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Yuan B, Shen C, Luna A, Korkut A, Marks DS, Ingraham J, Sander C. CellBox: Interpretable Machine Learning for Perturbation Biology with Application to the Design of Cancer Combination Therapy. Cell Syst 2020; 12:128-140.e4. [PMID: 33373583 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Systematic perturbation of cells followed by comprehensive measurements of molecular and phenotypic responses provides informative data resources for constructing computational models of cell biology. Models that generalize well beyond training data can be used to identify combinatorial perturbations of potential therapeutic interest. Major challenges for machine learning on large biological datasets are to find global optima in a complex multidimensional space and mechanistically interpret the solutions. To address these challenges, we introduce a hybrid approach that combines explicit mathematical models of cell dynamics with a machine-learning framework, implemented in TensorFlow. We tested the modeling framework on a perturbation-response dataset of a melanoma cell line after drug treatments. The models can be efficiently trained to describe cellular behavior accurately. Even though completely data driven and independent of prior knowledge, the resulting de novo network models recapitulate some known interactions. The approach is readily applicable to various kinetic models of cell biology. A record of this paper's Transparent Peer Review process is included in the Supplemental Information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; cBio Center, Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Ciyue Shen
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; cBio Center, Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Augustin Luna
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; cBio Center, Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anil Korkut
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, the University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Debora S Marks
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Ingraham
- MIT Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chris Sander
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; cBio Center, Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Rezatabar S, Karimian A, Rameshknia V, Parsian H, Majidinia M, Kopi TA, Bishayee A, Sadeghinia A, Yousefi M, Monirialamdari M, Yousefi B. RAS/MAPK signaling functions in oxidative stress, DNA damage response and cancer progression. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14951-14965. [PMID: 30811039 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways organize a great constitution network that regulates several physiological processes, like cell growth, differentiation, and apoptotic cell death. Due to the crucial importance of this signaling pathway, dysregulation of the MAPK signaling cascades is involved in the pathogenesis of various human cancer types. Oxidative stress and DNA damage are two important factors which in common lead to carcinogenesis through dysregulation of this signaling pathway. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a common subproduct of oxidative energy metabolism and are considered to be a significant physiological modulator of several intracellular signaling pathways including the MAPK pathway. Studies demonstrated that the MAP kinases extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and p38 were activated in response to oxidative stress. In addition, DNA damage is a partly common circumstance in cell life and may result in mutation, cancer, and even cell death. Recently, accumulating evidence illustrated that the MEK/ERK pathway is associated with the suitable performance of cellular DNA damage response (DDR), the main pathway of tumor suppression. During DDR, the MEK/ERK pathway is regularly activated, which contributes to the appropriate activation of DDR checkpoints to inhibit cell division. Therefore, the aim of this review is to comprehensively discuss the critical function of MAPK signaling in oxidative stress, DNA damage, and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Rezatabar
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ansar Karimian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Cancer & Immunology Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Vahid Rameshknia
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Parsian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Azramezani Kopi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida
| | - Ali Sadeghinia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Walter DM, Yates TJ, Ruiz-Torres M, Kim-Kiselak C, Gudiel AA, Deshpande C, Wang WZ, Cicchini M, Stokes KL, Tobias JW, Buza E, Feldser DM. RB constrains lineage fidelity and multiple stages of tumour progression and metastasis. Nature 2019; 569:423-427. [PMID: 31043741 PMCID: PMC6522292 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the Retinoblastoma (RB) tumour suppressor pathway are a hallmark of cancer and a prevalent feature of lung adenocarcinoma1,2,3. Despite being the first tumour suppressor to be identified, the molecular and cellular basis underlying selection for persistent RB loss in cancer remains unclear4–6. Methods that reactivate the RB pathway using inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6 are effective in some cancer types and currently under evaluation in lung adenocarcinoma7–9. Whether RB pathway reactivation will have therapeutic effects and if targeting CDK4/6 is sufficient to reactivate RB pathway activity in lung cancer is unknown. Here, we model RB loss during lung adenocarcinoma progression and pathway reactivation in established oncogenic KRAS-driven tumours in the mouse. We show that RB loss enables cancer cells to bypass two distinct barriers during tumour progression. First, RB loss abrogates the requirement for MAPK signal amplification during malignant progression. We identify CDK2-dependent phosphorylation of RB as an effector of MAPK signalling and critical mediator of resistance to CDK4/6 inhibition. Second, RB inactivation deregulates expression of cell state-determining factors, facilitates lineage infidelity, and accelerates the acquisition of metastatic competency. In contrast, reactivation of RB reprograms advanced tumours toward a less metastatic cell state, but is nevertheless unable to halt cancer cell proliferation and tumour growth due to adaptive rewiring of MAPK pathway signalling, which restores a CDK-dependent suppression of RB. Our study demonstrates the power of reversible gene perturbation approaches to identify molecular mechanisms of tumour progression, causal relationships between genes and the tumour suppressive programs they control, and critical determinants of successful therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Walter
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Travis J Yates
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Miguel Ruiz-Torres
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caroline Kim-Kiselak
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Andrea Gudiel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charuhas Deshpande
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Walter Z Wang
- Vagelos Scholars Program, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michelle Cicchini
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kate L Stokes
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John W Tobias
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Penn Genomic Analysis Core, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Buza
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David M Feldser
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Fiedler M, Renner P, Schubert J, Weber F, Hartmann A, Iro H, Vielsmeier V, Bohr C, Gerken M, Reichert TE, Ettl T. Predictive value of FHIT, p27, and pERK1/ERK2 in salivary gland carcinomas: a retrospective study. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 23:3801-3809. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-02809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Stires H, Heckler MM, Fu X, Li Z, Grasso CS, Quist MJ, Lewis JA, Klimach U, Zwart A, Mahajan A, Győrffy B, Cavalli LR, Riggins RB. Integrated molecular analysis of Tamoxifen-resistant invasive lobular breast cancer cells identifies MAPK and GRM/mGluR signaling as therapeutic vulnerabilities. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 471:105-117. [PMID: 28935545 PMCID: PMC5858970 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) is an understudied malignancy with distinct clinical, pathological, and molecular features that distinguish it from the more common invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Mounting evidence suggests that estrogen receptor-alpha positive (ER+) ILC has a poor response to Tamoxifen (TAM), but the mechanistic drivers of this are undefined. In the current work, we comprehensively characterize the SUM44/LCCTam ILC cell model system through integrated analysis of gene expression, copy number, and mutation, with the goal of identifying actionable alterations relevant to clinical ILC that can be co-targeted along with ER to improve treatment outcomes. We show that TAM has several distinct effects on the transcriptome of LCCTam cells, that this resistant cell model has acquired copy number alterations and mutations that impinge on MAPK and metabotropic glutamate receptor (GRM/mGluR) signaling networks, and that pharmacological inhibition of either improves or restores the growth-inhibitory actions of endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Stires
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mary M Heckler
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Fu
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph A Lewis
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Uwe Klimach
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alan Zwart
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Akanksha Mahajan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Luciane R Cavalli
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rebecca B Riggins
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Jia Y, Zhou J, Luo X, Chen M, Chen Y, Wang J, Xiong H, Ying X, Hu W, Zhao W, Deng W, Wang L. KLF4 overcomes tamoxifen resistance by suppressing MAPK signaling pathway and predicts good prognosis in breast cancer. Cell Signal 2017; 42:165-175. [PMID: 28988130 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen resistance represents a daunting challenge to the successful treatment for breast cancer. Krüppel-like factor 4 has critical roles in the development and progression of breast cancer, but its expression, function and regulation in the efficacy of TAM therapy in breast cancer have yet to be investigated. Here, we examined the clinical significance and biologic effects of KLF4 in breast cancer. Firstly, higher expression of KLF4 correlated with increased TAM sensitivity in breast cancer cells, and analysis of GEO datasets indicated that KLF4 expression was positively correlated with ERα and enhanced expression of KLF4 sensitized breast cancer patients to endocrine therapy. Knockdown of KLF4 in MCF-7 and BCAP37 cells led to increased TAM resistance, while ectopic KLF4 expression promoted the responsiveness to TAM in T47D and TAM-resistant MCF-7/TAM cells. Secondly, ectopic KLF4 overexpression suppressed MCF-7/TAM cell growth, invasion and migration. Moreover, KLF4 expression was down-regulated in breast cancer tumor tissues and high expression of KLF4 was associated with favorable outcomes. Mechanistically, KLF4 may enhance the responsiveness of breast cancer cells to TAM through suppressing mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. We found that ERK and p38 were more activated in MCF-7/TAM compared with MCF-7, and treatment with MAPK-specific inhibitors significantly suppressed cell viability. Knockdown of KLF4 activated ERK and p38 and drove MCF-7 cells to become resistant to TAM. Conversely, overexpression of KLF4 in MCF-7/TAM cells suppressed ERK and p38 signaling and resulted in increased sensitivity to TAM. Therefore, our findings suggested that KLF4 contributed to TAM sensitivity in breast cancer via phosphorylation modification of ERK and p38 signaling. Collectively, this study highlighted the significance of KLF4/MAPK signal interaction in regulating TAM resistance of breast cancer, and suggested that targeting KLF4/MAPK signaling may be a potential therapeutic strategy for breast cancer treatment, especially for the TAM-resistant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlu Jia
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Jichun Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miao Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxia Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Hanchu Xiong
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Xiaogang Ying
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Wenxian Hu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Wenhe Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, China.
| | - Wuguo Deng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Linbo Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, China.
