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Yuen ELH, Leary AY, Clavel M, Tumtas Y, Mohseni A, Zhao J, Picchianti L, Jamshidiha M, Pandey P, Duggan C, Cota E, Dagdas Y, Bozkurt TO. A RabGAP negatively regulates plant autophagy and immune trafficking. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2049-2065.e6. [PMID: 38677281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Plants rely on autophagy and membrane trafficking to tolerate stress, combat infections, and maintain cellular homeostasis. However, the molecular interplay between autophagy and membrane trafficking is poorly understood. Using an AI-assisted approach, we identified Rab3GAP-like (Rab3GAPL) as a key membrane trafficking node that controls plant autophagy negatively. Rab3GAPL suppresses autophagy by binding to ATG8, the core autophagy adaptor, and deactivating Rab8a, a small GTPase essential for autophagosome formation and defense-related secretion. Rab3GAPL reduces autophagic flux in three model plant species, suggesting that its negative regulatory role in autophagy is conserved in land plants. Beyond autophagy regulation, Rab3GAPL modulates focal immunity against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans by preventing defense-related secretion. Altogether, our results suggest that Rab3GAPL acts as a molecular rheostat to coordinate autophagic flux and defense-related secretion by restraining Rab8a-mediated trafficking. This unprecedented interplay between a RabGAP-Rab pair and ATG8 sheds new light on the intricate membrane transport mechanisms underlying plant autophagy and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Lok Him Yuen
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alexandre Y Leary
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Marion Clavel
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yasin Tumtas
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Azadeh Mohseni
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jierui Zhao
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Picchianti
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mostafa Jamshidiha
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Pooja Pandey
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Cian Duggan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ernesto Cota
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yasin Dagdas
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tolga O Bozkurt
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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2
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Takeda E, Isoda T, Hosokawa S, Oikawa Y, Hotta-Ren S, May AI, Ohsumi Y. Receptor-mediated cargo hitchhiking on bulk autophagy. EMBO J 2024:10.1038/s44318-024-00091-8. [PMID: 38755257 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
While the molecular mechanism of autophagy is well studied, the cargoes delivered by autophagy remain incompletely characterized. To examine the selectivity of autophagy cargo, we conducted proteomics on isolated yeast autophagic bodies, which are intermediate structures in the autophagy process. We identify a protein, Hab1, that is highly preferentially delivered to vacuoles. The N-terminal 42 amino acid region of Hab1 contains an amphipathic helix and an Atg8-family interacting motif, both of which are necessary and sufficient for the preferential delivery of Hab1 by autophagy. We find that fusion of this region with a cytosolic protein results in preferential delivery of this protein to the vacuole. Furthermore, attachment of this region to an organelle allows for autophagic delivery in a manner independent of canonical autophagy receptor or scaffold proteins. We propose a novel mode of selective autophagy in which a receptor, in this case Hab1, binds directly to forming isolation membranes during bulk autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eigo Takeda
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Isoda
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
- School and Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
- Frontier Research Center, POLA Chemical Industries Inc., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sachiko Hosokawa
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yu Oikawa
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shukun Hotta-Ren
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Alexander I May
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ohsumi
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.
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3
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Nicolson S, Manning JA, Lim Y, Jiang X, Kolze E, Dayan S, Umargamwala R, Xu T, Sandow JJ, Webb AI, Kumar S, Denton D. The Drosophila ZNRF1/2 homologue, detour, interacts with HOPS complex and regulates autophagy. Commun Biol 2024; 7:183. [PMID: 38360932 PMCID: PMC10869362 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05834-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, the process of elimination of cellular components by lysosomal degradation, is essential for animal development and homeostasis. Using the autophagy-dependent Drosophila larval midgut degradation model we identified an autophagy regulator, the RING domain ubiquitin ligase CG14435 (detour). Depletion of detour resulted in increased early-stage autophagic vesicles, premature tissue contraction, and overexpression of detour or mammalian homologues, ZNRF1 and ZNRF2, increased autophagic vesicle size. The ablation of ZNRF1 or ZNRF2 in mammalian cells increased basal autophagy. We identified detour interacting proteins including HOPS subunits, deep orange (dor/VPS18), Vacuolar protein sorting 16A (VPS16A), and light (lt/VPS41) and found that detour promotes their ubiquitination. The detour mutant accumulated autophagy-related proteins in young adults, displayed premature ageing, impaired motor function, and activation of innate immunity. Collectively, our findings suggest a role for detour in autophagy, likely through regulation of HOPS complex, with implications for healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Nicolson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Jantina A Manning
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Yoon Lim
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Xin Jiang
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Erica Kolze
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Sonia Dayan
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Ruchi Umargamwala
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Tianqi Xu
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Jarrod J Sandow
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew I Webb
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Donna Denton
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
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4
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Zhai H, Wang T, Liu D, Pan L, Sun Y, Qiu HJ. Autophagy as a dual-faced host response to viral infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1289170. [PMID: 38125906 PMCID: PMC10731275 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1289170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy selectively degrades viral particles or cellular components, either facilitating or inhibiting viral replication. Conversely, most viruses have evolved strategies to escape or exploit autophagy. Moreover, autophagy collaborates with the pattern recognition receptor signaling, influencing the expression of adaptor molecules involved in the innate immune response and regulating the expression of interferons (IFNs). The intricate relationship between autophagy and IFNs plays a critical role in the host cell defense against microbial invasion. Therefore, it is important to summarize the interactions between viral infections, autophagy, and the host defense mechanisms against viruses. This review specifically focuses on the interactions between autophagy and IFN pathways during viral infections, providing a comprehensive summary of the molecular mechanisms utilized or evaded by different viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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5
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Hajibabaie F, Abedpoor N, Mohamadynejad P. Types of Cell Death from a Molecular Perspective. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1426. [PMID: 37998025 PMCID: PMC10669395 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The former conventional belief was that cell death resulted from either apoptosis or necrosis; however, in recent years, different pathways through which a cell can undergo cell death have been discovered. Various types of cell death are distinguished by specific morphological alterations in the cell's structure, coupled with numerous biological activation processes. Various diseases, such as cancers, can occur due to the accumulation of damaged cells in the body caused by the dysregulation and failure of cell death. Thus, comprehending these cell death pathways is crucial for formulating effective therapeutic strategies. We focused on providing a comprehensive overview of the existing literature pertaining to various forms of cell death, encompassing apoptosis, anoikis, pyroptosis, NETosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, entosis, methuosis, paraptosis, mitoptosis, parthanatos, necroptosis, and necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Hajibabaie
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord 88137-33395, Iran;
- Department of Physiology, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan 81551-39998, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord 88137-33395, Iran
| | - Navid Abedpoor
- Department of Physiology, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan 81551-39998, Iran
- Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan 81551-39998, Iran
| | - Parisa Mohamadynejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord 88137-33395, Iran;
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord 88137-33395, Iran
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6
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Cobb T, Hwang I, Soukar M, Namkoong S, Cho US, Safdar M, Kim M, Wessells RJ, Lee JH. Iditarod, a Drosophila homolog of the Irisin precursor FNDC5, is critical for exercise performance and cardiac autophagy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220556120. [PMID: 37722048 PMCID: PMC10523451 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220556120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian FNDC5 encodes a protein precursor of Irisin, which is important for exercise-dependent regulation of whole-body metabolism. In a genetic screen in Drosophila, we identified Iditarod (Idit), which shows substantial protein homology to mouse and human FNDC5, as a regulator of autophagy acting downstream of Atg1/Atg13. Physiologically, Idit-deficient flies showed reduced exercise performance and defective cold resistance, which were rescued by exogenous expression of Idit. Exercise training increased endurance in wild-type flies, but not in Idit-deficient flies. Conversely, Idit is induced upon exercise training, and transgenic expression of Idit in wild-type flies increased endurance to the level of exercise trained flies. Finally, Idit deficiency prevented both exercise-induced increase in cardiac Atg8 and exercise-induced cardiac stress resistance, suggesting that cardiac autophagy may be an additional mechanism by which Idit is involved in the adaptive response to exercise. Our work suggests an ancient role of an Iditarod/Irisin/FNDC5 family of proteins in autophagy, exercise physiology, and cold adaptation, conserved throughout metazoan species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Cobb
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Irene Hwang
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Michael Soukar
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Sim Namkoong
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Uhn-Soo Cho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Maryam Safdar
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Myungjin Kim
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Robert J Wessells
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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7
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Feng Y, Lu H, Hu J, Zheng B, Zhang Y. R-phycocyanin from porphyra haitanensis influences drosophila melanogaster lifespan in a sex-specific manner. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125914. [PMID: 37481178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Aging has become a major global public health challenge. Our previous research showed that R-phycocyanin (R-PC) possessed anti-aging activity. Notably, studies already revealed that gender may affect the responses to the anti-aging drug. Therefore, it is worth investigating whether the anti-aging effects and their underlying molecular mechanisms of R-PC differ between genders. Firstly, R-PC was isolated from porphyra haitanensis and its anti-aging mechanisms were explored using the nature aging male and female drosophila melanogaster as model. Next, the regulation pathway of longevity was analyzed by KEGG pathway analysis. The longevity pathways-associated molecules were also examined to explore anti-aging mechanisms of R-PC. The results showed that R-PC increased AMPK activity, thus enhanced the key regulatory factors of autophagy (Atg1, Atg8, Atg5), and consequently induced autophagy. Hence, the longevity activity of R-PC life was related with AMPK/mTOR/S6K autophagic signaling pathways in aging female drosophila melanogaster. Meanwhile, R-PC significantly down-regulated TNF-α, MMP3, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 expression levels, and the anti-inflammatory and longevity was associated with R-PC-induced regulation of pI3k/AKT/FOXO3 signaling pathway in aging male drosophila melanogaster. These finding showed that R-PC from porphyra haitanensis might exert the anti-aging actions via different mechanisms in male and female drosophila melanogaste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Feng
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hanjin Lu
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jiamiao Hu
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Baodong Zheng
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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8
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Wang S, Zhang K, Song X, Huang Q, Lin S, Deng S, Qi M, Yang Y, Lu Q, Zhao D, Meng F, Li J, Lian Z, Luo C, Yao Y. TLR4 Overexpression Aggravates Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Apoptosis via Excessive Autophagy and NF-κB/MAPK Signaling in Transgenic Mammal Models. Cells 2023; 12:1769. [PMID: 37443803 PMCID: PMC10340758 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial infections pose a significant threat to public health. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and induces innate immune responses, autophagy, and cell death, which have major impacts on the body's physiological homeostasis. However, the role of TLR4 in bacterial LPS-induced autophagy and apoptosis in large mammals, which are closer to humans than rodents in many physiological characteristics, remains unknown. So far, few reports focus on the relationship between TLR, autophagy, and apoptosis in large mammal levels, and we urgently need more tools to further explore their crosstalk. Here, we generated a TLR4-enriched mammal model (sheep) and found that a high-dose LPS treatment blocked autophagic degradation and caused strong innate immune responses and severe apoptosis in monocytes/macrophages of transgenic offspring. Excessive accumulation of autophagosomes/autolysosomes might contribute to LPS-induced apoptosis in monocytes/macrophages of transgenic animals. Further study demonstrated that inhibiting TLR4 downstream NF-κB or p38 MAPK signaling pathways reversed the LPS-induced autophagy activity and apoptosis. These results indicate that the elevated TLR4 aggravates LPS-induced monocytes/macrophages apoptosis by leading to lysosomal dysfunction and impaired autophagic flux, which is associated with TLR4 downstream NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. This study provides a novel TLR4-enriched mammal model to study its potential effects on autophagy activity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death. These findings also enrich the biological functions of TLR4 and provide powerful evidence for bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China (C.L.)
