four cases with atrial/atrioventricular septal defects and renal anomalies, and one with additional bilateral renal agenesis and a Dandy‐Walker cyst. These cases allowed for diagnosis at autopsy and subsequent SLOS diagnosis in two siblings. Two fetuses were mildly affected and two fetuses showed additional holoprosencephaly. These four cases and the exhibit had escaped diagnosis at autopsy. The case with bilateral renal agenesis presented a novel combination of a null allele and a putative C‐terminus missense mutation in the DHCR7 gene Conclusions In view of the discrepancy between the prevalence of SLOS among newborns and the carrier frequency of a heterozygous DHCR7 gene mutation, the syndrome‐specific internal malformation pattern may be helpful not to miss SLOS diagnosis in fetuses at prenatal ultrasound and fetal autopsy
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schoner
- Institute of Pathology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Jana Behunova
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Petrovic
- Institute of Medical Biology, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Rainer Bald
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Leverkusen, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Susanne G Kircher
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annette Ramaswamy
- Institute of Pathology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Britta Kluge
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ralf Schmitz
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Clinic Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Barbara Fritz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Zschocke
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Franco Laccone
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helga Rehder
- Institute of Pathology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cardiac disorders and structural brain abnormalities are commonly associated with hypospadias in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Clin Dysmorphol 2019; 28:114-119. [PMID: 30921090 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of our study was to use an established cohort of boys to investigate common patterns of malformations in those with hypospadias. We performed a retrospective review of the phenotype of participants in the Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study with neurodevelopmental delay and an 'Abnormality of the genital system'. This group was divided into two subgroups: those with hypospadias and without hypospadias. Associated phenotypes of the two subgroups were compared and analysed. Of the 166 Deciphering Developmental Disorders participants with hypospadias and neurodevelopmental delay, 47 (28%) had cardiovascular and 40 (24%) had structural brain abnormalities. The rate of cardiovascular abnormalities in those with neurodevelopmental delay and genital abnormalities other than hypospadias (N = 645) was lower at 19% (P = 0.001). In addition, structural brain malformations were higher at 24% in the hypospadias group versus 15% in the group without hypospadias (P = 0.002). The constellation of these features occured at a higher rate in the hypospadias group versus the no hypospadias group (P = 0.038). In summary, this is the first study to indicate that cardiovascular and brain abnormalities are frequently encountered in association with hypospadias in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Not only do these associations provide insight into the underlying aetiology but also they highlight the multisystem involvement in conditions with hypospadias.
Collapse
|
37
|
Chen L, Chen XW, Huang X, Song BL, Wang Y, Wang Y. Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in health and disease. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:1420-1458. [PMID: 31686320 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucose and fatty acids are the major sources of energy for human body. Cholesterol, the most abundant sterol in mammals, is a key component of cell membranes although it does not generate ATP. The metabolisms of glucose, fatty acids and cholesterol are often intertwined and regulated. For example, glucose can be converted to fatty acids and cholesterol through de novo lipid biosynthesis pathways. Excessive lipids are secreted in lipoproteins or stored in lipid droplets. The metabolites of glucose and lipids are dynamically transported intercellularly and intracellularly, and then converted to other molecules in specific compartments. The disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism result in severe diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and fatty liver. This review summarizes the major metabolic aspects of glucose and lipid, and their regulations in the context of physiology and diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ligong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xiao-Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Yiguo Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Charkoftaki G, Thompson DC, Golla JP, Garcia-Milian R, Lam TT, Engel J, Vasiliou V. Integrated multi-omics approach reveals a role of ALDH1A1 in lipid metabolism in human colon cancer cells. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 304:88-96. [PMID: 30851239 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Charkoftaki
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jaya Prakash Golla
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Rolando Garcia-Milian
- Bioinformatics Support Program, Cushing/Whitney Medical Library, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06250, USA
| | - TuKiet T Lam
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Yale MS & Proteomics Resource, WM Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jasper Engel
- Biometris, Wageningen University & Research, Wagenigen, the Netherlands