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Alrezk R, Hannah-Shmouni F, Stratakis CA. MEN4 and CDKN1B mutations: the latest of the MEN syndromes. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:T195-T208. [PMID: 28824003 PMCID: PMC5623937 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) refers to a group of autosomal dominant disorders with generally high penetrance that lead to the development of a wide spectrum of endocrine and non-endocrine manifestations. The most frequent among these conditions is MEN type 1 (MEN1), which is caused by germline heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the tumor suppressor gene MEN1 MEN1 is characterized by primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and functional or nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and pituitary adenomas. Approximately 10% of patients with familial or sporadic MEN1-like phenotype do not have MEN1 mutations or deletions. A novel MEN syndrome was discovered, initially in rats (MENX), and later in humans (MEN4), which is caused by germline mutations in the putative tumor suppressor CDKN1B The most common phenotype of the 19 established cases of MEN4 that have been described to date is PHPT followed by pituitary adenomas. Recently, somatic or germline mutations in CDKN1B were also identified in patients with sporadic PHPT, small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors, lymphoma and breast cancer, demonstrating a novel role for CDKN1B as a tumor susceptibility gene for other neoplasms. In this review, we report on the genetic characterization and clinical features of MEN4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Alrezk
- The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fady Hannah-Shmouni
- Section on Endocrinology & Geneticsthe Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology & Geneticsthe Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Although most of pituitary adenomas are benign, they may cause significant burden to patients. Sporadic adenomas represent the vast majority of the cases, where recognized somatic mutations (eg, GNAS or USP8), as well as altered gene-expression profile often affecting cell cycle proteins have been identified. More rarely, germline mutations predisposing to pituitary adenomas -as part of a syndrome (eg, MEN1 or Carney complex), or isolated to the pituitary (AIP or GPR101) can be identified. These alterations influence the biological behavior, clinical presentations and therapeutic responses, and their full understanding helps to provide appropriate care for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Wang T, Seah S, Loh X, Chan CW, Hartman M, Goh BC, Lee SC. Simvastatin-induced breast cancer cell death and deactivation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signalling are reversed by metabolic products of the mevalonate pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2532-44. [PMID: 26565813 PMCID: PMC4823053 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins purportedly exert anti-tumoral effects on breast cancer. However, the biologic mechanisms for these actions are not fully elucidated. The aims of this study were 1) to explore the effects of simvastatin on apoptosis, proliferation as well as PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK/ERK pathway in a window-of-opportunity breast cancer trial; 2) to further confirm findings from the clinical trial by functional studies; 3) to explore the regulatory role of mevalonate pathway on the anti-tumoral effects of simvastatin. In clinical samples, simvastatin led to increase in cleaved caspase-3 (p = 0.002) and decreased trend for Ki67 (p = 0.245). Simvastatin markedly suppressed PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling by activating PTEN (p = 0.005) and by dephosphorylating Akt (p = 0.002) and S6RP (p = 0.033); it also inhibited MAPK/ERK pathway by dephosphorylating c-Raf (p = 0.018) and ERK1/2 (p = 0.002). In ER-positive (MCF-7, T47D) and ER-negative (MDA-MB-231, BT-549) breast cancer cells, simvastatin treatment consistently induced apoptosis and inhibited proliferation by deregulating caspase cascades and cell cycle proteins in a dose dependent manner. Concordantly, simvastatin strongly suppressed PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway by enhancing PTEN expression and by further sequentially dephosphorylating downstream cascades including Akt, mTOR, p70S6K, S6RP and 4E-BP1. Furthermore, simvastatin significantly inhibited MAPK/ERK pathway by dephosphorylating sequential cascades such as c-Raf, MEK1/2 and ERK1/2. These simvastatin anti-tumoral effects were reversed by metabolic products of the mevalonate pathway, including mevalonate, farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. These findings shed light on the biological and potential anti-tumoral effects of simvastatin in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Serena Seah
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinyi Loh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Wan Chan
- Department of Surgery, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mikael Hartman
- Department of Surgery, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon-Cher Goh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Haematology and Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Soo-Chin Lee
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Haematology and Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
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Yan L, Cao X, Zeng S, Li Z, Lian Z, Wang J, Lv F, Wang Y, Li Y. Associations of proteins relevant to MAPK signaling pathway (p38MAPK-1,HIF-1 and HO-1) with coronary lesion characteristics and prognosis of peri-menopausal women. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:187. [PMID: 27821168 PMCID: PMC5100280 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was intended to explore whether three proteins within MAPK signaling pathway (i.e. p38MAPK-1, HIF-1 and HO-1) were correlated with peri-menopausal women's coronary lesion features and prognosis. METHODS Altogether 1449 peri-menopausal women were divided into non-coronary artery disease (CAD) group (n = 860) and CAD group (n = 589), including 167 pre-menopausal CAD populations and 422 post-menopausal CAD populations. General information about CAD risk parameters were gathered, including age, family history of CAD or hypertension or diabetes mellitus, bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and so on. Coronary angiography results were judged, and CAD score was calculated with application of Genisin scoring method. Besides, detection of MAPK-1 levels was implemented with Strept Avidin-Biotin Complex (SABC) method, while HIF-1 and HO-1 expressions in the serum were determined utilizing ELISA detection kit. Correlations among protein expressions, characteristics of coronary lesions and prognosis of CAD populations were finally evaluated. RESULTS Hypertension, hyperlipoidemia, diabetes and smoking history were more prevalent among postmenopausal CAD women than premenopausal CAD women (P < 0.05). Furthermore, postmenopausal women seemed to be significantly associated with multiple (i.e. double and triple) vessel lesions and severe lesion types (type B and C), when compared with premenopausal CAD group (P < 0.05). Similarly, remarkably elevated expressions of p38MAPK-1, HIF-1 and HO-1 were found within postmenopausal CAD populations in comparison to premenopausal ones (P < 0.05). The internal CysC, hs-CRP, TG and LDL-C concentrations all accorded with the following tendency: postmenopausal CAD women > premenopausal CAD women > non-CAD women. Moreover, p38MAPK-1, HIF-1 and HO-1 expressions were up-regulated with increasing number of vessel lesions and severity of coronary lesions among peri-menopausal women. Besides, among both pre-menopausal and post-menopausal CAD groups, positive correlations could be observed between MAPK-1 and TG (r s = 0.271; r s = 0.476), between HIF-1α and LDL-C (r s = 0.077; r s = 0.470), as well as between HO-1 and CysC (r s = 0.492; r s = 0.190) or hs-CRP (r s = 0.569; r s = 0.542) (all P < 0.05). MAPK-1, HIF-1α and HO-1 were also, respectively, positively correlated with CysC (r s = 0.415), hs-CRP (r s = 0.137), and TG (r s = 0.142), regarding post-menopausal CAD women (all P < 0.05). Finally, only SBP and TG were regarded as independent risk factors for CAD prognosis (i.e. high Genisin score) among premenopausal women (OR = 1.02, 95%CI: 1.01-1.18, P = 0.043; OR = 1.82, 95%CI: 1.01-3.33, P = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS Expressions of p38MAPK-1, HIF-1 and HO-1 could serve as predictive roles for coronary lesions among peri-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiu Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, No. 16 Xinhua West Road, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, 061001, China
| | - Xufen Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, No. 16 Xinhua West Road, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, 061001, China.
| | - Saitian Zeng
- Department of Gynecology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, No. 16 Xinhua West Road, Cangzhou, 061001, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, No. 16 Xinhua West Road, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, 061001, China
| | - Zheng Lian
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, No. 16 Xinhua West Road, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, 061001, China
| | - Jiawang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, No. 16 Xinhua West Road, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, 061001, China
| | - Fengfeng Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, No. 16 Xinhua West Road, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, 061001, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, No. 16 Xinhua West Road, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, 061001, China
| | - Yanshen Li
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, No. 16 Xinhua West Road, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, 061001, China
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12
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Zhang JX, Yun M, Xu Y, Chen JW, Weng HW, Zheng ZS, Chen C, Xie D, Ye S. GNA13 as a prognostic factor and mediator of gastric cancer progression. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4414-27. [PMID: 26735177 PMCID: PMC4826215 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha 13 (GNA13) has been implicated as an oncogenic protein in several human cancers. In this study, GNA13 was characterized for its role in gastric cancer (GC) progression and underlying molecular mechanisms. The expression dynamics of GNA13 were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in two independent cohorts of GC samples. A series of in-vivo and in-vitro assays was performed to elucidate the function of GNA13 in GC and its underlying mechanisms. In both two cohorts of GC samples, we observed that GNA13 was markedly overexpressed in GC tissues and associated closely with aggressive magnitude of GC progression and poor patients' survival. Further study showed that upregulation of GNA13 expression increased the proliferation and tumorigenicity of GC cells in vitro and in vivo, by promoting cell growth rate, colony formation, and tumor formation in nude mice. By contrast, knockdown of GNA13 effectively suppressed the proliferation and tumorigenicity of GC cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results also demonstrated that the molecular mechanisms of the effect of GNA13 in GC included promotion of G1/S cell cycle transition through upregulation of c-Myc, activation of AKT and ERK activity, suppression of FOXO1 activity, upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) regulator cyclin D1 and downregulation of CDK inhibitor p21Cip1 and p27Kip1. Our present study illustrated that GNA13 has an important role in promoting proliferation and tumorigenicity of GC, and may represent a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xing Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Miao Yun
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China.,Department of Ultrasound, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jie-Wei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hui-Wen Weng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zou-San Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Cui Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Dan Xie
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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13
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Hu S, Huang L, Meng L, Sun H, Zhang W, Xu Y. Isorhamnetin inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in breast cancer via Akt and mitogen‑activated protein kinase kinase signaling pathways. Mol Med Rep 2016; 12:6745-51. [PMID: 26502751 PMCID: PMC4626180 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cause of female cancer-associated mortality. Although treatment options, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery have led to a decline in the mortality rates associated with breast cancer, drug resistance remains one of the predominant causes for poor prognosis and high recurrence rates. The present study investigated the potential effects of the natural product, isorhamnetin on breast cancer, and examined the effects of isorhamnetin on the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/MAPK kinase (MEK) signaling cascades, which are two important signaling pathways for endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer. The results of the present study indicate that isorhamnetin inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell apoptosis. In addition, isorhamnetin was observed to inhibit the Akt/mTOR and the MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation cascades. The inhibition of these two signaling pathways was attenuated by the two Akt and MEK1 inhibitors, but not by the nuclear factor-κB inhibitor. Furthermore, epidermal growth factor inhibited the effects of isorhamnetin via activation of the Akt and MEK signaling pathways. These results indicate that isorhamnetin exhibits antitumor effects in breast cancer, which are mediated by the Akt and MEK signaling pathways.