| | - Kunli Zhang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xuting Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qiuyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China (C.L.)
| | - Sen Lin
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shoulong Deng
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Meiyu Qi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150028, China
| | - Yecheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China (C.L.)
| | - Qi Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Duowei Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fanming Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China (C.L.)
| | - Jianhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China (C.L.)
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chenglong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China (C.L.)
| | - Yuchang Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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9
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He Z, Chen M, Ling B, Cao T, Wang C, Li W, Tang W, Chen K, Zhou Y, Chen J, Xu Z, Wang D, Guo C, Ma Y. Overexpression of the autophagy-related gene SiATG8a from foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) in transgenic wheat confers tolerance to phosphorus starvation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:580-586. [PMID: 36774913 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, autophagy plays an important role in regulating intracellular degradation and amino acid recycling in response to nutrient starvation, senescence, and other environmental stresses. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) shows strong resistance to various abiotic stresses; however, current understanding of the regulation network of abiotic stress resistance in foxtail millet remains limited. In this study, we aimed to determine the autophagy-related gene SiATG8a in foxtail millet. We found that SiATG8a was mainly expressed in the stem and was induced by low-phosphorus (LP) stress. Overexpression of SiATG8a in wheat (Triticum aestivum) significantly increased the grain yield and spike number per m2 under LP treatment compared to those in the WT varieties S366 and S4056. There was no significant difference in the grain P content between SiATG8a-overexpressing wheat and WT wheat under normal phosphorus (NP) and LP treatments. However, the phosphorus (P) content in the roots, stems, and leaves of transgenic plants was significantly higher than that in WT plants under NP and LP conditions. Furthermore, the expression of P transporter genes, such as TaPHR1, TaPHR3, TaIPS1, and TaPT9, in SiATG8a-transgenic wheat was higher than that in WT under LP. Collectively, overexpression of SiATG8a increases the P content of roots, stems, and leaves of transgenic wheat under LP conditions by modulating the expression of P-related transporter gene, which may result in increased grain yield; thus, SiATG8a is a candidate gene for generating transgenic wheat with improved tolerance to LP stress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150025, China.
| | - Ming Chen
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Bingqi Ling
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Tao Cao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Chunxiao Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Weiwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150025, China.
| | - Wensi Tang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Kai Chen
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yongbin Zhou
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Zhaoshi Xu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150025, China.
| | - Changhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150025, China.
| | - Youzhi Ma
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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10
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Ibrahim T, Khandare V, Mirkin FG, Tumtas Y, Bubeck D, Bozkurt TO. AlphaFold2-multimer guided high-accuracy prediction of typical and atypical ATG8-binding motifs. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001962. [PMID: 36753519 PMCID: PMC9907853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an intracellular degradation process central to cellular homeostasis and defense against pathogens in eukaryotic cells. Regulation of autophagy relies on hierarchical binding of autophagy cargo receptors and adaptors to ATG8/LC3 protein family members. Interactions with ATG8/LC3 are typically facilitated by a conserved, short linear sequence, referred to as the ATG8/LC3 interacting motif/region (AIM/LIR), present in autophagy adaptors and receptors as well as pathogen virulence factors targeting host autophagy machinery. Since the canonical AIM/LIR sequence can be found in many proteins, identifying functional AIM/LIR motifs has proven challenging. Here, we show that protein modelling using Alphafold-Multimer (AF2-multimer) identifies both canonical and atypical AIM/LIR motifs with a high level of accuracy. AF2-multimer can be modified to detect additional functional AIM/LIR motifs by using protein sequences with mutations in primary AIM/LIR residues. By combining protein modelling data from AF2-multimer with phylogenetic analysis of protein sequences and protein-protein interaction assays, we demonstrate that AF2-multimer predicts the physiologically relevant AIM motif in the ATG8-interacting protein 2 (ATI-2) as well as the previously uncharacterized noncanonical AIM motif in ATG3 from potato (Solanum tuberosum). AF2-multimer also identified the AIM/LIR motifs in pathogen-encoded virulence factors that target ATG8 members in their plant and human hosts, revealing that cross-kingdom ATG8-LIR/AIM associations can also be predicted by AF2-multimer. We conclude that the AF2-guided discovery of autophagy adaptors/receptors will substantially accelerate our understanding of the molecular basis of autophagy in all biological kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarhan Ibrahim
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Virendrasinh Khandare
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Federico Gabriel Mirkin
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- INGEBI-CONICET, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yasin Tumtas
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Doryen Bubeck
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DB); (TOB)
| | - Tolga O. Bozkurt
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DB); (TOB)
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11
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Huang T, Jiang G, Zhang Y, Lei Y, Liu S, Li H, Lu K. The RNA polymerase II subunit Rpb9 activates ATG1 transcription and autophagy. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54993. [PMID: 36102592 PMCID: PMC9638876 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202254993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a conserved process in eukaryotic cells that mediates the degradation and recycling of intracellular substrates. Proteins encoded by autophagy-related (ATG) genes are essentially involved in the autophagy process and must be tightly regulated in response to various circumstances, such as nutrient-rich and starvation conditions. However, crucial transcriptional activators of ATG genes have remained obscure. Here, we identify the RNA polymerase II subunit Rpb9 as an essential regulator of autophagy by a high-throughput screen of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene knockout library. Rpb9 plays a crucial and specific role in upregulating ATG1 transcription, and its deficiency decreases autophagic activities. Rpb9 promotes ATG1 transcription by binding to its promoter region, which is mediated by Gcn4. Furthermore, the function of Rpb9 in autophagy and its regulation of ATG1/ULK1 transcription are conserved in mammalian cells. Together, our results indicate that Rpb9 specifically activates ATG1 transcription and thus positively regulates the autophagy process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Gaoyue Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yabin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yuqing Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shiyan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Huihui Li
- West China Second University HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Kefeng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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12
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Distinct roles for different autophagy-associated genes in the virulence of the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 163:103748. [PMID: 36309095 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici causes major crop losses as the causal agent of the disease Septoria tritici blotch. The infection cycle of Z. tritici displays two distinct phases, beginning with an extended symptomless phase of 1-2 weeks, before the fungus induces host cell death and tissue collapse in the leaf. Recent evidence suggests that the fungus uses little host-derived nutrition during asymptomatic colonisation, raising questions as to the sources of energy required for this initial growth phase. Autophagy is crucial for the pathogenicity of other fungal plant pathogens through its roles in supporting cellular differentiation and growth under starvation. Here we characterised the contributions of the autophagy genes ZtATG1 and ZtATG8 to the development and virulence of Z. tritici. Deletion of ZtATG1 led to inhibition of autophagy but had no impact on starvation-induced hyphal differentiation or virulence, suggesting that autophagy is not required for Z. tritici pathogenicity. Contrastingly, ZtATG8 deletion delayed the transition to necrotrophic growth, despite having no influence on filamentous growth under starvation, pointing to an autophagy-independent role of ZtATG8 during Z. tritici infection. To our knowledge, this study represents the first to find autophagy not to contribute to the virulence of a fungal plant pathogen, and reveals novel roles for different autophagy-associated proteins in Z. tritici.