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cavodeassi F, Creuzet S, Etchevers HC. The hedgehog pathway and ocular developmental anomalies. Hum Genet 2018; 138:917-936. [PMID: 30073412 PMCID: PMC6710239 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in effectors of the hedgehog signaling pathway are responsible for a wide variety of ocular developmental anomalies. These range from massive malformations of the brain and ocular primordia, not always compatible with postnatal life, to subtle but damaging functional effects on specific eye components. This review will concentrate on the effects and effectors of the major vertebrate hedgehog ligand for eye and brain formation, Sonic hedgehog (SHH), in tissues that constitute the eye directly and also in those tissues that exert indirect influence on eye formation. After a brief overview of human eye development, the many roles of the SHH signaling pathway during both early and later morphogenetic processes in the brain and then eye and periocular primordia will be evoked. Some of the unique molecular biology of this pathway in vertebrates, particularly ciliary signal transduction, will also be broached within this developmental cellular context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Cavodeassi
- Institute for Medical and Biomedical Education, St. George´s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Sophie Creuzet
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Heather C Etchevers
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wangeline MA, Vashistha N, Hampton RY. Proteostatic Tactics in the Strategy of Sterol Regulation. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2018; 33:467-489. [PMID: 28992438 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111315-125036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the synthesis and uptake of sterols undergo stringent multivalent regulation. Both individual enzymes and transcriptional networks are controlled to meet changing needs of the many sterol pathway products. Regulation is tailored by evolution to match regulatory constraints, which can be very different in distinct species. Nevertheless, a broadly conserved feature of many aspects of sterol regulation is employment of proteostasis mechanisms to bring about control of individual proteins. Proteostasis is the set of processes that maintain homeostasis of a dynamic proteome. Proteostasis includes protein quality control pathways for the detection, and then the correction or destruction, of the many misfolded proteins that arise as an unavoidable feature of protein-based life. Protein quality control displays not only the remarkable breadth needed to manage the wide variety of client molecules, but also extreme specificity toward the misfolded variants of a given protein. These features are amenable to evolutionary usurpation as a means to regulate proteins, and this approach has been used in sterol regulation. We describe both well-trod and less familiar versions of the interface between proteostasis and sterol regulation and suggest some underlying ideas with broad biological and clinical applicability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Wangeline
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Nidhi Vashistha
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Randolph Y Hampton
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Donoghue SE, Pitt JJ, Boneh A, White SM. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: clinical and biochemical correlates. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2018; 31:451-459. [PMID: 29455191 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2017-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the DHCR7 gene that result in reduced cholesterol biosynthesis. The aim of the study was to examine the biochemical and clinical features of SLOS in the context of the emerging evidence of the importance of cholesterol in morphogenesis and steroidogenesis. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of 18 patients (including four fetuses) with confirmed SLOS and documented their clinical and biochemical features. RESULTS Seven patients had branchial arch abnormalities, including micrognathia, immune dysfunction and hypocalcemia. Thymic abnormalities were found in three fetuses. All four patients with a cholesterol level of ≤0.35 mmol/L died. They all had electrolyte abnormalities (hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia), necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis-like episodes and midline defects including the branchial and cardiac defects. Patients with cholesterol levels ≥1.7 mmol/L had milder features and were diagnosed at 9 months to 25 years of age. All 10 patients had intellectual disability. One patient was found to have a novel mutation, c.1220A>G (p.Asn407Ser). CONCLUSIONS We suggest that screening for adrenal insufficiency and for hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism and immunodeficiency, should be done routinely in infants diagnosed early with SLOS. Early diagnosis and intervention to correct these biochemical consequences may decrease mortality and improve long-term outcome in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Donoghue
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James J Pitt
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paedatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Avihu Boneh
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paedatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan M White
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paedatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Peng Y, Myers R, Zhang W, Alexov E. Computational Investigation of the Missense Mutations in DHCR7 Gene Associated with Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E141. [PMID: 29300326 PMCID: PMC5796090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a cholesterol synthesis disorder characterized by physical, mental, and behavioral symptoms. It is caused by mutations in 7-dehydroxycholesterolreductase gene (DHCR7) encoding DHCR7 protein, which is the rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Here we demonstrate that pathogenic mutations in DHCR7 protein are located either within the transmembrane region or are near the ligand-binding site, and are highly conserved among species. In contrast, non-pathogenic mutations observed in the general population are located outside the transmembrane region and have different effects on the conformational dynamics of DHCR7. All together, these observations suggest that the non-classified mutation R228Q is pathogenic. Our analyses indicate that pathogenic effects may affect protein stability and dynamics and alter the binding affinity and flexibility of the binding site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Peng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29630, USA.
| | - Rebecca Myers
- Department of Healthcare Genetics, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29630, USA.
| | - Wenxing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29630, USA.
