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Structural and Molecular Kinetic Features of Activities of DNA Polymerases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126373. [PMID: 35742812 PMCID: PMC9224347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerases catalyze DNA synthesis during the replication, repair, and recombination of DNA. Based on phylogenetic analysis and primary protein sequences, DNA polymerases have been categorized into seven families: A, B, C, D, X, Y, and RT. This review presents generalized data on the catalytic mechanism of action of DNA polymerases. The structural features of different DNA polymerase families are described in detail. The discussion highlights the kinetics and conformational dynamics of DNA polymerases from all known polymerase families during DNA synthesis.
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2
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Rechkunova NI, Lavrik OI. Photoreactive DNA as a Tool to Study Replication Protein A Functioning in DNA Replication and Repair. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:440-449. [PMID: 32017119 DOI: 10.1111/php.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Replication protein A (RPA), eukaryotic single-stranded DNA-binding protein, is a key player in multiple processes of DNA metabolism including DNA replication, recombination and DNA repair. Human RPA composed of subunits of 70-, 32- and 14-kDa binds ssDNA with high affinity and interacts specifically with multiple proteins. The RPA heterotrimer binds ssDNA in several modes, with occlusion lengths of 8-10, 13-22 and 30 nucleotides corresponding to global, transitional and elongated conformations of protein. Varying the structure of photoreactive DNA, the intermediates of different stages of DNA replication or DNA repair were designed and applied to identify positioning of the RPA subunits on the specific DNA structures. Using this approach, RPA interactions with various types of DNA structures attributed to replication and DNA repair intermediates were examined. This review is dedicated to blessed memory of Prof. Alain Favre who contributed to the development of photoreactive nucleotide derivatives and their application for the study of protein-nucleic acids interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadejda I Rechkunova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga I Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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3
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Smith MR, Shock DD, Beard WA, Greenberg MM, Freudenthal BD, Wilson SH. A guardian residue hinders insertion of a Fapy•dGTP analog by modulating the open-closed DNA polymerase transition. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:3197-3207. [PMID: 30649431 PMCID: PMC6451102 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
4,6-Diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine (Fapy•dG) is an abundant form of oxidative DNA damage that is mutagenic and contributes to the pathogenesis of human disease. When Fapy•dG is in its nucleotide triphosphate form, Fapy•dGTP, it is inefficiently cleansed from the nucleotide pool by the responsible enzyme in Escherichia coli MutT and its mammalian homolog MTH1. Therefore, under oxidative stress conditions, Fapy•dGTP could become a pro-mutagenic substrate for insertion into the genome by DNA polymerases. Here, we evaluated insertion kinetics and high-resolution ternary complex crystal structures of a configurationally stable Fapy•dGTP analog, β-C-Fapy•dGTP, with DNA polymerase β. The crystallographic snapshots and kinetic data indicate that binding of β-C-Fapy•dGTP impedes enzyme closure, thus hindering insertion. The structures reveal that an active site residue, Asp276, positions β-C-Fapy•dGTP so that it distorts the geometry of critical catalytic atoms. Removal of this guardian side chain permits enzyme closure and increases the efficiency of β-C-Fapy•dG insertion opposite dC. These results highlight the stringent requirements necessary to achieve a closed DNA polymerase active site poised for efficient nucleotide incorporation and illustrate how DNA polymerase β has evolved to hinder Fapy•dGTP insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory R Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd Mail Stop #3030, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - David D Shock
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2233, USA
| | - William A Beard
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2233, USA
| | - Marc M Greenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Bret D Freudenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd Mail Stop #3030, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA,Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2233, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 913 588 5560;
| | - Samuel H Wilson
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2233, USA,Correspondence may also be addressed to Samuel H. Wilson. Tel: +1 984 287 3451;
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4
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Dyrkheeva NS, Lebedeva NA, Sherstyuk YV, Abramova TV, Silnikov VN, Lavrik OI. Excision of Carbohydrate-Modified dNMP Analogues from DNA 3' end by Human Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 1 (APE1) and Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1). Mol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893318060067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Bienstock RJ, Beard WA, Wilson SH. Phylogenetic analysis and evolutionary origins of DNA polymerase X-family members. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 22:77-88. [PMID: 25112931 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian DNA polymerase (pol) β is the founding member of a large group of DNA polymerases now termed the X-family. DNA polymerase β has been kinetically, structurally, and biologically well characterized and can serve as a phylogenetic reference. Accordingly, we have performed a phylogenetic analysis to understand the relationship between pol β and other members of the X-family of DNA polymerases. The bacterial X-family DNA polymerases, Saccharomyces cerevisiae pol IV, and four mammalian X-family polymerases appear to be directly related. These enzymes originated from an ancient common ancestor characterized in two Bacillus species. Understanding distinct functions for each of the X-family polymerases, evolving from a common bacterial ancestor is of significant interest in light of the specialized roles of these enzymes in DNA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle J Bienstock