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13
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Sun S, Feng L, Chung KP, Lee KM, Cheung HHY, Luo M, Ren K, Law KC, Jiang L, Wong KB, Zhuang X. Mechanistic insights into an atypical interaction between ATG8 and SH3P2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Autophagy 2022; 18:1350-1366. [PMID: 34657568 PMCID: PMC9225624 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1976965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In selective macroautophagy/autophagy, cargo receptors are recruited to the forming autophagosome by interacting with Atg8 (autophagy-related 8)-family proteins and facilitate the selective sequestration of specific cargoes for autophagic degradation. In addition, Atg8 interacts with a number of adaptors essential for autophagosome biogenesis, including ATG and non-ATG proteins. The majority of these adaptors and receptors are characterized by an Atg8-family interacting motif (AIM) for binding to Atg8. However, the molecular basis for the interaction mode between ATG8 and regulators or cargo receptors in plants remains largely unclear. In this study, we unveiled an atypical interaction mode for Arabidopsis ATG8f with a plant unique adaptor protein, SH3P2 (SH3 domain-containing protein 2), but not with the other two SH3 proteins. By structure analysis of the unbound form of ATG8f, we identified the unique conformational changes in ATG8f upon binding to the AIM sequence of a plant known autophagic receptor, NBR1. To compare the binding affinity of SH3P2-ATG8f with that of ATG8f-NBR1, we performed a gel filtration assay to show that ubiquitin-associated domain of NBR1 outcompetes the SH3 domain of SH3P2 for ATG8f interaction. Biochemical and cellular analysis revealed that distinct interfaces were employed by ATG8f to interact with NBR1 and SH3P2. Further subcellular analysis showed that the AIM-like motif of SH3P2 is essential for its recruitment to the phagophore membrane but is dispensable for its trafficking in endocytosis. Taken together, our study provides an insightful structural basis for the ATG8 binding specificity toward a plant-specific autophagic adaptor and a conserved autophagic receptor.Abbreviations: ATG, autophagy-related; AIM, Atg8-family interacting motif; BAR, Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs; BFA, brefeldin A; BTH, benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester; CCV, clathrin-coated-vesicle; CLC2, clathrin light chain 2; Conc A, concanamycin A; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; LDS, LIR docking site; MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; LIR, LC3-interacting region; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; SH3P2, SH3 domain containing protein 2; SH3, Src-Homology-3; UBA, ubiquitin-associated; UIM, ubiquitin-interacting motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangli Sun
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lanlan Feng
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin Pan Chung
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ka-Ming Lee
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hayley Hei-Yin Cheung
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mengqian Luo
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kaike Ren
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kai Ching Law
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kam-Bo Wong
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhuang
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,CONTACT Xiaohong Zhuang Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Nekrakalaya B, Arefian M, Kotimoole CN, Krishna RM, Palliyath GK, Najar MA, Behera SK, Kasaragod S, Santhappan P, Hegde V, Prasad TSK. Towards Phytopathogen Diagnostics? Coconut Bud Rot Pathogen Phytophthora palmivora Mycelial Proteome Analysis Informs Genome Annotation. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2022; 26:189-203. [PMID: 35353641 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2021.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Planetary agriculture stands to benefit immensely from phytopathogen diagnostics, which would enable early detection of pathogens with harmful effects on crops. For example, Phytophthora palmivora is one of the most destructive phytopathogens affecting many economically important tropical crops such as coconut. P. palmivora causes diseases in over 200 host plants, and notably, the bud rot disease in coconut and oil palm, which is often lethal because it is usually detected at advanced stages of infection. Limited availability of large-scale omics datasets for P. palmivora is an important barrier for progress toward phytopathogen diagnostics. We report here the mycelial proteome of P. palmivora using high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis. We identified 8073 proteins in the mycelium. Gene Ontology-based functional classification of detected proteins revealed 4884, 4981, and 3044 proteins, respectively, with roles in biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components. Proteins such as P-loop, NTPase, and WD40 domains with key roles in signal transduction pathways were identified. KEGG pathway analysis annotated 2467 proteins to various signaling pathways, such as phosphatidylinositol, Ca2+, and mitogen-activated protein kinase, and autophagy and cell cycle. These molecular substrates might possess vital roles in filamentous growth, sporangia formation, degradation of damaged cellular content, and recycling of nutrients in P. palmivora. This large-scale proteomics data and analyses pave the way for new insights on biology, genome annotation, and vegetative growth of the important plant pathogen P. palmivora. They also can help accelerate research on future phytopathogen diagnostics and preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagya Nekrakalaya
- Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Mohammad Arefian
- Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Chinmaya Narayana Kotimoole
- Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | | | | | - Mohammad Altaf Najar
- Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Behera
- Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Sandeep Kasaragod
- Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | | | - Vinayaka Hegde
- ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, India
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15
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Molecular regulation of autophagosome formation. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:55-69. [PMID: 35076688 PMCID: PMC9022990 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy, hereafter autophagy, is a degradative process conserved among eukaryotes, which is essential to maintain cellular homeostasis. Defects in autophagy lead to numerous human diseases, including various types of cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. The hallmark of autophagy is the de novo formation of autophagosomes, which are double-membrane vesicles that sequester and deliver cytoplasmic materials to lysosomes/vacuoles for degradation. The mechanism of autophagosome biogenesis entered a molecular era with the identification of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins. Although there are many unanswered questions and aspects that have raised some controversies, enormous advances have been done in our understanding of the process of autophagy in recent years. In this review, we describe the current knowledge about the molecular regulation of autophagosome formation, with a particular focus on budding yeast and mammalian cells.
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16
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Schreiber A, Collins BC, Davis C, Enchev RI, Sedra A, D'Antuono R, Aebersold R, Peter M. Multilayered regulation of autophagy by the Atg1 kinase orchestrates spatial and temporal control of autophagosome formation. Mol Cell 2021; 81:5066-5081.e10. [PMID: 34798055 PMCID: PMC8693860 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved intracellular degradation pathway exerting various cytoprotective and homeostatic functions by using de novo double-membrane vesicle (autophagosome) formation to target a wide range of cytoplasmic material for vacuolar/lysosomal degradation. The Atg1 kinase is one of its key regulators, coordinating a complex signaling program to orchestrate autophagosome formation. Combining in vitro reconstitution and cell-based approaches, we demonstrate that Atg1 is activated by lipidated Atg8 (Atg8-PE), stimulating substrate phosphorylation along the growing autophagosomal membrane. Atg1-dependent phosphorylation of Atg13 triggers Atg1 complex dissociation, enabling rapid turnover of Atg1 complex subunits at the pre-autophagosomal structure (PAS). Moreover, Atg1 recruitment by Atg8-PE self-regulates Atg8-PE levels in the growing autophagosomal membrane by phosphorylating and thus inhibiting the Atg8-specific E2 and E3. Our work uncovers the molecular basis for positive and negative feedback imposed by Atg1 and how opposing phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events underlie the spatiotemporal regulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schreiber
- Cellular Degradation Systems Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, UK; Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Ben C Collins
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University of Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, BT9 5DL Belfast, UK
| | - Colin Davis
- Cellular Degradation Systems Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Radoslav I Enchev
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Visual Biochemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Angie Sedra
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rocco D'Antuono
- Crick Advanced Light Microscopy (CALM) STP, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Peter
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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17
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Fan S, Yue L, Wan W, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Otomo C, Li Q, Lin T, Hu J, Xu P, Zhu M, Tao H, Chen Z, Li L, Ding H, Yao Z, Lu J, Wen Y, Zhang N, Tan M, Chen K, Xie Y, Otomo T, Zhou B, Jiang H, Dang Y, Luo C. Inhibition of Autophagy by a Small Molecule through Covalent Modification of the LC3 Protein. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Fan
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Liyan Yue
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Wei Wan
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Bidong Zhang
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Chinatsu Otomo
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Quanfu Li
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine the Ministry of Education Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Tingting Lin
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Life Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University 100 Haike Road Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Junchi Hu
- Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention Institute of Life Sciences Chongqing Medical University No. 1, Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - Pan Xu
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Mingrui Zhu
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Hongru Tao
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Lianchun Li
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Hong Ding
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Zhiyi Yao
- Suzhou Autopharm 108 Yuxin Road Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Junyan Lu
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yi Wen
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Naixia Zhang
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Minjia Tan
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yuli Xie
- Suzhou Autopharm 108 Yuxin Road Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Takanori Otomo
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Bing Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yongjun Dang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine the Ministry of Education Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai 200032 China
- Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention Institute of Life Sciences Chongqing Medical University No. 1, Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - Cheng Luo
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
- School of Life Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University 100 Haike Road Shanghai 201210 China
- School of Pharmacy Fudan University Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou 310053 China
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18
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Ferreira JCC, Lopes C, Preto A, Gonçalves MST, Sousa MJ. Novel Nile Blue Analogue Stains Yeast Vacuolar Membrane, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Lipid Droplets, Inducing Cell Death through Vacuole Membrane Permeabilization. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110971. [PMID: 34829259 PMCID: PMC8623074 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenoxazine derivatives such as Nile Blue analogues are assumed to be increasingly relevant in cell biology due to their fluorescence staining capabilities and antifungal and anticancer activities. However, the mechanisms underlying their effects remain poorly elucidated. Using S. cerevisiae as a eukaryotic model, we found that BaP1, a novel 5- and 9-N-substituted benzo[a]phenoxazine synthesized in our laboratory, when used in low concentrations, accumulates and stains the vacuolar membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, at higher concentrations, BaP1 stains lipid droplets and induces a regulated cell death process mediated by vacuolar membrane permeabilization. BaP1 also induced mitochondrial fragmentation and depolarization but did not lead to ROS accumulation, changes in intracellular Ca2+, or loss of plasma membrane integrity. Additionally, our results show that the cell death process is dependent on the vacuolar protease Pep4p and that the vacuole permeabilization results in its translocation from the vacuole to the cytosol. In addition, although nucleic acids are commonly described as targets of benzo[a]phenoxazines, we did not find any alterations at the DNA level. Our observations highlight BaP1 as a promising molecule for pharmacological application, using vacuole membrane permeabilization as a targeted approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Carlos Canossa Ferreira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (C.L.); (A.P.)