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14
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Herrera Estrada L, Padmore TJ, Champion JA. Bacterial Effector Nanoparticles as Breast Cancer Therapeutics. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:710-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Herrera Estrada
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Trudy J. Padmore
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Julie A. Champion
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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15
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Schernthaner-Reiter MH, Trivellin G, Stratakis CA. MEN1, MEN4, and Carney Complex: Pathology and Molecular Genetics. Neuroendocrinology 2016; 103:18-31. [PMID: 25592387 PMCID: PMC4497946 DOI: 10.1159/000371819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are a common feature of a subset of endocrine neoplasia syndromes, which have otherwise highly variable disease manifestations. We provide here a review of the clinical features and human molecular genetics of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1 and 4 (MEN1 and MEN4, respectively) and Carney complex (CNC). MEN1, MEN4, and CNC are hereditary autosomal dominant syndromes that can present with pituitary adenomas. MEN1 is caused by inactivating mutations in the MEN1 gene, whose product menin is involved in multiple intracellular pathways contributing to transcriptional control and cell proliferation. MEN1 clinical features include primary hyperparathyroidism, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours and prolactinomas as well as other pituitary adenomas. A subset of patients with pituitary adenomas and other MEN1 features have mutations in the CDKN1B gene; their disease has been called MEN4. Inactivating mutations in the type 1α regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PKA; the PRKAR1A gene), that lead to dysregulation and activation of the PKA pathway, are the main genetic cause of CNC, which is clinically characterised by primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease, spotty skin pigmentation (lentigines), cardiac and other myxomas and acromegaly due to somatotropinomas or somatotrope hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Helene Schernthaner-Reiter
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., USA
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16
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Hew KE, Miller PC, El-Ashry D, Sun J, Besser AH, Ince TA, Gu M, Wei Z, Zhang G, Brafford P, Gao W, Lu Y, Mills GB, Slingerland JM, Simpkins F. MAPK Activation Predicts Poor Outcome and the MEK Inhibitor, Selumetinib, Reverses Antiestrogen Resistance in ER-Positive High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:935-47. [PMID: 26482043 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although 67% of high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOC) express the estrogen receptor (ER), most fail antiestrogen therapy. Because MAPK activation is frequent in ovarian cancer, we investigated if estrogen regulates MAPK and if MEK inhibition (MEKi) reverses antiestrogen resistance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Effects of MEKi (selumetinib), antiestrogen (fulvestrant), or both were assayed in ER-positive HGSOC in vitro and in xenografts. Response biomarkers were investigated by gene expression microarray and reverse phase protein array (RPPA). Genes differentially expressed in two independent primary HGSOC datasets with high versus low pMAPK by RPPA were used to generate a "MAPK-activated gene signature." Gene signature components that were reversed by MEKi were then identified. RESULTS High intratumor pMAPK independently predicts decreased survival (HR, 1.7; CI > 95%,1.3-2.2; P = 0.0009) in 408 HGSOC from The Cancer Genome Atlas. A differentially expressed "MAPK-activated" gene subset was also prognostic. "MAPK-activated genes" in HGSOC differ from those in breast cancer. Combined MEK and ER blockade showed greater antitumor effects in xenografts than monotherapy. Gene set enrichment analysis and RPPA showed that dual therapy downregulated DNA replication and cell-cycle drivers, and upregulated lysosomal gene sets. Selumetinib reversed expression of a subset of "MAPK-activated genes" in vitro and/or in xenografts. Three of these genes were prognostic for poor survival (P = 0.000265) and warrant testing as a signature predictive of MEKi response. CONCLUSIONS High pMAPK is independently prognostic and may underlie antiestrogen failure. Data support further evaluation of fulvestrant and selumetinib in ER-positive HGSOC. The MAPK-activated HGSOC signature may help identify MEK inhibitor responsive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina E Hew
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida. Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Philip C Miller
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida. Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Dorraya El-Ashry
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida. Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jun Sun
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Alexandra H Besser
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Tan A Ince
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida. Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Mengnan Gu
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Zhi Wei
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Gao Zhang
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Wei Gao
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yiling Lu
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Joyce M Slingerland
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida. Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
| | - Fiona Simpkins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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17
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Wu X, Zahari MS, Renuse S, Nirujogi RS, Kim MS, Manda SS, Stearns V, Gabrielson E, Sukumar S, Pandey A. Phosphoproteomic Analysis Identifies Focal Adhesion Kinase 2 (FAK2) as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Tamoxifen Resistance in Breast Cancer. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:2887-900. [PMID: 26330541 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.050484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor-α (ER) antagonist, is an important agent for the treatment of breast cancer. However, this therapy is complicated by the fact that a substantial number of patients exhibit either de novo or acquired resistance. To characterize the signaling mechanisms underlying this resistance, we treated the MCF7 breast cancer cell line with tamoxifen for over six months and showed that this cell line acquired resistance to tamoxifen in vitro and in vivo. We performed SILAC-based quantitative phosphoproteomic profiling on the tamoxifen resistant and vehicle-treated sensitive cell lines to quantify the phosphorylation alterations associated with tamoxifen resistance. From >5600 unique phosphopeptides identified, 1529 peptides exhibited hyperphosphorylation and 409 peptides showed hypophosphorylation in the tamoxifen resistant cells. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that focal adhesion pathway was one of the most enriched signaling pathways activated in tamoxifen resistant cells. Significantly, we showed that the focal adhesion kinase FAK2 was not only hyperphosphorylated but also transcriptionally up-regulated in tamoxifen resistant cells. FAK2 suppression by specific siRNA knockdown or a small molecule inhibitor repressed cellular proliferation in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. More importantly, our survival analysis revealed that high expression of FAK2 is significantly associated with shorter metastasis-free survival in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen. Our studies suggest that FAK2 is a potential therapeutic target for the management of hormone-refractory breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Wu
- From the ‡McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Muhammad Saddiq Zahari
- From the ‡McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Santosh Renuse
- §Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Raja Sekhar Nirujogi
- §Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- From the ‡McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Srikanth S Manda
- §Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | | | - Edward Gabrielson
- ‖Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | | | - Akhilesh Pandey
- From the ‡McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; ¶Department of Oncology; ‖Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
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18
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Amit E, Obena R, Wang YT, Zhuravel R, Reyes AJF, Elbaz S, Rotem D, Porath D, Friedler A, Chen YJ, Yitzchaik S. Integrating proteomics with electrochemistry for identifying kinase biomarkers. Chem Sci 2015; 6:4756-4766. [PMID: 29142712 PMCID: PMC5667508 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00560d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an integrated approach for highly sensitive identification and validation of substrate-specific kinases as cancer biomarkers. Our approach combines phosphoproteomics for high throughput cancer-related biomarker discovery from patient tissues and an impedimetric kinase activity biosensor for sensitive validation. Using non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as a proof-of-concept study, label-free quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of a pair of cancerous and its adjacent normal tissues revealed 198 phosphoproteins that are over-phosphorylated in NSCLC. Among the differentially regulated phosphorylation sites, the most significant alteration was in residue S165 in the Hepatoma Derived Growth Factor (HDGF) protein. Hence, HDGF was selected as a model system for the electrochemical studies. Further motif-based analysis of this altered phosphorylation site revealed that extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) are most likely to be the corresponding kinases. For validation of the kinase-substrate pair, densely packed peptide monolayers corresponding to the HDGF phosphorylation site were coupled to a gold electrode. Phosphorylation of the monolayer by ERK2 and dephosphorylation by alkaline phosphatase (AP) were detected by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and surface roughness analysis. Compared to other methods for quantification of kinase concentration, this label-free electrochemical assay offers the advantages of ultra-sensitivity as well as higher specificity for the detection of cancer-related kinase-substrate pair. With implementation of multiple kinase-substrate biomarker pairs, we expect this integrated approach to become a high throughput platform for discovery and validation of phosphorylation-mediated biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einav Amit
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Safra Campus, Givat Ram , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel . ;
| | - Rofeamor Obena
- Institute of Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Taipei , Taiwan .
| | - Yi-Ting Wang
- Institute of Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Taipei , Taiwan .
| | - Roman Zhuravel
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Safra Campus, Givat Ram , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel . ;
| | - Aaron James F Reyes
- Institute of Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Taipei , Taiwan .
- Molecular Science and Technology Program , Taiwan International Graduate Program , Taipei , Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu , Taiwan
| | - Shir Elbaz
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Safra Campus, Givat Ram , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel . ;
| | - Dvir Rotem
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Safra Campus, Givat Ram , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel . ;
| | - Danny Porath
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Safra Campus, Givat Ram , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel . ;
| | - Assaf Friedler
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Safra Campus, Givat Ram , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel . ;
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Taipei , Taiwan .
| | - Shlomo Yitzchaik
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Safra Campus, Givat Ram , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel . ;
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19
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Role of miR-155 in drug resistance of breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:1395-401. [PMID: 25744731 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expressions at posttranscriptional level. Growing evidence points to their significant role in the acquisition of drug resistance in cancers. Studies show that miRNAs are often aberrantly expressed in human cancer cells which are associated with tumorigenesis, metastasis, invasiveness, and drug resistance. Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-induced death in women. Over the last decades, increasing attention has been paid to the effects of miRNAs on the development of breast cancer drug resistance. Among them, miR-155 takes part in a sequence of bioprocesses that contribute to the development of such drug resistance, including repression of FOXO3a, enhancement of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, reduction of RhoA, and affecting the length of telomeres. In this review, we discuss the role of miR-155 in the acquisition of breast cancer drug resistance. This will provide a new way in antiresistance treatment of drug-resistant breast cancer.
