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Minegishi G, Kobayashi Y, Fujikura M, Sano A, Kazuki Y, Kobayashi K. Induction of hepatic CYP3A4 expression by cholesterol and cholic acid: Alterations of gene expression, microsomal activity, and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2024; 12:e1197. [PMID: 38644590 PMCID: PMC11033495 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is a drug-metabolizing enzyme that is abundantly expressed in the liver and intestine. It is an important issue whether compounds of interest affect the expression of CYP3A4 because more than 30% of commercially available drugs are metabolized by CYP3A4. In this study, we examined the effects of cholesterol and cholic acid on the expression level and activity of CYP3A4 in hCYP3A mice that have a human CYP3A gene cluster and show human-like regulation of the coding genes. A normal diet (ND, CE-2), CE-2 with 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid (HCD) or CE-2 with 0.5% cholic acid was given to the mice. The plasma concentrations of cholesterol, cholic acid and its metabolites in HCD mice were higher than those in ND mice. In this condition, the expression levels of hepatic CYP3A4 and the hydroxylation activities of triazolam, a typical CYP3A4 substrate, in liver microsomes of HCD mice were higher than those in liver microsomes of ND mice. Furthermore, plasma concentrations of triazolam in HCD mice were lower than those in ND mice. In conclusion, our study suggested that hepatic CYP3A4 expression and activity are influenced by the combination of cholesterol and cholic acid in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Minegishi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Clinical PharmacyMeiji Pharmaceutical UniversityKiyoseJapan
| | - Yuka Kobayashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Clinical PharmacyMeiji Pharmaceutical UniversityKiyoseJapan
| | - Mayu Fujikura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Clinical PharmacyMeiji Pharmaceutical UniversityKiyoseJapan
| | - Ayane Sano
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Clinical PharmacyMeiji Pharmaceutical UniversityKiyoseJapan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC)Tottori UniversityTottoriJapan
- Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, School of Life ScienceTottori UniversityTottoriJapan
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Clinical PharmacyMeiji Pharmaceutical UniversityKiyoseJapan
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2
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Yu X, Zhang Y, Cogliati B, Klaassen CD, Kumar S, Cheng X, Bu P. Distinct bile acid alterations in response to a single administration of PFOA and PFDA in mice. Toxicology 2024; 502:153719. [PMID: 38181850 PMCID: PMC10922993 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), a group of synthetic chemicals that were once widely used for industrial purposes and in consumer products, are widely found in the environment and in human blood due to their extraordinary resistance to degradation. Once inside the body, PFASs can activate nuclear receptors such as PPARα and CAR. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) on liver structure and functions, as well as bile acid homeostasis in mice. A single administration of 0.1 mmole/kg of PFDA, not PFOA, elevated serum ALT and bilirubin levels and caused cholestasis in WT mice. PFDA increased total and various bile acid species in serum but decreased them in the liver. Furthermore, in mouse livers, PFDA, not PFOA, down-regulated mRNA expression of uptake transporters (Ntcp, Oatp1a1, 1a4, 1b2, and 2b1) but induced efflux transporters (Bcrp, Mdr2, and Mrp2-4). In addition, PFDA, not PFOA, decreased Cyp7a1, 7b1, 8b1, and 27a1 mRNA expression in mouse livers with concomitant hepatic accumulation of cholesterol. In contrast, in PPARα-null mice, PFDA did not increase serum ALT, bilirubin, or total bile acids, but produced prominent hepatosteatosis; and the observed PFDA-induced expression changes of transporters and Cyps in WT mice were largely attenuated or abolished. In CAR-null mice, the observed PFDA-induced bile acid alterations in WT mice were mostly sustained. These results indicate that, at the dose employed, PFDA has more negative effects than PFOA on liver function. PPARα appears to play a major role in mediating most of PFDA-induced effects, which were absent or attenuated in PPARα-null mice. Lack of PPARα, however, exacerbated hepatic steatosis. Our findings indicate separated roles of PPARα in mediating the adaptive responses to PFDA: protective against hepatosteatosis but exacerbating cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439, United States
| | - Youcai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-270, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, United States
| | - Sanaya Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439, United States
| | - Xingguo Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439, United States
| | - Pengli Bu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439, United States.
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3
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Bessone F, Hillotte GL, Ahumada N, Jaureguizahar F, Medeot AC, Roma MG. UDCA for Drug-Induced Liver Disease: Clinical and Pathophysiological Basis. Semin Liver Dis 2024; 44:1-22. [PMID: 38378025 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1779520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an adverse reaction to medications and other xenobiotics that leads to liver dysfunction. Based on differential clinical patterns of injury, DILI is classified into hepatocellular, cholestatic, and mixed types; although hepatocellular DILI is associated with inflammation, necrosis, and apoptosis, cholestatic DILI is associated with bile plugs and bile duct paucity. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been empirically used as a supportive drug mainly in cholestatic DILI, but both curative and prophylactic beneficial effects have been observed for hepatocellular DILI as well, according to preliminary clinical studies. This could reflect the fact that UDCA has a plethora of beneficial effects potentially useful to treat the wide range of injuries with different etiologies and pathomechanisms occurring in both types of DILI, including anticholestatic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, antinecrotic, mitoprotective, endoplasmic reticulum stress alleviating, and immunomodulatory properties. In this review, a revision of the literature has been performed to evaluate the efficacy of UDCA across the whole DILI spectrum, and these findings were associated with the multiple mechanisms of UDCA hepatoprotection. This should help better rationalize and systematize the use of this versatile and safe hepatoprotector in each type of DILI scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bessone
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Geraldine L Hillotte
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Natalia Ahumada
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Jaureguizahar
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | | | - Marcelo G Roma
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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4
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Verdegaal AA, Goodman AL. Integrating the gut microbiome and pharmacology. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadg8357. [PMID: 38295186 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg8357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiome harbors trillions of organisms that contribute to human health and disease. These bacteria can also affect the properties of medical drugs used to treat these diseases, and drugs, in turn, can reshape the microbiome. Research addressing interdependent microbiome-host-drug interactions thus has broad impact. In this Review, we discuss these interactions from the perspective of drug bioavailability, absorption, metabolism, excretion, toxicity, and drug-mediated microbiome modulation. We survey approaches that aim to uncover the mechanisms underlying these effects and opportunities to translate this knowledge into new strategies to improve the development, administration, and monitoring of medical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Verdegaal
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Andrew L Goodman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
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5
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Inderhees J, Schwaninger M. Liver Metabolism in Ischemic Stroke. Neuroscience 2024:S0306-4522(23)00555-9. [PMID: 38176607 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Focal brain damage and neurological deficits are the direct consequences of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). In addition, cerebral ischemia causes systemic alterations across peripheral organs. Dysregulation of the autonomic and endocrine systems as well as the release of brain-derived pro-inflammatory mediators trigger a peripheral immune response and systemic inflammation. As a key metabolic organ, the liver contributes not only to post-stroke immunosuppression but also to stress-induced hyperglycemia. At the same time, increased ketogenesis and glutathione production in the liver are likely to combat inflammation and oxidative stress after AIS. The closely linked lipid metabolism could regulate both glucose and glutathione homeostasis. In addition, increased hepatic very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion may improve the availability of phospholipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and glutathione after AIS. This review provides an overview of recent findings concerning ischemic stroke and the liver and discusses the therapeutic potential of targeting the hepatic metabolism to improve patient outcome after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julica Inderhees
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Germany; Bioanalytic Core Facility, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Germany.
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6
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Wooton-Kee CR. Therapeutic implications of impaired nuclear receptor function and dysregulated metabolism in Wilson's disease. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 251:108529. [PMID: 37741465 PMCID: PMC10841433 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element that is required for the activity of many enzymes and cellular processes, including energy homeostasis and neurotransmitter biosynthesis; however, excess copper accumulation results in significant cellular toxicity. The liver is the major organ for maintaining copper homeostasis. Inactivating mutations of the copper-transporting P-type ATPase, ATP7B, result in Wilson's disease, an autosomal recessive disorder that requires life-long medicinal therapy or liver transplantation. Current treatment protocols are limited to either sequestration of copper via chelation or reduction of copper absorption in the gut (zinc therapy). The goal of these strategies is to reduce free copper, redox stress, and cellular toxicity. Several lines of evidence in Wilson's disease animal models and patients have revealed altered hepatic metabolism and impaired hepatic nuclear receptor activity. Nuclear receptors are transcription factors that coordinate hepatic metabolism in normal and diseased livers, and several hepatic nuclear receptors have decreased activity in Wilson's disease and Atp7b-/- models. In this review, we summarize the basic physiology that underlies Wilson's disease pathology, Wilson's disease animal models, and the possibility of targeting nuclear receptor activity in Wilson's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clavia Ruth Wooton-Kee
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics-Nutrition, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, United States of America.
