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Kanaan MN, Pileggi CA, Karam CY, Kennedy LS, Fong-McMaster C, Cuperlovic-Culf M, Harper ME. Cystine/glutamate antiporter xCT controls skeletal muscle glutathione redox, bioenergetics and differentiation. Redox Biol 2024; 73:103213. [PMID: 38815331 PMCID: PMC11167394 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cysteine, the rate-controlling amino acid in cellular glutathione synthesis is imported as cystine, by the cystine/glutamate antiporter, xCT, and subsequently reduced to cysteine. As glutathione redox is important in muscle regeneration in aging, we hypothesized that xCT exerts upstream control over skeletal muscle glutathione redox, metabolism and regeneration. Bioinformatic analyses of publicly available datasets revealed that expression levels of xCT and GSH-related genes are inversely correlated with myogenic differentiation genes. Muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) isolated from Slc7a11sut/sut mice, which harbour a mutation in the Slc7a11 gene encoding xCT, required media supplementation with 2-mercaptoethanol to support cell proliferation but not myotube differentiation, despite persistently lower GSH. Slc7a11sut/sut primary myotubes were larger compared to WT myotubes, and also exhibited higher glucose uptake and cellular oxidative capacities. Immunostaining of myogenic markers (Pax7, MyoD, and myogenin) in cardiotoxin-damaged tibialis anterior muscle fibres revealed greater MuSC activation and commitment to differentiation in Slc7a11sut/sut muscle compared to WT mice, culminating in larger myofiber cross-sectional areas at 21 days post-injury. Slc7a11sut/sut mice subjected to a 5-week exercise training protocol demonstrated enhanced insulin tolerance compared to WT mice, but blunted muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration in response to exercise training. Our results demonstrate that the absence of xCT inhibits cell proliferation but promotes myotube differentiation by regulating cellular metabolism and glutathione redox. Altogether, these results support the notion that myogenesis is a redox-regulated process and may help inform novel therapeutic approaches for muscle wasting and dysfunction in aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel N Kanaan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; Dr. Eric Poulin Centre for Neuromuscular Disease (CNMD), University of Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Chantal A Pileggi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Charbel Y Karam
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Luke S Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Claire Fong-McMaster
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Miroslava Cuperlovic-Culf
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; National Research Council of Canada, Digital Technologies Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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2
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Pagliara V, Amodio G, Vestuto V, Franceschelli S, Russo NA, Cirillo V, Mottola G, Remondelli P, Moltedo O. Myogenesis in C2C12 Cells Requires Phosphorylation of ATF6α by p38 MAPK. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051457. [PMID: 37239128 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 6α (ATF6α) is an endoplasmic reticulum protein known to participate in unfolded protein response (UPR) during ER stress in mammals. Herein, we show that in mouse C2C12 myoblasts induced to differentiate, ATF6α is the only pathway of the UPR activated. ATF6α stimulation is p38 MAPK-dependent, as revealed by the use of the inhibitor SB203580, which halts myotube formation and, at the same time, impairs trafficking of ATF6α, which accumulates at the cis-Golgi without being processed in the p50 transcriptional active form. To further evaluate the role of ATF6α, we knocked out the ATF6α gene, thus inhibiting the C2C12 myoblast from undergoing myogenesis, and this occurred independently from p38 MAPK activity. The expression of exogenous ATF6α in knocked-out ATF6α cells recover myogenesis, whereas the expression of an ATF6α mutant in the p38 MAPK phosphorylation site (T166) was not able to regain myogenesis. Genetic ablation of ATF6α also prevents the exit from the cell cycle, which is essential for muscle differentiation. Furthermore, when we inhibited differentiation by the use of dexamethasone in C2C12 cells, we found inactivation of p38 MAPK and, consequently, loss of ATF6α activity. All these findings suggest that the p-p38 MAPK/ATF6α axis, in pathophysiological conditions, regulates myogenesis by promoting the exit from the cell cycle, an essential step to start myoblasts differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pagliara
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Amodio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Vestuto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Silvia Franceschelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Nicola Antonino Russo
- Biogem, Istituto di Biologia e Genetica Molecolare, Via Camporeale, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Vittorio Cirillo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mottola
- Centre de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire et Nutrition (C2VN) (AMU-INSERM 1263-INRAE 1260), Aix Marseille Université, Campus Timone, 27 Bd. Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Biogénopôle (BGP), Laboratoires de Biologie Médicale, Secteur Biochimie, Hôpital de La Timone, 264 Rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Paolo Remondelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Ornella Moltedo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
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3
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Chen S, Niu S, Wang W, Zhao X, Pan Y, Qiao L, Yang K, Liu J, Liu W. Overexpression of the QKI Gene Promotes Differentiation of Goat Myoblasts into Myotubes. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040725. [PMID: 36830512 PMCID: PMC9952742 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The QKI genes encode RNA-binding proteins regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The Goat QKI has six isoforms, but their roles in myogenesis are unclear. In this study, the six isoforms of the QKI gene were overexpressed in goat myoblast. Immunofluorescence, qPCR and Western blot were used to evaluate the effect of QKI on the differentiation of goat myoblast. An RNA-Seq was performed on the cells with the gain of the function from the major isoforms to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The results show that six isoforms had different degrees of deletion in exons 6 and 7, and caused the appearance of different types of encoded amino acids. The expression levels of the QKI-1 and QKI-5 groups were upregulated in the biceps femoris and latissimus dorsi muscle tissues compared with those of the QKI-4, QKI-7, QKI-3 and QKI-6 groups. After 6 d of myoblast differentiation, QKI-5 and the myogenic differentiators MyoG, MyoD, and MyHC were upregulated. Compared to the negative control group, QKI promoted myotube differentiation and the myoblasts overexpressing QKI-5 formed large, abundant myotubes. In summary, we identified that the overexpression of the QKI gene promotes goat-myoblast differentiation and that QKI-5 is the major isoform, with a key role. The RNA-Seq screened 76 upregulated and 123 downregulated DEGs between the negative control and the QKI-5-overexpressing goat myoblasts after d 6 of differentiation. The GO and KEGG analyses associated the downregulated DEGs with muscle-related biological functions. Only the pathways related to muscle growth and development were enriched. This study provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the regulatory mechanism of QKI in skeletal-muscle development in goats.
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Nordgaard C, Vind AC, Stonadge A, Kjøbsted R, Snieckute G, Antas P, Blasius M, Reinert MS, Del Val AM, Bekker-Jensen DB, Haahr P, Miroshnikova YA, Mazouzi A, Falk S, Perrier-Groult E, Tiedje C, Li X, Jakobsen JR, Jørgensen NO, Wojtaszewski JF, Mallein-Gerin F, Andersen JL, Pennisi CP, Clemmensen C, Kassem M, Jafari A, Brummelkamp T, Li VS, Wickström SA, Olsen JV, Blanco G, Bekker-Jensen S. ZAKβ is activated by cellular compression and mediates contraction-induced MAP kinase signaling in skeletal muscle. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111650. [PMID: 35899396 PMCID: PMC9434084 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical inputs give rise to p38 and JNK activation, which mediate adaptive physiological responses in various tissues. In skeletal muscle, contraction‐induced p38 and JNK signaling ensure adaptation to exercise, muscle repair, and hypertrophy. However, the mechanisms by which muscle fibers sense mechanical load to activate this signaling have remained elusive. Here, we show that the upstream MAP3K ZAKβ is activated by cellular compression induced by osmotic shock and cyclic compression in vitro, and muscle contraction in vivo. This function relies on ZAKβ's ability to recognize stress fibers in cells and Z‐discs in muscle fibers when mechanically perturbed. Consequently, ZAK‐deficient mice present with skeletal muscle defects characterized by fibers with centralized nuclei and progressive adaptation towards a slower myosin profile. Our results highlight how cells in general respond to mechanical compressive load and how mechanical forces generated during muscle contraction are translated into MAP kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Nordgaard
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Constance Vind
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amy Stonadge
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Rasmus Kjøbsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Goda Snieckute
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pedro Antas
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Melanie Blasius
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Sofie Reinert
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana Martinez Del Val
- Mass Spectrometry for Quantitative Proteomics, Proteomics Program, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorte Breinholdt Bekker-Jensen
- Mass Spectrometry for Quantitative Proteomics, Proteomics Program, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Haahr
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yekaterina A Miroshnikova
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Abdelghani Mazouzi
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Falk
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Christopher Tiedje
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Jens Rithamer Jakobsen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jørgen Fp Wojtaszewski
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jesper Løvind Andersen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cristian Pablo Pennisi
- Regenerative Medicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of Odense and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thijn Brummelkamp
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Cancer Genomics Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian Sw Li
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sara A Wickström
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jesper Velgaard Olsen
- Mass Spectrometry for Quantitative Proteomics, Proteomics Program, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Simon Bekker-Jensen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Xiao D, Caldow M, Kim HJ, Blazev R, Koopman R, Manandi D, Parker BL, Yang P. Time-resolved Phosphoproteome and Proteome Analysis Reveals Kinase Signalling on Master Transcription Factors During Myogenesis. iScience 2022; 25:104489. [PMID: 35721465 PMCID: PMC9198430 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenesis is governed by signaling networks that are tightly regulated in a time-dependent manner. Although different protein kinases have been identified, knowledge of the global signaling networks and their downstream substrates during myogenesis remains incomplete. Here, we map the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells using phosphoproteomics and proteomics. From these data, we infer global kinase activity and predict the substrates that are involved in myogenesis. We found that multiple mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) mark the initial wave of signaling cascades. Further phosphoproteomic and proteomic profiling with MAPK1/3 and MAPK8/9 specific inhibitions unveil their shared and distinctive roles in myogenesis. Lastly, we identified and validated the transcription factor nuclear factor 1 X-type (NFIX) as a novel MAPK1/3 substrate and demonstrated the functional impact of NFIX phosphorylation on myogenesis. Altogether, these data characterize the dynamics, interactions, and downstream control of kinase signaling networks during myogenesis on a global scale. Phosphoproteomic and proteomic maps of myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells Myogenic kinome activity and kinase-substrates prediction using machine learning MAPK1/3 and MAPK8/9 inhibition unveil shared and distinctive effects on myogenesis Validation of NFIX phosphorylation by MAPK1/3 and its impact on myogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Xiao