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20
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Kirsammer G, Strizzi L, Margaryan NV, Gilgur A, Hyser M, Atkinson J, Kirschmann DA, Seftor EA, Hendrix MJC. Nodal signaling promotes a tumorigenic phenotype in human breast cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 29:40-50. [PMID: 25073112 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Ras-ERK pathway is deregulated in approximately a third of human cancers, particularly those of epithelial origin. In aggressive, triple-negative, basal-like breast cancers, most tumors display increased MEK and ERK phosphorylation and exhibit a gene expression profile characteristic of Kras or EGFR mutant tumors; however, Ras family genetic mutations are uncommon in triple-negative breast cancer and EGFR mutations account for only a subset of these tumors. Therefore, the upstream events that activate MAPK signaling and promote tumor aggression in triple-negative breast cancers remain poorly defined. We have previously shown that a secreted TGF-β family signaling ligand, Nodal, is expressed in breast cancer in correlation with disease progression. Here we highlight key findings demonstrating that Nodal is required in aggressive human breast cancer cells to activate ERK signaling and downstream tumorigenic phenotypes both in vitro and in vivo. Experimental knockdown of Nodal signaling downregulates ERK activity, resulting in loss of c-myc, upregulation of p27, G1 cell cycle arrest, increased apoptosis and decreased tumorigenicity. The data suggest that ERK activation by Nodal signaling regulates c-myc and p27 proteins post-translationally and that this cascade is essential for aggressive breast tumor behavior in vivo. As the MAPK pathway is an important target for treating triple-negative breast cancers, upstream Nodal signaling may represent a promising target for breast cancer diagnosis and combined therapies aimed at blocking ERK pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Kirsammer
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, 2430 N Halsted St., Chicago, IL 60614, United States
| | - Luigi Strizzi
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, 2430 N Halsted St., Chicago, IL 60614, United States; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Naira V Margaryan
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, 2430 N Halsted St., Chicago, IL 60614, United States
| | - Alina Gilgur
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, 2430 N Halsted St., Chicago, IL 60614, United States
| | - Matthew Hyser
- Presence Saint Francis Hospital, 355 Ridge Ave, Evanston, IL 60202, United States
| | - Janis Atkinson
- Presence Saint Francis Hospital, 355 Ridge Ave, Evanston, IL 60202, United States
| | - Dawn A Kirschmann
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, 2430 N Halsted St., Chicago, IL 60614, United States
| | - Elisabeth A Seftor
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, 2430 N Halsted St., Chicago, IL 60614, United States
| | - Mary J C Hendrix
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, 2430 N Halsted St., Chicago, IL 60614, United States; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
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21
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Cui YM, Jiang D, Zhang SH, Wu P, Ye YP, Chen CM, Tang N, Liang L, Li TT, Qi L, Wang SY, Jiao HL, Lin J, Ding YQ, Liao WT. FOXC2 promotes colorectal cancer proliferation through inhibition of FOXO3a and activation of MAPK and AKT signaling pathways. Cancer Lett 2014; 353:87-94. [PMID: 25069037 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal expression of FOXC2 has been found in several human cancers. However, the role of FOXC2 in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been well characterized. In analysis of 206 CRC specimens, we revealed that both high expression and nuclear localization of FOXC2 were correlated to aggressive characteristics and poor survival of patients with CRC. FOXC2 promoted cell proliferation through activation of MAPK and AKT pathways, subsequently down-regulating p27, up-regulating cyclin D1 and p-FOXO3a. Furthermore, FOXC2 nuclear localization was required for its promotion of cell proliferation. These findings suggest that FOXC2 plays an essential role in CRC progression and may serve as a valuable clinical prognostic marker of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Mei Cui
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Jiang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Hong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ping Ye
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui-Min Chen
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Tang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Yang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Li Jiao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Qing Ding
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ting Liao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Okumura S, Jänne PA. Molecular pathways: the basis for rational combination using MEK inhibitors in KRAS-mutant cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4193-9. [PMID: 24907112 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in RAS oncogenes are frequently observed in human cancers, and the mutations result in activation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway, leading to cell proliferation and survival. The pathway is, therefore, a potent therapeutic target in the RAS-mutant cancers. MEK inhibitors can specifically block the pathway and are one of the key types of drugs for the treatment of the RAS-mutant cancers. As RAS proteins activate other downstream signaling proteins in addition to the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway, combination therapeutic approaches with MEK inhibitors are also being evaluated. Moreover, MEK inhibitors can arrest cancer cells in G1 phase and repress prosurvival Bcl2 family proteins such as MCL1 and BCL2/BCLXL, and increase expression of Bim, a proapoptotic BH3-only family protein. This mechanism may explain the efficacy of the combination of MEK inhibitors with cytotoxic agents or other targeted inhibitors. A better understanding of the pathway will help us with development of rational combinations for the treatment of the RAS-mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pasi A Jänne
- Department of Medical Oncology; Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology; and Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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23
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Heckler MM, Thakor H, Schafer CC, Riggins RB. ERK/MAPK regulates ERRγ expression, transcriptional activity and receptor-mediated tamoxifen resistance in ER+ breast cancer. FEBS J 2014; 281:2431-42. [PMID: 24684682 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators such as tamoxifen (TAM) significantly improve breast cancer-specific survival for women with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) disease. However, resistance to TAM remains a major clinical problem. The resistant phenotype is usually not driven by loss or mutation of the estrogen receptor; instead, changes in multiple proliferative and/or survival pathways over-ride the inhibitory effects of TAM. Estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) is an orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that promotes TAM resistance in ER+ breast cancer cells. This study sought to clarify the mechanism(s) by which this orphan nuclear receptor is regulated, and hence affects TAM resistance. mRNA and protein expression/phosphorylation were monitored by RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to disrupt consensus extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) target sites. Cell proliferation and cell-cycle progression were measured by flow cytometric methods. ERRγ transcriptional activity was assessed by dual-luciferase promoter-reporter assays. We show that ERRγ protein levels are affected by the activation state of ERK/mitogen-activated protein kinase, and mutation of consensus ERK target sites impairs ERRγ-driven transcriptional activity and TAM resistance. These findings shed new light on the functional significance of ERRγ in ER+ breast cancer, and are the first to demonstrate a role for kinase regulation of this orphan nuclear receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Heckler
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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Xie J, Chen M, Zhou J, Mo MS, Zhu LH, Liu YP, Gui QJ, Zhang L, Li GQ. miR-7 inhibits the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells by suppressing epidermal growth factor receptor expression. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:1715-22. [PMID: 24573489 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study profiled differentially expressed microRNAs (miRs) in gastric cancer cell lines and then investigated miR-7 expression in gastric cancer tissue specimens and the effects of miR-7 on the growth, invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells and the underlying molecular events. A microRNA microarray was used to profile differentially expressed miRNAs in human gastric cancer cell lines relative to a normal stomach mucosal epithelial cell line. The miRNA miR-7 was selected for further investigation, which included real-time reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of miR-7 levels in different gastric cancer cell lines and tissues and distant non-tumor tissues from patient resections. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), Transwell migration and invasion, and western blot assays were performed to assess tumor cell viability, invasion and gene expression, respectively, after miR-7 transfection. The miRNA microarray profiling revealed 14 upregulated miRNAs (including miR-21, miR-26b and miR-30b) and 19 downregulated miRNAs (including let-7i, miR-7 and miR-622) between gastric cancer and normal cell lines. The qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that reduced miR-7 expression occurred more frequently in poorly and moderately differentiated gastric cancer MGC-803, MKN-45 and SGC-7901 cell lines than in the well-differentiated gastric cancer NCI-N87 cell line, which was consistent with the results for gastric cancer tissues. Expression of miR-7 was downregulated in 86.9% (20/23) of the gastric cancer tissues compared with that in the distant non-tumor tissues. Restoration of miR-7 expression significantly inhibited tumor cell viability, invasiveness and migration when compared with the control cells. Luciferase assay confirmed the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a target gene of mR-7, and expression of miR-7 significantly suppressed EGFR expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. The data from the present study demonstrated that reduced miR-7 expression contributes to gastric cancer development and progression. Further study will investigate miR-7 in the regulation of EGFR expression in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Shu Mo
- Department of Diagnostics, Medical College of the University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Li-Hui Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Ping Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Jun Gui
- Department of Diagnostics, Medical College of the University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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Abstract
The Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling cascade is capable of channeling a wide variety of extracellular signals into control of cell proliferation, differentiation, senescence, and death. Because aberrant regulation at all steps of this signaling axis is observed in cancer, it remains an area of great interest in the field of tumor biology. Here we present evidence of the intricate and delicate levels of control of this pathway as it pertains to cell cycle regulation and illustrate how this control is not simply a rheostat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS 488, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA,
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26
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Bravaccini S, Granato AM, Medri L, Foca F, Falcini F, Zoli W, Ricci M, Lanzanova G, Masalu N, Serra L, Buggi F, Folli S, Silvestrini R, Amadori D. Biofunctional characteristics of in situ and invasive breast carcinoma. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2013; 36:303-10. [PMID: 23807750 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-013-0135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The increasing use of breast-conserving surgery makes it essential to identify biofunctional profiles responsible for the progression of in situ to invasive carcinomas to facilitate the detection of lesions that are most likely to relapse or progress and, thus, to be able to offer patients tailored treatment options. Our objective was to analyse and compare biofunctional profiles in ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC). We also aimed to identify markers in tumor and normal surrounding tissues that may be predictive of locoregional recurrence in patients with DCIS. METHODS Biofunctional parameters including mitotic activity, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, microvessel density (MVD), c-kit and p27 expression were evaluated in 829 in situ and invasive carcinomas. The impact of the biomarker profiles of DCIS, IDC and normal surrounding tissues on loco-regional recurrence was analyzed. RESULTS A progressive increase in cell proliferation and a concomitant decrease in steroid hormone receptor-positive lesions was observed during the transition from in situ to invasive carcinomas, as also within each subgroup as grade increased. Conversely, p27 expression and MVD dramatically decreased during the transition from in situ to invasive carcinomas. Finally, we found that a low c-kit expression was indicative of IDC relapse. CONCLUSIONS Cell proliferation, hormonal and differentiation characteristics differed in DCIS with respect to IDC, and the main variation in the transition between the two histologic lesions was the decrease in p27 expression and MVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bravaccini
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy.