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - William A Beard
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Samuel H Wilson
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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6
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Brown JA, Pack LR, Sherrer SM, Kshetry AK, Newmister SA, Fowler JD, Taylor JS, Suo Z. Identification of critical residues for the tight binding of both correct and incorrect nucleotides to human DNA polymerase λ. J Mol Biol 2010; 403:505-15. [PMID: 20851705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA polymerase λ (Pol λ) is a novel X-family DNA polymerase that shares 34% sequence identity with DNA polymerase β. Pre-steady-state kinetic studies have shown that the Pol λ-DNA complex binds both correct and incorrect nucleotides 130-fold tighter, on average, than the DNA polymerase β-DNA complex, although the base substitution fidelity of both polymerases is 10(-)(4) to 10(-5). To better understand Pol λ's tight nucleotide binding affinity, we created single-substitution and double-substitution mutants of Pol λ to disrupt the interactions between active-site residues and an incoming nucleotide or a template base. Single-turnover kinetic assays showed that Pol λ binds to an incoming nucleotide via cooperative interactions with active-site residues (R386, R420, K422, Y505, F506, A510, and R514). Disrupting protein interactions with an incoming correct or incorrect nucleotide impacted binding to each of the common structural moieties in the following order: triphosphate≫base>ribose. In addition, the loss of Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding between the nucleotide and the template base led to a moderate increase in K(d). The fidelity of Pol λ was maintained predominantly by a single residue, R517, which has minor groove interactions with the DNA template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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7
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exo-N-[2-(4-Azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzamido)ethyl]-dC: a novel intermediate in the synthesis of dCTP derivatives for photoaffinity labelling. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Knorre DG, Kudryashova NV, Lavrik OI. Chemical approaches to the elucidation of template biosynthesis: study of replication and reverse transcription. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1998v067n05abeh000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Mitra P, Maceyka M, Payne SG, Lamour N, Milstien S, Chalfant CE, Spiegel S. DNA polymerase beta catalytic efficiency mirrors the Asn279-dCTP H-bonding strength. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:735-40. [PMID: 17274985 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ternary complexes of wild type or mutant form of human DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) bound to DNA and dCTP substrates were studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The occurrences of contact configurations (CC) of structurally important atom pairs were sampled along the MD trajectories, and converted into free-energy differences, DeltaG(CC). DeltaG(CC) values were correlated with the experimental binding and catalytic free energies for the wild type pol beta and its Arg183Ala, Tyr271Ala, Asp276Val, Lys280Gly, Arg283Ala, and Glu295Ala mutants. The correlation coefficients show that the strength of the H-bond between dCTP and Asn279 is a strong predictor of the mutation-induced changes in the catalytic efficiency of pol beta. This finding is consistent with the view that enzyme preorganization plays a major role in controlling DNA polymerase specific activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 2-011 Sanger Hall, 1101 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0614, USA
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10
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Martínek V, Bren U, Goodman MF, Warshel A, Florián J. DNA polymerase beta catalytic efficiency mirrors the Asn279-dCTP H-bonding strength. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:775-80. [PMID: 17286973 PMCID: PMC2001272 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ternary complexes of wild type or mutant form of human DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) bound to DNA and dCTP substrates were studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The occurrences of contact configurations (CC) of structurally important atom pairs were sampled along the MD trajectories, and converted into free-energy differences, DeltaG(CC). DeltaG(CC) values were correlated with the experimental binding and catalytic free energies for the wild type pol beta and its Arg183Ala, Tyr271Ala, Asp276Val, Lys280Gly, Arg283Ala, and Glu295Ala mutants. The correlation coefficients show that the strength of the H-bond between dCTP and Asn279 is a strong predictor of the mutation-induced changes in the catalytic efficiency of pol beta. This finding is consistent with the view that enzyme preorganization plays a major role in controlling DNA polymerase specific activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Martínek
- Department of Chemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60626
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Urban Bren
- Department of Chemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60626
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 12116 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Myron F. Goodman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Arieh Warshel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Jan Florián
- Department of Chemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60626
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 12116 Prague, Czech Republic
- Send correspondence to Jan Florián, Department of Chemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60626.