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7
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Fan Y, Kim HJ, Jung YS, Na SY, Radhakrishnan K, Choi HS. Chenodeoxycholic acid regulates fibroblast growth factor 23 gene expression via estrogen-related receptor γ in human hepatoma Huh7 cells. Steroids 2023; 197:109257. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
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8
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Zhou R, Yang H, Zhu P, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zhou H, Li X, Li Q. Effect of Gut Microbiota on the Pharmacokinetics of Nifedipine in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2085. [PMID: 37631299 PMCID: PMC10458652 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic variability of nifedipine widely observed in the clinic cannot be fully explained by pharmacogenomics. As a new factor affecting drug metabolism, how the gut microbiota affects the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine needs to be explored. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) have been commonly used in hypertension-related research and served as the experimental groups; Wistar rats were used as control groups. In this study, the bioavailability of nifedipine decreased by 18.62% (p < 0.05) in the SHRs compared with the Wistar rats. Changes in microbiota were associated with the difference in pharmacokinetics. The relative abundance of Bacteroides dorei was negatively correlated with AUC0-t (r = -0.881, p = 0.004) and Cmax (r = -0.714, p = 0.047). Analysis of serum bile acid (BA) profiles indicated that glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) were significantly increased in the SHRs. Compared with the Wistar rats, the expressions of CYP3A1 and PXR were upregulated and the enzyme activity of CYP3A1 increased in the SHRs. Spearman's rank correlation revealed that Bacteroides stercoris was negatively correlated with GUDCA (r = -0.7126, p = 0.0264) and GCDCA (r = -0.6878, p = 0.0339). Moreover, GUDCA was negatively correlated with Cmax (r = -0.556, p = 0.025). In primary rat hepatocytes, GUDCA could induce the expressions of PXR target genes CYP3A1 and Mdr1a. Furthermore, antibiotic treatments in SHRs verified the impact of microbiota on the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine. Generally, gut microbiota affects the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine through microbial biotransformation or by regulating the enzyme activity of CYP3A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410078, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Haijun Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410078, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410078, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410078, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yanjuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410078, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410078, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Honghao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410078, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xiong Li
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510699, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410078, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha 410008, China
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Fan Y, Kim HJ, Seok Jung Y, Na SY, Radhakrishnan K, Sik Choi H. Chenodeoxycholic acid regulates fibroblast growth factor 23 gene expression via estrogen-related receptor γ in human hepatoma Huh7 cells. Steroids 2023:109257. [PMID: 37301529 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a glycoprotein that belongs to the FGF19 subfamily and participates in phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis. Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), one of the primary bile acids, is reported to induce the secretion of FGF19 subfamily members, FGF21 and FGF19, in hepatocytes. However, whether and how CDCA influences FGF23 gene expression are largely unknown. Thus, we performed real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses to determine the mRNA and protein expression levels of FGF23 in Huh7 cells. CDCA upregulated estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) alongside FGF23 mRNA and protein levels, while, the knockdown of ERRγ ablated the induction effect of CDCA on FGF23 expression. Promoter studies showed that CDCA-induced FGF23 promoter activity occurred partly through ERRγ binding directly to the ERR response element (ERRE) in the human FGF23 gene promoter. Finally, the inverse agonist of ERRγ, GSK5182 inhibited the induction of FGF23 by CDCA. Overall, our results revealed the mechanism of CDCA-mediated FGF23 gene upregulation in the human hepatoma cell line. Moreover, the ability of GSK5182 to reduce CDCA-induced FGF23 gene expression might represent a therapeutic strategy to control abnormal FGF23 induction in conditions that involve elevated levels of bile acids, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and biliary atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Fan
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Jung
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Young Na
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kamalakannan Radhakrishnan
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hueng Sik Choi
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Kastrinou Lampou V, Poller B, Huth F, Fischer A, Kullak-Ublick GA, Arand M, Schadt HS, Camenisch G. Novel insights into bile acid detoxification via CYP, UGT and SULT enzymes. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 87:105533. [PMID: 36473578 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bile acid (BA) homeostasis is a complex and precisely regulated process to prevent impaired BA flow and the development of cholestasis. Several reactions, namely hydroxylation, glucuronidation and sulfation are involved in BA detoxification. In the present study, we employed a comprehensive approach to identify the key enzymes involved in BA metabolism using human recombinant enzymes, human liver microsomes (HLM) and human liver cytosol (HLC). We showed that CYP3A4 was a crucial step for the metabolism of several BAs and their taurine and glycine conjugated forms and quantitatively described their metabolites. Glucuronidation and sulfation were also identified as important drivers of the BA detoxification process in humans. Moreover, lithocholic acid (LCA), the most hydrophobic BA with the highest toxicity potential, was a substrate for all investigated processes, demonstrating the importance of hepatic metabolism for its clearance. Collectively, this study identified CYP3A4, UGT1A3, UGT2B7 and SULT2A1 as the major contributing (metabolic) processes in the BA detoxification network. Inhibition of these enzymes by drug candidates is therefore considered as a critical mechanism in the manifestation of drug-induced cholestasis in humans and should be addressed during the pre-clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlasia Kastrinou Lampou
- Department of Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birk Poller
- Department of Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Huth
- Department of Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Fischer
- Department of Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerd A Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Mechanistic Safety, CMO & Patient Safety, Global Drug Development, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Arand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heiko S Schadt
- Department of Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gian Camenisch
- Department of Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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11
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Díaz-Holguín A, Rashidian A, Pijnenburg D, Monteiro Ferreira G, Stefela A, Kaspar M, Kudova E, Poso A, van Beuningen R, Pavek P, Kronenberger T. When Two Become One: Conformational Changes in FXR/RXR Heterodimers Bound to Steroidal Antagonists. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200556. [PMID: 36398403 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor with an essential role in regulating bile acid synthesis and cholesterol homeostasis. FXR activation by agonists is explained by an αAF-2-trapping mechanism; however, antagonism mechanisms are diverse. We discuss microsecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations investigating our recently reported FXR antagonists 2a and 2 h. We study the antagonist-induced conformational changes in the FXR ligand-binding domain, when compared to the synthetic (GW4064) or steroidal (chenodeoxycholic acid, CDCA) FXR agonists in the FXR monomer or FXR/RXR heterodimer r, and in the presence and absence of the coactivator. Our MD data suggest ligand-specific influence on conformations of different FXR-LBD regions, including the α5/α6 region, αAF-2, and α9-11. Changes in the heterodimerization interface induced by antagonists seem to be associated with αAF-2 destabilization, which prevents both co-activator and co-repressor recruitment. Our results provide new insights into the conformational behaviour of FXR, suggesting that FXR antagonism/agonism shift requires a deeper assessment than originally proposed by crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Díaz-Holguín
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.,Current address: Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Azam Rashidian
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery & Development (TüCAD2), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Pijnenburg
- PamGene International B.V., Wolvenhoek 10, 5211HH, 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | - Glaucio Monteiro Ferreira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alzbeta Stefela
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Kaspar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 16000, Prague, Czechia.,Faculty of Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, Prague 2, 12843, Czechia
| | - Eva Kudova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 16000, Prague, Czechia
| | - Antti Poso
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery & Development (TüCAD2), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Rinie van Beuningen
- PamGene International B.V., Wolvenhoek 10, 5211HH, 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | - Petr Pavek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Thales Kronenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery & Development (TüCAD2), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
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12
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Min YW, Rezaie A, Pimentel M. Bile Acid and Gut Microbiota in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 28:549-561. [PMID: 36250362 PMCID: PMC9577585 DOI: 10.5056/jnm22129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota and their metabolites like bile acid (BA) have been investigated as causes of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms. Primary BAs are synthesized and conjugated in the liver and released into the duodenum. BA biotransformation by gut microbiota begins in the intestine and results in production of a broad range of secondary BAs. Deconjugation is considered the gateway reaction for further modification and is mediated by bile salt hydrolase, which is widely expressed by the gut microbiota. However, gut bacteria that convert primary BAs to secondary BAs belong to a limited number of species, mainly Clostridiales. Like gut microbiota modify BA profile, BAs can shape gut microbiota via direct and indirect actions. BAs have prosecretory effects and regulates gut motility. BAs can also affect gut sensitivity. Because of the vital role of the gut microbiota and BAs in gut function, their bidirectional relationship may contribute to the pathophysiology of IBS. Individuals with IBS have been reported to have altered microbial profiles and modified BA profiles. A significant increase in fecal primary BA and a corresponding decrease in secondary BA have been observed in IBS with predominant diarrhea. In addition, primary BA was positively correlated with IBS symptoms. In IBS with predominant diarrhea, bacteria with reduced abundance mainly belonged to the genera in Ruminococcaceae and exhibited a negative correlation with primary BAs. Integrating the analysis of the gut microbiota and BAs could better understanding of IBS pathophysiology. The gap in this field needs to be further filled in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Won Min