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27
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Simpkins F, Garcia-Soto A, Slingerland J. New insights on the role of hormonal therapy in ovarian cancer. Steroids 2013; 78:530-7. [PMID: 23402742 PMCID: PMC4551472 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OVCA) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. It is often diagnosed in advanced stages and despite therapy, 70% relapse within 2years with incurable disease. Regimens with clinical benefit and minimal toxicity are urgently needed. More effective hormonal therapies would be appealing in this setting. Estrogens (E2) are implicated in the etiology of OVCA. Estrogens drive proliferation and anti-estrogens inhibit ovarian cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Despite estrogen receptor (ER) expression in 67% of OVCAs, small anti-estrogen therapy trials have been disappointing and the benefit of hormonal therapy has not been systematically studied in large well-designed trials. OVCAs often manifest de novo anti-estrogen resistance and those that initially respond invariably develop resistance. Estrogens stimulate ovarian cancer progression by transcriptional activation and cross talk between liganded ER and mitogenic pathways, both of which drive cell cycle progression. Estrogen deprivation and estrogen receptor (ER) blockade cause cell cycle arrest in susceptible OVCAs by increasing the cell cycle inhibitor, p27. This review summarizes and discusses scientific and epidemiological evidence supporting estrogen's role in ovarian carcinogenesis, provides an overview of clinical trials of ER blockade and aromatase inhibitors in OVCA and reviews potential causes of antiestrogen resistance. Anti-estrogen resistance was recently shown to be reversed by dual ER and Src signaling blockade. Blocking cross-talk between ER and constitutively activated kinase pathways may improve anti-estrogen therapeutic efficacy in OVCA, as has been demonstrated in other cancers. Novel strategies to improve benefit from anti-estrogens by combining them with targeted therapies are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Simpkins
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.
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28
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Matsuda Y, Wakai T, Kubota M, Takamura M, Yamagiwa S, Aoyagi Y, Osawa M, Fujimaki S, Sanpei A, Genda T, Ichida T. Clinical significance of cell cycle inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma. Med Mol Morphol 2013; 46:185-92. [PMID: 23640750 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-013-0047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It is well accepted that cell cycle regulators are strongly implicated in the progression of cancer development. p16 and p27 are potent cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors involved in G1 phase progression, and are regarded as adverse prognostic biomarkers for various types of cancers. It has been reported that the main mechanism for p16 inactivation is aberrant DNA methylation, while p27 is exclusively inactivated by proteasome-mediated protein degradation. We have found that p27 is decreased in around half of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), and in some cases p27 is inactivated by inappropriate interaction with cyclin D1/CDK4 complexes. In such cases, p16 is concomitantly inactivated through DNA methylation. Taking into consideration the complex interaction between p16 and p27, a comprehensive analysis including p16 and p27 would be useful for predicting the prognosis of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunobu Matsuda
- Department of Medical Technology, Niigata University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 2-746 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, 951-8518, Japan,
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29
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Prestat E, de Morais SR, Vendrell JA, Thollet A, Gautier C, Cohen PA, Aussem A. Learning the local Bayesian network structure around the ZNF217 oncogene in breast tumours. Comput Biol Med 2013; 43:334-41. [PMID: 23375235 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we discuss and apply a novel and efficient algorithm for learning a local Bayesian network model in the vicinity of the ZNF217 oncogene from breast cancer microarray data without having to decide in advance which genes have to be included in the learning process. ZNF217 is a candidate oncogene located at 20q13, a chromosomal region frequently amplified in breast and ovarian cancer, and correlated with shorter patient survival in these cancers. To properly address the difficulties in managing complex gene interactions given our limited sample, statistical significance of edge strengths was evaluated using bootstrapping and the less reliable edges were pruned to increase the network robustness. We found that 13 out of the 35 genes associated with deregulated ZNF217 expression in breast tumours have been previously associated with survival and/or prognosis in cancers. Identifying genes involved in lipid metabolism opens new fields of investigation to decipher the molecular mechanisms driven by the ZNF217 oncogene. Moreover, nine of the 13 genes have already been identified as putative ZNF217 targets by independent biological studies. We therefore suggest that the algorithms for inferring local BNs are valuable data mining tools for unraveling complex mechanisms of biological pathways from expression data. The source code is available at http://www710.univ-lyon1.fr/∼aaussem/Software.html.
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30
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Chao DC, Lin LJ, Hsiang CY, Li CC, Lo HY, Liang JA, Kao ST, Wu SL, Ho TY. Evodiamine inhibits 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced activator protein 1 transactivation and cell transformation in human hepatocytes. Phytother Res 2012; 25:1018-23. [PMID: 21246637 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Evodia rutaecarpa has been used to treat inflammatory digestive disorders in Asian countries. However, little is known about the antitumor activities of E. rutaecarpa and its bioactive constituent evodiamine (EVO). The aim of this study was to characterize the antitumor mechanisms of E. rutaecarpa and EVO in human hepatocytes. Human Chang liver cells were transfected with activator protein 1 (AP-1)-luciferase reporter gene and designated as Chang/AP-1 cells. The Chang/AP-1 cells were treated with E. rutaecarpa and its bioactive constituents, and challenged with the AP-1 stimulator 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13- acetate (TPA). The present study showed that the methanol extract of E. rutaecarpa decreased the TPA-induced AP-1 transactivation in Chang/AP-1 cells, with an EC₅₀ value of 24.72 μg/mL. EVO inhibited the TPA-induced AP-1 transactivation and colony formation, with EC₅₀ values of 82 μM and 8.2 μM, respectively. Moreover, EVO significantly diminished the TPA-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs). These results suggested that EVO treatment suppressed the TPA-induced AP-1 activity via the ERKs pathway. In conclusion, EVO inhibited the AP-1 activity and cellular transformation in human hepatocytes, suggesting that EVO was a potential agent for antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Cheng Chao
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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31
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Durán-Prado M, Gahete MD, Hergueta-Redondo M, Martínez-Fuentes AJ, Córdoba-Chacón J, Palacios J, Gracia-Navarro F, Moreno-Bueno G, Malagón MM, Luque RM, Castaño JP. The new truncated somatostatin receptor variant sst5TMD4 is associated to poor prognosis in breast cancer and increases malignancy in MCF-7 cells. Oncogene 2012; 31:2049-61. [PMID: 21927030 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin receptors (sst1-5) are present in different types of tumors, where they inhibit key cellular processes such as proliferation and invasion. Although ssts are densely expressed in breast cancer, especially sst2, their role and therapeutic potential remain uncertain. Recently, we identified a new truncated sst5 variant, sst5TMD4, which is related to the abnormal response of certain pituitary tumors to treatment with somatostatin analogs. Here, we investigated the possible role of sst5TMD4 in breast cancer. This study revealed that sst5TMD4 is absent in normal mammary gland, but is abundant in a subset of poorly differentiated human breast tumors, where its expression correlated to that of sst2. Moreover, in the MCF-7 breast cancer model cell, sst5TMD4 expression increased malignancy features such as invasion and proliferation abilities (both in cell cultures and nude mice). This was likely mediated by sst5TMD4-induced increase in phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 and p-Akt levels, and cyclin D3 and Arp2/3 complex expression, which also led to mesenchymal-like phenotype. Interestingly, sst5TMD4 interacts physically with sst2 and thereby alters its signaling, enabling disruption of sst2 inhibitory feedback and providing a plausible basis for our findings. These results suggest that sst5TMD4 could be involved in the pathophysiology of certain types of breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Durán-Prado
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
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32
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Periyasamy-Thandavan S, Takhar S, Singer A, Dohn MR, Jackson WH, Welborn AE, LeRoith D, Marrero M, Thangaraju M, Huang S, Schoenlein PV. Insulin-like growth factor 1 attenuates antiestrogen- and antiprogestin-induced apoptosis in ER+ breast cancer cells by MEK1 regulation of the BH3-only pro-apoptotic protein Bim. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R52. [PMID: 22429491 PMCID: PMC3446386 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In this pre-clinical in vitro study conducted in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cells, we have characterized the effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) on the cytostatic and cytotoxic action of antiestrogen treatment when used as a single agent or in combination with the antiprogestin mifepristone (MIF). Our goal was to identify new molecular targets to improve the efficacy of hormonal therapy in breast cancer patients that have a poor response to hormonal therapy, in part, due to high circulating levels of unbound insulinIGF-1. Methods IGF-1-mediated effects on cytostasis and apoptotic cell death were determined with cell counts conducted in the presence and absence of trypan blue; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to determine the intracellular levels of cleaved cytokeratin 18, a marker of epithelial cancer cell apoptosis; and immunoblot analysis to determine the levels of cleaved poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) and lamin A that result from caspase-dependent apoptosis. Cytotoxicity was further characterized by determination of the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the percent of mitochondrial membrane depolarization in cell populations treated with the different hormones in the presence and absence of IGF-1. Small molecule inhibitors of the dual-specificity protein kinase MEK1, MEK1 siRNA, Bim siRNA, and vectors overexpressing MEK1 wild type and mutant, dominant negative cDNA were used to identify key IGF-1 downstream prosurvival effectors. Results IGF-1, at physiologically relevant levels, blocked the cytotoxic action(s) of the antiestrogens 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) and tamoxifen (TAM) when used as single agents or in combination with the antiprogestin MIF. The antiapoptotic action of IGF-1 was mediated primarily through the action of MEK1. MEK1 expression reduced the levels of ROS and mitochondrial membrane depolarization induced by the hormonal treatments via a mechanism that involved the phosphorylation and proteasomal turnover of the proapoptotic BH3-only Bcl-2 family member Bim. Importantly, small-molecule inhibitors of MEK1 circumvented the prosurvival action of IGF-1 by restoring Bim to levels that more effectively mediated apoptosis in ER+ breast cancer cells. Conclusion his study provides strong support for the use of MEK1 inhibitors in combination with hormonal therapy to effectively affect cytostasis and activate a Bim-dependent apoptotic pathway in ER+ breast cancer cells. We discuss that MEK1 blockade may be a particularly effective treatment for women with high circulating levels of IGF-1, which have been correlated to a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudharsan Periyasamy-Thandavan