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Beard
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-12233, USA
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12
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Dezhurov SV, Khodyreva SN, Plekhanova ES, Lavrik OI. A new highly efficient photoreactive analogue of dCTP. Synthesis, characterization, and application in photoaffinity modification of DNA binding proteins. Bioconjug Chem 2005; 16:215-22. [PMID: 15656594 DOI: 10.1021/bc0497867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new base-substituted analogue of dCTP, exo-N-{2-[N-(4-azido-2,5-difluoro-3-chloropyridine-6-yl)-3-aminopropionyl]aminoethyl}-2'-deoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate (FAP-dCTP) has been synthesized and characterized. FAP-dCTP is an efficient substrate of mammalian DNA polymerase beta in the reaction of primer elongation displaying substrate properties as an analogue of dCTP and dTTP. FAP-dCTP was used for the photoaffinity modification of mammalian DNA polymerase beta. Two approaches to photoaffinity labeling were utilized. In one approach, photoreactive FAP-dCTP was first incorporated into radiolabeled primer-template, and photoreactive DNA was UV-irradiated in the presence of DNA polymerase beta, which resulted in the polymerase labeling by photoreactive primer. In an alternate approach, FAP-dCTP was first UV-cross-linked to the enzyme; subsequently, radiolabeled primer-template was added, and the enzyme-linked FAP-dCTP was incorporated into the 3'-end of radioactive primer. This "catalytic" modification pathway was shown to be less specific in recognition of FAP-dCTP as an analogue of dCTP than dTTP. FAP-dCTP was used as substrate of endogenous DNA polymerases of HeLa cell extract to synthesize photoreactive DNAs for photoaffinity modification of cell proteins. UV irradiation results in modification of DNA binding proteins of cell extract. The level of photoaffinity labeling of protein targets in the cell extract was strongly dependent on the efficiency of synthesis of photoreactive DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Dezhurov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Lavrentieva 8, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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Fiala KA, Abdel-Gawad W, Suo Z. Pre-steady-state kinetic studies of the fidelity and mechanism of polymerization catalyzed by truncated human DNA polymerase lambda. Biochemistry 2004; 43:6751-62. [PMID: 15157109 DOI: 10.1021/bi049975c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA polymerase lambda (Pollambda), a member of the X-family DNA polymerases, possesses an N-terminal BRCT domain, a proline-rich domain, and a C-terminal polymerase beta-like domain (tPollambda). In this paper, we determined a minimal kinetic mechanism and the fidelity of tPollambda using pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of the incorporation of a single nucleotide into a one-nucleotide gapped DNA substrate, 21-19/41-mer (primer-primer/template). Our kinetic studies revealed an incoming nucleotide bound to the enzyme.DNA binary complex at a rate constant of 1.55 x 10(8) M(-1) s(-1) to form a ground-state ternary complex while the nucleotide dissociated from this complex at a rate constant of 300 s(-1). Since DNA dissociation from tPollambda (0.8 s(-1)) was less than 3-fold slower than polymerization, we measured saturation kinetics for all 16 possible nucleotide incorporations under single turnover conditions to eliminate the complication resulting from multiple turnovers. The fidelity of tPollambda was estimated to be in the range of 10(-2)-10(-4) and was sequence-dependent. Surprisingly, the ground-state binding affinity of correct (1.1-2.4 microM) and incorrect nucleotides (1.4-8.4 microM) was very similar while correct nucleotides (3-6 s(-1)) were incorporated much faster than incorrect nucleotides (0.001-0.2 s(-1)). Interestingly, the misincorporation of dGTP opposite a template base thymine (0.2 s(-1)) was more rapid than all other misincorporations, leading to the lowest fidelity (3.2 x 10(-2)) among all mismatched base pairs. Additionally, tPollambda was found to possess weak strand-displacement activity during polymerization. These biochemical properties suggest that Pollambda likely fills short-patched DNA gaps in base excision repair pathways and participates in mammalian nonhomologous end-joining pathways to repair double-stranded DNA breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Fiala