| | - Emil Alexov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29630, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Movassaghi M, Bianconi S, Feinn R, Wassif CA, Porter FD. Vitamin D levels in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:2577-2583. [PMID: 28796426 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive congenital malformation syndrome caused by mutations in the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase gene. This inborn error of cholesterol synthesis leads to elevated concentrations of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). 7-DHC also serves as the precursor for vitamin D synthesis. Limited data is available on vitamin D levels in individuals with SLOS. Due to elevated concentrations of 7-DHC, we hypothesized that vitamin D status would be abnormal and possibly reach toxic levels in patients with SLOS. Through a retrospective analysis of medical records between 1998 and 2006, we assessed markers of vitamin D and calcium metabolism from 53 pediatric SLOS patients and 867 pediatric patients who were admitted to the NIH Clinical Center (NIHCC) during the same time period. SLOS patients had significantly higher levels of 25(OH)D (48.06 ± 19.53 ng/ml, p < 0.01) across all seasons in comparison to the NIHCC pediatric patients (30.51 ± 16.14 ng/ml). Controlling for season and age of blood draw, 25(OH)D levels were, on average, 15.96 ng/ml (95%CI 13.95-17.90) higher in SLOS patients. Although, mean calcium values for both patient cohorts never exceeded the normal clinical reference range (8.6-10.2 mg/dl), the levels were higher in the SLOS cohort (9.49 ± 0.56 mg/dl, p < 0.01) compared to the NIHCC patients (9.25 ± 0.68 mg/dl). Overall, in comparison to the control cohort, individuals with SLOS have significantly higher concentrations of 25(OH)D that may be explained by elevated concentrations of serum 7-DHC. Despite the elevated vitamin D levels, there was no laboratory or clinical evidence of vitamin D toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miyad Movassaghi
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, North Haven, Connecticut.,Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Simona Bianconi
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Richard Feinn
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, North Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christopher A Wassif
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tamura M, Isojima T, Kasama T, Mafune R, Shimoda K, Yasudo H, Tanaka H, Takahashi C, Oka A, Kitanaka S. Novel DHCR7 mutation in a case of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome showing 46,XY disorder of sex development. Hum Genome Var 2017; 4:17015. [PMID: 28503313 PMCID: PMC5425407 DOI: 10.1038/hgv.2017.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7), which is rarely observed in Japan. We report a Japanese case with 46,XY disorder of sex development and Y-shaped 2-3 toe syndactyly. DHCR7 gene analysis revealed compound heterozygous mutations including the novel mutation H442R. Early diagnosis led to starting cholesterol treatment at an early age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Tamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Isojima
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kasama
- Research Center for Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyō, Japan
| | - Ryo Mafune
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Konomi Shimoda
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yasudo
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chie Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Oka
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kitanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Prabhu AV, Luu W, Li D, Sharpe LJ, Brown AJ. DHCR7: A vital enzyme switch between cholesterol and vitamin D production. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:138-151. [PMID: 27697512 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, the final step of cholesterol synthesis in the Kandutsch-Russell pathway, is catalyzed by the enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7). Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in DHCR7 lead to the developmental disease Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, which can also result in fetal mortality, highlighting the importance of this enzyme in human development and survival. Besides serving as a substrate for DHCR7, 7-dehydrocholesterol is also a precursor of vitamin D via the action of ultraviolet light on the skin. Thus, DHCR7 exerts complex biological effects, involved in both cholesterol and vitamin D production. Indeed, we argue that DHCR7 can act as a switch between cholesterol and vitamin D synthesis. This review summarizes current knowledge about the critical enzyme DHCR7, highlighting recent findings regarding its structure, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, and its links to vitamin D synthesis. Greater understanding about DHCR7 function, regulation and its place within cellular metabolism will provide important insights into its biological roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anika V Prabhu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Winnie Luu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dianfan Li
- National Center for Protein Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Laura J Sharpe
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
A placebo-controlled trial of simvastatin therapy in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Genet Med 2016; 19:297-305. [PMID: 27513191 PMCID: PMC5303568 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2016.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a multiple malformation/cognitive impairment syndrome characterized by the accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC), a precursor sterol of cholesterol. Simvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain-barrier, has been proposed for treatment of SLOS based on in vitro and in vivo studies suggesting that simvastatin increases expression of hypomorphic DHCR7 alleles. Methods Safety and efficacy of simvastatin therapy in 23 mild to typical SLOS patients was evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The cross-over trial consisted of two 12 month treatment phases separated by a 2 month wash-out period. Results No safety issues were identified in this study. Plasma dehydrocholesterol levels decreased significantly 8.9 ± 8.4% on placebo to 6.1 ± 5.5% on simvastatin (p<0.005) and we observed a trend toward decreased cerebral spinal fluid dehydrocholesterol levels. A significant improvement (p=0.017, paired t-test) was observed in the Aberrant Behavior Checklist-C Irritability when subjects were on simvastatin. Conclusions This paper reports the first randomized, placebo-controlled trial designed to test the safety and efficacy of simvastatin therapy in SLOS. Simvastatin appears to be relatively safe in SLOS patients, improves the serum dehydrocholesterol/total sterol ratio, and significantly improves irritability symptoms in mild to classical SLOS patients.