- Campus of Gualtar, IBS-Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Centre of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (J.C.C.F.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Carla Lopes
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (C.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Ana Preto
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (C.L.); (A.P.)
- Campus of Gualtar, IBS-Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Maria João Sousa
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (C.L.); (A.P.)
- Campus of Gualtar, IBS-Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.C.C.F.); (M.J.S.)
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19
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Zhang K, Huang Q, Deng S, Yang Y, Li J, Wang S. Mechanisms of TLR4-Mediated Autophagy and Nitroxidative Stress. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:766590. [PMID: 34746034 PMCID: PMC8570305 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.766590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic infections have badly affected public health and the development of the breeding industry. Billions of dollars are spent every year fighting against these pathogens. The immune cells of a host produce reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species which promote the clearance of these microbes. In addition, autophagy, which is considered an effective method to promote the destruction of pathogens, is involved in pathological processes. As research continues, the interplay between autophagy and nitroxidative stress has become apparent. Autophagy is always intertwined with nitroxidative stress. Autophagy regulates nitroxidative stress to maintain homeostasis within an appropriate range. Intracellular oxidation, in turn, is a strong inducer of autophagy. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a pattern recognition receptor mainly involved in the regulation of inflammation during infectious diseases. Several studies have suggested that TLR4 is also a key regulator of autophagy and nitroxidative stress. In this review, we describe the role of TLR4 in autophagy and oxidation, and focus on its function in influencing autophagy-nitroxidative stress interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shoulong Deng
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yecheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Research Center of Gene Editing Engineering Technology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Jianhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sutian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Fan S, Yue L, Wan W, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Otomo C, Li Q, Lin T, Hu J, Xu P, Zhu M, Tao H, Chen Z, Li L, Ding H, Yao Z, Lu J, Wen Y, Zhang N, Tan M, Chen K, Xie Y, Otomo T, Zhou B, Jiang H, Dang Y, Luo C. Inhibition of Autophagy by a Small Molecule through Covalent Modification of the LC3 Protein. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26105-26114. [PMID: 34590387 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The autophagic ubiquitin-like protein LC3 functions through interactions with LC3-interaction regions (LIRs) of other autophagy proteins, including autophagy receptors, which stands out as a promising protein-protein interaction (PPI) target for the intervention of autophagy. Post-translational modifications like acetylation of Lys49 on the LIR-interacting surface could disrupt the interaction, offering an opportunity to design covalent small molecules interfering with the interface. Through screening covalent compounds, we discovered a small molecule modulator of LC3A/B that covalently modifies LC3A/B protein at Lys49. Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) based evaluations reveal that a derivative molecule DC-LC3in-D5 exhibits a potent covalent reactivity and selectivity to LC3A/B in HeLa cells. DC-LC3in-D5 compromises LC3B lipidation in vitro and in HeLa cells, leading to deficiency in the formation of autophagic structures and autophagic substrate degradation. DC-LC3in-D5 could serve as a powerful tool for autophagy research as well as for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Fan
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liyan Yue
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei Wan
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bidong Zhang
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chinatsu Otomo
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Quanfu Li
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tingting Lin
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Junchi Hu
- Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1, Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Xu
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Mingrui Zhu
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hongru Tao
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lianchun Li
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hong Ding
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhiyi Yao
- Suzhou Autopharm, 108 Yuxin Road, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Junyan Lu
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yi Wen
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Naixia Zhang
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Minjia Tan
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuli Xie
- Suzhou Autopharm, 108 Yuxin Road, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Takanori Otomo
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Bing Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongjun Dang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1, Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, China.,School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
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21
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Abstract
Selective autophagy is the lysosomal degradation of specific intracellular components sequestered into autophagosomes, late endosomes, or lysosomes through the activity of selective autophagy receptors (SARs). SARs interact with autophagy-related (ATG)8 family proteins via sequence motifs called LC3-interacting region (LIR) motifs in vertebrates and Atg8-interacting motifs (AIMs) in yeast and plants. SARs can be divided into two broad groups: soluble or membrane bound. Cargo or substrate selection may be independent or dependent of ubiquitin labeling of the cargo. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of mammalian selective autophagy with a focus on the unifying principles employed in substrate recognition, interaction with the forming autophagosome via LIR-ATG8 interactions, and the recruitment of core autophagy components for efficient autophagosome formation on the substrate. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond Lamark
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; ,
| | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; ,
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22
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Li B, Song S, Wei X, Tang G, Wang C. Activation of microlipophagy during early infection of insect hosts by Metarhizium robertsii. Autophagy 2021; 18:608-623. [PMID: 34130590 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1943179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The requirement of macroautophagic/autophagic machinery for filamentous fungal development and pathogenicity has been recognized, but the underlying effects and mechanisms remain elusive. The insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii infects hosts by cuticular penetration through the formation of the infection structure appressoria. Here, we show that autophagic fluxes were highly activated during the appressorial formation of M. robertsii. Genome-wide deletion of the autophagy-related genes and insect bioassays identified 10 of 23 encoded MrATG genes with requirements for topical fungal infection of insect hosts. Besides the defect in forming appressoria on insects (two null mutants), these virulence-reduced mutants were largely impaired in penetrating cellophane membrane and insect cuticles, suggesting their failures in generating proper appressorium turgor. We found that the conidial storage of lipid droplets (LDs) had no obvious difference between strains, but autophagic LD degradation was impaired in different mutants. After induction of cell autophagy by nitrogen starvation, we found that LD entry into vacuoles was unaffected in the selected mutant cells with potential failures in forming autophagosomes. The finding therefore reveals a microlipophagy machinery employed in this fungus and that the direct engulfment of LDs occurs without inhibition by the downstream defective lipolysis. Our data first unveil the activation and contribution of microlipophagy to fungal infection biology. The obtained technique may benefit future detection of microlipophagy in different organisms by examining vacuolar or lysosomal engulfment of LDs in core autophagic gene deletion mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuangxiu Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuefei Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guirong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chengshu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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23
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Lu YX, Regan JC, Eßer J, Drews LF, Weinseis T, Stinn J, Hahn O, Miller RA, Grönke S, Partridge L. A TORC1-histone axis regulates chromatin organisation and non-canonical induction of autophagy to ameliorate ageing. eLife 2021; 10:62233. [PMID: 33988501 PMCID: PMC8186904 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related changes to histone levels are seen in many species. However, it is unclear whether changes to histone expression could be exploited to ameliorate the effects of ageing in multicellular organisms. Here we show that inhibition of mTORC1 by the lifespan-extending drug rapamycin increases expression of histones H3 and H4 post-transcriptionally through eIF3-mediated translation. Elevated expression of H3/H4 in intestinal enterocytes in Drosophila alters chromatin organisation, induces intestinal autophagy through transcriptional regulation, and prevents age-related decline in the intestine. Importantly, it also mediates rapamycin-induced longevity and intestinal health. Histones H3/H4 regulate expression of an autophagy cargo adaptor Bchs (WDFY3 in mammals), increased expression of which in enterocytes mediates increased H3/H4-dependent healthy longevity. In mice, rapamycin treatment increases expression of histone proteins and Wdfy3 transcription, and alters chromatin organisation in the small intestine, suggesting that the mTORC1-histone axis is at least partially conserved in mammals and may offer new targets for anti-ageing interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xuan Lu
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jennifer C Regan
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Eßer
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa F Drews
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Weinseis
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Stinn
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Hahn
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard A Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | | | - Linda Partridge
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Kira S, Noguchi M, Araki Y, Oikawa Y, Yoshimori T, Miyahara A, Noda T. Vacuolar protein Tag1 and Atg1-Atg13 regulate autophagy termination during persistent starvation in S. cerevisiae. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.253682. [PMID: 33536246 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.253682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Under starvation conditions, cells degrade their own components via autophagy in order to provide sufficient nutrients to ensure their survival. However, even if starvation persists, the cell is not completely degraded through autophagy, implying the existence of some kind of termination mechanism. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, autophagy is terminated after 10-12 h of nitrogen starvation. In this study, we found that termination is mediated by re-phosphorylation of Atg13 by the Atg1 protein kinase, which is also affected by PP2C phosphatases, and the eventual dispersion of the pre-autophagosomal structure, also known as the phagophore assembly site (PAS). In a genetic screen, we identified an uncharacterized vacuolar membrane protein, Tag1, as a factor responsible for the termination of autophagy. Re-phosphorylation of Atg13 and eventual PAS dispersal were defective in the Δtag1 mutant. The vacuolar luminal domain of Tag1 and autophagic progression are important for the behaviors of Tag1. Together, our findings reveal the mechanism and factors responsible for termination of autophagy in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Kira
- Center for Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-8, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masafumi Noguchi
- Department of Oral Frontier Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-8, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Araki
- Center for Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-8, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu Oikawa
- Research Center of Cell Biology, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Aiko Miyahara
- Department of Oral Frontier Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-8, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Noda
- Center for Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-8, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan .,Department of Oral Frontier Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-8, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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25
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Emerging roles of ATG proteins and membrane lipids in autophagosome formation. Cell Discov 2020; 6:32. [PMID: 32509328 PMCID: PMC7248066 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-0161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagosome biogenesis is a dynamic membrane event, which is executed by the sequential function of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins. Upon autophagy induction, a cup-shaped membrane structure appears in the cytoplasm, then elongates sequestering cytoplasmic materials, and finally forms a closed double membrane autophagosome. However, how this complex vesicle formation event is strictly controlled and achieved is still enigmatic. Recently, there is accumulating evidence showing that some ATG proteins have the ability to directly interact with membranes, transfer lipids between membranes and regulate lipid metabolism. A novel role for various membrane lipids in autophagosome formation is also emerging. Here, we highlight past and recent key findings on the function of ATG proteins related to autophagosome biogenesis and consider how ATG proteins control this dynamic membrane formation event to organize the autophagosome by collaborating with membrane lipids.