- Department of Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Lebedeva NA, Rechkunova NI, Khodyreva SN, Favre A, Lavrik OI. Photoaffinity labeling of proteins in bovine testis nuclear extract. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 297:714-21. [PMID: 12359211 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A binary system of photoaffinity reagents for selective affinity labeling of DNA polymerases has been developed. The photoreactive probe was formed in nuclear extract, using an end-labeled oligonucleotide containing a synthetic abasic site. This site was incised by apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease and then dNMPs carrying a photoreactive adduct were added to the 3(') hydroxyl using base-substituted arylazido derivatives of dUTP or dCTP. This results in the synthesis of photoreactive base excision repair (BER) intermediates. The photoreactive group was then activated, either directly (UV light exposure 320nm) or in the presence of the sensitizer of dTTP analog containing a pyrene group (Pyr-dUTP) under UV light 365nm. DNA polymerase beta was the main target crosslinked by photoreactive BER intermediates in this nuclear extract. In contrast, several proteins were labeled under the conditions of direct activation of arylazido group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Lebedeva
- Novosibirsk Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Lavrentiev 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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García-Díaz M, Bebenek K, Sabariegos R, Domínguez O, Rodríguez J, Kirchhoff T, García-Palomero E, Picher AJ, Juárez R, Ruiz JF, Kunkel TA, Blanco L. DNA polymerase lambda, a novel DNA repair enzyme in human cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:13184-91. [PMID: 11821417 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111601200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase lambda (pol lambda) is a novel family X DNA polymerase that has been suggested to play a role in meiotic recombination and DNA repair. The recent demonstration of an intrinsic 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase activity in pol lambda supports a function of this enzyme in base excision repair. However, the biochemical properties of the polymerization activity of this enzyme are still largely unknown. We have cloned and purified human pol lambda to homogeneity in a soluble and active form, and we present here a biochemical description of its polymerization features. In support of a role in DNA repair, pol lambda inserts nucleotides in a DNA template-dependent manner and is processive in small gaps containing a 5'-phosphate group. These properties, together with its nucleotide insertion fidelity parameters and lack of proofreading activity, indicate that pol lambda is a novel beta-like DNA polymerase. However, the high affinity of pol lambda for dNTPs (37-fold over pol beta) is consistent with its possible involvement in DNA transactions occurring under low cellular levels of dNTPs. This suggests that, despite their similarities, pol beta and pol lambda have nonredundant in vivo functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel García-Díaz
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
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Beard WA, Shock DD, Yang XP, DeLauder SF, Wilson SH. Loss of DNA polymerase beta stacking interactions with templating purines, but not pyrimidines, alters catalytic efficiency and fidelity. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:8235-42. [PMID: 11756435 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107286200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Structures of DNA polymerases bound with DNA reveal that the 5'-trajectory of the template strand is dramatically altered as it exits the polymerase active site. This distortion provides the polymerase access to the nascent base pair to interrogate proper Watson-Crick geometry. Upon binding a correct deoxynucleoside triphosphate, alpha-helix N of DNA polymerase beta is observed to form one face of the binding pocket for the new base pair. Asp-276 and Lys-280 stack with the bases of the incoming nucleotide and template, respectively. To determine the role of Lys-280, site-directed mutants were constructed at this position, and the proteins were expressed and purified, and their catalytic efficiency and fidelity were assessed. The catalytic efficiency for single-nucleotide gap filling with the glycine mutant (K280G) was strongly diminished relative to wild type for templating purines (>15-fold) due to a decreased binding affinity for the incoming nucleotide. In contrast, catalytic efficiency was hardly affected by glycine substitution for templating pyrimidines (<4-fold). The fidelity of the glycine mutant was identical to the wild type enzyme for misinsertion opposite a template thymidine, whereas the fidelity of misinsertion opposite a template guanine was modestly altered. The nature of the Lys-280 side-chain substitution for thymidine triphosphate insertion (templating adenine) indicates that Lys-280 "stabilizes" templating purines through van der Waals interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Beard
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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17