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ali Rezaie
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark Pimentel
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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13
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Alrehaili BD, Lee M, Takahashi S, Novak R, Rimal B, Boehme S, Trammell SAJ, Grevengoed TJ, Kumar D, Alnouti Y, Chiti K, Wang X, Patterson AD, Chiang JYL, Gonzalez FJ, Lee Y. Bile acid conjugation deficiency causes hypercholanemia, hyperphagia, islet dysfunction, and gut dysbiosis in mice. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2765-2780. [PMID: 35866568 PMCID: PMC9512455 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.2041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAAT) catalyzes bile acid conjugation, the last step in bile acid synthesis. BAAT gene mutation in humans results in hypercholanemia, growth retardation, and fat-soluble vitamin insufficiency. The current study investigated the physiological function of BAAT in bile acid and lipid metabolism using Baat-/- mice. The bile acid composition and hepatic gene expression were analyzed in 10-week-old Baat-/- mice. They were also challenged with a westernized diet (WD) for additional 15 weeks to assess the role of BAAT in bile acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism. Comprehensive lab animal monitoring system and cecal 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing were used to evaluate the energy metabolism and microbiome structure of the mice, respectively. In Baat-/- mice, hepatic bile acids were mostly unconjugated and their levels were significantly increased compared with wild-type mice. Bile acid polyhydroxylation was markedly up-regulated to detoxify unconjugated bile acid accumulated in Baat-/- mice. Although the level of serum marker of bile acid synthesis, 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, was higher in Baat-/- mice, their bile acid pool size was smaller. When fed a WD, the Baat-/- mice showed a compromised body weight gain and impaired insulin secretion. The gut microbiome of Baat-/- mice showed a low level of sulfidogenic bacteria Bilophila. Conclusion: Mouse BAAT is the major taurine-conjugating enzyme. Its deletion protected the animals from diet-induced obesity, but caused glucose intolerance. The gut microbiome of the Baat-/- mice was altered to accommodate the unconjugated bile acid pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandar D. Alrehaili
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOhioUSA
- Graduate Program of Biomedical SciencesKent State UniversityKentOhioUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyPharmacy CollegeTaibah UniversityMedinaSaudi Arabia
| | - Mikang Lee
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOhioUSA
| | - Shogo Takahashi
- Laboratory of MetabolismCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteNIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Robert Novak
- Department of PathologyCollege of MedicineNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOhioUSA
| | - Bipin Rimal
- Department of Molecular ToxicologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Shannon Boehme
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOhioUSA
| | - Samuel A. J. Trammell
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Trisha J. Grevengoed
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Devendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNAUSA
| | - Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNAUSA
| | - Katya Chiti
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOhioUSA
| | - Xinwen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOhioUSA
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Molecular ToxicologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - John Y. L. Chiang
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOhioUSA
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of MetabolismCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteNIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Yoon‐Kwang Lee
- Department of Integrative Medical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOhioUSA
- Graduate Program of Biomedical SciencesKent State UniversityKentOhioUSA
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14
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Fujino C, Sanoh S, Katsura T. Variation in Expression of Cytochrome P450 3A Isoforms and Toxicological Effects: Endo- and Exogenous Substances as Regulatory Factors and Substrates. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1617-1634. [PMID: 34719640 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The CYP3A subfamily, which includes isoforms CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 in humans, plays important roles in the metabolism of various endogenous and exogenous substances. Gene and protein expression of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 show large inter-individual differences, which are caused by many endogenous and exogenous factors. Inter-individual differences can cause negative outcomes, such as adverse drug events and disease development. Therefore, it is important to understand the variations in CYP3A expression caused by endo- and exogenous factors, as well as the variation in the metabolism and kinetics of endo- and exogenous substrates. In this review, we summarize the factors regulating CYP3A expression, such as bile acids, hormones, microRNA, inflammatory cytokines, drugs, environmental chemicals, and dietary factors. In addition, variations in CYP3A expression under pathological conditions, such as coronavirus disease 2019 and liver diseases, are described as examples of the physiological effects of endogenous factors. We also summarize endogenous and exogenous substrates metabolized by CYP3A isoforms, such as cholesterol, bile acids, hormones, arachidonic acid, vitamin D, and drugs. The relationship between the changes in the kinetics of these substrates and the toxicological effects in our bodies are discussed. The usefulness of these substrates and metabolites as endogenous biomarkers for CYP3A activity is also discussed. Notably, we focused on discrimination between CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 to understand inter-individual differences in CYP3A expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieri Fujino
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University
| | - Toshiya Katsura
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
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15
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Simbrunner B, Trauner M, Reiberger T. Review article: therapeutic aspects of bile acid signalling in the gut-liver axis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2021; 54:1243-1262. [PMID: 34555862 PMCID: PMC9290708 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile acids are important endocrine modulators of intestinal and hepatic signalling cascades orchestrating critical pathophysiological processes in various liver diseases. Increasing knowledge on bile acid signalling has stimulated the development of synthetic ligands of nuclear bile acid receptors and other bile acid analogues. AIM This review summarises important aspects of bile acid-mediated crosstalk between the gut and the liver ("gut-liver axis") as well as recent findings from experimental and clinical studies. METHODS We performed a literature review on bile acid signalling, and therapeutic applications in chronic liver disease. RESULTS Intestinal and hepatic bile acid signalling pathways maintain bile acid homeostasis. Perturbations of bile acid-mediated gut-liver crosstalk dysregulate transcriptional networks involved in inflammation, fibrosis and endothelial dysfunction. Bile acids induce enterohepatic feedback signalling by the release of intestinal hormones, and regulate enterohepatic circulation. Importantly, bile acid signalling plays a central role in maintaining intestinal barrier integrity and antibacterial defense, which is particularly relevant in cirrhosis, where bacterial translocation has a profound impact on disease progression. The nuclear bile acid farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a central intersection in bile acid signalling and has emerged as a relevant therapeutic target. CONCLUSIONS Experimental evidence suggests that bile acid signalling improves the intestinal barrier and protects against bacterial translocation in cirrhosis. FXR agonists have displayed efficacy for the treatment of cholestatic and metabolic liver disease in randomised controlled clinical trials. However, similar effects remain to be shown in advanced liver disease, particularly in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Simbrunner
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic LabMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Christian‐Doppler Laboratory for Portal Hypertension and Liver FibrosisMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Thomas Reiberger
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic LabMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Christian‐Doppler Laboratory for Portal Hypertension and Liver FibrosisMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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16
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Bessone F, Hernández N, Tanno M, Roma MG. Drug-Induced Vanishing Bile Duct Syndrome: From Pathogenesis to Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:331-348. [PMID: 34130334 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The most concerned issue in the context of drug/herb-induced chronic cholestasis is vanishing bile duct syndrome. The progressive destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts leading to ductopenia is usually not dose dependent, and has a delayed onset that should be suspected when abnormal serum cholestasis enzyme levels persist despite drug withdrawal. Immune-mediated cholangiocyte injury, direct cholangiocyte damage by drugs or their metabolites once in bile, and sustained exposure to toxic bile salts when biliary epithelium protective defenses are impaired are the main mechanisms of cholangiolar damage. Current therapeutic alternatives are scarce and have not shown consistent beneficial effects so far. This review will summarize the current literature on the main diagnostic tools of ductopenia and its histological features, and the differential diagnostic with other ductopenic diseases. In addition, pathomechanisms will be addressed, as well as the connection between them and the supportive and curative strategies for ductopenia management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bessone
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Nelia Hernández
- Clínica de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Clínicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mario Tanno
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marcelo G Roma
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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17
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Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on rilpivirine plasma trough concentrations: a case report. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 76:605-606. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-019-02825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Garzel B, Zhang L, Huang SM, Wang H. A Change in Bile Flow: Looking Beyond Transporter Inhibition in the Development of Drug-induced Cholestasis. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 20:621-632. [PMID: 31288715 DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666190709170256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-induced Liver Injury (DILI) has received increasing attention over the past decades, as it represents the leading cause of drug failure and attrition. One of the most prevalent and severe forms of DILI involves the toxic accumulation of bile acids in the liver, known as Drug-induced Cholestasis (DIC). Traditionally, DIC is studied by exploring the inhibition of hepatic transporters such as Bile Salt Export Pump (BSEP) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins, predominantly through vesicular transport assays. Although this approach has identified numerous drugs that alter bile flow, many DIC drugs do not demonstrate prototypical transporter inhibition, but rather are associated with alternative mechanisms. METHODS We undertook a focused literature search on DIC and biliary transporters and analyzed peer-reviewed publications over the past two decades or so. RESULTS We have summarized the current perception regarding DIC, biliary transporters, and transcriptional regulation of bile acid homeostasis. A growing body of literature aimed to identify alternative mechanisms in the development of DIC has been evaluated. This review also highlights current in vitro approaches used for prediction of DIC. CONCLUSION Efforts have continued to focus on BSEP, as it is the primary route for hepatic biliary clearance. In addition to inhibition, drug-induced BSEP repression or the combination of these two has emerged as important alternative mechanisms leading to DIC. Furthermore, there has been an evolution in the approaches to studying DIC including 3D cell cultures and computational modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy Garzel
