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Tian Y, Cheng T, Sun F, Zhou Y, Yuan C, Guo Z, Wang Z. Effect of biophysical properties of tumor extracellular matrix on intratumoral fate of nanoparticles: Implications on the design of nanomedicine. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 326:103124. [PMID: 38461766 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Nanomedicine has a profound impact on various research domains including drug delivery, diagnostics, theranostics, and regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, the clinical translation of nanomedicines for solid cancer remains limited due to the abundant physiological and pathological barriers in tumor that hinder the intratumoral penetration and distribution of these nanomedicines. In this article, we review the dynamic remodeling of tumor extracellular matrix during the tumor progression, discuss the impact of biophysical obstacles within tumors on the penetration and distribution of nanomedicines within the solid tumor and collect innovative approaches to surmount these obstacles for improving the penetration and accumulation of nanomedicines in tumor. Furthermore, we dissect the challenges and opportunities of the respective approaches, and propose potential avenues for future investigations. The purpose of this review is to provide a perspective guideline on how to effectively enhance the penetration of nanomedicines within tumors using promising methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachao Tian
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; Heilongjiang Guoru Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Xiangfang District, Harbin City 150030, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Tianfu Cheng
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Fuwei Sun
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Yaxin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Zengwang Guo
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China.
| | - Zhongjiang Wang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China.
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2
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Bauer L, Edwards J, Heil A, Dewitt S, Biebermann H, Aeschlimann D, Knäuper V. Mesenchymal Transglutaminase 2 Activates Epithelial ADAM17: Link to G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 56 (ADGRG1) Signalling. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2329. [PMID: 38397010 PMCID: PMC10889368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A wound healing model was developed to elucidate the role of mesenchymal-matrix-associated transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in keratinocyte re-epithelialisation. TG2 drives keratinocyte migratory responses by activation of disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17). We demonstrate that epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor ligand shedding leads to EGFR-transactivation and subsequent rapid keratinocyte migration on TG2-positive ECM. In contrast, keratinocyte migration was impaired in TG2 null conditions. We show that keratinocytes express the adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor, ADGRG1 (GPR56), which has been proposed as a TG2 receptor. Using ADAM17 activation as a readout and luciferase reporter assays, we demonstrate that TG2 activates GPR56. GPR56 activation by TG2 reached the same level as observed with an agonistic N-GPR56 antibody. The N-terminal GPR56 domain is required for TG2-regulated signalling response, as the constitutively active C-GPR56 receptor was not activated by TG2. Signalling required the C-terminal TG2 β-barrel domains and involved RhoA-associated protein kinase (ROCK) and ADAM17 activation, which was blocked by specific inhibitors. Cell surface binding of TG2 to the N-terminal GPR56 domain is rapid and is associated with TG2 and GPR56 endocytosis. TG2 and GPR56 represent a ligand receptor pair causing RhoA and EGFR transactivation. Furthermore, we determined a binding constant for the interaction of human TG2 with N-GPR56 and show for the first time that only the calcium-enabled "open" TG2 conformation associates with N-GPR56.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Bauer
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
| | - Jessica Edwards
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
| | - Andreas Heil
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
| | - Sharon Dewitt
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Aeschlimann
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
| | - Vera Knäuper
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
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3
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Yao Z, Fan Y, Lin L, Kellems RE, Xia Y. Tissue transglutaminase: a multifunctional and multisite regulator in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:281-325. [PMID: 37712623 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a widely distributed multifunctional protein involved in a broad range of cellular and metabolic functions carried out in a variety of cellular compartments. In addition to transamidation, TG2 also functions as a Gα signaling protein, a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), a protein kinase, and a scaffolding protein. In the nucleus, TG2 modifies histones and transcription factors. The PDI function catalyzes the trimerization and activation of heat shock factor-1 in the nucleus and regulates the oxidation state of several mitochondrial complexes. Cytosolic TG2 modifies proteins by the addition of serotonin or other primary amines and in this way affects cell signaling. Modification of protein-bound glutamines reduces ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. At the cell membrane, TG2 is associated with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), where it functions in transmembrane signaling. TG2 is also found in the extracellular space, where it functions in protein cross-linking and extracellular matrix stabilization. Of particular importance in transglutaminase research are recent findings concerning the role of TG2 in gene expression, protein homeostasis, cell signaling, autoimmunity, inflammation, and hypoxia. Thus, TG2 performs a multitude of functions in multiple cellular compartments, making it one of the most versatile cellular proteins. Additional evidence links TG2 with multiple human diseases including preeclampsia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, organ fibrosis, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and celiac disease. In conclusion, TG2 provides a multifunctional and multisite response to physiological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouzhou Yao
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Fan
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhen Lin
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rodney E Kellems
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Yang Xia
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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4