Collapse
|
47
|
Boland MR, Tatonetti NP. Investigation of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase pathway to elucidate off-target prenatal effects of pharmaceuticals: a systematic review. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2016; 16:411-29. [PMID: 27401223 PMCID: PMC5028238 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2016.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mendelian diseases contain important biological information regarding developmental effects of gene mutations that can guide drug discovery and toxicity efforts. In this review, we focus on Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS), a rare Mendelian disease characterized by compound heterozygous mutations in 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) resulting in severe fetal deformities. We present a compilation of SLOS-inducing DHCR7 mutations and the geographic distribution of those mutations in healthy and diseased populations. We observed that several mutations thought to be disease causing occur in healthy populations, indicating an incomplete understanding of the condition and highlighting new research opportunities. We describe the functional environment around DHCR7, including pharmacological DHCR7 inhibitors and cholesterol and vitamin D synthesis. Using PubMed, we investigated the fetal outcomes following prenatal exposure to DHCR7 modulators. First-trimester exposure to DHCR7 inhibitors resulted in outcomes similar to those of known teratogens (50 vs 48% born-healthy). DHCR7 activity should be considered during drug development and prenatal toxicity assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Boland
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - N P Tatonetti
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
7-dehydrocholesterol efficiently supports Ret signaling in a mouse model of Smith-Opitz-Lemli syndrome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28534. [PMID: 27334845 PMCID: PMC4917867 DOI: 10.1038/srep28534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a rare disorder of cholesterol synthesis. Affected individuals exhibit growth failure, intellectual disability and a broad spectrum of developmental malformations. Among them, renal agenesis or hypoplasia, decreased innervation of the gut, and ptosis are consistent with impaired Ret signaling. Ret is a receptor tyrosine kinase that achieves full activity when recruited to lipid rafts. Mice mutant for Ret are born with no kidneys and enteric neurons, and display sympathetic nervous system defects causing ptosis. Since cholesterol is a critical component of lipid rafts, here we tested the hypothesis of whether the cause of the above malformations found in SLOS is defective Ret signaling owing to improper lipid raft composition or function. No defects consistent with decreased Ret signaling were found in newborn Dhcr7−/− mice, or in Dhcr7−/− mice lacking one copy of Ret. Although kidneys from Dhcr7−/− mice showed a mild branching defect in vitro, GDNF was able to support survival and downstream signaling of sympathetic neurons. Consistently, GFRα1 correctly partitioned to lipid rafts in brain tissue. Finally, replacement experiments demonstrated that 7-DHC efficiently supports Ret signaling in vitro. Taken together, our findings do not support a role of Ret signaling in the pathogenesis of SLOS.
Collapse
|
49
|
Cologna SM, Shieh C, Toth CL, Cougnoux A, Burkert KR, Bianconi SE, Wassif CA, Porter FD. Altered cerebrospinal fluid proteins in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome patients. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:2060-2068. [PMID: 27148958 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive, multiple malformation syndrome with neurocognitive impairment. SLOS arises from mutations in the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase gene which results in impaired enzymatic conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol. In the current work, we sought to measure proteins that were altered in the cerebrospinal fluid from SLOS patients compared to pediatric controls. Using a multi-analyte antibody-based assay, we found that 12 proteins are altered in SLOS patients. Validation studies were carried out and the findings from this study suggest alterations in extracellular matrix remodeling and further evidence of oxidative stress within the disease pathophysiology. The results of this study will be used to explore biological pathways altered in SLOS and identifies a set of CSF proteins that can be evaluated as biomarkers in future therapeutic trials. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Cologna
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Current Location: Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christine Shieh
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia L Toth
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Antony Cougnoux
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn R Burkert
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Simona E Bianconi
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher A Wassif
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Barnes S, Quinlan RA. Small molecules, both dietary and endogenous, influence the onset of lens cataracts. Exp Eye Res 2016; 156:87-94. [PMID: 27039707 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
How the lens ages successfully is a lesson in biological adaption and the emergent properties of its complement of cells and proteins. This living tissue contains some of the oldest proteins in our bodies and yet they remain functional for decades, despite exposure to UV light, to reactive oxygen species and all the other hazards to protein function. This remarkable feat is achieved by a shrewd investment in very stable proteins as lens crystallins, by providing a reservoir of ATP-independent protein chaperones unequalled by any other tissue and by an oxidation-resistant environment. In addition, glutathione, a free radical scavenger, is present in mM concentrations and the plasma membranes contain oxidation-resistant sphingolipids what compromises lens function as it ages? In this review, we examine the role of small molecules in the prevention or causation of cataracts, including those associated with diet, metabolic pathways and drug therapy (steroids).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Roy A Quinlan
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|