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States.,Becton Dickinson, 54 Loveton Circle, Sparks, MD 21152, United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States.,Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Shiew-Mei Huang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
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19
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Wilson A, Almousa A, Teft WA, Kim RB. Attenuation of bile acid-mediated FXR and PXR activation in patients with Crohn's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1866. [PMID: 32024859 PMCID: PMC7002620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58644-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are endogenous ligands of nuclear receptors pregnane X (PXR) and farnesoid X (FXR). PXR and FXR regulate pathways that are impaired in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Decreases in PXR and FXR activity are documented in IBD; however reasons for this are unknown. We aimed to assess the effect of Crohn's disease (CD) on the plasma bile acid composition in vivo and the resultant impact on PXR and FXR activation. A cross-sectional study evaluated the plasma concentrations of 12 bile acids in addition to 4β-hydroxycholesterol (4βOHC), an in vivo probe of the PXR target-gene cytochrome 3A4 (CYP3A4) and the FXR target-gene, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 in individuals with (n = 74) and without (n = 71) CD. An in vitro model was used to assess the impact of CD-specific changes in the plasma bile acid composition on PXR and FXR activation. Decreases in glycochenodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid and lithocholic acid were seen in CD with increases in glycodeoxycholic acid and glycocholic acid relative to the total plasma bile acid profile. In vitro, increasing concentrations of bile acids applied in the same ratio as seen in the study cohorts resulted in decreased activation of both PXR and FXR in the CD model. In vivo, plasma 4βOHC (CD = 18.68 ng/ml ± 13.02 ng/ml, non-CD = 46.38 ng/ml ± 40.70 ng/ml, p ≤ 0.0001) and FGF19 (CD = 0.276 pg/L ± 0.189 pg/L, non-CD = 0.485 pg/L ± 0.42 pg/L, p = 0.0002) concentrations were lower in CD versus controls. Ultimately, CD-specific changes in the plasma bile acid composition lead to reduced activation of FXR and PXR target genes in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aze Wilson
- Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Western University, 339 Windermere Rd, London, ON, N6A 5A5, Canada. .,Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Western University, 339 Windermere Rd, London, ON, N6A 5A5, Canada. .,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Western University, Medical Sciences Building, Rm 216, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Ahmed Almousa
- Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Western University, 339 Windermere Rd, London, ON, N6A 5A5, Canada
| | - Wendy A Teft
- Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Western University, 339 Windermere Rd, London, ON, N6A 5A5, Canada
| | - Richard B Kim
- Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Western University, 339 Windermere Rd, London, ON, N6A 5A5, Canada.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Western University, Medical Sciences Building, Rm 216, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
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20
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Abstract
Cholestasis results in blockage of bile flow whether the point of obstruction occurs extrahepatically or intrahepatically. Bile acids are a primary constituent of bile, and thus one of the primary outcomes is acute retention of bile acids in hepatocytes. Bile acids are normally secreted into the biliary tracts and then released into the small bowel before recirculating back to the liver. Retention of bile acids has long been hypothesized to be a primary cause of the associated liver injury that occurs during acute or chronic cholestasis. Despite this, a surge of papers in the last decade have reported a primary role for inflammation in the pathophysiology of cholestatic liver injury. Furthermore, it has increasingly been recognized that both the constituency of individual bile acids that make up the greater pool, as well as their conjugation status, is intimately involved in their toxicity, and this varies between species. Finally, the role of bile acids in drug-induced cholestatic liver injury remains an area of increasing interest. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate current proposed mechanisms of cholestatic liver injury, with a focus on the evolving role of bile acids in cell death and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- †Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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21
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Lian W, Liu X, Chen W. TNFα Induces Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 4 Expression through p38-E2F1-Nrf2 Signaling in Obstructive Cholestasis. Yonsei Med J 2019; 60:1045-1053. [PMID: 31637886 PMCID: PMC6813138 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2019.60.11.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the molecular mechanism of the upregulation of multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4) in cholestasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mRNA and protein levels of MRP4 in liver samples from cholestatic patients were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. In human hepatoma HepG2 cells, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to determine the affinity of nuclear factor-E2-related factor (Nrf2) binding to MRP4 promoter. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to detect the binding of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) to the promotor of E2F1. The bile duct ligation mouse models were established using male C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS The mRNA and protein levels of MRP4 were significantly increased in cholestatic patients. TNFα treatment induced the expression of MRP4 and Nrf2 and enhanced cell nuclear extract binding activity to MRP4 promoter, as demonstrated by EMSA. Nrf2 knockdown reduced MRP4 mRNA levels in both HepG2 and Hep-3B cells. In addition, TNFα increased Rb phosphorylation and expression of MRP4 and Nrf2 and activated E2F1 and phosphorylated p38 in HepG2 and Hep-3B cells. These effects were markedly inhibited by pretreatment with E2F1 siRNA. Dual-luciferase reporter assay validated that TNFα induces the transcription of E2F1. Furthermore, the expression of MRP4, Nrf2, E2F1, and p-p38 proteins was improved with treatment of TNFα in a mouse model of cholestasis. E2F1 siRNA lentivirus or SB 203580 (p38 inhibitor) inhibited these positive effects. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that TNFα induces hepatic MRP4 expression through activation of the p38-E2F1-Nrf2 signaling pathway in human obstructive cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaocong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wensheng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.
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22
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Anticholestatic mechanisms of ursodeoxycholic acid in lipopolysaccharide-induced cholestasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Blank A, Meier K, Urban S, Haefeli WE, Weiss J. Drug-drug interaction potential of the HBV and HDV entry inhibitor myrcludex B assessed in vitro. Antivir Ther 2019; 23:267-275. [PMID: 29134945 DOI: 10.3851/imp3206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myrcludex B is a first-in-class virus entry inhibitor for patients with chronic hepatitis B or B/D infections. In patients it will be coadministered with drugs needed for the disease or comorbidities. We aimed to define the risk of drug-drug interactions by characterizing the influence of myrcludex B on relevant drug transporting and metabolizing enzymes in vitro. METHODS Inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp; ABCB1), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2), and the organic anion transporting polypeptides 1B1 and 1B3 (OATP1B1/SLCO1B1 and OATP1B3/SLCO1B3) was measured in cells over-expressing the respective transporter using fluorogenic substrates. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) was assessed with commercially available kits. mRNA induction of drug transporting and metabolizing enzymes was measured in LS180 cells after 4 days of treatment by quantitative real-time PCR. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation was assessed using a reporter-gene assay. RESULTS Whereas activities of P-gp and BCRP were not influenced by myrcludex B, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 were specifically inhibited with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.5 and 8.7 µM, respectively. Myrcludex B weakly inhibited all CYPs tested at concentrations ≥10 µM except CYP2D6, which was not inhibited at concentrations up to 2 µM. Myrcludex B had no influence on mRNA expression of CYP1A1, CYP3A4, UGT1A3, ABCB1, ABCC2 and ABCG2, and on PXR activity. CONCLUSIONS Our in vitro study suggests that myrcludex B is not at major risk of acting as a perpetrator drug. A potential inhibition of the uptake transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 and a previous clinical finding of potential CYP3A inhibition, requires further evaluation and should be carefully addressed in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Blank
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Meier
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Urban
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter Emil Haefeli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Weiss
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR, NR1H4) is a bile acid (BA)-activated transcription factor, which is essential for BA homeostasis. FXR and its hepatic and intestinal target genes, small heterodimer partner (SHP, NR0B2) and fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (Fgf15 in mice, FGF19 in humans), transcriptionally regulate BA synthesis, detoxification, secretion, and absorption in the enterohepatic circulation. Furthermore, FXR modulates a large variety of physiological processes, such as lipid and glucose homeostasis as well as the inflammatory response. Targeted deletion of FXR renders mice highly susceptible to cholic acid feeding resulting in cholestatic liver injury, weight loss, and increased mortality. Combined deletion of FXR and SHP spontaneously triggers early-onset intrahepatic cholestasis in mice resembling human progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC). Reduced expression levels and activity of FXR have been reported in human cholestatic conditions, such as PFIC type 1 and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Recently, two pairs of siblings with homozygous FXR truncation or deletion variants were identified. All four children suffered from severe, early-onset PFIC and liver failure leading to death or need for liver transplantation before the age of 2. These findings underscore the central role of FXR as regulator of systemic and hepatic BA levels. Therefore, targeting FXR has been exploited in different animal models of both intrahepatic and obstructive cholestasis, and the first FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) has been approved for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Further FXR agonists as well as a FGF19 analogue are currently tested in clinical trials for different cholestatic liver diseases. This chapter will summarize the current knowledge on the role of FXR in cholestasis both in rodent models and in human diseases.