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Health Sciences University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd,, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Ju JH, Jang K, Lee KM, Kim M, Kim J, Yi JY, Noh DY, Shin I. CD24 enhances DNA damage-induced apoptosis by modulating NF-κB signaling in CD44-expressing breast cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1474-83. [PMID: 21798852 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 24 (CD24) is a small glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked cell surface molecule that is expressed in a variety of human carcinomas, including breast cancer. To determine the role of CD24 in breast cancer cells, we expressed CD24 in CD24-negative/low and cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44)-positive MDA-MB-231 metastatic breast cancer cells. Forced expression of CD24 resulted in a decrease in c-Raf/mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and reduced cell proliferation. Apoptosis induced by DNA damage was greatly enhanced in MDA-MB-231 CD24 cells as compared with MDA-MB-231 vec cells. CD24 expression efficiently attenuated DNA damage-induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling in MDA-MB-231 cells. However, in CD24-positive and CD44-negative/low MCF-7 cells, knockdown of CD24 did not significantly affect DNA damage-induced apoptosis nor NF-κB signaling. Silencing of CD24 in CD24/CD44-double-positive MDA-MB-468 cells partially rescued DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Transient transfection studies with 293T cells also revealed that CD24 attenuated cell viability and NF-κB signaling only when CD44 was cotransfected. These data indicate that CD24 expression potentiated DNA-induced apoptosis by suppressing antiapoptotic NF-κB signaling in CD44-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-hyun Ju
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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Wander SA, Zhao D, Slingerland JM. p27: a barometer of signaling deregulation and potential predictor of response to targeted therapies. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 17:12-8. [PMID: 20966355 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-0752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 by upstream mitogenic signaling pathways regulates its stability, localization, and biological function. In human cancers, loss of the antiproliferative action of p27 can arise through reduced protein levels and/or cytoplasmic mislocalization, leading to increased cell proliferation and/or cell migration, respectively. Reduced p27 expression levels and p27 mislocalization have potential prognostic and therapeutic implications in various types of human cancers. This review highlights mechanisms of functional deregulation of p27 by oncogenic signaling that provide an important molecular rationale for pathway targeting in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth A Wander
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Thompson T, Danilenko M, Vassilev L, Studzinski GP. Tumor suppressor p53 status does not determine the differentiation-associated G₁ cell cycle arrest induced in leukemia cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ and antioxidants. Cancer Biol Ther 2010; 10:344-50. [PMID: 20543580 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.10.4.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D derivatives can induce differentiation of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Here, we investigated if the G₁ cell cycle block associated with monocytic differentiation is modulated by the p53 status of the cells treated with 1,25D, alone or with plant antioxidants carnosic acid (C) or silibinin (S), and a p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190 (SB), a combination (D-C/S-SB) previously shown to enhance differentiation of AML p53null cells. D-C/S-SB enhanced differentiation of OCI-AML3 (p53wt) and as expected HL60 (p53 null) cells, but not of MOLM-13 (p53wt) cells. Conversely, MOLM-13 (p53wt) cells treated with 1,25D and/or D-C/S-SB, resembled HL60 (p53 null) cells in rapid G₁ block, while OCI-AML3 (p53wt) cells showed a delayed G₁ block when treated in a similar way, indicating that there is no relationship between the p53 status and G₁ block. Western blot analysis revealed that 1,25D and D-C/S-SB increased the inhibitory phosphorylation levels MEK-1 (P-Thr286), but decreased the levels of activated ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204;Thr185/Tyr187), again without any apparent relationship to the p53 status. Interestingly, the increased levels of p21(Waf1/Cip1) were insufficient to promote a G₁ block in this system, as only cell lines with increased levels of p27(Kip1) and p35Nck5a, an activator of Cdk5, showed a rapid G₁ block. Overall, our data show that the p53-p21 axis is unlikely to have a role in differentiation-associated G₁ block in AML cells with wt p53, and that this block is achieved by several, possibly co-operating but redundant pathways, that include inhibition of MEK-1 by p35Nck5a-activated Cdk5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thelma Thompson
- Roche Research Center, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ, USA
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36
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Nunes-Xavier CE, Tárrega C, Cejudo-Marín R, Frijhoff J, Sandin A, Ostman A, Pulido R. Differential up-regulation of MAP kinase phosphatases MKP3/DUSP6 and DUSP5 by Ets2 and c-Jun converge in the control of the growth arrest versus proliferation response of MCF-7 breast cancer cells to phorbol ester. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26417-30. [PMID: 20554528 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.121830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Different levels of regulation account for the inactivation of MAP kinases by MAPK phosphatases (MKPs), in a cell type- and stimuli-dependent manner. MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells treated with the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) suffer growth arrest and show morphological alterations, which depend on the activation of the ERK1/2 MAP kinases. MKP3/DUSP6 and DUSP5 MAP kinase phosphatases, two negative regulators of ERK1/2, were specifically up-regulated in MCF-7 and SKBR3 cells in response to PMA. MKP3 and DUSP5 up-regulation required the prolonged activation of the ERK1/2 pathway, and correlated with the shutdown of this route. MKP3 induction relied on the activation of the Ets2 transcription factor, whereas DUSP5 induction depended on the activation of c-Jun. Diminishing the expression of MKP3 and DUSP5 raised the activation of ERK1/2, and accelerated growth arrest of PMA-treated MCF-7 cells. Conversely, MCF-7 cell lines expressing high levels of MKP3 or DUSP5 did not undergo PMA-triggered growth arrest, displayed a migratory phenotype, and formed colonies in soft agar. We propose that the differential up-regulation of MKP3 by Ets2 and of DUSP5 by c-Jun may converge in similar functional roles for these MAP kinase phosphatases in the growth arrest versus proliferation decisions of breast cancer cells.
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Dean JL, Thangavel C, McClendon AK, Reed CA, Knudsen ES. Therapeutic CDK4/6 inhibition in breast cancer: key mechanisms of response and failure. Oncogene 2010; 29:4018-32. [PMID: 20473330 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of cancer is the deregulation of cell-cycle machinery, ultimately facilitating aberrant proliferation that fuels tumorigenesis and disease progression. Particularly, in breast cancers, cyclin D1 has a crucial role in the development of disease. Recently, a highly specific inhibitor of CDK4/6 activity (PD-0332991) has been developed that may have efficacy in the treatment of breast cancer. To interrogate the utility of PD-0332991 in treating breast cancers, therapeutic response was evaluated on a panel of breast cancer cell lines. These analyses showed that the chronic loss of Rb is specifically associated with evolution to a CDK4/6-independent state and, ultimately, resistance to PD-0332991. However, to interrogate the functional consequence of Rb directly, knockdown experiments were performed in models that represent immortalized mammary epithelia and multiple subtypes of breast cancer. These studies showed a highly specific role for Rb in mediating the response to CDK4/6 inhibition that was dependent on transcriptional repression manifest through E2F, and the ability to attenuate CDK2 activity. Acquired resistance to PD-03322991 was specifically associated with attenuation of CDK2 inhibitors, indicating that redundancy in CDK functions represents a determinant of therapeutic failure. Despite these caveats, in specific models, PD-0332991 was a particularly effective therapy, which induced Rb-dependent cytostasis. Combined, these findings indicate the critical importance of fully understanding cell-cycle regulatory pathways in directing the utilization of CDK inhibitors in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Dean
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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EGFR/HER2 inhibitor AEE788 increases ER-mediated transcription in HER2/ER-positive breast cancer cells but functions synergistically with endocrine therapy. Br J Cancer 2010; 102:1235-43. [PMID: 20386540 PMCID: PMC2856013 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cross-talk between receptor tyrosine kinases and the oestrogen receptor (ER) is implicated in resistance to endocrine therapy. We investigated whether AEE788 (a combined inhibitor of EGFR, HER2 and VEGFR) plus tamoxifen or letrozole enhanced the individual anti-tumour effects of these agents. Methods: Breast cancer cell lines modelling endocrine-resistant and -sensitive disease were engineered to express aromatase (A) and examined using proliferation, western blotting and ER-α transcription assays. Results: AEE788 enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of tamoxifen and letrozole in ER+ cell lines (MCF-7 2A, ZR75.1 A3 and BT474 A3). This associated with an elevated G1 arrest and nuclear accumulation of p27. It is noteworthy that AEE788 alone or in combination with endocrine therapy increased the expression of progesterone receptor (PGR) and TFF1 in BT474 A3 cells. This may indicate a mechanism of resistance to AEE788 in ER+/HER2+ breast cancers. In a ZR75.1 A3 xenograft, AEE788 alone or in combination with tamoxifen provided no further benefit compared with letrozole. However, letrozole plus AEE788 produced a significantly greater inhibition of tumour growth compared with letrozole alone. Conclusion: These data suggest that AEE788 plus letrozole in breast cancer overexpressing HER2 may provide superior anti-tumour activity, compared with single agents.
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Ghayad SE, Vendrell JA, Ben Larbi S, Dumontet C, Bieche I, Cohen PA. Endocrine resistance associated with activated ErbB system in breast cancer cells is reversed by inhibiting MAPK or PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:545-62. [PMID: 19609946 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine therapy resistance is one of the main challenges in the treatment of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer patients. This study showed that two ER+ human breast carcinoma cell lines derived from MCF-7 (MVLN cells) that have acquired under OH-Tamoxifen selection two distinct phenotypes of endocrine resistance both displayed constitutive activation of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways. Aberrant expression and activation of the ErbB system (phospho-EGFR, phospho-ErbB2, phospho-ErbB3, over-expression of ErbB4 and over-expression of several ErbB ligands) were also observed in the two resistant cell lines, suggesting the existence of an autocrine loop leading to constitutive activation of MAPK and PI3K/Akt survival pathways. The recent clinical use of specific signal transduction inhibitors is one of the most promising therapeutic approaches in breast cancers. The MEK inhibitor PD98059 and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 were both able to enhance the cytostatic effect of OH-Tamoxifen or fulvestrant on MVLN sensitive cells. In the two resistant cell lines, inhibition of the MAPK or the PI3K/Akt pathways associated with endocrine therapy was sufficient to reverse OH-Tamoxifen or fulvestrant resistance. Investigating the effect of a combination of both inhibitors on the reversion of OH-Tamoxifen and fulvestrant resistance in the two resistant cell lines suggested that, in clinical practice, a strategy combining the two inhibitors would be the best approach to target the different endocrine resistance phenotypes possibly present in a tumor. In conclusion, the combination of MAPK and PI3K inhibitors represents a promising strategy to overcome endocrine therapy resistance in ER+ breast cancer patients.