- Computational Systems Biology Group, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Marissa Caldow
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Hani Jieun Kim
- Computational Systems Biology Group, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ronnie Blazev
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Rene Koopman
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Deborah Manandi
- Computational Systems Biology Group, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Benjamin L. Parker
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Corresponding author
| | - Pengyi Yang
- Computational Systems Biology Group, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Corresponding author
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6
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Brennan CM, Emerson CP, Owens J, Christoforou N. p38 MAPKs - roles in skeletal muscle physiology, disease mechanisms, and as potential therapeutic targets. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e149915. [PMID: 34156029 PMCID: PMC8262482 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
p38 MAPKs play a central role in orchestrating the cellular response to stress and inflammation and in the regulation of myogenesis. Potent inhibitors of p38 MAPKs have been pursued as potential therapies for several disease indications due to their antiinflammatory properties, although none have been approved to date. Here, we provide a brief overview of p38 MAPKs, including their role in regulating myogenesis and their association with disease progression. Finally, we discuss targeting p38 MAPKs as a therapeutic approach for treating facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy and other muscular dystrophies by addressing multiple pathological mechanisms in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles P Emerson
- Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Program, Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jane Owens
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Tomida T, Adachi-Akahane S. [Roles of p38 MAPK signaling in the skeletal muscle formation, regeneration, and pathology]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2020; 155:241-247. [PMID: 32612037 DOI: 10.1254/fpj20030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia and frailty in aging, or cancer cachexia shows an abnormal decrease in skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength. However, the underlying mechanisms are not clear, and the promising drug seeds have not been discovered. The formation of skeletal muscle occurs not only during embryonic development but also in adulthood, and the muscle can be regenerated even if it is damaged by exercise overload or physical injury. Although p38MAPK is ubiquitous among tissues and transmits signal of inflammation and environmental stress into the nucleus, it has been revealed that this kinase is deeply involved in maintaining skeletal muscle homeostasis. Knowledge of p38MAPK accumulated so far suggests that it not only functions as an on-off switch for gene expression, but also it balances cell proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells to properly respond to muscle damage and repair muscle according to its surrounding environmental cues. In addition, its role in cell fusion to induce myotube formation has been recently revealed. On the other hand, it has been pointed out that in aging and chronic inflammation, excessive enhancement of the p38MAPK activity may disrupt skeletal muscle homeostasis and lead to muscle pathology. Interestingly, animal models have shown that pharmacological manipulation of p38MAPK activity can re-activate aged muscle satellite cells, suggesting the possibility of plastically manipulating skeletal muscle aging. Furthermore, it has become possible to track the dynamics of intracellular signaling of skeletal muscle cells or muscle progenitor cells in time and space by using advanced imaging techniques. In this review, we focus on the functional roles and regulatory mechanism of p38MAPK in skeletal muscle and its relation to the pathology in the context of dysregulation of skeletal muscle formation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichiro Tomida
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University
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8
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Meng J, Counsell J, Morgan JE. Effects of Mini-Dystrophin on Dystrophin-Deficient, Human Skeletal Muscle-Derived Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7168. [PMID: 32998454 PMCID: PMC7582244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We are developing a novel therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), involving the transplantation of autologous, skeletal muscle-derived stem cells that have been genetically corrected to express dystrophin. Dystrophin is normally expressed in activated satellite cells and in differentiated muscle fibres. However, in past preclinical validation studies, dystrophin transgenes have generally been driven by constitutive promoters that would be active at every stage of the myogenic differentiation process, including in proliferating muscle stem cells. It is not known whether artificial dystrophin expression would affect the properties of these cells. AIMS Our aims are to determine if mini-dystrophin expression affects the proliferation or myogenic differentiation of DMD skeletal muscle-derived cells. METHODS Skeletal muscle-derived cells from a DMD patient were transduced with lentivirus coding for mini-dystrophins (R3-R13 spectrin-like repeats (ΔR3R13) or hinge2 to spectrin-like repeats R23 (ΔH2R23)) with EGFP (enhanced green fluorescence protein) fused to the C-terminus, driven by a constitutive promoter, spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV). Transduced cells were purified on the basis of GFP expression. Their proliferation and myogenic differentiation were quantified by ethynyl deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation and fusion index. Furthermore, dystrophin small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs) were transfected to the cells to reverse the effects of the mini-dystrophin. Finally, a phospho-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) array assay was performed to investigate signalling pathway changes caused by dystrophin expression. RESULTS Cell proliferation was not affected in cells transduced with ΔR3R13, but was significantly increased in cells transduced with ΔH2R23. The fusion index of myotubes derived from both ΔR3R13- and ΔH2R23 -expressing cells was significantly compromised in comparison to myotubes derived from non-transduced cells. Dystrophin siRNA transfection restored the differentiation of ΔH2R23-expressing cells. The Erk1/2- signalling pathway is altered in cells transduced with mini-dystrophin constructs. CONCLUSIONS Ectopic expression of dystrophin in cultured human skeletal muscle-derived cells may affect their proliferation and differentiation capacity. Caution should be taken when considering genetic correction of autologous stem cells to express dystrophin driven by a constitutive promoter.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Engineering/methods
- Cell Proliferation
- Dystrophin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Dystrophin/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Vectors/chemistry
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Lentivirus/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Plasmids/chemistry
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Primary Cell Culture
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Spectrin/genetics
- Spectrin/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic
- Transgenes
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Meng
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Developmental Neuroscience Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK; (J.M.); (J.C.)
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - John Counsell
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Developmental Neuroscience Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK; (J.M.); (J.C.)
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jennifer E. Morgan
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Developmental Neuroscience Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK; (J.M.); (J.C.)
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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9
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The ties that bind: functional clusters in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. Skelet Muscle 2020; 10:22. [PMID: 32727611 PMCID: PMC7389686 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-020-00240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs) are a genetically pleiomorphic class of inherited muscle diseases that are known to share phenotypic features. Selected LGMD genetic subtypes have been studied extensively in affected humans and various animal models. In some cases, these investigations have led to human clinical trials of potential disease-modifying therapies, including gene replacement strategies for individual subtypes using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. The cellular localizations of most proteins associated with LGMD have been determined. However, the functions of these proteins are less uniformly characterized, thus limiting our knowledge of potential common disease mechanisms across subtype boundaries. Correspondingly, broad therapeutic strategies that could each target multiple LGMD subtypes remain less developed. We believe that three major "functional clusters" of subcellular activities relevant to LGMD merit further investigation. The best known of these is the glycosylation modifications associated with the dystroglycan complex. The other two, mechanical signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction, have been studied less systematically but are just as promising with respect to the identification of significant mechanistic subgroups of LGMD. A deeper understanding of these disease pathways could yield a new generation of precision therapies that would each be expected to treat a broader range of LGMD patients than a single subtype, thus expanding the scope of the molecular medicines that may be developed for this complex array of muscular dystrophies.
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10
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Regulation of the Mammalian SWI/SNF Family of Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes by Phosphorylation during Myogenesis. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9070152. [PMID: 32635263 PMCID: PMC7407365 DOI: 10.3390/biology9070152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Myogenesis is the biological process by which skeletal muscle tissue forms. Regulation of myogenesis involves a variety of conventional, epigenetic, and epigenomic mechanisms that control chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, histone modification, and activation of transcription factors. Chromatin remodeling enzymes utilize ATP hydrolysis to alter nucleosome structure and/or positioning. The mammalian SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (mSWI/SNF) family of chromatin remodeling enzymes is essential for myogenesis. Here we review diverse and novel mechanisms of regulation of mSWI/SNF enzymes by kinases and phosphatases. The integration of classic signaling pathways with chromatin remodeling enzyme function impacts myoblast viability and proliferation as well as differentiation. Regulated processes include the assembly of the mSWI/SNF enzyme complex, choice of subunits to be incorporated into the complex, and sub-nuclear localization of enzyme subunits. Together these processes influence the chromatin remodeling and gene expression events that control myoblast function and the induction of tissue-specific genes during differentiation.