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Lavrik OI, Prasad R, Sobol RW, Horton JK, Ackerman EJ, Wilson SH. Photoaffinity labeling of mouse fibroblast enzymes by a base excision repair intermediate. Evidence for the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in DNA repair. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:25541-8. [PMID: 11340072 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m102125200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the interaction of mammalian base excision repair (BER) enzymes with DNA intermediates formed during BER, we used a novel photoaffinity labeling probe and mouse embryonic fibroblast cellular extracts. The probe was formed in situ, using an end-labeled oligonucleotide containing a synthetic abasic site; this site was incised by apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease creating a nick with 3'-hydroxyl and 5'-reduced sugar phosphate groups at the margins, and then a dNMP carrying a photoreactive adduct was added to the 3'-hydroxyl group. With near-UV light (312 nm) exposure of the extract/probe mixture, six proteins were strongly labeled. Four of these include poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and the BER participants flap endonuclease-1, DNA polymerase beta, and apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease. The amount of the probe cross-linked to PARP-1 was greater than that cross-linked to the other proteins. The specificity of PARP-1 labeling was examined using various competitor oligonucleotides and DNA probes with alternate structures. PARP-1 labeling was stronger with a DNA representing a BER intermediate than with a nick in double-stranded DNA. These results indicate that proteins interacting preferentially with a photoreactive BER intermediate can be selected from the crude cellular extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Lavrik
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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18
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Doo E, Liang TJ. Molecular anatomy and pathophysiologic implications of drug resistance in hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology 2001; 120:1000-8. [PMID: 11231955 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.22454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA genome occurs within the viral nucleocapsid in a mechanistically ordered fashion. The nucleocapsid contains small pores that permit influx of nucleotide triphosphates and metabolites of nucleoside analogues such as lamivudine for DNA synthesis. Lamivudine is a potent inhibitor of HBV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptases, but substitutions of isoleucine or valine for methionine within the tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate (YMDD) motif are associated with virologic and clinical resistance to lamivudine therapy. Under lamivudine selection pressure, the high viral production rate and the low fidelity viral polymerase contribute to frequent development of the YMDD mutants. However, the pattern and dynamics of emergence of the mutant viruses over the wild-type virus are determined by multiple factors including replication efficiency, host immune response, and availability of replication space. Structural modeling of HIV reverse transcriptase has permitted key insights into the molecular basis of lamivudine resistance of HBV based on evolutionary relatedness of HIV and HBV. The side groups of isoleucine and valine of the YMDD mutants sterically prevent lamivudine from appropriately configuring into the nucleotide binding site of the reverse transcriptase. Aminotransferase flares are associated with lamivudine therapy and may signify clinical resistance with emergence of YMDD mutants. They may also herald the recovery phase with seroconversion and viral clearance. Reconstitution of the endogenous anti-HBV immune response may be equally important in the control of viral replication by lamivudine and other nucleoside analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Doo
- Liver Diseases Section, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Vande Berg BJ, Beard WA, Wilson SH. DNA structure and aspartate 276 influence nucleotide binding to human DNA polymerase beta. Implication for the identity of the rate-limiting conformational change. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:3408-16. [PMID: 11024043 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m002884200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Structures of DNA polymerase (pol) beta bound to single-nucleotide gapped DNA had revealed that the lyase and pol domains form a "doughnut-shaped" structure altering the dNTP binding pocket in a fashion that is not observed when bound to non-gapped DNA. We have investigated dNTP binding to pol beta-DNA complexes employing steady-state and pre-steady-state kinetics. Although pol beta has a kinetic scheme similar to other DNA polymerases, polymerization by pol beta is limited by at least two partially rate-limiting steps: a conformational change after dNTP ground-state binding and product release. The equilibrium binding constant, K(d)((dNTP)), decreased and the insertion efficiency increased with a one-nucleotide gapped DNA substrate, as compared with non-gapped DNA. Valine substitution for Asp(276), which interacts with the base of the incoming nucleotide, increased the binding affinity for the incoming nucleotide indicating that the negative charge contributed by Asp(276) weakens binding and that an interaction between residue 276 with the incoming nucleotide occurs during ground-state binding. Since the interaction between Asp(276) and the nascent base pair is observed only in the "closed" conformation of pol beta, the increased free energy in ground-state binding for the mutant suggests that the subsequent rate-limiting conformational change is not the "open" to "closed" structural transition, but instead is triggered in the closed pol conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Vande Berg