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Rigalli JP, Tocchetti GN, Weiss J. Modulation of ABC Transporters by Nuclear Receptors: Physiological, Pathological and Pharmacological Aspects. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1079-1112. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170920141707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ABC transporters are membrane proteins mediating the efflux of endo- and xenobiotics. Transporter expression is not static but instead is subject to a dynamic modulation aiming at responding to changes in the internal environment and thus at maintaining homeostatic conditions. Nuclear receptors are ligand modulated transcription factors that get activated upon changes in the intracellular concentrations of the respective agonists and bind to response elements within the promoter of ABC transporters, thus modulating their expression and, consequently, their activity. This review compiles information about transporter regulation by nuclear receptors classified according to the perpetrator compounds and the biological effects resulting from the regulation. Modulation by hormone receptors is involved in maintaining endocrine homeostasis and may also lead to an altered efflux of other substrates in cases of altered hormonal levels. Xenobiotic receptors play a key role in limiting the accumulation of potentially harmful compounds. In addition, their frequent activation by therapeutic agents makes them common molecular elements mediating drug-drug interactions and cancer multidrug resistance. Finally, lipid and retinoid receptors are usually activated by endogenous molecules, thus sensing metabolic changes and inducing ABC transporters to counteract potential alterations. Furthermore, the axis nuclear receptor-ABC transporter constitutes a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of several disease states like cancer, atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia. In the current work, we summarize the information available on the pharmacological potential of nuclear receptor modulators and discuss their applicability in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Rigalli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology. University of Heidelberg. Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guillermo Nicolás Tocchetti
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology. University of Heidelberg. Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Weiss
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology. University of Heidelberg. Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Dong B, Singh AB, Guo GL, Young M, Liu J. Activation of FXR by obeticholic acid induces hepatic gene expression of SR-BI through a novel mechanism of transcriptional synergy with the nuclear receptor LXR. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:1927-1938. [PMID: 30896855 PMCID: PMC6443341 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is known to regulate the gene expression of SR‑BI, which mediates plasma high‑density lipoprotein (HDL)‑cholesterol uptake. Our previous study demonstrated that the activation of FXR by obeticholic acid (OCA) lowered plasma HDL‑cholesterol levels and increased the hepatic mRNA and protein expression levels of SR‑BI in hypercholesterolemic hamsters, but not in normolipidemic hamsters, suggesting that dietary cholesterol may be involved in the OCA‑induced transcription of SR‑BI. In the present study, a functional 90‑base‑pair regulatory region was identified in the first intron of the SR‑BI gene of hamster and mouse that contains a FXR response element (IR‑1) and an adjacent liver X receptor (LXR) response element (LXRE). By in vitro DNA binding and luciferase reporter gene assays, it was demonstrated that FXR and LXR bind to their recognition sequences within this intronic region and transactivate the SR‑BI reporter gene in a synergistic manner. It was also shown that mutations at either the IR‑1 site or the LXRE site eliminated OCA‑mediated gene transcription. Utilizing chow‑fed hamsters as an in vivo model, it was demonstrated that treating normolipidemic hamsters with OCA or GW3965 alone did not effectively induce levels of SR‑BI, whereas their combined treatment significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of SR‑BI in the liver. The study further investigated effects of FXR and LXR coactivation on the gene expression of SR‑BI in human liver cells. The intronic FXRE and LXRE regulatory region was not conserved in the human SR‑BI genomic sequence, however, higher mRNA expression levels of SR‑BI were observed in human primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells exposed to combined treatments of FXR and LXR agonists, compared with those in cells exposed to individual ligand treatment. Therefore, these results suggest that human SR‑BI gene transcription may also be subject to concerted activation by FXR and LXR, mediated via currently unidentified regulatory sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Amar B Singh
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Mark Young
- Mistral Therapeutics, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Cholangiocyte death in ductopenic cholestatic cholangiopathies: Mechanistic basis and emerging therapeutic strategies. Life Sci 2019; 218:324-339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hegyi P, Maléth J, Walters JR, Hofmann AF, Keely SJ. Guts and Gall: Bile Acids in Regulation of Intestinal Epithelial Function in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 98:1983-2023. [PMID: 30067158 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00054.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells line the entire surface of the gastrointestinal tract and its accessory organs where they primarily function in transporting digestive enzymes, nutrients, electrolytes, and fluid to and from the luminal contents. At the same time, epithelial cells are responsible for forming a physical and biochemical barrier that prevents the entry into the body of harmful agents, such as bacteria and their toxins. Dysregulation of epithelial transport and barrier function is associated with the pathogenesis of a number of conditions throughout the intestine, such as inflammatory bowel disease, chronic diarrhea, pancreatitis, reflux esophagitis, and cancer. Driven by discovery of specific receptors on intestinal epithelial cells, new insights into mechanisms that control their synthesis and enterohepatic circulation, and a growing appreciation of their roles as bioactive bacterial metabolites, bile acids are currently receiving a great deal of interest as critical regulators of epithelial function in health and disease. This review aims to summarize recent advances in this field and to highlight how bile acids are now emerging as exciting new targets for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hegyi
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Joszef Maléth
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Julian R Walters
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Alan F Hofmann
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Stephen J Keely
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
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Wang R, Sheps JA, Liu L, Han J, Chen PSK, Lamontagne J, Wilson PD, Welch I, Borchers CH, Ling V. Hydrophilic bile acids prevent liver damage caused by lack of biliary phospholipid in Mdr2-/- mice. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:85-97. [PMID: 30416103 PMCID: PMC6314265 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m088070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acid imbalance causes progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (PFIC2) or type 3 (PFIC3), severe liver diseases associated with genetic defects in the biliary bile acid transporter bile salt export pump (BSEP; ABCB11) or phosphatidylcholine transporter multidrug resistance protein 3 (MDR3; ABCB4), respectively. Mdr2-/- mice (a PFIC3 model) develop progressive cholangitis, ductular proliferation, periportal fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) because the nonmicelle-bound bile acids in the bile of these mice are toxic. We asked whether the highly hydrophilic bile acids generated by Bsep-/- mice could protect Mdr2-/- mice from progressive liver damage. We generated double-KO (DKO: Bsep-/- and Mdr2-/- ) mice. Their bile acid composition resembles that of Bsep-/- mice, with increased hydrophilic muricholic acids, tetrahydroxylated bile acids (THBAs), and reduced hydrophobic cholic acid. These mice lack the liver pathology of their Mdr2-/- littermates. The livers of DKO mice have gene expression profiles very similar to Bsep-/- mice, with 4,410 of 6,134 gene expression changes associated with the Mdr2-/- mutation being suppressed. Feeding with THBAs partially alleviates liver damage in the Mdr2-/- mice. Hydrophilic changes to biliary bile acid composition, including introduction of THBA, can prevent the progressive liver pathology associated with the Mdr2-/- (PFIC3) mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renxue Wang
- BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Lin Liu
- BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jun Han
- University of Victoria-Genome BC Proteomics Centre University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Patrick S K Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason Lamontagne
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ian Welch
- Department of Pathology University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Comparative Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christoph H Borchers
- University of Victoria-Genome BC Proteomics Centre University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Proteomics Centre, Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Victor Ling
- BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Wang N, Zou Q, Xu J, Zhang J, Liu J. Ligand binding and heterodimerization with retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) induce farnesoid X receptor (FXR) conformational changes affecting coactivator binding. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:18180-18191. [PMID: 30275017 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) functions as the major bile acid sensor coordinating cholesterol metabolism, lipid homeostasis, and absorption of dietary fats and vitamins. Because of its central role in metabolism, FXR represents an important drug target to manage metabolic and other diseases, such as primary biliary cirrhosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. FXR and nuclear receptor retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) form a heterodimer that controls the expression of numerous downstream genes. To date, the structural basis and functional consequences of the FXR/RXR heterodimer interaction have remained unclear. Herein, we present the crystal structures of the heterodimeric complex formed between the ligand-binding domains of human FXR and RXRα. We show that both FXR and RXR bind to the transcriptional coregulator steroid receptor coactivator 1 with higher affinity when they are part of the heterodimer complex than when they are in their respective monomeric states. Furthermore, structural comparisons of the FXR/RXRα heterodimers and the FXR monomers bound with different ligands indicated that both heterodimerization and ligand binding induce conformational changes in the C terminus of helix 11 in FXR that affect the stability of the coactivator binding surface and the coactivator binding in FXR. In summary, our findings shed light on the allosteric signal transduction in the FXR/RXR heterodimer, which may be utilized for future drug development targeting FXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- From the School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China,; the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China,; the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China, and
| | - Qingan Zou
- Guangzhou Henovcom Biosciences Inc., Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jinxin Xu
- the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China,; the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China, and
| | - Jiancun Zhang
- the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China,; the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China, and; Guangzhou Henovcom Biosciences Inc., Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China,; the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China, and.