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11
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Bastos ÚMC, de Andrade Rosa I, Teixeira JD, Gonçalves G, Costa ML, Quintas LEM, Mermelstein C. Isoproterenol induces an increase in muscle fiber size by the proliferation of Pax7-positive cells and in a mTOR-independent mechanism. Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:1425-1434. [PMID: 31166053 PMCID: PMC6900101 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
β-Adrenergic signaling regulates many physiological processes in skeletal muscles. A wealth of evidence has shown that β-agonists can increase skeletal muscle mass in vertebrates. Nevertheless, to date, the specific role of β-adrenergic receptors in different cell phenotypes (myoblasts, fibroblasts, and myotubes) and during the different steps of embryonic skeletal muscle differentiation has not been studied. Therefore, here we address this question through the analysis of embryonic chick primary cultures of skeletal muscle cells during the formation of multinucleated myotubes. We used isoproterenol (ISO), a β-adrenergic receptor agonist, to activate the β-adrenergic signaling and quantified several aspects of muscle differentiation. ISO induced an increase in myoblast proliferation, in the percentage of Pax7-positive myoblasts and in the size of skeletal muscle fibers, suggesting that ISO activates a hyperplasic and hypertrophic muscle response. Interestingly, treatment with ISO did not alter the number of fibroblast cells, suggesting that ISO effects are specific to muscle cells in the case of chick myogenic cell culture. We also show that rapamycin, an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway, did not prevent the effects of ISO on chick muscle fiber size. The collection of these results provides new insights into the role of β-adrenergic signaling during skeletal muscle proliferation and differentiation and specifically in the regulation of skeletal muscle hyperplasia and hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Úrsula Maria C. Bastos
- Cell Differentiation ProgramInstituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroAv. Carlos Chagas Filho 373Rio de JaneiroRJ21941‐902Brazil
| | - Ivone de Andrade Rosa
- Cell Differentiation ProgramInstituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroAv. Carlos Chagas Filho 373Rio de JaneiroRJ21941‐902Brazil
| | - John D. Teixeira
- Cell Differentiation ProgramInstituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroAv. Carlos Chagas Filho 373Rio de JaneiroRJ21941‐902Brazil
| | - Graciele Gonçalves
- Cell Differentiation ProgramInstituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroAv. Carlos Chagas Filho 373Rio de JaneiroRJ21941‐902Brazil
| | - Manoel L. Costa
- Cell Differentiation ProgramInstituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroAv. Carlos Chagas Filho 373Rio de JaneiroRJ21941‐902Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo M. Quintas
- Cell Differentiation ProgramInstituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroAv. Carlos Chagas Filho 373Rio de JaneiroRJ21941‐902Brazil
| | - Claudia Mermelstein
- Cell Differentiation ProgramInstituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroAv. Carlos Chagas Filho 373Rio de JaneiroRJ21941‐902Brazil
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12
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Zinc finger protein 593 is upregulated during skeletal muscle atrophy and modulates muscle cell differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2019; 383:111563. [PMID: 31442450 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a debilitating condition that can arise due to aging, cancer, corticosteroid use, and denervation. To better characterize the molecular genetic events of neurogenic atrophy, a previous study analyzed gene expression patterns in gastrocnemius muscle following sciatic nerve transection and found for the first time that Zinc Finger Protein 593 (Zfp593) is expressed in skeletal muscle and is induced in response to denervation. Quantitative PCR and Western blot analyses confirmed that Zfp593 is expressed in both proliferating myoblasts and differentiated myotubes. To assess sub-cellular location, GFP-tagged Zfp593 was expressed in C2C12 cells and found to localize to the nucleus. The Zfp593 protein possesses a putative zinc finger domain and is believed to function as a modulator of the Oct-2 transcription factor. Interestingly, ectopic expression of Zfp593 did not affect the ability of Oct-1 or Oct-2 to inhibit an Oct reporter gene in muscle cells. Finally, Zfp593 overexpression in cultured muscle cells resulted in significant repression of muscle cell differentiation and attenuation of ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation, but did not vitiate protein synthesis. The discovery that Zfp593 is expressed in skeletal muscle combined with the observation that it is induced in response to neurogenic atrophy furthers our understanding of the molecular genetic events of muscle wasting.
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13
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Rion N, Castets P, Lin S, Enderle L, Reinhard JR, Eickhorst C, Rüegg MA. mTOR controls embryonic and adult myogenesis via mTORC1. Development 2019; 146:dev.172460. [PMID: 30872276 DOI: 10.1242/dev.172460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The formation of multi-nucleated muscle fibers from progenitors requires the fine-tuned and coordinated regulation of proliferation, differentiation and fusion, both during development and after injury in the adult. Although some of the key factors that are involved in the different steps are well known, how intracellular signals are coordinated and integrated is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of the cell-growth regulator mTOR by eliminating essential components of the mTOR complexes 1 (mTORC1) and 2 (mTORC2) in mouse muscle progenitors. We show that inactivation of mTORC1, but not mTORC2, in developing muscle causes perinatal death. In the adult, mTORC1 deficiency in muscle stem cells greatly impinges on injury-induced muscle regeneration. These phenotypes are because of defects in the proliferation and fusion capacity of the targeted muscle progenitors. However, mTORC1-deficient muscle progenitors partially retain their myogenic function. Hence, our results show that mTORC1 and not mTORC2 is an important regulator of embryonic and adult myogenesis, and they point to alternative pathways that partially compensate for the loss of mTORC1.This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Rion
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Shuo Lin
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leonie Enderle
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Markus A Rüegg
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Cerquone Perpetuini A, Re Cecconi AD, Chiappa M, Martinelli GB, Fuoco C, Desiderio G, Castagnoli L, Gargioli C, Piccirillo R, Cesareni G. Group I Paks support muscle regeneration and counteract cancer-associated muscle atrophy. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9:727-746. [PMID: 29781585 PMCID: PMC6104114 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle is characterized by an efficient regeneration potential that is often impaired during myopathies. Understanding the molecular players involved in muscle homeostasis and regeneration could help to find new therapies against muscle degenerative disorders. Previous studies revealed that the Ser/Thr kinase p21 protein-activated kinase 1 (Pak1) was specifically down-regulated in the atrophying gastrocnemius of Yoshida hepatoma-bearing rats. In this study, we evaluated the role of group I Paks during cancer-related atrophy and muscle regeneration. METHODS We examined Pak1 expression levels in the mouse Tibialis Anterior muscles during cancer cachexia induced by grafting colon adenocarcinoma C26 cells and in vitro by dexamethasone treatment. We investigated whether the overexpression of Pak1 counteracts muscle wasting in C26-bearing mice and in vitro also during interleukin-6 (IL6)-induced or dexamethasone-induced C2C12 atrophy. Moreover, we analysed the involvement of group I Paks on myogenic differentiation in vivo and in vitro using the group I chemical inhibitor IPA-3. RESULTS We found that Pak1 expression levels are reduced during cancer-induced cachexia in the Tibialis Anterior muscles of colon adenocarcinoma C26-bearing mice and in vitro during dexamethasone-induced myotube atrophy. Electroporation of muscles of C26-bearing mice with plasmids directing the synthesis of PAK1 preserves fiber size in cachectic muscles by restraining the expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 and possibly by inducing myogenin expression. Consistently, the overexpression of PAK1 reduces the dexamethasone-induced expression of MuRF1 in myotubes and increases the phospho-FOXO3/FOXO3 ratio. Interestingly, the ectopic expression of PAK1 counteracts atrophy in vitro by restraining the IL6-Stat3 signalling pathway measured in luciferase-based assays and by reducing rates of protein degradation in atrophying myotubes exposed to IL6. On the other hand, we observed that the inhibition of group I Paks has no effect on myotube atrophy in vitro and is associated with impaired muscle regeneration in vivo and in vitro. In fact, we found that mice treated with the group I inhibitor IPA-3 display a delayed recovery from cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury. This is consistent with in vitro experiments showing that IPA-3 impairs myogenin expression and myotube formation in vessel-associated myogenic progenitors, C2C12 myoblasts, and satellite cells. Finally, we observed that IPA-3 reduces p38α/β phosphorylation that is required to proceed through various stages of satellite cells differentiation: activation, asymmetric division, and ultimately myotube formation. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide novel evidence that is consistent with group I Paks playing a central role in the regulation of muscle homeostasis, atrophy and myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea David Re Cecconi
- Department of NeurosciencesIRCCS‐Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological ResearchVia Giuseppe La Masa20156MilanItaly
| | - Michela Chiappa
- Department of NeurosciencesIRCCS‐Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological ResearchVia Giuseppe La Masa20156MilanItaly
| | - Giulia Benedetta Martinelli
- Department of NeurosciencesIRCCS‐Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological ResearchVia Giuseppe La Masa20156MilanItaly
| | - Claudia Fuoco
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Rome Tor VergataVia della ricerca scientifica00133RomeItaly
| | - Giovanni Desiderio
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Rome Tor VergataVia della ricerca scientifica00133RomeItaly
| | - Luisa Castagnoli
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Rome Tor VergataVia della ricerca scientifica00133RomeItaly
| | - Cesare Gargioli
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Rome Tor VergataVia della ricerca scientifica00133RomeItaly
| | - Rosanna Piccirillo
- Department of NeurosciencesIRCCS‐Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological ResearchVia Giuseppe La Masa20156MilanItaly
| | - Gianni Cesareni
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Rome Tor VergataVia della ricerca scientifica00133RomeItaly
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15
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Li Y, Zhao W, Shi R, Jia J, Li X, Cheng J. Rs4759314 polymorphism located in HOTAIR is associated with the risk of congenital heart disease by alternating downstream signaling via reducing its expression. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:8112-8122. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Li
- Department of obstetrics and gynecologyEast HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wenrong Zhao
- Department of obstetrics and gynecologyEast HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ri Shi
- Department of obstetrics and gynecologyEast HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jun Jia
- Department of obstetrics and gynecologyEast HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaona Li
- Department of obstetrics and gynecologyEast HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jingxin Cheng
- Department of obstetrics and gynecologyEast HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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16
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Min K, Lawan A, Bennett AM. Loss of MKP-5 promotes myofiber survival by activating STAT3/Bcl-2 signaling during regenerative myogenesis. Skelet Muscle 2017; 7:21. [PMID: 29047406 PMCID: PMC5648478 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-017-0137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have been shown to be involved in regulating myofiber survival. In skeletal muscle, p38 MAPK and JNK are negatively regulated by MAPK phosphatase-5 (MKP-5). During muscle regeneration, MKP-5 is downregulated, thereby promoting p38 MAPK/JNK signaling, and subsequent repair of damaged muscle. Mice lacking MKP-5 expression exhibit enhanced regenerative myogenesis. However, the effect of MKP-5 on myofiber survival during regeneration is unclear. METHODS To investigate whether MKP-5 is involved in myofiber survival, skeletal muscle injury was induced by cardiotoxin injection, and the effects on apoptosis were assessed by TUNEL assay in wild type and MKP-5-deficient mice. The contribution of MKP-5 to apoptotic signaling and its link to this pathway through mitochondrial function were determined in regenerating skeletal muscle of MKP-5-deficient mice. RESULTS We found that loss of MKP-5 in skeletal muscle resulted in improved myofiber survival. In response to skeletal muscle injury, loss of MKP-5 decreased activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway involving the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and increased expression of the anti-apoptotic transcription factor Bcl-2. Skeletal muscle of MKP-5-deficient mice also exhibited an improved anti-oxidant capacity as a result of increased expression of catalase further contributing to myofiber survival by attenuating oxidative damage. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest that MKP-5 coordinates skeletal muscle regeneration by regulating mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. MKP-5 negatively regulates apoptotic signaling, and during regeneration, MKP-5 downregulation contributes to the restoration of myofiber survival. Finally, these results suggest that MKP-5 inhibition may serve as an important therapeutic target for the preservation of skeletal muscle survival in degenerative muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisuk Min