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26
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Nakatogawa H. Mechanisms governing autophagosome biogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:439-458. [PMID: 32372019 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autophagosomes are double-membrane vesicles newly formed during autophagy to engulf a wide range of intracellular material and transport this autophagic cargo to lysosomes (or vacuoles in yeasts and plants) for subsequent degradation. Autophagosome biogenesis responds to a plethora of signals and involves unique and dynamic membrane processes. Autophagy is an important cellular mechanism allowing the cell to meet various demands, and its disruption compromises homeostasis and leads to various diseases, including metabolic disorders, neurodegeneration and cancer. Thus, not surprisingly, the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms governing autophagosome biogenesis has attracted considerable interest. Key molecules and organelles involved in autophagosome biogenesis, including autophagy-related (ATG) proteins and the endoplasmic reticulum, have been discovered, and their roles and relationships have been investigated intensely. However, several fundamental questions, such as what supplies membranes/lipids to build the autophagosome and how the membrane nucleates, expands, bends into a spherical shape and finally closes, have proven difficult to address. Nonetheless, owing to recent studies with new approaches and technologies, we have begun to unveil the mechanisms underlying these processes on a molecular level. We now know that autophagosome biogenesis is a highly complex process, in which multiple proteins and lipids from various membrane sources, supported by the formation of membrane contact sites, cooperate with biophysical phenomena, including membrane shaping and liquid-liquid phase separation, to ensure seamless segregation of the autophagic cargo. Together, these studies pave the way to obtaining a holistic view of autophagosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Nakatogawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.
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27
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Kim CE, Park KB, Ko HJ, Keshavarz M, Bae YM, Kim B, Patnaik BB, Jang HA, Lee YS, Han YS, Jo YH. Aedes albopictus Autophagy-Related Gene 8 ( AaAtg8) Is Required to Confer Anti-Bacterial Gut Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082944. [PMID: 32331330 PMCID: PMC7215330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important process by which pathogens and damaged or unused organelles are eliminated. The role of autophagy in development and the immune response to pathogens is well established. Autophagy-related protein 8 (Atg8) is involved in the formation of the autophagosome and, with the help of the serine protease Atg4, mediates the delivery of both vesicles and the autophagosome to the vacuole. Here, we cloned the Aedes albopictus autophagy-related protein 8 (AaAtg8) gene and characterized its role in the innate immunity of the mosquito against microbial infections. AaAtg8 is comprised of an open reading frame (ORF) region of 357 bp encoding a polypeptide of 118 amino acid residues. A domain analysis of AaAtg8 revealed an Atg8 ubiquitin-like domain, Atg7/Atg4 interaction sites, and peptide binding sites. The AaAtg8 mRNA expression was high in the Malpighian tubules and heads of both sugar-fed and blood-fed adult female mosquitoes. The expression level of AaAtg8 mRNA increased in the midgut and abdominal carcass following being challenged with Listeria monocytogenes. To investigate the role of AaAtg8 in the innate immune responses of Ae. albopictus, AaAtg8 gene-silenced adult mosquitoes were challenged by injection or by being fed microorganisms in blood. High mortality rates were observed in mosquitoes in which AaAtg8 was silenced after challenges of microorganisms to the host by blood feeding. This suggests that Atg8-autophagy plays a critical role in the gut immunity in Ae. albopictus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Eun Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (C.E.K.); (K.B.P.); (H.J.K.); (M.K.); (Y.M.B.); (B.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Ki Beom Park
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (C.E.K.); (K.B.P.); (H.J.K.); (M.K.); (Y.M.B.); (B.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Hye Jin Ko
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (C.E.K.); (K.B.P.); (H.J.K.); (M.K.); (Y.M.B.); (B.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Maryam Keshavarz
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (C.E.K.); (K.B.P.); (H.J.K.); (M.K.); (Y.M.B.); (B.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Young Min Bae
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (C.E.K.); (K.B.P.); (H.J.K.); (M.K.); (Y.M.B.); (B.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - BoBae Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (C.E.K.); (K.B.P.); (H.J.K.); (M.K.); (Y.M.B.); (B.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- P. G Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Nuapadhi, Balasore, Odisha 756089, India;
- School of Biotech Sciences, Trident Academy of Creative Technology (TACT), Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Ho Am Jang
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (C.E.K.); (K.B.P.); (H.J.K.); (M.K.); (Y.M.B.); (B.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyangro, Shinchang-myeon, Asan, Chungchungnam-do 31538, Korea;
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (C.E.K.); (K.B.P.); (H.J.K.); (M.K.); (Y.M.B.); (B.K.); (H.A.J.)
- Correspondence: (Y.S.H.); (Y.H.J.); Tel.: +82-62-530-2072 (Y.S.H.); +82-62-530-0316 (Y.H.J.); Fax: +82-62-530-2069 (Y.S.H. & Y.H.J.)
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (C.E.K.); (K.B.P.); (H.J.K.); (M.K.); (Y.M.B.); (B.K.); (H.A.J.)
- Correspondence: (Y.S.H.); (Y.H.J.); Tel.: +82-62-530-2072 (Y.S.H.); +82-62-530-0316 (Y.H.J.); Fax: +82-62-530-2069 (Y.S.H. & Y.H.J.)
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28
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Popelka H. Dancing while self-eating: Protein intrinsic disorder in autophagy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 174:263-305. [PMID: 32828468 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major catabolic pathway that must be tightly regulated to maintain cellular homeostasis. Protein intrinsic disorder provides a very suitable conformation for regulation; accordingly, the molecular machinery of autophagy is significantly enriched in intrinsically disordered proteins and protein regions (IDPs/IDPRs). Despite experimental challenges that the characterization of IDPRs encounters, remarkable progress has been made in recent years in revealing various roles of IDPs/IDPRs in autophagy. This chapter describes the autophagy pathway from a specific point of view, that of IDPRs. It focuses in detail on structural and mechanistic functions in autophagy that are executed by disordered regions. Via a description of autophagosome biogenesis, linking the cargo to the autophagy machinery, as well as a discussion of certain post-translational regulations, this review reveals many indispensable roles of IDPRs in the functional autophagy pathway. Devastating pathologies such as neurodegeneration, cancer, or diabetes have been linked to a malfunction in IDPs/IDPRs. The same pathologies are associated with dysfunctional autophagy, indicating that autophagic IDPRs may be a paramount causative factor. Several disease-related mechanisms of the autophagy pathway involving protein intrinsic disorder are reported in this chapter, to illustrate a wide-ranging potential of IDPRs in the therapeutic modulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Popelka
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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29
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Murakawa T, Okamoto K, Omiya S, Taneike M, Yamaguchi O, Otsu K. A Mammalian Mitophagy Receptor, Bcl2-L-13, Recruits the ULK1 Complex to Induce Mitophagy. Cell Rep 2020; 26:338-345.e6. [PMID: 30625316 PMCID: PMC6326162 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradation of mitochondria by selective autophagy, termed mitophagy, contributes to the control of mitochondrial quality. Bcl2-L-13 is a mammalian homolog of Atg32, which is an essential mitophagy receptor in yeast. However, the molecular machinery involved in Bcl2-L-13-mediated mitophagy remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that the ULK1 (unc-51-like kinase) complex is required for Bcl2-L-13 to process mitophagy. Screening of a series of yeast Atg mutants revealed that a different set of ATG genes is used for Bcl2-L-13- and Atg32-mediated mitophagy in yeast. The components of the Atg1 complex essential for starvation-induced autophagy were indispensable in Bcl2-L-13-, but not Atg32-mediated, mitophagy. The ULK1 complex, a counterpart of the Atg1 complex, is necessary for Bcl2-L-13-mediated mitophagy in mammalian cells. We propose a model where, upon mitophagy induction, Bcl2-L-13 recruits the ULK1 complex to process mitophagy and the interaction of LC3B with ULK1, as well as Bcl2-L-13, is important for the mitophagy. Atg32 and Bcl2-L-13 are yeast and mammalian mitophagy receptors, respectively Atg1 complex is essential for Bcl2-L-13- but not Atg32-mediated yeast mitophagy ULK1 complex is necessary for Bcl2-L-13-mediated mitophagy in mammalian cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Murakawa
- The School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Koji Okamoto
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigemiki Omiya
- The School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Manabu Taneike
- The School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Osamu Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kinya Otsu
- The School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London SE5 9NU, UK.