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31
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Jackson JP, Freeman KM, St. Claire RL, Black CB, Brouwer KR. Cholestatic Drug Induced Liver Injury: A Function of Bile Salt Export Pump Inhibition and Farnesoid X Receptor Antagonism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2018.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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Zhang Y, LaCerte C, Kansra S, Jackson JP, Brouwer KR, Edwards JE. Comparative potency of obeticholic acid and natural bile acids on FXR in hepatic and intestinal in vitro cell models. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 5. [PMID: 29226620 PMCID: PMC5723701 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obeticholic acid (OCA) is a semisynthetic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist, an analogue of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) which is indicated for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) in combination with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). OCA efficiently inhibits bile acid synthesis and promotes bile acid efflux via activating FXR-mediated mechanisms in a physiologically relevant in vitro cell system, Sandwich-cultured Transporter Certified ™ human primary hepatocytes (SCHH). The study herein evaluated the effects of UDCA alone or in combination with OCA in SCHH. UDCA (≤100 μmol/L) alone did not inhibit CYP7A1 mRNA, and thus, no reduction in the endogenous bile acid pool observed. UDCA ≤100 μmol/L concomitantly administered with 0.1 μmol/L OCA had no effect on bile acid synthesis beyond what was observed with OCA alone. Furthermore, this study evaluated human Caco-2 cells (clone C2BBe1) as in vitro intestinal models. Glycine conjugate of OCA increased mRNA levels of FXR target genes in Caco-2 cells, FGF-19, SHP, OSTα/β, and IBABP, but not ASBT, in a concentration-dependent manner, while glycine conjugate of UDCA had no effect on the expression of these genes. The results suggested that UDCA ≤100 μmol/L did not activate FXR in human primary hepatocytes or intestinal cell line Caco-2. Thus, co-administration of UDCA with OCA did not affect OCA-dependent pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl LaCerte
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
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Enright EF, Griffin BT, Gahan CG, Joyce SA. Microbiome-mediated bile acid modification: Role in intestinal drug absorption and metabolism. Pharmacol Res 2018; 133:170-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Tanner JA, Tyndale RF. Variation in CYP2A6 Activity and Personalized Medicine. J Pers Med 2017; 7:jpm7040018. [PMID: 29194389 PMCID: PMC5748630 DOI: 10.3390/jpm7040018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) enzyme metabolizes several clinically relevant substrates, including nicotine-the primary psychoactive component in cigarette smoke. The gene that encodes the CYP2A6 enzyme is highly polymorphic, resulting in extensive interindividual variation in CYP2A6 enzyme activity and the rate of metabolism of nicotine and other CYP2A6 substrates including cotinine, tegafur, letrozole, efavirenz, valproic acid, pilocarpine, artemisinin, artesunate, SM-12502, caffeine, and tyrosol. CYP2A6 expression and activity are also impacted by non-genetic factors, including induction or inhibition by pharmacological, endogenous, and dietary substances, as well as age-related changes, or interactions with other hepatic enzymes, co-enzymes, and co-factors. As variation in CYP2A6 activity is associated with smoking behavior, smoking cessation, tobacco-related lung cancer risk, and with altered metabolism and resulting clinical responses for several therapeutics, CYP2A6 expression and enzyme activity is an important clinical consideration. This review will discuss sources of variation in CYP2A6 enzyme activity, with a focus on the impact of CYP2A6 genetic variation on metabolism of the CYP2A6 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Anne Tanner
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
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Ding L, Zhang B, Li J, Yang L, Wang Z. Beneficial effect of resveratrol on α‑naphthyl isothiocyanate‑induced cholestasis via regulation of the FXR pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:1863-1872. [PMID: 29138819 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is defined as a functional impairment of bile secretion which results in the accumulation of bile acids (BAs) and other toxic molecules in the blood and liver, however, there are very few effective therapies for cholestasis. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR), as a nuclear receptor for BAs, is important in the regulation of BA levels in enterohepatic circulation. It has previously been demonstrated that activation of the FXR pathway may be a useful strategy with which to treat cholestasis. Resveratrol, one of the important ingredients from grape skins and Chinese medicine Polygonum cuspidatum, resulted in FXR‑activated effects in vitro and exhibited a protective effect against α‑naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)‑induced cholestasis through FXR regulation in vivo. The underlying mechanisms of resveratrol against ANIT‑induced cholestasis may be due to the regulation of BA homeostasis, improvement of liver injury and attenuation of the inflammatory response, which were regulated in a FXR‑dependent manner and in turn contributed to overall cholestasis alleviation. Overall, resveratrol as a FXR agonist may act as a potential compound for the treatment of drug‑induced cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Binfeng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jinmei Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
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Lv S, Qiu X, Li J, Liang J, Li W, Zhang C, Zhang ZN, Luan B. Glucagon-induced extracellular cAMP regulates hepatic lipid metabolism. J Endocrinol 2017; 234:73-87. [PMID: 28515141 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hormonal signals help to maintain glucose and lipid homeostasis in the liver during the periods of fasting. Glucagon, a pancreas-derived hormone induced by fasting, promotes gluconeogenesis through induction of intracellular cAMP production. Glucagon also stimulates hepatic fatty acid oxidation but the underlying mechanism is poorly characterized. Here we report that following the acute induction of gluconeogenic genes Glucose 6 phosphatase (G6Pase) and Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pepck) expression through cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), glucagon triggers a second delayed phase of fatty acid oxidation genes Acyl-coenzyme A oxidase (Aox) and Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (Cpt1a) expression via extracellular cAMP. Increase in extracellular cAMP promotes PPARα activity through direct phosphorylation by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), while inhibition of cAMP efflux greatly attenuates Aox and Cpt1a expression. Importantly, cAMP injection improves lipid homeostasis in fasted mice and obese mice, while inhibition of cAMP efflux deteriorates hepatic steatosis in fasted mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate the vital role of glucagon-stimulated extracellular cAMP in the regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism through AMPK-mediated PPARα activation. Therefore, strategies to improve cAMP efflux could serve as potential new tools to prevent obesity-associated hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Lv
- Department of EndocrinologyShanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinchen Qiu
- Department of EndocrinologyShanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative MedicineShanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of EndocrinologyShanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative MedicineShanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinye Liang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative MedicineShanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weida Li
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative MedicineShanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative MedicineShanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Ning Zhang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative MedicineShanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Luan
- Department of EndocrinologyShanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Blank A, Eidam A, Haag M, Hohmann N, Burhenne J, Schwab M, van de Graaf SFJ, Meyer MR, Maurer HH, Meier K, Weiss J, Bruckner T, Alexandrov A, Urban S, Mikus G, Haefeli WE. The NTCP-inhibitor Myrcludex B: Effects on Bile Acid Disposition and Tenofovir Pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 103:341-348. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Blank
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology; Heidelberg University Hospital; Heidelberg Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF); Heidelberg Partner Site; Heidelberg Germany
| | - A Eidam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology; Heidelberg University Hospital; Heidelberg Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF); Heidelberg Partner Site; Heidelberg Germany
| | - M Haag
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology; University of Tübingen; Stuttgart Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF); Tübingen Partner Site; Tübingen Germany
| | - N Hohmann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology; Heidelberg University Hospital; Heidelberg Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF); Heidelberg Partner Site; Heidelberg Germany
| | - J Burhenne
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology; Heidelberg University Hospital; Heidelberg Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF); Heidelberg Partner Site; Heidelberg Germany
| | - M Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology; University of Tübingen; Stuttgart Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF); Tübingen Partner Site; Tübingen Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; University Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
- Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - SFJ van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research & Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - MR Meyer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology; Heidelberg University Hospital; Heidelberg Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Toxicology; Saarland University; Homburg Germany
| | - HH Maurer
- Experimental and Clinical Toxicology; Saarland University; Homburg Germany
| | - K Meier
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology; Heidelberg University Hospital; Heidelberg Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF); Heidelberg Partner Site; Heidelberg Germany
| | - J Weiss
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology; Heidelberg University Hospital; Heidelberg Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF); Heidelberg Partner Site; Heidelberg Germany
| | - T Bruckner
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics and Medical Informatics; Heidelberg University Hospital; Heidelberg Germany
| | | | - S Urban
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF); Heidelberg Partner Site; Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology; Heidelberg University Hospital; Heidelberg Germany
| | - G Mikus
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology; Heidelberg University Hospital; Heidelberg Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF); Heidelberg Partner Site; Heidelberg Germany
| | - WE Haefeli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology; Heidelberg University Hospital; Heidelberg Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF); Heidelberg Partner Site; Heidelberg Germany
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38
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Trifunović J, Borčić V, Mikov M. Bile acids and their oxo derivatives: Potential inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase I and II, androgen receptor antagonists and CYP3A4 substrates. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Trifunović
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Novi Sad; Serbia
| | - Vladan Borčić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Novi Sad; Serbia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Novi Sad; Serbia
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39
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JUŘICA J, DOVRTĚLOVÁ G, NOSKOVÁ K, ZENDULKA O. Bile Acids, Nuclear Receptors and Cytochrome P450. Physiol Res 2016; 65:S427-S440. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the importance of bile acids (BA) as important regulators of various homeostatic mechanisms with detailed focus on cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. In the first part, synthesis, metabolism and circulation of BA is summarized and BA are reviewed as physiological ligands of nuclear receptors which regulate transcription of genes involved in their metabolism, transport and excretion. Notably, PXR, FXR and VDR are the most important nuclear receptors through which BA regulate transcription of CYP genes involved in the metabolism of both BA and xenobiotics. Therapeutic use of BA and their derivatives is also briefly reviewed. The physiological role of BA interaction with nuclear receptors is basically to decrease production of toxic non-polar BA and increase their metabolic turnover towards polar BA and thus decrease their toxicity. By this, the activity of some drug-metabolizing CYPs is also influenced what could have clinically relevant consequences in cholestatic diseases or during the treatment with BA or their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - O. ZENDULKA
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno. Czech Republic
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40
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Tanner JA, Prasad B, Claw KG, Stapleton P, Chaudhry A, Schuetz EG, Thummel KE, Tyndale RF. Predictors of Variation in CYP2A6 mRNA, Protein, and Enzyme Activity in a Human Liver Bank: Influence of Genetic and Nongenetic Factors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:129-139. [PMID: 27815364 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.237594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2A6 CYP2A6: metabolizes several clinically relevant substrates, including nicotine, the primary psychoactive component in cigarette smoke. Smokers vary widely in their rate of inactivation and clearance of nicotine, altering numerous smoking phenotypes. We aimed to characterize independent and shared impact of genetic and nongenetic sources of variation in CYP2A6 mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity in a human liver bank (n = 360). For the assessment of genetic factors, we quantified levels of CYP2A6, cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR), and aldo-keto reductase 1D1 (AKR1D1) mRNA, and CYP2A6 and POR proteins. CYP2A6 enzyme activity was determined through measurement of cotinine formation from nicotine and 7-hydroxycoumarin formation from coumarin. Donor DNA was genotyped for CYP2A6, POR, and AKR1D1 genetic variants. Nongenetic factors assessed included gender, age, and liver disease. CYP2A6 phenotype measures were positively correlated to each other (r values ranging from 0.47-0.88, P < 0.001). Female donors exhibited higher CYP2A6 mRNA expression relative to males (P < 0.05). Donor age was weakly positively correlated with CYP2A6 protein (r = 0.12, P < 0.05) and activity (r = 0.20, P < 0.001). CYP2A6 reduced-function genotypes, but not POR or AKR1D1 genotypes, were associated with lower CYP2A6 protein (P < 0.001) and activity (P < 0.01). AKR1D1 mRNA was correlated with CYP2A6 mRNA (r = 0.57, P < 0.001), protein (r = 0.30, P < 0.001), and activity (r = 0.34, P < 0.001). POR protein was correlated with CYP2A6 activity (r = 0.45, P < 0.001). Through regression analyses, we accounted for 17% (P < 0.001), 37% (P < 0.001), and 77% (P < 0.001) of the variation in CYP2A6 mRNA, protein, and activity, respectively. Overall, several independent and shared sources of variation in CYP2A6 activity in vitro have been identified, which could translate to variable hepatic clearance of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Anne Tanner
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J-A.T., R.F.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (J-A.T., R.F.T.) and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutics (B.P., K.G.C, K.E.T.) and Center for Exposures, Diseases, Genomics, and Environment (P.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.C., E.G.S.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J-A.T., R.F.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (J-A.T., R.F.T.) and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutics (B.P., K.G.C, K.E.T.) and Center for Exposures, Diseases, Genomics, and Environment (P.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.C., E.G.S.)