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ahmed Lawan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Anton M Bennett
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA. .,Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue in the body and loss of its function or its regenerative properties results in debilitating musculoskeletal disorders. Understanding the mechanisms that drive skeletal muscle formation will not only help to unravel the molecular basis of skeletal muscle diseases, but also provide a roadmap for recapitulating skeletal myogenesis in vitro from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). PSCs have become an important tool for probing developmental questions, while differentiated cell types allow the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of skeletal myogenesis from the earliest premyogenic progenitor stage to terminally differentiated myofibers, and discuss how this knowledge has been applied to differentiate PSCs into muscle fibers and their progenitors in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérome Chal
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA .,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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18
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Roberts TC, Etxaniz U, Dall'Agnese A, Wu SY, Chiang CM, Brennan PE, Wood MJA, Puri PL. BRD3 and BRD4 BET Bromodomain Proteins Differentially Regulate Skeletal Myogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6153. [PMID: 28733670 PMCID: PMC5522382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenic differentiation proceeds through a highly coordinated cascade of gene activation that necessitates epigenomic changes in chromatin structure. Using a screen of small molecule epigenetic probes we identified three compounds which inhibited myogenic differentiation in C2C12 myoblasts; (+)-JQ1, PFI-1, and Bromosporine. These molecules target Bromodomain and Extra Terminal domain (BET) proteins, which are epigenetic readers of acetylated histone lysine tail residues. BETi-mediated anti-myogenic effects were also observed in a model of MYOD1-mediated myogenic conversion of human fibroblasts, and in primary mouse and human myoblasts. All three BET proteins BRD2, BRD3 and BRD4 exhibited distinct and dynamic patterns of protein expression over the course of differentiation without concomitant changes in mRNA levels, suggesting that BET proteins are regulated at the post-transcriptional level. Specific BET protein knockdown by RNA interference revealed that BRD4 was required for myogenic differentiation, whereas BRD3 down-regulation resulted in enhanced myogenic differentiation. ChIP experiments revealed a preferential binding of BRD4 to the Myog promoter during C2C12 myoblast differentiation, co-incident with increased levels of H3K27 acetylation. These results have identified an essential role for BET proteins in the regulation of skeletal myogenesis, and assign distinct functions to BRD3 and BRD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Roberts
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - Usue Etxaniz
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Alessandra Dall'Agnese
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Shwu-Yuan Wu
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Cheng-Ming Chiang
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Paul E Brennan
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Pier Lorenzo Puri
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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19
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Li B, Wang Z, Hu Z, Zhang M, Ren Z, Zhou Z, Huang J, Hu X. P38 MAPK Signaling Pathway Mediates Angiotensin II-Induced miR143/145 Gene Cluster Downregulation during Aortic Dissection Formation. Ann Vasc Surg 2017; 40:262-273. [PMID: 28167124 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We endeavored to prove that angiotensin II (Ang II) regulates both the expression of micro-RNA143/145 (miR143/145) and differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) during the formation of aortic dissection (AD). We also studied the contribution of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway toward this process. METHODS Ascending aortic tissues were harvested from the patients with AD and organ donors. Tissues were immunostained with labeled antibodies targeting p38 MAPK, phospho-p38 MAPK, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and osteopontin (OPN). Next, we treated mouse aortic VSMCs with different regimens of Ang II (duration and dosages) in vitro and determined expression levels of miR143/145 and VSMC phenotype marker proteins (α-SMA and OPN) by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and/or western blotting. SB203580 was used to inhibit the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Finally, the VSMC phenotype was validated by immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Expression of phospho-p38 MAPK was significantly greater in the AD tissue. Ang II induced the phenotypic switching of VSMCs along with the downregulation of an miR143/145 gene cluster. Expression of OPN and phospho-p38 was significantly increased in VSMCs treated with 0.1 μM Ang II for 12 hr. Furthermore, the expression of miR143 and miR145 was downregulated by Ang II treatment. When the p38 MAPK signaling pathway was blocked by pretreatment with an SB203580 inhibitor, the expression of miR143, miR145, and VSMC phenotypic markers was not affected by Ang II. Immunohistochemical staining of aortic tissues donated by AD patients and healthy donors showed that the expression of α-SMA decreased in pathological tissue, while the OPN increased and the arrangement of the smooth muscle cells of the media was dysregulated, which we verified in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Ang II could regulate the expression of miR143/145 gene cluster and the phenotypic switching of VSMCs via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. This may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Adult
- Aortic Dissection/enzymology
- Aortic Dissection/genetics
- Aortic Dissection/pathology
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aortic Aneurysm/enzymology
- Aortic Aneurysm/genetics
- Aortic Aneurysm/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Multigene Family
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phosphorylation
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Time Factors
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhipeng Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongli Ren
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jizhen Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
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20
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Chen TH, Chen CY, Wen HC, Chang CC, Wang HD, Chuu CP, Chang CH. YAP promotes myogenic differentiation via the MEK5-ERK5 pathway. FASEB J 2017; 31:2963-2972. [PMID: 28356344 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601090r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a transcriptional coactivator in the Hippo pathway that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The MEK5/ERK5 MAPK cascade is essential for the early step of myogenesis. In this study, we generated C2C12 stable cell lines that expressed YAP (C2C12-YAP cells) and found that ERK5 and MEK5 were activated in C2C12-YAP cells compared with control C2C12 (C2C12-vector) cells. C2C12-YAP stable cells also differentiated into myotubes better than C2C12-vector cells, and expressed elevated levels of myogenin, a transcription factor that regulates myogenesis, as well as elevated levels of myosin heavy chain, a skeletal muscle marker. Western blot analysis revealed that Src and c-Abl (Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1) activation were enhanced in C2C12-YAP cells. Conversely, treatment of inhibitors of c-Abl, Src, or MEK5 inhibited activation of MEK5 and ERK5 and myogenesis of C2C12 myoblasts. Specific interactions between YAP and proteins in the ERK5 pathway, such as MEK kinase 3 (MEKK3) and ERK5, were illustrated by coimmunoprecipitation experiments. MEKK3 contains the PPGY motif (aa 178-181), which may interact with YAP. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments revealed that expression of MEKK3 Y181F mutant inhibited MEK5/ERK5 activation and myogenic differentiation. These results suggest that YAP promotes muscle differentiation by activating the Abl/Src/MEKK3/MEK5/ERK5 kinase cascade.-Chen, T.-H., Chen, C.-Y., Wen, H.-C., Chang, C.-C., Wang, H.-D., Chuu, C.-P., Chang, C.-H. YAP promotes myogenic differentiation via the MEK5-ERK5 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Huan Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, China.,Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, China
| | - Chen-Yu Chen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, China
| | - Hui-Chin Wen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, China
| | - Chia-Chu Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, China
| | - Horng-Dar Wang
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, China
| | - Chih-Pin Chuu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, China;
| | - Chung-Ho Chang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, China; .,Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, China
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21
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Group I Paks Promote Skeletal Myoblast Differentiation In Vivo and In Vitro. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00222-16. [PMID: 27920252 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00222-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal myogenesis is regulated by signal transduction, but the factors and mechanisms involved are not well understood. The group I Paks Pak1 and Pak2 are related protein kinases and direct effectors of Cdc42 and Rac1. Group I Paks are ubiquitously expressed and specifically required for myoblast fusion in Drosophila We report that both Pak1 and Pak2 are activated during mammalian myoblast differentiation. One pathway of activation is initiated by N-cadherin ligation and involves the cadherin coreceptor Cdo with its downstream effector, Cdc42. Individual genetic deletion of Pak1 and Pak2 in mice has no overt effect on skeletal muscle development or regeneration. However, combined muscle-specific deletion of Pak1 and Pak2 results in reduced muscle mass and a higher proportion of myofibers with a smaller cross-sectional area. This phenotype is exacerbated after repair to acute injury. Furthermore, primary myoblasts lacking Pak1 and Pak2 display delayed expression of myogenic differentiation markers and myotube formation. These results identify Pak1 and Pak2 as redundant regulators of myoblast differentiation in vitro and in vivo and as components of the promyogenic Ncad/Cdo/Cdc42 signaling pathway.
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22
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Regulation of Skeletal Myoblast Differentiation by Drebrin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1006:361-373. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56550-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Zhang Y, Yu B, He J, Chen D. From Nutrient to MicroRNA: a Novel Insight into Cell Signaling Involved in Skeletal Muscle Development and Disease. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1247-1261. [PMID: 27766039 PMCID: PMC5069446 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.16463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a remarkably complicated organ comprising many different cell types, and it plays an important role in lifelong metabolic health. Nutrients, as an external regulator, potently regulate skeletal muscle development through various internal regulatory factors, such as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and microRNAs (miRNAs). As a nutrient sensor, mTOR, integrates nutrient availability to regulate myogenesis and directly or indirectly influences microRNA expression. MiRNAs, a class of small non-coding RNAs mediating gene silencing, are implicated in myogenesis and muscle-related diseases. Meanwhile, growing evidence has emerged supporting the notion that the expression of myogenic miRNAs could be regulated by nutrients in an epigenetic mechanism. Therefore, this review presents a novel insight into the cell signaling network underlying nutrient-mTOR-miRNA pathway regulation of skeletal myogenesis and summarizes the epigenetic modifications in myogenic differentiation, which will provide valuable information for potential therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, P. R. China.; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, P. R. China.; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, P. R. China.; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, P. R. China.; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China
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Characterisation of equine satellite cell transcriptomic profile response to β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB). Br J Nutr 2016; 116:1315-1325. [PMID: 27691998 PMCID: PMC5082287 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451600324x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a popular ergogenic
aid used by human athletes and as a supplement to sport horses, because of its ability to
aid muscle recovery, improve performance and body composition. Recent findings suggest
that HMB may stimulate satellite cells and affect expressions of genes regulating skeletal
muscle cell growth. Despite the scientific data showing benefits of HMB supplementation in
horses, no previous study has explained the mechanism of action of HMB in this species.