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Filipits M, Rudas M, Heinzl H, Jakesz R, Kubista E, Lax S, Schippinger W, Dietze O, Greil R, Stiglbauer W, Kwasny W, Nader A, Stierer M, Gnant MFX. Low p27 expression predicts early relapse and death in postmenopausal hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5888-94. [PMID: 19723645 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previously, we have shown that p27 may be a potential predictive biomarker for the selection of premenopausal women with early-stage hormone-responsive breast cancer for adjuvant endocrine therapy. The purpose of the present study was to assess the clinical relevance of p27 expression in postmenopausal hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients who were treated with adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We determined the expression of p27 by immunohistochemistry in the surgical specimens of breast carcinoma patients who had been enrolled in Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group Trial 06 and received tamoxifen for 5 years. Early relapse and death within the first 5 years of follow-up were analyzed using Cox models adjusted for clinical and pathologic factors. RESULTS p27 expression was high (>70% p27-positive tumor cells) in 252 of 483 (52%) tumor specimens and was associated with favorable outcome of the patients. Women with high p27 expression had a significantly longer disease-free survival (adjusted hazard ratio for relapse, 0.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.11-0.42; P < 0.001) and overall survival (adjusted hazard ratio for death, 0.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.21-0.72; P = 0.002) as compared with women with low p27 expression. CONCLUSION Low p27 expression independently predicts early relapse and death in postmenopausal women with early-stage, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer who received adjuvant tamoxifen for 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Filipits
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Beaupre DM, McCafferty-Grad J, Bahlis NJ, Boise LH, Lichtenheld MG. Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitors Enhance Death Receptor Signals and Induce Apoptosis in Multiple Myeloma Cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 44:2123-34. [PMID: 14959858 DOI: 10.1080/1042819031000116652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is an incurable plasma cell malignancy in which Ras may be constitutively active either via interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor signaling or by mutation. Inactivation of Ras may be achieved with farnesyl transferase (FTase) inhibitors a class of drugs which have shown promise in clinical trials particularly in patients with acute leukemia. This report investigates the efficacy of two distinct classes of FTase inhibitors in diverse myeloma cell lines and primary isolates. While Ras signaling has traditionally been linked to myeloma cell growth, we found that these compounds also potently triggered cell death. Death induced by perillic acid (PA) was caspase dependent without evidence of death receptor activation. Apoptosis was associated with mitochondrial membrane depolarization and activation of caspase-9 and 3 but proceeded despite over-expression of Bcl-XL a known correlate of relapsed and chemorefractory myeloma. In addition, Fas ligand and TRAIL mediated apoptosis was potentiated in death receptor resistant (U266) and sensitive (RPMI 8226/S) cell lines. Of clinical relevance, the FTase inhibitor R115777 induced cell death in myeloma lines at doses observed in clinical trials. Furthermore, both R115777 and PA induced cell death in primary isolates with relative specificity. Taken together these preclinical data provide evidence that FTase inhibitors may be an effective therapeutic modality for the treatment of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrin M Beaupre
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Sylvester Cancer Center, USA
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Chen Y, Guggisberg N, Jorda M, Gonzalez-Angulo A, Hennessy B, Mills GB, Tan CK, Slingerland JM. Combined Src and aromatase inhibition impairs human breast cancer growth in vivo and bypass pathways are activated in AZD0530-resistant tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:3396-405. [PMID: 19451593 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-3127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antiestrogens are used to treat estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha-positive breast cancers and cause a p27-dependent G(1) arrest. Estrogen-bound ER recruits Src to mediate proteolysis of p27 and drive cell proliferation. Here, we tested the antitumor efficacy of combined Src and aromatase inhibition for ER-positive breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Antiproliferative effects of the aromatase inhibitor, anastrozole, and Src inhibitor, AZD0530, alone or in combination were tested in vitro and in vivo on aromatase-transfected MCF-7Arom5 xenografts. Xenografts were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and proteomic analysis to identify potential biomarkers of drug response and resistance. RESULTS AZD0530 and anastrozole together increased p27 and caused greater G(1) cell cycle arrest than either drug alone. AZD0530 monotherapy initially retarded xenograft growth in vivo, but drug resistance rapidly emerged. Combined anastrozole/AZD0530 reduced drug resistance and showed greater antitumor efficacy in vivo with greater Src and epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition and a greater increase in p27 and reduction of Ki-67 than either drug alone, supporting further evaluation of these putative predictors of response to combined Src/aromatase inhibition in vivo. Anastrozole alone stimulated Src activity both in vitro and in vivo. AZD0530-resistant tumors showed activation of bypass pathways including MEK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin, raising the possibility that MEK, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), or PI3K inhibitors may augment Src inhibitor efficacy. CONCLUSIONS These data support clinical investigation of anastrozole-AZD0530 therapy for postmenopausal ER-positive breast cancer. Loss of p27 and increased Ki-67 may predict response and further clinical studies should evaluate for activation of bypass pathways including MEK and PI3K pathways during Src inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Generali D, Buffa FM, Berruti A, Brizzi MP, Campo L, Bonardi S, Bersiga A, Allevi G, Milani M, Aguggini S, Papotti M, Dogliotti L, Bottini A, Harris AL, Fox SB. Phosphorylated ERα, HIF-1α, and MAPK Signaling As Predictors of Primary Endocrine Treatment Response and Resistance in Patients With Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:227-34. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.13.7083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to identify signaling pathways involved in the response and resistance to aromatase inhibitor therapy in patients with breast cancer. Patients and Methods One hundred fourteen women with T2-4 N0-1, estrogen receptor (ER) α–positive tumors were randomly assigned to neoadjuvant letrozole or letrozole plus metronomic cyclophosphamide. Twenty-four tumor proteins involved in apoptosis, cell survival, hypoxia, angiogenesis, growth factor, and hormone signaling were assessed by immunohistochemistry in pretreatment samples (eg, caspase 3, phospho- mammalian target of rapamycin, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α [HIF-1α], vascular endothelial growth factor, mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK], phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor, phosphorylated ERα [pERα]). A multivariate generalized linear regression approach was applied using a penalized least-square minimization to perform variable selection and regularization. Ten-fold cross-validation and iterative leave-one-out were employed to validate and test the model, respectively. Tumor size, nodal status, age, tumor grade, histological type, and treatment were included in the analysis. Results Ninety-one patients (81%) attained a disease response, 48 achieved a complete clinical response (43%) whereas 22 did not respond (19%). Increased pERα and decreased p44/42 MAPK were significant factors for complete response to treatment in all leave-one-out iterations. Increased p44/42 MAPK and HIF-1α were significant factors for treatment resistance in all leave-one-out iterations. There was no significant interaction between these variables and treatment. Conclusion Activated ERα form was an independent factor for sensitivity to chemoendocrine treatment, whereas HIF-1α and p44/42 MAPK were independent factors for resistance. Although further confirmatory analyses are needed, these findings have clear potential implications for future strategies in the management of clinical trials with aromatase inhibitors in the breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Generali
- From the Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine; Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Unità di Patologia Mammaria –Breast Cancer Unit and Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Instituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona; Anatomia Patologica; Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino Azienda Ospedaliera San Luigi di Orbassano, Orbassano, Italy; Peter
| | - Francesca M. Buffa
- From the Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine; Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Unità di Patologia Mammaria –Breast Cancer Unit and Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Instituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona; Anatomia Patologica; Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino Azienda Ospedaliera San Luigi di Orbassano, Orbassano, Italy; Peter
| | - Alfredo Berruti
- From the Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine; Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Unità di Patologia Mammaria –Breast Cancer Unit and Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Instituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona; Anatomia Patologica; Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino Azienda Ospedaliera San Luigi di Orbassano, Orbassano, Italy; Peter
| | - Maria P. Brizzi
- From the Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine; Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Unità di Patologia Mammaria –Breast Cancer Unit and Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Instituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona; Anatomia Patologica; Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino Azienda Ospedaliera San Luigi di Orbassano, Orbassano, Italy; Peter
| | - Leticia Campo
- From the Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine; Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Unità di Patologia Mammaria –Breast Cancer Unit and Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Instituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona; Anatomia Patologica; Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino Azienda Ospedaliera San Luigi di Orbassano, Orbassano, Italy; Peter
| | - Simone Bonardi
- From the Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine; Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Unità di Patologia Mammaria –Breast Cancer Unit and Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Instituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona; Anatomia Patologica; Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino Azienda Ospedaliera San Luigi di Orbassano, Orbassano, Italy; Peter
| | - Alessandra Bersiga
- From the Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine; Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Unità di Patologia Mammaria –Breast Cancer Unit and Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Instituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona; Anatomia Patologica; Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino Azienda Ospedaliera San Luigi di Orbassano, Orbassano, Italy; Peter
| | - Giovanni Allevi
- From the Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine; Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Unità di Patologia Mammaria –Breast Cancer Unit and Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Instituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona; Anatomia Patologica; Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino Azienda Ospedaliera San Luigi di Orbassano, Orbassano, Italy; Peter
| | - Manuela Milani
- From the Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine; Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Unità di Patologia Mammaria –Breast Cancer Unit and Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Instituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona; Anatomia Patologica; Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino Azienda Ospedaliera San Luigi di Orbassano, Orbassano, Italy; Peter
| | - Sergio Aguggini
- From the Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine; Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Unità di Patologia Mammaria –Breast Cancer Unit and Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Instituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona; Anatomia Patologica; Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino Azienda Ospedaliera San Luigi di Orbassano, Orbassano, Italy; Peter
| | - Mauro Papotti
- From the Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine; Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Unità di Patologia Mammaria –Breast Cancer Unit and Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Instituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona; Anatomia Patologica; Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino Azienda Ospedaliera San Luigi di Orbassano, Orbassano, Italy; Peter
| | - Luigi Dogliotti