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30
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Yu ZQ, Sun LL, Jiang ZD, Liu XM, Zhao D, Wang HT, He WZ, Dong MQ, Du LL. Atg38-Atg8 interaction in fission yeast establishes a positive feedback loop to promote autophagy. Autophagy 2020; 16:2036-2051. [PMID: 31941401 PMCID: PMC7595586 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1713644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (autophagy) is driven by the coordinated actions of core autophagy-related (Atg) proteins. Atg8, the core Atg protein generally considered acting most downstream, has recently been shown to interact with other core Atg proteins via their Atg8-family-interacting motifs (AIMs). However, the extent, functional consequence, and evolutionary conservation of such interactions remain inadequately understood. Here, we show that, in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Atg38, a subunit of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PtdIns3K) complex I, interacts with Atg8 via an AIM, which is highly conserved in Atg38 proteins of fission yeast species, but not conserved in Atg38 proteins of other species. This interaction recruits Atg38 to Atg8 on the phagophore assembly site (PAS) and consequently enhances PAS accumulation of the PtdIns3K complex I and Atg proteins acting downstream of the PtdIns3K complex I, including Atg8. The disruption of the Atg38-Atg8 interaction leads to the reduction of autophagosome size and autophagic flux. Remarkably, the loss of this interaction can be compensated by an artificial Atg14-Atg8 interaction. Our findings demonstrate that the Atg38-Atg8 interaction in fission yeast establishes a positive feedback loop between Atg8 and the PtdIns3K complex I to promote efficient autophagosome formation, underscore the prevalence and diversity of AIM-mediated connections within the autophagic machinery, and reveal unforeseen flexibility of such connections. Abbreviations: AIM: Atg8-family-interacting motif; AP-MS: affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry; Atg: autophagy-related; FLIP: fluorescence loss in photobleaching; PAS: phagophore assembly site; PB: piggyBac; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Qiu Yu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences , Beijing, China.,PTN Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Ling Sun
- National Institute of Biological Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Di Jiang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Man Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Zhong He
- National Institute of Biological Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Qiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological Sciences , Beijing, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Li-Lin Du
- National Institute of Biological Sciences , Beijing, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
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31
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Kirkin V. History of the Selective Autophagy Research: How Did It Begin and Where Does It Stand Today? J Mol Biol 2020; 432:3-27. [PMID: 31082435 PMCID: PMC6971693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, self-eating, is a pivotal catabolic mechanism that ensures homeostasis and survival of the cell in the face of stressors as different as starvation, infection, or protein misfolding. The importance of the research in this field was recognized by the general public after the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 2016 to Yoshinori Ohsumi for discoveries of the mechanisms of autophagy using yeast as a model organism. One of the seminal findings of Ohsumi was on the role ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs)-Atg5, Atg12, and Atg8-play in the formation of the double-membrane vesicle autophagosome, which is the functional unit of autophagy. Subsequent work by several groups demonstrated that, like the founding member of the UBL family ubiquitin, these small but versatile protein and lipid modifiers interact with a plethora of proteins, which either directly regulate autophagosome formation, for example, components of the Atg1/ULK1 complex, or are involved in cargo recognition, for example, Atg19 and p62/SQSTM1. By tethering the cargo to the UBLs present on the forming autophagosome, the latter proteins were proposed to effectively act as selective autophagy receptors. The discovery of the selective autophagy receptors brought a breakthrough in the autophagy field, supplying the mechanistic underpinning for the formation of an autophagosome selectively around the cytosolic cargo, that is, a protein aggregate, a mitochondrion, or a cytosolic bacterium. In this historical overview, I highlight key steps that the research into selective autophagy has been taking over the past 20 years. I comment on their significance and discuss current challenges in developing more detailed knowledge of the mechanisms of selective autophagy. I will conclude by introducing the new directions that this dynamic research field is taking into its third decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kirkin
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK.
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32
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Molecular mechanisms of selective autophagy in Drosophila. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 354:63-105. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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33
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Mizushima N. The ATG conjugation systems in autophagy. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 63:1-10. [PMID: 31901645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagosome formation and maturation involve the two ubiquitin-like systems: The ATG8 and ATG12 systems. ATG8 (LC3s and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated proteins in mammals) and ATG12 are covalently conjugated to phosphatidylethanolamine and ATG5, respectively. Although the ATG12 and ATG8 systems were discovered more than 20 years ago, their molecular functions are not fully understood. The aim of this review is to summarize recent findings related to ATG conjugation systems, focusing on current controversies regarding the genetic hierarchy of these systems, interpretation of conjugation-independent alternative macroautophagy, the differences in roles between LC3s and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated proteins in autophagosome formation and cargo recognition, and evolution of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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34
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Yin Z, Liu X, Ariosa A, Huang H, Jin M, Karbstein K, Klionsky DJ. Psp2, a novel regulator of autophagy that promotes autophagy-related protein translation. Cell Res 2019; 29:994-1008. [PMID: 31666677 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-019-0246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy defines an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that targets cytoplasmic components for lysosomal degradation. The process of autophagy from initiation to closure is tightly executed and controlled by the concerted action of autophagy-related (Atg) proteins. Although substantial progress has been made in characterizing transcriptional and post-translational regulation of ATG/Atg genes/proteins, little is known about the translational control of autophagy. Here we report that Psp2, an RGG motif protein, positively regulates autophagy through promoting the translation of Atg1 and Atg13, two proteins that are crucial in the initiation of autophagy. During nitrogen starvation conditions, Psp2 interacts with the 5' UTR of ATG1 and ATG13 transcripts in an RGG motif-dependent manner and with eIF4E and eIF4G2, components of the translation initiation machinery, to regulate the translation of these transcripts. Deletion of the PSP2 gene leads to a decrease in the synthesis of Atg1 and Atg13, which correlates with reduced autophagy activity and cell survival. Furthermore, deactivation of the methyltransferase Hmt1 constitutes a molecular switch that regulates Psp2 arginine methylation status as well as its mRNA binding activity in response to starvation. These results reveal a novel mechanism by which Atg proteins become upregulated to fulfill the increased demands of autophagy activity as part of translational reprogramming during stress conditions, and help explain how ATG genes bypass the general block in protein translation that occurs during starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyuan Yin
- Life Sciences Institute, and the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xu Liu
- Life Sciences Institute, and the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aileen Ariosa
- Life Sciences Institute, and the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Haina Huang
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Meiyan Jin
- Life Sciences Institute, and the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Katrin Karbstein
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, and the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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35
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Conway O, Akpinar HA, Rogov VV, Kirkin V. Selective Autophagy Receptors in Neuronal Health and Disease. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:2483-2509. [PMID: 31654670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are electrically excitable, postmitotic cells that perform sensory, relaying, and motor functions. Because of their unique morphological and functional specialization, cells of this type are sensitive to the stress caused by accumulation of misfolded proteins or damaged organelles. Autophagy is the fundamental mechanism that ensures sequestration of cytosolic material and its subsequent degradation in lysosomes of eukaryotic cells, thereby providing cell-autonomous nutrients and removing harmful cargos. Strikingly, mice and flies lacking functional autophagy develop early onset progressive neurodegeneration. Like in human neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs)-Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-characteristic protein aggregates observed in autophagy-deficient neurons in the animal models are indicators of the ongoing neuronal pathology. A number of selective autophagy receptors (SARs) have been characterized that interact both with the cargo and components of the autophagic machinery, thus providing the molecular basis for selective degradation of sizable cytosolic components. Interference with autophagy in experimental models, but also during the pathological vagaries in neurons, will thus have far-reaching consequences for a range of selective autophagy pathways critical for the normal functioning of the nervous system. Here, we review the key principles behind the selective autophagy and discuss how the SARs may be involved in the pathogenesis of NDDs. Using recently published examples, we also examine the emerging role of less well studied selective autophagy pathways in neuronal health and disease. We conclude by discussing targeting selective autophagy as an emerging therapeutic modality in NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Conway
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Hafize Aysin Akpinar
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Vladimir V Rogov
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Vladimir Kirkin
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK.