The aim of this study was to reveal the molecular background of HMB action on equine
skeletal muscle by investigating the transcriptomic profile changes induced by HMB in
equine satellite cells in vitro. Upon isolation from the
semitendinosus muscle, equine satellite cells were cultured until the
2nd day of differentiation. Differentiating cells were incubated with HMB for 24 h. Total
cellular RNA was isolated, amplified, labelled and hybridised to microarray slides.
Microarray data validation was performed with real-time quantitative PCR. HMB induced
differential expressions of 361 genes. Functional analysis revealed that the main
biological processes influenced by HMB in equine satellite cells were related to muscle
organ development, protein metabolism, energy homoeostasis and lipid metabolism. In
conclusion, this study demonstrated for the first time that HMB has the potential to
influence equine satellite cells by controlling global gene expression. Genes and
biological processes targeted by HMB in equine satellite cells may support HMB utility in
improving growth and regeneration of equine skeletal muscle; however, the overall role of
HMB in horses remains equivocal and requires further proteomic, biochemical and
pharmacokinetic studies.
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25
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Baruffaldi F, Montarras D, Basile V, De Feo L, Badodi S, Ganassi M, Battini R, Nicoletti C, Imbriano C, Musarò A, Molinari S. Dynamic Phosphorylation of the Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2Cα1 Splice Variant Promotes Skeletal Muscle Regeneration and Hypertrophy. Stem Cells 2016; 35:725-738. [PMID: 27612437 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor MEF2C (Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2C) plays an established role in the early steps of myogenic differentiation. However, the involvement of MEF2C in adult myogenesis and in muscle regeneration has not yet been systematically investigated. Alternative splicing of mammalian MEF2C transcripts gives rise to two mutually exclusive protein variants: MEF2Cα2 which exerts a positive control of myogenic differentiation, and MEF2Cα1, in which the α1 domain acts as trans-repressor of the MEF2C pro-differentiation activity itself. However, MEF2Cα1 variants are persistently expressed in differentiating cultured myocytes, suggesting a role in adult myogenesis. We found that overexpression of both MEF2Cα1/α2 proteins in a mouse model of muscle injury promotes muscle regeneration and hypertrophy, with each isoform promoting different stages of myogenesis. Besides the ability of MEF2Cα2 to increase differentiation, we found that overexpressed MEF2Cα1 enhances both proliferation and differentiation of primary myoblasts, and activates the AKT/mTOR/S6K anabolic signaling pathway in newly formed myofibers. The multiple activities of MEF2Cα1 are modulated by phosphorylation of Ser98 and Ser110, two amino acid residues located in the α1 domain of MEF2Cα1. These specific phosphorylations allow the interaction of MEF2Cα1 with the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase PIN1, a regulator of MEF2C functions. Overall, in this study we established a novel regulatory mechanism in which the expression and the phosphorylation of MEF2Cα1 are critically required to sustain the adult myogenesis. The described molecular mechanism will represent a new potential target for the development of therapeutical strategies to treat muscle-wasting diseases. Stem Cells 2017;35:725-738.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Baruffaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Didier Montarras
- Département de Biologie du Développement et Cellules Souches, Institut Pasteur (CNRS URA 2578), Paris, France
| | - Valentina Basile
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Luca De Feo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sara Badodi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Ganassi
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, UK
| | - Renata Battini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Carmine Nicoletti
- Institute Pasteur-Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Carol Imbriano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio Musarò
- Institute Pasteur-Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Molinari
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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26
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Segalés J, Perdiguero E, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Regulation of Muscle Stem Cell Functions: A Focus on the p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:91. [PMID: 27626031 PMCID: PMC5003838 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of skeletal muscle fibers (myogenesis) during development and after tissue injury in the adult constitutes an excellent paradigm to investigate the mechanisms whereby environmental cues control gene expression programs in muscle stem cells (satellite cells) by acting on transcriptional and epigenetic effectors. Here we will review the molecular mechanisms implicated in the transition of satellite cells throughout the distinct myogenic stages (i.e., activation from quiescence, proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal). We will also discuss recent findings on the causes underlying satellite cell functional decline with aging. In particular, our review will focus on the epigenetic changes underlying fate decisions and on how the p38 MAPK signaling pathway integrates the environmental signals at the chromatin to build up satellite cell adaptive responses during the process of muscle regeneration, and how these responses are altered in aging. A better comprehension of the signaling pathways connecting external and intrinsic factors will illuminate the path for improving muscle regeneration in the aged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Segalés
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Pompeu Fabra University Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eusebio Perdiguero
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Pompeu Fabra University Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Pompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)Barcelona, Spain; Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones CardiovascularesMadrid, Spain
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27
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Chatterjee B, Wolff DW, Jothi M, Mal M, Mal AK. p38α MAPK disables KMT1A-mediated repression of myogenic differentiation program. Skelet Muscle 2016; 6:28. [PMID: 27551368 PMCID: PMC4993004 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-016-0100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Master transcription factor MyoD can initiate the entire myogenic gene expression program which differentiates proliferating myoblasts into multinucleated myotubes. We previously demonstrated that histone methyltransferase KMT1A associates with and inhibits MyoD in proliferating myoblasts, and must be removed to allow differentiation to proceed. It is known that pro-myogenic signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT and p38α MAPK play critical roles in enforcing associations between MyoD and transcriptional activators, while removing repressors. However, the mechanism which displaces KMT1A from MyoD, and the signals responsible, remain unknown. METHODS To investigate the role of p38α on MyoD-mediated differentiation, we utilized C2C12 myoblast cells as an in vitro model. p38α activity was either augmented via overexpression of a constitutively active upstream kinase or blocked via lentiviral delivery of a specific p38α shRNA or treatment with p38α/β inhibitor SB203580. Overexpression of KMT1A in these cells via lentiviral delivery was also used as a system wherein terminal differentiation is impeded by high levels of KMT1A. RESULTS The association of KMT1A and MyoD persisted, and differentiation was blocked in C2C12 myoblasts specifically after pharmacologic or genetic blockade of p38α. Conversely, forced activation of p38α was sufficient to activate MyoD and overcome the differentiation blockade in KMT1A-overexpressing C2C12 cells. Consistent with this finding, KMT1A phosphorylation during C2C12 differentiation correlated strongly with the activation of p38α. This phosphorylation was prevented by the inhibition of p38α. Biochemical studies further revealed that KMT1A can be a direct substrate for p38α. Importantly, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies show that the removal of KMT1A-mediated transcription repressive histone tri-methylation (H3K9me3) from the promoter of the Myogenin gene, a critical regulator of muscle differentiation, is dependent on p38α activity in C2C12 cells. Elevated p38α activity was also sufficient to remove this repressive H3K9me3 mark. Moreover, ChIP studies from C2C12 cells show that p38α activity is necessary and sufficient to establish active H3K9 acetylation on the Myogenin promoter. CONCLUSIONS Activation of p38α displaces KMT1A from MyoD to initiate myogenic gene expression upon induction of myoblasts differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswanath Chatterjee
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, CGP-L3-319, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263 USA ; Present Address: Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - David W Wolff
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, CGP-L3-319, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263 USA
| | - Mathivanan Jothi
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, CGP-L3-319, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263 USA ; Present Address: Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046 Tamilnadu India
| | - Munmun Mal
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, CGP-L3-319, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263 USA
| | - Asoke K Mal
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, CGP-L3-319, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263 USA
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28
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Zhang G, Yan GY, Yang XX, Wong YH, Sun J, Zhang Y, He LS, Xu Y, Qian PY. Characterization of Arginine Kinase in the Barnacle Amphibalanus Amphitrite and Its Role in the Larval Settlement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2016; 326:237-49. [PMID: 27245369 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Energy metabolism is a key process in larval settlement of barnacles, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain ambiguous. Arginine kinase (AK) mainly participates in energy metabolism in invertebrates. So far, its roles in barnacles have not been studied. In the present study, we raised an antibody against AK from Amphibalanus amphitrite Darwin to characterize the roles of AK in the larval settlement process. Among the developmental stages, AK was highly expressed during the cypris stage. Along with the aging process in cyprids, the level of AK decreased. The immunostaining results showed that AK was localized to muscular tissues in cyprids, including antennules, antennular muscles, and thoracic limbs. The larval settlement rate decreased and larval movement was inhibited in response to treatments with high concentrations of AK inhibitors (rutin and quercetin). These results demonstrated that AK was involved in the larval settlement of A. amphitrite through mediating energy supply in muscle tissues. Moreover, further analysis indicated that both the p38 MAPK and NO/cGMP pathways positively mediated the expression of AK in cyprids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Zhang
- Environmental Science Programs and Division of Life Science, School of Science, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Yong Yan
- Sanya Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Xue Yang
- Environmental Science Programs and Division of Life Science, School of Science, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Him Wong
- Environmental Science Programs and Division of Life Science, School of Science, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Jin Sun
- Environmental Science Programs and Division of Life Science, School of Science, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Li-Sheng He
- Sanya Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Ying Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Environmental Science Programs and Division of Life Science, School of Science, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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29
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Rodríguez-Carballo E, Gámez B, Ventura F. p38 MAPK Signaling in Osteoblast Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:40. [PMID: 27200351 PMCID: PMC4858538 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeleton is a highly dynamic tissue whose structure relies on the balance between bone deposition and resorption. This equilibrium, which depends on osteoblast and osteoclast functions, is controlled by multiple factors that can be modulated post-translationally. Some of the modulators are Mitogen-activated kinases (MAPKs), whose role has been studied in vivo and in vitro. p38-MAPK modifies the transactivation ability of some key transcription factors in chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which affects their differentiation and function. Several commercially available inhibitors have helped to determine p38 action on these processes. Although it is frequently mentioned in the literature, this chemical approach is not always as accurate as it should be. Conditional knockouts are a useful genetic tool that could unravel the role of p38 in shaping the skeleton. In this review, we will summarize the state of the art on p38 activity during osteoblast differentiation and function, and emphasize the triggers of this MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Gámez
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona and IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Ventura
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona and IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Broome DT, Datta NS. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1: function and regulation in bone and related tissues. Connect Tissue Res 2016; 57:175-89. [PMID: 27031422 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1125480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we have highlighted work that has clearly demonstrated that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), a negative regulator of MAPKs, is an important signaling mediator in bone, muscle, and fat tissue homeostasis and differentiation. Further, we examined recent studies with particular focus on MKP-1 overexpression or deletion and its impact on tissues connected to bone. We also summarized regulation of MKP-1 by known skeletal regulators like parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) and bone morphogenic proteins. MKP-1's integration into the pathophysiological state of osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, and muscular dystrophy are examined to emphasize possible involvement of MKP-1 both at the molecular level and in disease complications such as sarcopenia- or diabetes-related osteoporosis. We predict that understanding the mechanism of MKP-1-mediated signaling in bone-muscle-fat crosstalk will be a key in coordinating their activities and developing therapeutics to improve clinical outcomes for diseases associated with advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Broome