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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20
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Kolpashchikov DM, Ivanova TM, Boghachev VS, Nasheuer HP, Weisshart K, Favre A, Pestryakov PE, Lavrik OI. Synthesis of base-substituted dUTP analogues carrying a photoreactive group and their application to study human replication protein A. Bioconjug Chem 2000; 11:445-51. [PMID: 10898564 DOI: 10.1021/bc990102i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of dUTP bearing a photoreactive 2-nitro-5-azidobenzoyl (NAB) group linked via spacers of varying length (n = 2, 4, 7-13 atoms) to the 5-position of the uridine ring (NAB-n-dUTP) were synthesized and characterized. DNA polymerase beta efficiently incorporated these analogues into synthetic primer-template substrates in place of TTP, which allowed us to selectively introduce a photoreactive group at the 3' primer terminus. After completing photoreactive primer synthesis, the reaction mixtures were irradiated with monochromatic UV light (315 nm) in the presence of human replication protein A (RPA), a heterotrimer consisting of three subunits with molecular mass 70 kDa (p70), 32 kDa (p32), and 14 kDa (p14), and were separated by SDS-PAGE. The photoreactive primers cross-linked directly with p70 and p32, but cross-linking of p14 was not achieved even by varying the length of the spacer group. The data speak in favor of the protection of p14 by other RPA subunits from the interaction with 3'-end of the primer. Cross-linking of substrates to pol beta is inhibited when the analogue bears a short spacer (n = 2, 4, 7, and 8), but this is abrogated somewhat when longer spacers (n = 9-13) are examined. On the basis of these observations, we suggest that RPA and pol beta form a complex on primer-template substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Kolpashchikov
- Novosibirsk Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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21
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The preparation of a photoreactive analogue of 2′,3′-dideoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate and its use for photoaffinity modification of human replication protein A. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02759159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Osheroff WP, Jung HK, Beard WA, Wilson SH, Kunkel TA. The fidelity of DNA polymerase beta during distributive and processive DNA synthesis. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:3642-50. [PMID: 9920913 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.6.3642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During base excision repair, DNA polymerase beta fills 1-6-nucleotide gaps processively, reflecting a contribution of both its 8- and 31-kDa domains to DNA binding. Here we report the fidelity of pol beta during synthesis to fill gaps of 1, 5, 6, or >300 nucleotides. Error rates during distributive synthesis by recombinant rat and human polymerase (pol) beta with a 390-base gap are similar to each other and to previous values with pol beta purified from tissues. The base substitution fidelity of human pol beta when processively filling a 5-nucleotide gap is similar to that with a 361-nucleotide gap, but "closely-spaced" substitutions are produced at a rate at least 60-fold higher than for distributive synthesis. Base substitution fidelity when filling a 1-nucleotide gap is higher than when filling a 5-nucleotide gap, suggesting a contribution of the 8-kDa domain to the dNTP binding pocket and/or a difference in base stacking or DNA structure imposed by pol beta. Nonetheless, 1-nucleotide gap filling is inaccurate, even generating complex substitution-addition errors. Finally, the single-base deletion error rate during processive synthesis to fill a 6-nucleotide gap is indistinguishable from that of distributive synthesis to fill a 390-nucleotide gap. Thus the mechanism of processivity by pol beta does not allow the enzyme to suppress template misalignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Osheroff
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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23