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36
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Kirkin V, Rogov VV. A Diversity of Selective Autophagy Receptors Determines the Specificity of the Autophagy Pathway. Mol Cell 2019; 76:268-285. [PMID: 31585693 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The clearance of surplus, broken, or dangerous components is key for maintaining cellular homeostasis. The failure to remove protein aggregates, damaged organelles, or intracellular pathogens leads to diseases, including neurodegeneration, cancer, and infectious diseases. Autophagy is the evolutionarily conserved pathway that sequesters cytoplasmic components in specialized vesicles, autophagosomes, which transport the cargo to the degradative compartments (vacuoles or lysosomes). Research during the past few decades has elucidated how autophagosomes engulf their substrates selectively. This type of autophagy involves a growing number of selective autophagy receptors (SARs) (e.g., Atg19 in yeasts, p62/SQSTM1 in mammals), which bind to the cargo and simultaneously engage components of the core autophagic machinery via direct interaction with the ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) of the Atg8/LC3/GABARAP family and adaptors, Atg11 (in yeasts) or FIP200 (in mammals). In this Review, we critically discuss the biology of the SARs with special emphasis on their interactions with UBLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kirkin
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research London, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK.
| | - Vladimir V Rogov
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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37
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Birgisdottir ÅB, Mouilleron S, Bhujabal Z, Wirth M, Sjøttem E, Evjen G, Zhang W, Lee R, O’Reilly N, Tooze SA, Lamark T, Johansen T. Members of the autophagy class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex I interact with GABARAP and GABARAPL1 via LIR motifs. Autophagy 2019; 15:1333-1355. [PMID: 30767700 PMCID: PMC6613885 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1581009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagosome formation depends on a carefully orchestrated interplay between membrane-associated protein complexes. Initiation of macroautophagy/autophagy is mediated by the ULK1 (unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1) protein kinase complex and the autophagy-specific class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex I (PtdIns3K-C1). The latter contains PIK3C3/VPS34, PIK3R4/VPS15, BECN1/Beclin 1 and ATG14 and phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol to generate phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P). Here, we show that PIK3C3, BECN1 and ATG14 contain functional LIR motifs and interact with the Atg8-family proteins with a preference for GABARAP and GABARAPL1. High resolution crystal structures of the functional LIR motifs of these core components of PtdIns3K-C1were obtained. Variation in hydrophobic pocket 2 (HP2) may explain the specificity for the GABARAP family. Mutation of the LIR motif in ATG14 did not prevent formation of the PtdIns3K-C1 complex, but blocked colocalization with MAP1LC3B/LC3B and impaired mitophagy. The ULK-mediated phosphorylation of S29 in ATG14 was strongly dependent on a functional LIR motif in ATG14. GABARAP-preferring LIR motifs in PIK3C3, BECN1 and ATG14 may, via coincidence detection, contribute to scaffolding of PtdIns3K-C1 on membranes for efficient autophagosome formation. Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy-related; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; GABARAPL1: GABA type A receptor associated protein like 1; GFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; KO: knockout; LDS: LIR docking site; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; PIK3C3: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PIK3R4: phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 4; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; VPS: Vacuolar protein sorting; ULK: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Birna Birgisdottir
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø –The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Zambarlal Bhujabal
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø –The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Martina Wirth
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Eva Sjøttem
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø –The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gry Evjen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø –The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Structural Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Lee
- Structural Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Nicola O’Reilly
- Peptide Chemistry Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sharon A. Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Trond Lamark
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø –The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø –The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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38
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An update on the interactions between Alzheimer's disease, autophagy and inflammation. Gene 2019; 705:157-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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39
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de la Ballina LR, Munson MJ, Simonsen A. Lipids and Lipid-Binding Proteins in Selective Autophagy. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:135-159. [PMID: 31202884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have the capacity to degrade intracellular components through a lysosomal degradation pathway called macroautophagy (henceforth referred to as autophagy) in which superfluous or damaged cytosolic entities are engulfed and separated from the rest of the cell constituents into double membraned vesicles known as autophagosomes. Autophagosomes then fuse with endosomes and lysosomes, where cargo is broken down into basic building blocks that are released to the cytoplasm for the cell to reuse. Autophagic degradation can target either cytoplasmic material in bulk (non-selective autophagy) or particular cargo in what is called selective autophagy. Proper autophagic turnover requires the orchestrated participation of several players that need to be tightly and temporally coordinated. Whereas a large number of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins have been identified and their functions and regulation are starting to be understood, there is substantially less knowledge regarding the specific lipids constituting the autophagic membranes as well as their role in initiating, enabling or regulating the autophagic process. This review focuses on lipids and their corresponding binding proteins that are crucial in the process of selective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R de la Ballina
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael J Munson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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40
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Harada K, Kotani T, Kirisako H, Sakoh-Nakatogawa M, Oikawa Y, Kimura Y, Hirano H, Yamamoto H, Ohsumi Y, Nakatogawa H. Two distinct mechanisms target the autophagy-related E3 complex to the pre-autophagosomal structure. eLife 2019; 8:43088. [PMID: 30810528 PMCID: PMC6405243 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In autophagy, Atg proteins organize the pre-autophagosomal structure (PAS) to initiate autophagosome formation. Previous studies in yeast revealed that the autophagy-related E3 complex Atg12-Atg5-Atg16 is recruited to the PAS via Atg16 interaction with Atg21, which binds phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) produced at the PAS, to stimulate conjugation of the ubiquitin-like protein Atg8 to phosphatidylethanolamine. Here, we discover a novel mechanism for the PAS targeting of Atg12-Atg5-Atg16, which is mediated by the interaction of Atg12 with the Atg1 kinase complex that serves as a scaffold for PAS organization. While autophagy is partially defective without one of these mechanisms, cells lacking both completely lose the PAS localization of Atg12-Atg5-Atg16 and show no autophagic activity. As with the PI3P-dependent mechanism, Atg12-Atg5-Atg16 recruited via the Atg12-dependent mechanism stimulates Atg8 lipidation, but also has the specific function of facilitating PAS scaffold assembly. Thus, this study significantly advances our understanding of the nucleation step in autophagosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Harada
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kotani
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kirisako
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Yu Oikawa
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kimura
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hirano
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | - Hitoshi Nakatogawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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41
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Mitter AL, Schlotterhose P, Krick R. Gyp1 has a dual function as Ypt1 GAP and interaction partner of Atg8 in selective autophagy. Autophagy 2019; 15:1031-1050. [PMID: 30686108 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1569929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular vesicle transport pathway that prevents accumulation of harmful materials within cells. The dynamic assembly and disassembly of the different autophagic protein complexes at the so-called phagophore assembly site (PAS) is strictly regulated. Rab GTPases are major regulators of cellular vesicle trafficking, and the Rab GTPase Ypt1 and its GEF TRAPPIII have been implicated in autophagy. We show that Gyp1 acts as a Ypt1 GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for selective autophagic variants, such as the Cvt pathway or the selective autophagic degradation of mitochondria (mitophagy). Gyp1 regulates the dynamic disassembly of the conserved Ypt1-Atg1 complex. Thereby, Gyp1 sets the stage for efficient Atg14 recruitment, and facilitates the critical step from nucleation to elongation of the phagophore. In addition, we identified Gyp1 as a new Atg8-interacting motif (AIM)-dependent Atg8 interaction partner. The Gyp1 AIM is required for efficient formation of the cargo receptor-Atg8 complexes. Our findings elucidate the molecular mechanisms of complex disassembly during phagophore formation and suggest potential dual functions of GAPs in cellular vesicle trafficking. Abbreviations AIM, Atg8-interacting motif; Atg, autophagy related; Cvt, cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting; GAP, GTPase-activating protein; GEF, guanine-nucleotide exchange factor; GFP, green fluorescent protein; log phase, logarithmic growth phase; NHD, N-terminal helical domain; PAS, phagophore assembly site; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PtdIns3P, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; WT, wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lisa Mitter
- a Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medicine , Georg-August University , Goettingen , Germany
| | - Petra Schlotterhose
- a Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medicine , Georg-August University , Goettingen , Germany
| | - Roswitha Krick
- a Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medicine , Georg-August University , Goettingen , Germany
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42
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Cdc14 Phosphatase Promotes TORC1-Regulated Autophagy in Yeast. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:1671-1684. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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43
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Lin MG, Schöneberg J, Davies CW, Ren X, Hurley JH. The dynamic Atg13-free conformation of the Atg1 EAT domain is required for phagophore expansion. Mol Biol Cell 2018. [PMID: 29540529 PMCID: PMC5935072 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-04-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast macroautophagy begins with the de novo formation of a double-membrane phagophore at the preautophagosomal structure/phagophore assembly site (PAS), followed by its expansion into the autophagosome responsible for cargo engulfment. The kinase Atg1 is recruited to the PAS by Atg13 through interactions between the EAT domain of the former and the tMIM motif of the latter. Mass-spectrometry data have shown that, in the absence of Atg13, the EAT domain structure is strikingly dynamic, but the function of this Atg13-free dynamic state has been unclear. We used structure-based mutational analysis and quantitative and superresolution microscopy to show that Atg1 is present on autophagic puncta at, on average, twice the stoichiometry of Atg13. Moreover, Atg1 colocalizes with the expanding autophagosome in a manner dependent on Atg8 but not Atg13. We used isothermal titration calorimetry and crystal structure information to design an EAT domain mutant allele ATG1DD that selectively perturbs the function of the Atg13-free state. Atg1DD shows reduced PAS formation and does not support phagophore expansion, showing that the EAT domain has an essential function that is separate from its Atg13-dependent role in autophagy initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary G Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Johannes Schöneberg
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Christopher W Davies