- a Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Nabanita S Datta
- a Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA
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31
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Escós A, Risco A, Alsina-Beauchamp D, Cuenda A. p38γ and p38δ Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs), New Stars in the MAPK Galaxy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:31. [PMID: 27148533 PMCID: PMC4830812 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein kinases p38γ and p38δ belong to the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. p38MAPK signaling controls many cellular processes and is one of the most conserved mechanisms in eukaryotes for the cellular response to environmental stress and inflammation. Although p38γ and p38δ are widely expressed, it is likely that they perform specific functions in different tissues. Their involvement in human pathologies such as inflammation-related diseases or cancer is starting to be uncovered. In this article we give a general overview and highlight recent advances made in defining the functions of p38γ and p38δ, focusing in innate immunity and inflammation. We consider the potential of the pharmacological targeting of MAPK pathways to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Escós
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Risco
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
| | - Dayanira Alsina-Beauchamp
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Cuenda
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
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32
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Wu Y, van der Schaft DWJ, Baaijens FP, Oomens CWJ. Cell death induced by mechanical compression on engineered muscle results from a gradual physiological mechanism. J Biomech 2016; 49:1071-1077. [PMID: 26961799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Deep tissue injury (DTI), a type of pressure ulcer, arises in the muscle layers adjacent to bony prominences due to sustained mechanical loading. DTI presents a serious problem in the clinic, as it is often not visible until reaching an advanced stage. One of the causes can be direct mechanical deformation of the muscle tissue and cell. The mechanism of cell death induced by mechanical compression was studied using bio-artificial skeletal muscle tissues. Compression was applied by placing weights on top of the constructs. The morphological changes of the cytoskeleton and the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) under compression were investigated. Moreover, inhibitors for each of the three major MAPK groups, p38, ERK, and JNK, were applied separately to look at their roles in the compression caused apoptosis and necrosis. The present study for the first time showed that direct mechanical compression activates MAPK phosphorylation. Compression also leads to a gradual destruction of the cytoskeleton. The percentage apoptosis is strongly reduced by p38 and JNK inhibitors down to the level of the unloaded group. This phenomenon could be observed up to 24h after initiation of compression. Therefore, cell death in bio-artificial muscle tissue caused by mechanical compression is primarily caused by a physiological mechanism, rather than through a physical mechanism which kills the cell directly. These findings reveal insight of muscle cell death under mechanical compression. Moreover, the result indicates a potential clinical solution to prevent DTI by pre-treating with p38 or/and JNK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands; Institute for Biomechanics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Frank P Baaijens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Cees W J Oomens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
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33
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Negative regulation of initial steps in skeletal myogenesis by mTOR and other kinases. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20376. [PMID: 26847534 PMCID: PMC4742887 DOI: 10.1038/srep20376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from a committed progenitor cell to one that is actively differentiating represents a process that is fundamentally important in skeletal myogenesis. Although the expression and functional activation of myogenic regulatory transcription factors (MRFs) are well known to govern lineage commitment and differentiation, exactly how the first steps in differentiation are suppressed in a proliferating myoblast is much less clear. We used cultured mammalian myoblasts and an RNA interference library targeting 571 kinases to identify those that may repress muscle differentiation in proliferating myoblasts in the presence or absence of a sensitizing agent directed toward CDK4/6, a kinase previously established to impede muscle gene expression. We identified 55 kinases whose knockdown promoted myoblast differentiation, either independently or in conjunction with the sensitizer. A number of the hit kinases could be connected to known MRFs, directly or through one interaction node. Focusing on one hit, Mtor, we validated its role to impede differentiation in proliferating myoblasts and carried out mechanistic studies to show that it acts, in part, by a rapamycin-sensitive complex that involves Raptor. Our findings inform our understanding of kinases that can block the transition from lineage commitment to a differentiating state in myoblasts and offer a useful resource for others studying myogenic differentiation.
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34
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Marino S, Di Foggia V. Invited Review: Polycomb group genes in the regeneration of the healthy and pathological skeletal muscle. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 42:407-22. [PMID: 26479276 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The polycomb group (PcG) proteins are epigenetic repressors required during key developmental processes, such as maintenance of cell identity and stem cell differentiation. To exert their repressive function, PcG proteins assemble on chromatin into multiprotein complexes, known as polycomb repressive complex 1 and 2. In this review, we will focus on the role and mode of function of PcG proteins in the development and regeneration of the skeletal muscle, both in normal and pathological conditions and we will discuss the emerging concept of modulation of their expression to enhance the muscle-specific regenerative process for patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marino
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - V Di Foggia
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Ex Vivo Expansion and In Vivo Self-Renewal of Human Muscle Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:621-32. [PMID: 26344908 PMCID: PMC4624935 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle stem cells, or satellite cells (SCs), regenerate functional muscle following transplantation into injured or diseased tissue. To gain insight into human SC (huSC) biology, we analyzed transcriptome dynamics by RNA sequencing of prospectively isolated quiescent and activated huSCs. This analysis indicated that huSCs differentiate and lose proliferative potential when maintained in high-mitogen conditions ex vivo. Further analysis of gene expression revealed that p38 MAPK acts in a transcriptional network underlying huSC self-renewal. Activation of p38 signaling correlated with huSC differentiation, while inhibition of p38 reversibly prevented differentiation, enabling expansion of huSCs. When transplanted, expanded huSCs differentiated to generate chimeric muscle and engrafted as SCs in the sublaminar niche with a greater frequency than freshly isolated cells or cells cultured without p38 inhibition. These studies indicate characteristics of the huSC transcriptome that promote expansion ex vivo to allow enhanced functional engraftment of a defined population of self-renewing huSCs. Prospective isolation of highly pure huSCs from diverse muscles RNA sequencing resource for studying the huSC transcriptome Core transcription factor regulatory network of huSC differentiation Expanded huSCs that are genetically manipulable and self-renew in vivo
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Gardner S, Gross SM, David LL, Klimek JE, Rotwein P. Separating myoblast differentiation from muscle cell fusion using IGF-I and the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB202190. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 309:C491-500. [PMID: 26246429 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00184.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The p38 MAP kinases play critical roles in skeletal muscle biology, but the specific processes regulated by these kinases remain poorly defined. Here we find that activity of p38α/β is important not only in early phases of myoblast differentiation, but also in later stages of myocyte fusion and myofibrillogenesis. By treatment of C2 myoblasts with the promyogenic growth factor insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, the early block in differentiation imposed by the p38 chemical inhibitor SB202190 could be overcome. Yet, under these conditions, IGF-I could not prevent the later impairment of muscle cell fusion, as marked by the nearly complete absence of multinucleated myofibers. Removal of SB202190 from the medium of differentiating myoblasts reversed the fusion block, as multinucleated myofibers were detected several hours later and reached ∼90% of the culture within 30 h. Analysis by quantitative mass spectroscopy of proteins that changed in abundance following removal of the inhibitor revealed a cohort of upregulated muscle-enriched molecules that may be important for both myofibrillogenesis and fusion. We have thus developed a model system that allows separation of myoblast differentiation from muscle cell fusion and should be useful in identifying specific steps regulated by p38 MAP kinase-mediated signaling in myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Gardner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Sean M Gross
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Larry L David
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - John E Klimek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Peter Rotwein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas
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Boncompagni S, Arthurton L, Akujuru E, Pearson T, Steverding D, Protasi F, Mutungi G. Membrane glucocorticoid receptors are localised in the extracellular matrix and signal through the MAPK pathway in mammalian skeletal muscle fibres. J Physiol 2015; 593:2679-92. [PMID: 25846902 DOI: 10.1113/jp270502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Many studies have previously suggested the existence of stress hormone receptors on the cell membrane of many cell types, including skeletal muscle fibres; however, the exact localisation of these receptors and how they signal to the rest of the cell is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the localisation and the mechanism(s) underlying the physiological functions of these receptors in mouse skeletal muscle cells. We found that the receptors were present throughout muscle development and that, in adult muscle fibres, they were localised in the extracellular matrix, satellite cells (muscle stem cells) and close to mitochondria. We also found that they signalled to the rest of the cell by activating enzymes called mitogen-activated protein kinases. From these results we suggest that, at physiological concentrations, stress hormones may be important in skeletal muscle differentiation, repair and regeneration. ABSTRACT A number of studies have previously proposed the existence of glucocorticoid receptors on the plasma membrane of many cell types, including skeletal muscle fibres. However, their exact localisation and the cellular signalling pathway(s) they utilise to communicate with the rest of the cell are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the localisation and the mechanism(s) underlying the non-genomic physiological functions of these receptors in mouse skeletal muscle cells. The results show that the receptors were localised in the cytoplasm in myoblasts, in the nucleus in myotubes, in the extracellular matrix, in satellite cells and in the proximity of mitochondria in adult muscle fibres. Also, they bound laminin in a glucocorticoid-dependent manner. Treating small skeletal muscle fibre bundles with the synthetic glucocorticoid beclomethasone dipropionate increased the phosphorylation (= activation) of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. This occurred within 5 min and depended on the fibre type and the duration of the treatment. It was also abolished by the glucocorticoid receptor inhibitor, mifepristone, and a monoclonal antibody against the receptor. From these results we conclude that the non-genomic/non-canonical physiological functions of glucocorticoids, in adult skeletal muscle fibres, are mediated by a glucocorticoid receptor localised in the extracellular matrix, in satellite cells and close to mitochondria, and involve activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Boncompagni
- Centre for Research on Aging, University G. d'Annunzio, I-66013, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lewis Arthurton
- School of Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Eugene Akujuru
- Department of Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Timothy Pearson
- Department of Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Dietmar Steverding
- Department of Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Feliciano Protasi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio, I-66013, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gabriel Mutungi
- Department of Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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38
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The role of TORC1 in muscle development in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9676. [PMID: 25866192 PMCID: PMC4394354 DOI: 10.1038/srep09676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Myogenesis is an important process during both development and muscle repair. Previous studies suggest that mTORC1 plays a role in the formation of mature muscle from immature muscle precursor cells. Here we show that gene expression for several myogenic transcription factors including Myf5, Myog and Mef2c but not MyoD and myosin heavy chain isoforms decrease when C2C12 cells are treated with rapamycin, supporting a role for mTORC1 pathway during muscle development. To investigate the possibility that mTORC1 can regulate muscle in vivo we ablated the essential dTORC1 subunit Raptor in Drosophila melanogaster and found that muscle-specific knockdown of Raptor causes flies to be too weak to emerge from their pupal cases during eclosion. Using a series of GAL4 drivers we also show that muscle-specific Raptor knockdown also causes shortened lifespan, even when eclosure is unaffected. Together these results highlight an important role for TORC1 in muscle development, integrity and function in both Drosophila and mammalian cells.