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Doerhoefer S, Khodyreva S, Safronov LV, WIasoff WA, Anarbaev R, Lavrik OI, Holler E. Molecular constituents of the replication apparatus in the plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum: identification by photoaffinity labelling. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1998; 144 ( Pt 11):3181-3193. [PMID: 9846754 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-144-11-3181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum has long been considered a model system for syncytically growing cells, but important details of the DNA replication apparatus, such as the DNA polymerase epsilon and other replication factors, have not been detected. In this study, a new variation of photoaffinity labelling and immunoblotting was used to detect DNA polymerases and other factors in nuclear extracts of P. polycaphalum. Proteins were specifically cross-linked with photoreactive arylazido-dCMP residues incorporated during extension of template-primer DNA. The DNA synthesized in situ was 32P-labelled. After nucleolytic removal of protruding DNA, the proteins were separated by SDS-gel electrophoresis, electroblotted on membranes and subjected to autoradiography. The alpha, delta, epsilon and beta-like DNA polymerases were labelled, as were histones and replication-factor-like proteins. Cytoplasmic extracts were devoid of these species. Abundant proliferating-cell nuclear antigen and replication protein A large subunit were labelled and found to be of unusual mass. A number of subunits of purified DNA polymerase holoenzymes were labelled. In contrast, only the DNA-polymerizing subunits could be labelled in nuclear extracts. Higher-order complexes in the nuclear extract may make subunits inaccessible to photo-cross-linking. Complex formation is promoted by beta-poly(L-malate), a plasmodium-specific putative storage and carrier molecule that supports DNA replication in the synchronized nuclei. Percoll, a polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated colloidal silica, partially disrupted these complexes. A 200 kDa fragment of DNA polymerase epsilon and a 135 kDa beta-like DNA polymerase did not participate in the complexes, suggesting functions unlike those of the other polymerases. DNA polymerase molecules were intact during proliferation of plasmodia, but were nicked before their clearance from the nuclei at growth arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Doerhoefer
- lnstitut fur Biophysik und physikalische Biochemie der UniversitatD-93040 RegensburgGermany
| | - Svetlana Khodyreva
- Novosibirsk Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences630090 NovosibirskRussia
| | - Lgor V Safronov
- Novosibirsk Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences630090 NovosibirskRussia
| | - Wjatschesslaw A WIasoff
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics3Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences630090 NovosibirskRussia
| | - Rushid Anarbaev
- Novosibirsk Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences630090 NovosibirskRussia
| | - Olga I Lavrik
- Novosibirsk Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences630090 NovosibirskRussia
| | - Eggehard Holler
- lnstitut fur Biophysik und physikalische Biochemie der UniversitatD-93040 RegensburgGermany
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24
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Singh SB, Beard WA, Hingerty BE, Wilson SH, Broyde S. Interactions between DNA polymerase beta and the major covalent adduct of the carcinogen (+)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide with DNA at a primer-template junction. Biochemistry 1998; 37:878-84. [PMID: 9454577 DOI: 10.1021/bi9720639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A molecular dynamics simulation has been carried out with DNA polymerase beta (beta pol) complexed with a DNA primer-template. The templating guanine at the polymerase active site was covalently modified by the carcinogenic metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene, (+)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide, to form the major (+)-trans-anti-benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide covalent adduct. Thus, the benzo[a]pyrenyl moiety (BP) is situated in the single-stranded template at the junction between double- and single-stranded DNA. The starting structure was based on the X-ray crystal structure of the rat beta pol primer-template and ddCTP complex [Pelletier, H., Sawaya, M. R., Kumar, A., Wilson, S. H., and Kraut, J. (1994) Science 264, 1891-1903]. During the simulation, the BP and its attached templating guanine rearrange to form a structure in which the BP is closer to parallel with the adjacent base pair. In addition, the templating attached guanine is displaced toward the major groove side and access to its Watson-Crick edge is partly obstructed. This structure is stabilized, in part, by new hydrogen bonds between the BP and beta pol Asn279 and Arg283. These residues are within hydrogen bonding distance to the incoming ddCTP and templating guanine, respectively, in the crystal structure of the beta pol ternary complex. Site-directed mutagenesis has confirmed their role in dNTP binding, discrimination, and catalytic efficiency [Beard, W. A., Osheroff, W. P., Prasad, R., Sawaya, M. R., Jaju, M., Wood, T. G., Kraut, J., Kunkel, T. A., and Wilson, S. H. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 12141-12144]. The predominant biological effect of the BP is DNA polymerase blockage. Consistent with this biological effect, the computed structure suggests the possibility that the BP's main deleterious impact on DNA synthesis might result at least in part from its specific interactions with key polymerase side chains. Moreover, relatively modest movement of BP and its attached guanine, with some concomitant enzyme motion, is necessary to relieve the obstruction and permit the observed rare incorporation of a dATP opposite the guanine lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Singh