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - James H Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
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44
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Wallot-Hieke N, Verma N, Schlütermann D, Berleth N, Deitersen J, Böhler P, Stuhldreier F, Wu W, Seggewiß S, Peter C, Gohlke H, Mizushima N, Stork B. Systematic analysis of ATG13 domain requirements for autophagy induction. Autophagy 2018; 14:743-763. [PMID: 29173006 PMCID: PMC6070014 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1387342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process whose induction is regulated by the ULK1 protein kinase complex. The subunit ATG13 functions as an adaptor protein by recruiting ULK1, RB1CC1 and ATG101 to a core ULK1 complex. Furthermore, ATG13 directly binds both phospholipids and members of the Atg8 family. The central involvement of ATG13 in complex formation makes it an attractive target for autophagy regulation. Here, we analyzed known interactions of ATG13 with proteins and lipids for their potential modulation of ULK1 complex formation and autophagy induction. Targeting the ATG101-ATG13 interaction showed the strongest autophagy-inhibitory effect, whereas the inhibition of binding to ULK1 or RB1CC1 had only minor effects, emphasizing that mutations interfering with ULK1 complex assembly do not necessarily result in a blockade of autophagy. Furthermore, inhibition of ATG13 binding to phospholipids or Atg8 proteins had only mild effects on autophagy. Generally, the observed phenotypes were more severe when autophagy was induced by MTORC1/2 inhibition compared to amino acid starvation. Collectively, these data establish the interaction between ATG13 and ATG101 as a promising target in disease-settings where the inhibition of autophagy is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Wallot-Hieke
- a Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Neha Verma
- b Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - David Schlütermann
- a Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Niklas Berleth
- a Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Jana Deitersen
- a Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Philip Böhler
- a Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Fabian Stuhldreier
- a Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Wenxian Wu
- a Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Sabine Seggewiß
- a Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Christoph Peter
- a Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- b Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Björn Stork
- a Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
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45
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Avin-Wittenberg T, Baluška F, Bozhkov PV, Elander PH, Fernie AR, Galili G, Hassan A, Hofius D, Isono E, Le Bars R, Masclaux-Daubresse C, Minina EA, Peled-Zehavi H, Coll NS, Sandalio LM, Satiat-Jeunemaitre B, Sirko A, Testillano PS, Batoko H. Autophagy-related approaches for improving nutrient use efficiency and crop yield protection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1335-1353. [PMID: 29474677 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a eukaryotic catabolic pathway essential for growth and development. In plants, it is activated in response to environmental cues or developmental stimuli. However, in contrast to other eukaryotic systems, we know relatively little regarding the molecular players involved in autophagy and the regulation of this complex pathway. In the framework of the COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) action TRANSAUTOPHAGY (2016-2020), we decided to review our current knowledge of autophagy responses in higher plants, with emphasis on knowledge gaps. We also assess here the potential of translating the acquired knowledge to improve crop plant growth and development in a context of growing social and environmental challenges for agriculture in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Avin-Wittenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Frantisek Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter V Bozhkov
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pernilla H Elander
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Gad Galili
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot Israel
| | - Ammar Hassan
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Hofius
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center of Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erika Isono
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Romain Le Bars
- Cell Biology Pôle Imagerie-Gif, Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Céline Masclaux-Daubresse
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Elena A Minina
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hadas Peled-Zehavi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot Israel
| | - Núria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Valles, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Luisa M Sandalio
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Béatrice Satiat-Jeunemaitre
- Cell Biology Pôle Imagerie-Gif, Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Agnieszka Sirko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawinskiego, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pilar S Testillano
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Biological Research Centre (CIB), CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, Madrid, Spain
| | - Henri Batoko
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute of Life Sciences, Croix du Sud, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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46
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Tan S, Zhang P, Xiao W, Feng B, Chen LY, Li S, Li P, Zhao WZ, Qi XT, Yin LP. TMD1 domain and CRAC motif determine the association and disassociation of MxIRT1 with detergent-resistant membranes. Traffic 2017; 19:122-137. [PMID: 29112302 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for most living organisms. The iron-regulated transporter1 (IRT1) plays a major role in iron uptake in roots, and its trafficking from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to plasma membrane (PM) is tightly coordinated with changes in iron environment. However, studies on the IRT1 response are limited. Here, we report that Malus xiaojinesis IRT1 (MxIRT1) associates with detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs, a biochemical counterpart of PM microdomains), whereas the PM microdomains are known platforms for signal transduction in the PM. Depending on the shift of MxIRT1 from microdomains to homogeneous regions in PM, MxIRT1-mediated iron absorption is activated by the cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid consensus (CRAC) motif of MxIRT1. MxIRT1 initially associates with DRMs in ER via its transmembrane domain 1 (TMD1), and thus begins DRMs-dependent intracellular trafficking. Subsequently, MxIRT1 is sequestered in COPII vesicles via the ER export signal sequence in MxIRT1. These studies suggest that iron homeostasis is influenced by the CRAC motif and TMD1 domain due to their determination of MxIRT1-DRMs association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Tan
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Bing Feng
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lan-You Chen
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Zhong Zhao
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Qi
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ping Yin
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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47
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Jacomin AC, Samavedam S, Charles H, Nezis IP. iLIR@viral: A web resource for LIR motif-containing proteins in viruses. Autophagy 2017; 13:1782-1789. [PMID: 28806134 PMCID: PMC5640201 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1356978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy has been shown to mediate the selective lysosomal degradation of pathogenic bacteria and viruses (xenophagy), and to contribute to the activation of innate and adaptative immune responses. Autophagy can serve as an antiviral defense mechanism but also as a proviral process during infection. Atg8-family proteins play a central role in the autophagy process due to their ability to interact with components of the autophagy machinery as well as selective autophagy receptors and adaptor proteins. Such interactions are usually mediated through LC3-interacting region (LIR) motifs. So far, only one viral protein has been experimentally shown to have a functional LIR motif, leaving open a vast field for investigation. Here, we have developed the iLIR@viral database ( http://ilir.uk/virus/ ) as a freely accessible web resource listing all the putative canonical LIR motifs identified in viral proteins. Additionally, we used a curated text-mining analysis of the literature to identify novel putative LIR motif-containing proteins (LIRCPs) in viruses. We anticipate that iLIR@viral will assist with elucidating the full complement of LIRCPs in viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siva Samavedam
- a School of Life Sciences , University of Warwick , Coventry , UK
| | - Hannah Charles
- a School of Life Sciences , University of Warwick , Coventry , UK
| | - Ioannis P Nezis
- a School of Life Sciences , University of Warwick , Coventry , UK
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48
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Joshi AS, Zhang H, Prinz WA. Organelle biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:876-882. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb3579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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49
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Zientara-Rytter K, Sirko A. To deliver or to degrade - an interplay of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy and vesicular transport in plants. FEBS J 2017; 283:3534-3555. [PMID: 26991113 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The efficient utilization and subsequent reuse of cell components is a key factor in determining the proper growth and functioning of all cells under both optimum and stress conditions. The process of intracellular and intercellular recycling is especially important for the appropriate control of cellular metabolism and nutrient management in immobile organisms, such as plants. Therefore, the accurate recycling of amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates or micro- and macronutrients available in the plant cell becomes a critical factor that ensures plant survival and growth. Plant cells possess two main degradation mechanisms: a ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy, which, as a part of an intracellular trafficking system, is based on vesicle transport. This review summarizes knowledge of both the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy pathways, describes the cross-talk between the two and discusses the relationships between autophagy and the vesicular transport systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Sirko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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50
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Zhang N, Yang Y, Lu H, Xiang Y, Huang X, Hu R, Chen Z, Yuan W, Peng R, Peng J, Ai H, Liu K. Spodoptera litura autophagy-related protein 1 interacts with autophagy-related protein 5 and enhances its degradation. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 26:190-203. [PMID: 27902874 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It is known that the autophagy-related protein 1 (ATG1) plays critical roles in the regulation of autophagy in mammals and yeast, whereas the function of ATG1 in lepidopteran insects is not well elucidated. Here Spodoptera litura ATG1 (SlATG1) and its interactions with other ATG proteins were characterized. Alternative splicing of SlAtg1 produced at least four transcript variants. Over-expression and RNA interference knockdown of SlAtg1 demonstrated that SlATG1 enhanced autophagy. SlATG1A-Green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged localized in the cytoplasm and formed some punctuate dots, which were colocalized with red fluorescent protein mCherry tagged Spodoptera exigua ATG5 (SeATG5). SlATG1A-GFP over-expression reduced the nuclear abundance of mCherry-SeATG5 but increased its cytoplasmic abundance. Pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that SlATG1A bound to SeATG5 through the N-terminus of SlATG1A. The over-expression of FLAG epitope tagged SlATG1A significantly increased the accumulation of the cleaved GFP from GFP-SeATG5, suggesting the enhanced degradation of GFP-SeATG5. In addition, we confirmed that the interactions of SlATG1 with other autophagy-related proteins were conserved. These results provide the first evidence that ATG1 interacts with ATG5 and enhances its degradation in lepidopteran insect cells, which may have important physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - H Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Xiang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - X Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - R Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Z Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - W Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - R Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - J Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - H Ai
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - K Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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