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Brancaccio A, Palacios D. Chromatin signaling in muscle stem cells: interpreting the regenerative microenvironment. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:36. [PMID: 25904863 PMCID: PMC4387924 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle regeneration in the adult occurs in response to damage at expenses of a population of adult stem cells, the satellite cells. Upon injury, either physical or genetic, signals released within the satellite cell niche lead to the commitment, expansion and differentiation of the pool of muscle progenitors to repair damaged muscle. To achieve this goal satellite cells undergo a dramatic transcriptional reprogramming to coordinately activate and repress specific subset of genes. Although the epigenetics of muscle regeneration has been extensively discussed, less emphasis has been put on how extra-cellular cues are translated into the specific chromatin reorganization necessary for progression through the myogenic program. In this review we will focus on how satellite cells sense the regenerative microenvironment in physiological and pathological circumstances, paying particular attention to the mechanism through which the external stimuli are transduced to the nucleus to modulate chromatin structure and gene expression. We will discuss the pathways involved and how alterations in this chromatin signaling may contribute to satellite cells dysfunction during aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Brancaccio
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Signaling, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Palacios
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Signaling, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy
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Oliveira TN, Possidonio AC, Soares CP, Ayres R, Costa ML, Quintas LEM, Mermelstein C. The role of Na+/K+-ATPase during chick skeletal myogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120940. [PMID: 25775465 PMCID: PMC4361648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber involves a series of sequential and interdependent events that occurs during embryogenesis. One of these events is myoblast fusion which has been widely studied, yet not completely understood. It was previously shown that during myoblast fusion there is an increase in the expression of Na+/K+-ATPase. This fact prompted us to search for a role of the enzyme during chick in vitro skeletal myogenesis. Chick myogenic cells were treated with the Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor ouabain in four different concentrations (0.01-10 μM) and analyzed. Our results show that 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μM ouabain did not induce changes in cell viability, whereas 10 μM induced a 45% decrease. We also observed a reduction in the number and thickness of multinucleated myotubes and a decrease in the number of myoblasts after 10 μM ouabain treatment. We tested the involvement of MEK-ERK and p38 signaling pathways in the ouabain-induced effects during myogenesis, since both pathways have been associated with Na+/K+-ATPase. The MEK-ERK inhibitor U0126 alone did not alter cell viability and did not change ouabain effect. The p38 inhibitor SB202190 alone or together with 10 μM ouabain did not alter cell viability. Our results show that the 10 μM ouabain effects in myofiber formation do not involve the MEK-ERK or the p38 signaling pathways, and therefore are probably related to the pump activity function of the Na+/K+-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taissa Neustadt Oliveira
- Laboratório de Diferenciação Muscular e Citoesqueleto, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Possidonio
- Laboratório de Diferenciação Muscular e Citoesqueleto, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Pontes Soares
- Laboratório de Diferenciação Muscular e Citoesqueleto, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ayres
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Manoel Luis Costa
- Laboratório de Diferenciação Muscular e Citoesqueleto, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Menezes Quintas
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Mermelstein
- Laboratório de Diferenciação Muscular e Citoesqueleto, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Irazoqui AP, Boland RL, Buitrago CG. Actions of 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 on the cellular cycle depend on VDR and p38 MAPK in skeletal muscle cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 53:331-43. [PMID: 25316911 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have reported that 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 (1,25D) activates p38 MAPK (p38) in a vitamin D receptor (VDR)-dependent manner in proliferative C2C12 myoblast cells. It was also demonstrated that 1,25D promotes muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. However, we did not study these hormone actions in depth. In this study we have investigated whether the VDR and p38 participate in the signaling mechanism triggered by 1,25D. In C2C12 cells, the VDR was knocked down by a shRNA, and p38 was specifically inhibited using SB-203580. Results from cell cycle studies indicated that hormone stimulation prompts a peak of S-phase followed by an arrest in the G0/G1-phase, events which were dependent on VDR and p38. Moreover, 1,25D increases the expression of cyclin D3 and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p21(Waf1/Cip1) and p27(Kip1), while cyclin D1 protein levels did not change during G0/G1 arrest. In all these events, p38 and VDR were required. At the same time, a 1,25D-dependent acute increase in myogenin expression was observed, indicating that the G0/G1 arrest of cells is a pro-differentiative event. Immunocytochemical assays revealed co-localization of VDR and cyclin D3, promoted by 1,25D in a p38-dependent manner. When cyclin D3 expression was silenced, VDR and myogenin levels were downregulated, indicating that cyclin D3 was required for 1,25D-induced VDR expression and the concomitant entrance into the differentiation process. In conclusion, the VDR and p38 are involved in control of the cellular cycle by 1,25D in skeletal muscle cells, providing key information on the mechanisms underlying hormone regulation of myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Irazoqui
- INBIOSUR - CONICETDepartamento de Biología, Bioquímica and Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Ricardo L Boland
- INBIOSUR - CONICETDepartamento de Biología, Bioquímica and Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Claudia G Buitrago
- INBIOSUR - CONICETDepartamento de Biología, Bioquímica and Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Segalés J, Perdiguero E, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Epigenetic control of adult skeletal muscle stem cell functions. FEBS J 2014; 282:1571-88. [PMID: 25251895 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration in the adult (de novo myogenesis) depends on a resident population of muscle stem cells (satellite cells) that are normally quiescent. In response to injury or stress, satellite cells are activated and expand as myoblast cells that differentiate and fuse to form new muscle fibers or return to quiescence to maintain the stem cell pool (self-renewal). Satellite cell-dependent myogenesis is a well-characterized multi-step process orchestrated by muscle-specific transcription factors, such as Pax3/Pax7 and members of the MyoD family of muscle regulatory factors, and epigenetically controlled by mechanisms such as DNA methylation, covalent modification of histones and non-coding RNAs. Recent results from next-generation genome-wide sequencing have increased our understanding about the highly intricate layers of epigenetic regulation involved in satellite cell maintenance, activation, differentiation and self-renewal, and their cross-talk with the muscle-specific transcriptional machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Segalés
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
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43
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Forcales SV. The BAF60c-MyoD complex poises chromatin for rapid transcription. BIOARCHITECTURE 2014; 2:104-109. [PMID: 22880151 PMCID: PMC3414383 DOI: 10.4161/bioa.20970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin remodeling by the SWI/SNF complex is required to activate the transcription of myogenic-specific genes. Our work addressed the details of how SWI/SNF is recruited to myogenic regulatory regions in response to differentiation signals. Surprisingly, the muscle determination factor MyoD and the SWI/SNF subunit BAF60c form a complex on the regulatory elements of MyoD-targeted genes in myogenic precursor cells. This Brg1-devoid MyoD-BAF60c complex flags the chromatin of myogenic-differentiation genes before transcription is activated. On differentiation, BAF60c phosphorylation on a conserved threonine by p38 α kinase promotes the incorporation of MyoD-BAF60c into a Brg1-based SWI/SNF complex, which remodels the chromatin and activates transcription of MyoD-target genes. Downregulation of BAF60c expression prevents MyoD access to the chromatin and the proper loading of an active myogenic transcriptosome preventing the expression of hundreds of myogenic genes. Our data support an unprecedented two-step model by which (1) pre-assembled BAF60c-MyoD complex poises the chromatin of myogenic genes for rapid transcription; (2) chromatin-bound BAF60c "senses" the myogenic differentiation cues and recruits an active SWI/SNF complex to remodel the chromatin allowing transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia-Vanina Forcales
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer; Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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44
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Rapamycin represses myotube hypertrophy and preserves viability of C2C12 cells during myogenesis in vitro. Transplantation 2014; 98:139-47. [PMID: 24926828 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapamycin (RAPA) has been successfully used for myoblast allotransplantation in X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy mice. However, the mechanism of skeletal myogenesis, particularly in starved condition by RAPA, remains elusive. For this reason, we investigated the effect of RAPA on C2C12 myogenesis in serum-starved condition. METHODS Serum-free treated C2C12 cells were mimicked as skeletal myogenesis in nutrition shortage microenvironment. A methylthiazoletetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to investigate different RAPA concentrations on serum-free treated C2C12 cells and the following assays were used to detect the characteristic of C2C12 myogenesis by RAPA in vitro. RESULTS We found that 150 ng/mL of RAPA did not significantly suppress the viability of C2C12 differentiated cells by MTT assay. The RAPA concentration could protect myoblast serum-starved cells effectively from apoptosis through flow cytometry and retain myogenic regulatory factors through quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. However, RAPA significantly suppressed cell migration in wound healing assay (P<0.05). Morphological analyses indicated that RAPA also significantly suppressed myotube hypertrophy in serum-starved C2C12 cells. Western blot analysis revealed that the ratio of phosphate extracellular signal-regulated kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and the protein level of p-Akt decreased in the proliferation medium and in the differentiation medium, respectively. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that myoblast cells are sensitive to RAPA under a serum-starved microenvironment. As an immunosuppressive agent, RAPA shall be used as a considering dosage and as a safe strategy for future myoblast allotransplantation.