| | - Katrina G Claw
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J-A.T., R.F.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (J-A.T., R.F.T.) and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutics (B.P., K.G.C, K.E.T.) and Center for Exposures, Diseases, Genomics, and Environment (P.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.C., E.G.S.)
| | - Patricia Stapleton
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J-A.T., R.F.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (J-A.T., R.F.T.) and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutics (B.P., K.G.C, K.E.T.) and Center for Exposures, Diseases, Genomics, and Environment (P.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.C., E.G.S.)
| | - Amarjit Chaudhry
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J-A.T., R.F.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (J-A.T., R.F.T.) and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutics (B.P., K.G.C, K.E.T.) and Center for Exposures, Diseases, Genomics, and Environment (P.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.C., E.G.S.)
| | - Erin G Schuetz
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J-A.T., R.F.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (J-A.T., R.F.T.) and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutics (B.P., K.G.C, K.E.T.) and Center for Exposures, Diseases, Genomics, and Environment (P.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.C., E.G.S.)
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J-A.T., R.F.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (J-A.T., R.F.T.) and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutics (B.P., K.G.C, K.E.T.) and Center for Exposures, Diseases, Genomics, and Environment (P.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.C., E.G.S.)
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J-A.T., R.F.T.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (J-A.T., R.F.T.) and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutics (B.P., K.G.C, K.E.T.) and Center for Exposures, Diseases, Genomics, and Environment (P.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.C., E.G.S.)
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41
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Role of farnesoid X receptor in establishment of ontogeny of phase-I drug metabolizing enzyme genes in mouse liver. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:453-459. [PMID: 27709014 PMCID: PMC5045554 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of phase-I drug metabolizing enzymes in liver changes dramatically during postnatal liver maturation. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is critical for bile acid and lipid homeostasis in liver. However, the role of FXR in regulating ontogeny of phase-I drug metabolizing genes is not clear. Hence, we applied RNA-sequencing to quantify the developmental expression of phase-I genes in both Fxr-null and control (C57BL/6) mouse livers during development. Liver samples of male C57BL/6 and Fxr-null mice at 6 different ages from prenatal to adult were used. The Fxr-null showed an overall effect to diminish the “day-1 surge” of phase-I gene expression, including cytochrome P450s at neonatal ages. Among the 185 phase-I genes from 12 different families, 136 were expressed, and differential expression during development occurred in genes from all 12 phase-I families, including hydrolysis: carboxylesterase (Ces), paraoxonase (Pon), and epoxide hydrolase (Ephx); reduction: aldoketo reductase (Akr), quinone oxidoreductase (Nqo), and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (Dpyd); and oxidation: alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh), aldehyde dehydrogenase (Aldh), flavin monooxygenases (Fmo), molybdenum hydroxylase (Aox and Xdh), cytochrome P450 (P450), and cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Por). The data also suggested new phase-I genes potentially targeted by FXR. These results revealed an important role of FXR in regulation of ontogeny of phase-I genes.
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Key Words
- ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase
- AKR, aldoketo reductase
- ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase
- CES, carboxylesterase (Ces)
- DPYD, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase
- Drug metabolizing enzymes
- EPHX, epoxide hydrolase
- FMO, flavin monooxygenases, Farnesoid X receptor (FXR)
- Farnesoid X receptor
- Fxr-null mouse
- Gene expression
- Liver
- NQO, quinone oxidoreductase
- Ontogeny
- P450, cytochrome P450
- PON, paraoxonase
- POR, cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase
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42
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O'Dwyer AM, Lajczak NK, Keyes JA, Ward JB, Greene CM, Keely SJ. Ursodeoxycholic acid inhibits TNFα-induced IL-8 release from monocytes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G334-41. [PMID: 27340129 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00406.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes are critical to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as they infiltrate the mucosa and release cytokines that drive the inflammatory response. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a naturally occurring bile acid with anti-inflammatory actions, has been proposed as a potential new therapy for IBD. However, its effects on monocyte function are not yet known. Primary monocytes from healthy volunteers or cultured U937 monocytes were treated with either the proinflammatory cytokine, TNFα (5 ng/ml) or the bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 μg/ml) for 24 h, in the absence or presence of UDCA (25-100 μM). IL-8 release into the supernatant was measured by ELISA. mRNA levels were quantified by qPCR and changes in cell signaling proteins were determined by Western blotting. Toxicity was assessed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. UDCA treatment significantly attenuated TNFα-, but not LPS-driven, release of IL-8 from both primary and cultured monocytes. UDCA inhibition of TNFα-driven responses was associated with reduced IL-8 mRNA expression. Both TNFα and LPS stimulated NFκB activation in monocytes, while IL-8 release in response to both cytokines was attenuated by an NFκB inhibitor, BMS-345541. Interestingly, UDCA inhibited TNFα-, but not LPS-stimulated, NFκB activation. Finally, TNFα, but not LPS, induced phosphorylation of TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF2), while UDCA cotreatment attenuated this response. We conclude that UDCA specifically inhibits TNFα-induced IL-8 release from monocytes by inhibiting TRAF2 activation. Since such actions would serve to dampen mucosal immune responses in vivo, our data support the therapeutic potential of UDCA for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife M O'Dwyer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education & Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | - Natalia K Lajczak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education & Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | - Jennifer A Keyes
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education & Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | - Joseph B Ward
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education & Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | - Catherine M Greene
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education & Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen J Keely
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education & Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; and
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43
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Lian W, Liu X, Yang L, Zhang L, Feng X, Chen W. WITHDRAWN: The role of TNFα in promoting hepatic MRP4 expression via the p38-Rb-E2F1 pathway in human obstructive cholestasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016:S0006-291X(16)30061-4. [PMID: 26792717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the editor and the authors. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaocong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Long Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Liangjun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xinchan Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wensheng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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44
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Kaneta M, Ochiai W, Nagae M, Suto W, Hanagata M, Suzuki H, Kitaoka S, Hatogai J, Ikarashi N, Sugiyama K. Mechanism for Increased Expression of UGT2B in the Liver of Mice with Neuropathic Pain. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:1809-1814. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wataru Ochiai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
| | - Marina Nagae
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
| | - Wataru Suto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
| | - Mika Hanagata
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
| | - Haruka Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
| | | | - Jo Hatogai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
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45
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Zhang Y, Kim DK, Lee JM, Park SB, Jeong WI, Kim SH, Lee IK, Lee CH, Chiang JYL, Choi HS. Orphan nuclear receptor oestrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) plays a key role in hepatic cannabinoid receptor type 1-mediated induction of CYP7A1 gene expression. Biochem J 2015; 470:181-93. [PMID: 26348907 PMCID: PMC5333639 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are primarily synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and have important roles in dietary lipid absorption and cholesterol homoeostasis. Detailed roles of the orphan nuclear receptors regulating cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis, have not yet been fully elucidated. In the present study, we report that oestrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) is a novel transcriptional regulator of CYP7A1 expression. Activation of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1 receptor) signalling induced ERRγ-mediated transcription of the CYP7A1 gene. Overexpression of ERRγ increased CYP7A1 expression in vitro and in vivo, whereas knockdown of ERRγ attenuated CYP7A1 expression. Deletion analysis of the CYP7A1 gene promoter and a ChIP assay revealed an ERRγ-binding site on the CYP7A1 gene promoter. Small heterodimer partner (SHP) inhibited the transcriptional activity of ERRγ and thus regulated CYP7A1 expression. Overexpression of ERRγ led to increased bile acid levels, whereas an inverse agonist of ERRγ, GSK5182, reduced CYP7A1 expression and bile acid synthesis. Finally, GSK5182 significantly reduced hepatic CB1 receptor-mediated induction of CYP7A1 expression and bile acid synthesis in alcohol-treated mice. These results provide the molecular mechanism linking ERRγ and bile acid metabolism.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase/biosynthesis
- Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics
- Drug Inverse Agonism
- Ethanol/pharmacology
- Gene Expression
- Glycerides/pharmacology
- HEK293 Cells
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Humans
- Liver/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaochen Zhang
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Don-Kyu Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Lee
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bum Park
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Il Jeong
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 305-338, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Heon Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 701-310, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - John Y L Chiang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeastern Ohio University's Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rootstown, Ohio 44272, U.S.A
| | - Hueng-Sik Choi
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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46
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Wooton-Kee CR, Jain AK, Wagner M, Grusak MA, Finegold MJ, Lutsenko S, Moore DD. Elevated copper impairs hepatic nuclear receptor function in Wilson's disease. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3449-60. [PMID: 26241054 DOI: 10.1172/jci78991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilson's disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder that results in accumulation of copper in the liver as a consequence of mutations in the gene encoding the copper-transporting P-type ATPase (ATP7B). WD is a chronic liver disorder, and individuals with the disease present with a variety of complications, including steatosis, cholestasis, cirrhosis, and liver failure. Similar to patients with WD, Atp7b⁻/⁻ mice have markedly elevated levels of hepatic copper and liver pathology. Previous studies have demonstrated that replacement of zinc in the DNA-binding domain of the estrogen receptor (ER) with copper disrupts specific binding to DNA response elements. Here, we found decreased binding of the nuclear receptors FXR, RXR, HNF4α, and LRH-1 to promoter response elements and decreased mRNA expression of nuclear receptor target genes in Atp7b⁻/⁻ mice, as well as in adult and pediatric WD patients. Excessive hepatic copper has been described in progressive familial cholestasis (PFIC), and we found that similar to individuals with WD, patients with PFIC2 or PFIC3 who have clinically elevated hepatic copper levels exhibit impaired nuclear receptor activity. Together, these data demonstrate that copper-mediated nuclear receptor dysfunction disrupts liver function in WD and potentially in other disorders associated with increased hepatic copper levels.