- From the Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine; Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Unità di Patologia Mammaria –Breast Cancer Unit and Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Instituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona; Anatomia Patologica; Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino Azienda Ospedaliera San Luigi di Orbassano, Orbassano, Italy; Peter
| | - Alberto Bottini
- From the Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine; Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Unità di Patologia Mammaria –Breast Cancer Unit and Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Instituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona; Anatomia Patologica; Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino Azienda Ospedaliera San Luigi di Orbassano, Orbassano, Italy; Peter
| | - Adrian L. Harris
- From the Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine; Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Unità di Patologia Mammaria –Breast Cancer Unit and Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Instituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona; Anatomia Patologica; Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino Azienda Ospedaliera San Luigi di Orbassano, Orbassano, Italy; Peter
| | - Stephen B. Fox
- From the Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine; Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Unità di Patologia Mammaria –Breast Cancer Unit and Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Instituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona; Anatomia Patologica; Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino Azienda Ospedaliera San Luigi di Orbassano, Orbassano, Italy; Peter
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Levin-Salomon V, Kogan K, Ahn NG, Livnah O, Engelberg D. Isolation of intrinsically active (MEK-independent) variants of the ERK family of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:34500-10. [PMID: 18829462 PMCID: PMC3259889 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806443200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MAPKs are key components of cell signaling pathways with a unique activation mechanism: i.e. dual phosphorylation of neighboring threonine and tyrosine residues. The ERK enzymes form a subfamily of MAPKs involved in proliferation, differentiation, development, learning, and memory. The exact role of each Erk molecule in these processes is not clear. An efficient strategy for addressing this question is to activate individually each molecule, for example, by expressing intrinsically active variants of them. However, such molecules were not produced so far. Here, we report on the isolation, via a specifically designed genetic screen, of six variants (each carries a point mutation) of the yeast MAPK Mpk1/Erk that are active, independent of upstream phosphorylation. One of the activating mutations, R68S, occurred in a residue conserved in the mammalian Erk1 (Arg-84) and Erk2 (Arg-65) and in the Drosophila ERK Rolled (Arg-80). Replacing this conserved Arg with Ser rendered these MAPKs intrinsically active to very high levels when tested in vitro as recombinant proteins. Combination of the Arg to Ser mutation with the sevenmaker mutation (producing Erk2(R65S+D319N) and Rolled(R80S+D334N)) resulted in even higher activity (45 and 70%, respectively, in reference to fully active dually phosphorylated Erk2 or Rolled). Erk2(R65S) and Erk2(R65S+D319N) were found to be spontaneously active also when expressed in human HEK293 cells. We further revealed the mechanism of action of the mutants and show that it involves acquisition of autophosphorylation activity. Thus, a first generation of Erk molecules that are spontaneously active in vitro and in vivo has been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Levin-Salomon
- The Department of Biological Chemistry,
The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, The Wolfson
Centre for Applied Structural Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
Jerusalem 91904, Israel, and the Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of
Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Konstantin Kogan
- The Department of Biological Chemistry,
The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, The Wolfson
Centre for Applied Structural Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
Jerusalem 91904, Israel, and the Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of
Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Natalie G. Ahn
- The Department of Biological Chemistry,
The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, The Wolfson
Centre for Applied Structural Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
Jerusalem 91904, Israel, and the Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of
Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Oded Livnah
- The Department of Biological Chemistry,
The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, The Wolfson
Centre for Applied Structural Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
Jerusalem 91904, Israel, and the Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of
Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - David Engelberg
- The Department of Biological Chemistry,
The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, The Wolfson
Centre for Applied Structural Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
Jerusalem 91904, Israel, and the Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of
Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
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Voduc D, Nielsen TO, Cheang MC, Foulkes WD. The combination of high cyclin E and Skp2 expression in breast cancer is associated with a poor prognosis and the basal phenotype. Hum Pathol 2008; 39:1431-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chu IM, Hengst L, Slingerland JM. The Cdk inhibitor p27 in human cancer: prognostic potential and relevance to anticancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8:253-67. [PMID: 18354415 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 748] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p27 (also known as KIP1) regulates cell proliferation, cell motility and apoptosis. Interestingly, the protein can exert both positive and negative functions on these processes. Diverse post-translational modifications determine the physiological role of p27. Phosphorylation regulates p27 binding to and inhibition of cyclin-Cdk complexes, its localization and its ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. In cancers, p27 is inactivated through impaired synthesis, accelerated degradation and by mislocalization. Moreover, studies in several tumour types indicate that p27 expression levels have both prognostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Chu
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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47
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Yuan Y, Qin L, Liu D, Wu RC, Mussi P, Zhou S, Songyang Z, Xu J. Genetic screening reveals an essential role of p27kip1 in restriction of breast cancer progression. Cancer Res 2007; 67:8032-42. [PMID: 17804714 PMCID: PMC2412956 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The genetic changes and mechanisms underlying the progression of estrogen-dependent breast cancers to estrogen-independent, antiestrogen-resistant, and metastatic breast cancers are unclear despite being a major problem in endocrine therapy. To identify genes responsible for this progression, we carried out a genetic screening by an enhanced retroviral mutagen (ERM)-mediated random mutagenesis in the estrogen-dependent T47D breast cancer cells. We found that T47D cells contain only one p27kip1 (p27) allele coding for the p27 cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor. An ERM insertion into the p27 locus of T47D cells disrupted the p27 gene and created estrogen-independent and antiestrogen-resistant breast cancer cells that still maintained functional estrogen receptors. Disruption of p27 in T47D cells resulted in several changes, and most of these changes could be rescued by p27 restoration. First, CDK2 activity was increased in the absence of estrogen or in the presence of estrogen antagonists tamoxifen or ICI 182780; second, amplified in breast cancer 1 (AIB1), a cancer overexpressed transcriptional coactivator, was hyperphosphorylated, which made AIB1 a better coactivator for E2F1; and third, growth factor receptor binding protein 2-associated binder 2 (Gab2) and Akt activity were increased following E2F1 overactivation, leading to a significant enhancement of cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, the p27-deficient cells, but not T47D control cells, developed lung metastasis in an ovarian hormone-independent manner when they were i.v. injected into nude mice. In sum, loss of p27 activated AIB1, E2F1, Gab2, and Akt; increased cell migration and invasion; caused antiestrogen insensitivity; and promoted metastasis of breast cancer cells. These findings suggest that p27 plays an essential role in restriction of breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Yuan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ray-Chang Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paola Mussi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Suoling Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhou Songyang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, Texas, USA
- *Correspondence: Jianming Xu, Ph.D., Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor,College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail:
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Nicholson RI, Hutcheson IR, Jones HE, Hiscox SE, Giles M, Taylor KM, Gee JMW. Growth factor signalling in endocrine and anti-growth factor resistant breast cancer. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2007; 8:241-53. [PMID: 17486454 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-007-9033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors provide powerful mitogenic and survival signals to breast cancer cells and it is therefore not surprising that they are able to subvert inhibitory responses to anti-hormonal drugs. In this review we discuss several mechanisms by which this may be achieved and expand our observations to encompass recently emerging anti-growth factor treatments. The information presented is underpinned by inhibitor studies that show the targeting of such mechanisms in advance of anti-hormone or anti-growth factor resistance development is able to substantially delay this event, thus pointing the way forward to intelligent combination therapies relevant to the future management of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Nicholson
- Tenovus Centre for Cancer Research, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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Yue W, Fan P, Wang J, Li Y, Santen RJ. Mechanisms of acquired resistance to endocrine therapy in hormone-dependent breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 106:102-10. [PMID: 17616457 PMCID: PMC2147683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Acquired resistance is a major problem limiting the clinical benefit of endocrine therapy. To investigate the mechanisms involved, two in vitro models were developed from MCF-7 cells. Long-term culture of MCF-7 cells in estrogen deprived medium (LTED) mimics aromatase inhibition in patients. Continued exposure of MCF-7 to tamoxifen represents a model of acquired resistance to antiestrogens (TAM-R). Long-term estrogen deprivation results in sustained activation of the ERK MAP kinase and the PI3 kinase/mTOR pathways. Using a novel Ras inhibitor, farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS), to achieve dual inhibition of the pathways, we found that the mTOR pathway plays the primary role in mediation of proliferation of LTED cells. In contrast to the LTED model, there is no sustained activation of ERK MAPK but enhanced responsiveness to rapid stimulation induced by E(2) and TAM in TAM-R cells. An increased amount of ERalpha formed complexes with EGFR and c-Src in TAM-R cells, which apparently resulted from extra-nuclear redistribution of ERalpha. Blockade of c-Src activity drove ERalpha back to the nucleus and reduced ERalpha-EGFR interaction. Prolonged blockade of c-Src activity restored sensitivity of TAM-R cells to tamoxifen. Our results suggest that different mechanisms are involved in acquired endocrine resistance and the necessity for individualized treatment of recurrent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yue
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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50
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Porter PL, Barlow WE, Yeh IT, Lin MG, Yuan X, Donato E, Sledge GW, Shapiro CL, Ingle JN, Haskell CM, Albain KS, Roberts JM, Livingston RB, Hayes DF. Re: p27(Kip1) and cyclin E expression and breast cancer survival after treatment with adjuvant chemotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99:738. [PMID: 17470742 PMCID: PMC7717107 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djk163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- PL Porter
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA
- University of Washington, Seattle WA
- Address for editorial correspondence: Peggy L. Porter, M.D., Member, Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N, Seattle, WA 98109, PH: 206-667-3751; FAX: 206-667-5815,
| | - WE Barlow
- University of Washington, Seattle WA
- SWOG Statistical Center, Seattle WA
| | - I-T Yeh
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - M-G Lin
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA
| | - X Yuan
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA
| | - E Donato
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA
| | - GW Sledge
- Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | | | - CM Haskell
- University of California, Los Angeles CA
| | | | - JM Roberts
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA
| | | | - DF Hayes
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI
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