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA
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25
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Lavrik OI, Nasheuer HP, Weisshart K, Wold MS, Prasad R, Beard WA, Wilson SH, Favre A. Subunits of human replication protein A are crosslinked by photoreactive primers synthesized by DNA polymerases. Nucleic Acids Res 1998; 26:602-7. [PMID: 9421522 PMCID: PMC147271 DOI: 10.1093/nar/26.2.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human replication protein A (huRPA) is a multisubunit protein which is involved in DNA replication, repair and recombination processes. It exists as a stable heterotrimer consisting of p70, p32 and p14 subunits. To understand the contribution of huRPA subunits to DNA binding we applied the photoaffinity labeling technique. The photoreactive oligonucleotide was synthesized in situ by DNA polymerases. 5-[N-(2-nitro-5-azidobenzoyl)-trans -3-aminopropenyl-1]deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate (NABdUTP) was used as substrate for elongation of a radiolabeled primer logical ortemplate either by human DNA polymerase alpha primase (polalpha), human DNA polymerase beta (polbeta) or Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I (KF). The polymerase was incubated with NABdUTP and radiolabeled primer-template in the presence or absence of huRPA. The reaction mixtures were then irradiated with monochromatic UV light (315 nm) and the crosslinked products were separated by SDS-PAGE. The results clearly demonstrate crosslinking of the huRPA p70 and p32 subunits with DNA. The p70 subunit appears to bind to the single-stranded part of the DNA duplex, the p32 subunit locates near the 3'-end of the primer, while the p14 subunit locates relatively far from the 3'-end of the primer. This approach opens new possibilities for analysis of huRPA loading on DNA in the course of DNA replication and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Lavrik
- Institut Jacques Monod CNRS, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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26
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Lin S, Henzel WJ, Nayak S, Dennis D. Photoaffinity labeling by 4-thiodideoxyuridine triphosphate of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase active site during synthesis. Sequence of the unique labeled hexapeptide. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:997-1002. [PMID: 9422761 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.2.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The active site of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) was investigated by photoaffinity labeling based on catalytic competence. A stable ternary elongation complex was assembled containing enzyme, DNA template (RT20), DNA primer molecule (P12), and the necessary dNTPs (one of which was alpha-32P-labeled) needed for primer elongation. The photoaffinity probe 4-thiodideoxyuridine triphosphate was incorporated uniquely at the 3' terminus of the 32P-labeled DNA product. Upon photolysis, the p66 subunit of a HIV-1 RT heterodimer (p66/p51) was uniquely cross-linked to the DNA product and subsequently digested by either trypsin or endoproteinase Lys-C. The labeled HIV-1 RT peptide was separated, purified, and finally subjected to Edman microsequencing. A unique radioactive hexapeptide (V276RQLCK281) was identified and sequenced. Our photoaffinity labeling results were positioned on the HIV-1 RT. DNA.Fab complex x-ray crystallography structure and compared with the suggested aspartic triad active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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27
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Beard WA, Wilson SH. Structural insights into DNA polymerase beta fidelity: hold tight if you want it right. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 1998; 5:R7-13. [PMID: 9479474 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(98)90081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA polymerases must select and incorporate the correct deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate from a pool of structurally similar molecules. The structural and kinetic characterization of DNA polymerase beta indicates that this polymerase must stabilize the templating base to achieve efficient polymerization with high fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Beard
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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