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47
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Wen J, Luo J, Huang W, Tang J, Zhou H, Zhang W. The Pharmacological and Physiological Role of Multidrug-Resistant Protein 4. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:358-75. [PMID: 26148856 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.225656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant protein 4 (MRP4), a member of the C subfamily of ATP-binding cassette transporters, is distributed in a variety of tissues and a number of cancers. As a drug transporter, MRP4 is responsible for the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of numerous drugs, especially antiviral drugs, antitumor drugs, and diuretics. In this regard, the functional role of MRP4 is affected by a number of factors, such as genetic mutations; tissue-specific transcriptional regulations; post-transcriptional regulations, including miRNAs and membrane internalization; and substrate competition. Unlike other C family members, MRP4 is in a pivotal position to transport cellular signaling molecules, through which it is tightly connected to the living activity and physiologic processes of cells and bodies. In the context of several cancers in which MRP4 is overexpressed, MRP4 inhibition shows striking effects against cancer progression and drug resistance. In this review, we describe the role of MRP4 more specifically in both healthy conditions and disease states, with an emphasis on its potential as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiagen Wen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, ChangSha, P.R. China
| | - Jianquan Luo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, ChangSha, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, ChangSha, P.R. China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, ChangSha, P.R. China
| | - Honghao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, ChangSha, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, ChangSha, P.R. China
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Jahnel J, Fickert P, Hauer AC, Högenauer C, Avian A, Trauner M. Inflammatory bowel disease alters intestinal bile acid transporter expression. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1423-31. [PMID: 24965812 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.058065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids (BAs) critically depends on absorption of BA in the terminal ileum and colon, which can be affected by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Diarrhea in IBD is believed to result in part from BA malabsorption (BAM). We explored whether IBD alters mRNA expression of key intestinal BA transporters, BA detoxifying systems, and nuclear receptors that regulate BA transport and detoxification. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, mucosal biopsy specimens from the terminal ileum in Crohn's disease (CD) patients and from the descending colon in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients were assessed for mRNA expression. Levels were compared with healthy controls. The main ileal BA uptake transporter, the apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter, was downregulated in active CD and UC and in CD in remission. Other significant changes such as repression of breast cancer-related protein and sulphotransferase 2A1 were seen only during active disease. In UC, pancolitis (but not exclusively left-sided colitis) was associated with altered expression of major BA transporters [multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (MRP3), MRP4, multidrug resistance gene 1, organic solute transporter α/β] and nuclear receptors (pregnane X receptor, vitamin D receptor) in the descending colon. UC pancolitis leads to broad changes and CD ileitis to selective changes in intestinal BA transporter expression. Early medical manipulation of intestinal BA transporters may help prevent BAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Jahnel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine (J.J., P.F., C.H., M.T.), Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.J., A.C.H.), and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (A.A.), Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (M.T.)
| | - Peter Fickert
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine (J.J., P.F., C.H., M.T.), Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.J., A.C.H.), and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (A.A.), Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (M.T.)
| | - Almuthe C Hauer
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine (J.J., P.F., C.H., M.T.), Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.J., A.C.H.), and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (A.A.), Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (M.T.)
| | - Christoph Högenauer
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine (J.J., P.F., C.H., M.T.), Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.J., A.C.H.), and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (A.A.), Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (M.T.)
| | - Alexander Avian
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine (J.J., P.F., C.H., M.T.), Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.J., A.C.H.), and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (A.A.), Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (M.T.)
| | - Michael Trauner
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine (J.J., P.F., C.H., M.T.), Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.J., A.C.H.), and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (A.A.), Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (M.T.)
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Schuetz JD, Swaan PW, Tweedie DJ. The role of transporters in toxicity and disease. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:541-5. [PMID: 24598705 PMCID: PMC3965901 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.057539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The significance of transporters in the disposition, metabolism, and elimination of drugs is well recognized. One gap in our knowledge is a comprehensive understanding of how drug transporters change functionality (their amount and activity) in response to disease and how disease and its inevitable pathology change transporter expression. In this issue of Drug Metabolism and Disposition a series of review and primary research articles are presented to highlight the importance of transporters in toxicity and disease. Because of the central role of the liver in drug metabolism, many of the articles in this theme issue focus on transporters in the liver and how pathology or alterations in physiology affects transporter expression. The contributing authors have also considered the role of transporters in drug interactions as well as drug-induced liver injury. Noninvasive approaches to assessing transporter function in vivo are also described. Several articles highlight important issues in oncology where toxicity must be balanced against efficacy. In total, this theme issue will provide a stepping-stone to future studies that will establish a more comprehensive understanding of transporters in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (J.D.S); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (P.W.S); and Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.J.T.)
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Kosters A, Felix JC, Desai MS, Karpen SJ. Impaired bile acid handling and aggravated liver injury in mice expressing a hepatocyte-specific RXRα variant lacking the DNA-binding domain. J Hepatol 2014; 60:362-9. [PMID: 24120911 PMCID: PMC3946967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Retinoid X Receptor α (RXRα) is the principal heterodimerization partner of class II Nuclear Receptors (NRs), and a major regulator of gene expression of numerous hepatic processes, including bile acid (BA) homeostasis through multiple partners. Specific contributions of hepatic RXRα domains in heterodimer function in response to either BA load or ductular cholestasis are not fully characterized. METHODS Wild-type (WT) mice and mice expressing a hepatocyte-specific RXRα lacking the DNA-Binding-Domain (hs-RxrαΔex4(-/-)), which retains partial ability to heterodimerize with its partners, were fed a 1% cholic acid (CA) diet for 5 days, a 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) diet for 3 weeks, or control diet. RESULTS Serum ALT (6.5-fold; p<0.05), AST (9.3-fold; p=0.06) and BA (2.8-fold; p<0.05) were increased in CA-fed hs-RxαΔex4(-/-) mice compared to CA-fed WT mice, but were equally induced between genotypes by DDC-feeding. CA-feeding elevated total (4.4-fold; p=0.06) and unconjugated (2.2-fold; p<0.02) bilirubin levels in hs-RxrαΔex4(-/-) mice compared to WT mice, but not in DDC-fed hs-RxrαΔex4(-/-) mice. Increased necrosis and inflammation was observed in CA-fed, but not in DDC-fed hs-RxrαΔex4(-/-) mice. Apoptotic markers DR5, CK8, CK18 RNA were increased in CA- and DDC-fed hs-RxrαΔex4(-/-) mice. Cleaved caspase 3, CK18 and p-JNK protein were elevated in CA-fed but not in DDC-fed hs-RxrαΔex4(-/-) mice. Induction of Ostβ and Cyp2b10 RNA was impaired in CA-fed and DDC-fed hs-RxrαΔex4(-/-) mice. Surprisingly, DDC-fed hs-RxrαΔex4(-/-) mice showed attenuated fibrosis compared to DDC-fed WT mice. CONCLUSIONS These two models of cholestasis identify common and injury-specific roles for RXRα heterodimers and the functional relevance of an intact RXRα-DBD in the hepatocytic adaptive cholestatic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Kosters
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, 30322
| | - Julio C. Felix
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Moreshwar S. Desai
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Saul J. Karpen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, 30322
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