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Role of the mTORC1 complex in satellite cell activation by RNA-induced mitochondrial restoration: dual control of cyclin D1 through microRNAs. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3594-606. [PMID: 25047835 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00742-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During myogenesis, satellite stem cells (SCs) are induced to proliferate and differentiate to myogenic precursors. The role of energy sensors such as the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) in SC activation is unclear. We previously observed that upregulation of ATP through RNA-mediated mitochondrial restoration (MR) accelerates SC activation following skeletal muscle injury. We show here that during regeneration, the AMPK-CRTC2-CREB and Raptor-mTORC-4EBP1 pathways were rapidly activated. The phosho-CRTC2-CREB complex was essential for myogenesis and activated transcription of the critical cell cycle regulator cyclin D1 (Ccnd1). Knockdown (KD) of either mTORC or its subunit Raptor delayed SC activation without influencing the differentiation program. KD of 4EBP1 had no effect on SC activation but enhanced myofiber size. mTORC1 positively regulated Ccnd1 translation but destabilized Ccnd1 mRNA. These antithetical effects of mTORC1 were mediated by two microRNAs (miRs) targeted to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of Ccnd1 mRNA: miR-1 was downregulated in mTORC-KD muscle, and depletion of miR-1 resulted in increased levels of mRNA without any effect on Ccnd1 protein. In contrast, miR-26a was upregulated upon mTORC depletion, while anti-miR-26a oligonucleotide specifically stimulated Ccnd1 protein expression. Thus, mTORC may act as a timer of satellite cell proliferation during myogenesis.
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46
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Wagatsuma A, Sakuma K. Vitamin D signaling in myogenesis: potential for treatment of sarcopenia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:121254. [PMID: 25197630 PMCID: PMC4147791 DOI: 10.1155/2014/121254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Muscle mass and strength progressively decrease with age, which results in a condition known as sarcopenia. Sarcopenia would lead to physical disability, poor quality of life, and death. Therefore, much is expected of an effective intervention for sarcopenia. Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory evidence suggest an effect of vitamin D on muscle function. However, the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Recent studies suggest that vitamin D receptor (VDR) might be expressed in muscle fibers and vitamin D signaling via VDR plays a role in the regulation of myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Understanding how vitamin D signaling contributes to myogenesis will provide a valuable insight into an effective nutritional strategy to moderate sarcopenia. Here we will summarize the current knowledge about the effect of vitamin D on skeletal muscle and myogenic cells and discuss the potential for treatment of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Wagatsuma
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Sakuma
- Research Center for Physical Fitness, Sports and Health, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
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47
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Brien P, Pugazhendhi D, Woodhouse S, Oxley D, Pell JM. p38α MAPK regulates adult muscle stem cell fate by restricting progenitor proliferation during postnatal growth and repair. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1597-610. [PMID: 23592450 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell function is essential for the maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. Controlling the balance between self-renewal and differentiation is crucial to maintain a receptive satellite cell pool capable of responding to growth and regeneration cues. The mitogen-activated protein kinase p38α has been implicated in the regulation of these processes but its influence in adult muscle remains unknown. Using conditional satellite cell p38α knockout mice we have demonstrated that p38α restricts excess proliferation in the postnatal growth phase while promoting timely myoblast differentiation. Differentiation was still able to occur in the p38α-null satellite cells, however, but was delayed. An absence of p38α resulted in a postnatal growth defect along with the persistence of an increased reservoir of satellite cells into adulthood. This population was still capable of responding to cardiotoxin-induced injury, resulting in complete, albeit delayed, regeneration, with further enhancement of the satellite cell population. Increased p38γ phosphorylation accompanied the absence of p38α, and inhibition of p38γ ex vivo substantially decreased the myogenic defect. We have used genome-wide transcriptome analysis to characterize the changes in expression that occur between resting and regenerating muscle, and the influence p38α has on these expression profiles. This study provides novel evidence for the fundamental role of p38α in adult muscle homeostasis in vivo.
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48
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Garcia-Guerra L, Vila-Bedmar R, Carrasco-Rando M, Cruces-Sande M, Martín M, Ruiz-Gómez A, Ruiz-Gómez M, Lorenzo M, Fernández-Veledo S, Mayor F, Murga C, Nieto-Vázquez I. Skeletal muscle myogenesis is regulated by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2. J Mol Cell Biol 2014; 6:299-311. [PMID: 24927997 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mju025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is an important serine/threonine-kinase regulating different membrane receptors and intracellular proteins. Attenuation of Drosophila Gprk2 in embryos or adult flies induced a defective differentiation of somatic muscles, loss of fibers, and a flightless phenotype. In vertebrates, GRK2 hemizygous mice contained less but more hypertrophied skeletal muscle fibers than wild-type littermates. In C2C12 myoblasts, overexpression of a GRK2 kinase-deficient mutant (K220R) caused precocious differentiation of cells into immature myotubes, which were wider in size and contained more fused nuclei, while GRK2 overexpression blunted differentiation. Moreover, p38MAPK and Akt pathways were activated at an earlier stage and to a greater extent in K220R-expressing cells or upon kinase downregulation, while the activation of both kinases was impaired in GRK2-overexpressing cells. The impaired differentiation and fewer fusion events promoted by enhanced GRK2 levels were recapitulated by a p38MAPK mutant, which was able to mimic the inhibitory phosphorylation of p38MAPK by GRK2, whereas the blunted differentiation observed in GRK2-expressing clones was rescued in the presence of a constitutively active upstream stimulator of the p38MAPK pathway. These results suggest that balanced GRK2 function is necessary for a timely and complete myogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Garcia-Guerra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08017 Barcelona, Spain Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain CIBER de enfermedades neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Vila-Bedmar
- Departament of Molecular Biology and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marta Cruces-Sande
- Departament of Molecular Biology and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Martín
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ruiz-Gómez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Ruiz-Gómez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Lorenzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Fernández-Veledo
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08017 Barcelona, Spain Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII. IISPV. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departament of Molecular Biology and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Murga
- Departament of Molecular Biology and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iria Nieto-Vázquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08017 Barcelona, Spain
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49
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Li YP, Niu A, Wen Y. Regulation of myogenic activation of p38 MAPK by TACE-mediated TNFα release. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:21. [PMID: 25364728 PMCID: PMC4207040 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of p38 MAPK in myogenic precursor cells (MPCs) is a key signal for their exit of cell cycle and entry of the myogenic differentiation program. Therefore, identification of the signaling mechanism that activates p38 MAPK during this process is important for the understanding of the regulatory mechanism of muscle regeneration. This article reviews recent findings regarding the role of inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) as a key activator of p38 MAPK during myogenesis in an autocrine/paracrine fashion, and the signaling mechanisms that converge upon TNFα converting enzyme (TACE) to release TNFα from differentiating MPCs in response to diverse regenerative stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Li
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, TX, USA
| | - Airu Niu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yefei Wen
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, TX, USA
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50
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Bruno NE, Kelly KA, Hawkins R, Bramah-Lawani M, Amelio AL, Nwachukwu JC, Nettles KW, Conkright MD. Creb coactivators direct anabolic responses and enhance performance of skeletal muscle. EMBO J 2014; 33:1027-43. [PMID: 24674967 PMCID: PMC4193935 DOI: 10.1002/embj.201386145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the stress response to intense exercise, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) induces rapid catabolism of energy reserves through the release of catecholamines and subsequent activation of protein kinase A (PKA). Paradoxically, chronic administration of sympathomimetic drugs (β-agonists) leads to anabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle, suggesting that sympathetic outflow also regulates myofiber remodeling. Here, we show that β-agonists or catecholamines released during intense exercise induce Creb-mediated transcriptional programs through activation of its obligate coactivators Crtc2 and Crtc3. In contrast to the catabolic activity normally associated with SNS function, activation of the Crtc/Creb transcriptional complex by conditional overexpression of Crtc2 in the skeletal muscle of transgenic mice fostered an anabolic state of energy and protein balance. Crtc2-overexpressing mice have increased myofiber cross-sectional area, greater intramuscular triglycerides and glycogen content. Moreover, maximal exercise capacity was enhanced after induction of Crtc2 expression in transgenic mice. Collectively these findings demonstrate that the SNS-adrenergic signaling cascade coordinates a transient catabolic stress response during high-intensity exercise, which is followed by transcriptional reprogramming that directs anabolic changes for recovery and that augments subsequent exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson E Bruno
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
- The Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kimberly A Kelly
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Richard Hawkins
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Mariam Bramah-Lawani
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Antonio L Amelio
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Jerome C Nwachukwu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Michael D Conkright
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
- The Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
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