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Qin XY, Furutani Y, Yonezawa K, Shimizu N, Kato-Murayama M, Shirouzu M, Xu Y, Yamano Y, Wada A, Gailhouste L, Shrestha R, Takahashi M, Keillor JW, Su T, Yu W, Fujii S, Kagechika H, Dohmae N, Shirakami Y, Shimizu M, Masaki T, Matsuura T, Suzuki H, Kojima S. Targeting transglutaminase 2 mediated exostosin glycosyltransferase 1 signaling in liver cancer stem cells with acyclic retinoid. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:358. [PMID: 37308486 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional protein that promotes or suppresses tumorigenesis, depending on intracellular location and conformational structure. Acyclic retinoid (ACR) is an orally administered vitamin A derivative that prevents hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence by targeting liver cancer stem cells (CSCs). In this study, we examined the subcellular location-dependent effects of ACR on TG2 activity at a structural level and characterized the functional role of TG2 and its downstream molecular mechanism in the selective depletion of liver CSCs. A binding assay with high-performance magnetic nanobeads and structural dynamic analysis with native gel electrophoresis and size-exclusion chromatography-coupled multi-angle light scattering or small-angle X-ray scattering showed that ACR binds directly to TG2, induces oligomer formation of TG2, and inhibits the transamidase activity of cytoplasmic TG2 in HCC cells. The loss-of-function of TG2 suppressed the expression of stemness-related genes, spheroid proliferation and selectively induced cell death in an EpCAM+ liver CSC subpopulation in HCC cells. Proteome analysis revealed that TG2 inhibition suppressed the gene and protein expression of exostosin glycosyltransferase 1 (EXT1) and heparan sulfate biosynthesis in HCC cells. In contrast, high levels of ACR increased intracellular Ca2+ concentrations along with an increase in apoptotic cells, which probably contributed to the enhanced transamidase activity of nuclear TG2. This study demonstrates that ACR could act as a novel TG2 inhibitor; TG2-mediated EXT1 signaling is a promising therapeutic target in the prevention of HCC by disrupting liver CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yang Qin
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Conversion Technology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Furutani
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kento Yonezawa
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Shimizu
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kato-Murayama
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yali Xu
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Conversion Technology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yumiko Yamano
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akimori Wada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Luc Gailhouste
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory for Brain Development and Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Rajan Shrestha
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Masataka Takahashi
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Conversion Technology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jeffrey W Keillor
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ting Su
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenkui Yu
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shinya Fujii
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yohei Shirakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masahito Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takahiro Masaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsuura
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harukazu Suzuki
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Conversion Technology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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5
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Dzobo K, Dandara C. The Extracellular Matrix: Its Composition, Function, Remodeling, and Role in Tumorigenesis. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:146. [PMID: 37092398 PMCID: PMC10123695 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a ubiquitous member of the body and is key to the maintenance of tissue and organ integrity. Initially thought to be a bystander in many cellular processes, the extracellular matrix has been shown to have diverse components that regulate and activate many cellular processes and ultimately influence cell phenotype. Importantly, the ECM's composition, architecture, and stiffness/elasticity influence cellular phenotypes. Under normal conditions and during development, the synthesized ECM constantly undergoes degradation and remodeling processes via the action of matrix proteases that maintain tissue homeostasis. In many pathological conditions including fibrosis and cancer, ECM synthesis, remodeling, and degradation is dysregulated, causing its integrity to be altered. Both physical and chemical cues from the ECM are sensed via receptors including integrins and play key roles in driving cellular proliferation and differentiation and in the progression of various diseases such as cancers. Advances in 'omics' technologies have seen an increase in studies focusing on bidirectional cell-matrix interactions, and here, we highlight the emerging knowledge on the role played by the ECM during normal development and in pathological conditions. This review summarizes current ECM-targeted therapies that can modify ECM tumors to overcome drug resistance and better cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- Medical Research Council, SA Wound Healing Unit, Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Collet Dandara
- Division of Human Genetics and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- The South African Medical Research Council-UCT Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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6
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The emergence of novel Iranian variants in sheeppox and goatpox viral envelope proteins with remarkably altered putative binding affinities with the host receptor. Virus Genes 2023; 59:437-448. [PMID: 36913064 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-01987-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of Sheep and goat pox (SGP) viral infections have increasingly been reported despite vaccinating the majority of sheep populations in Iran. The objective of this study was to predict the impacts of the SGP P32/envelope variations on the binding with host receptors as a candidate tool to assess this outbreak. The targeted gene was amplified in a total of 101 viral samples, and the PCR products were subjected to Sanger sequencing. The polymorphism and phylogenetic interactions of the identified variants were assessed. Molecular docking was performed between the identified P32 variants and the host receptor and the effects of these variants were evaluated. Eighteen variations were identified in the investigated P32 gene with variable silent and missense effects on the envelope protein. Five groups (G1-G5) of amino acid variations were identified. While there were no amino acid variations in the G1 (wild-type) viral protein, G2, G3, G4, and G5 proteins had seven, nine, twelve, and fourteen SNPs, respectively. Based on the observed amino acid substitutions, multiple distinct phylogenetic places were occupied from the identified viral groups. Dramatic alterations were identified between G2, G4, and G5 variants with their proteoglycan receptor, while the highest binding was revealed between goatpox G5 variant with the same receptor. It was suggested that the higher severity of goatpox viral infection originated from its higher affinity to bind with its cognate receptor. This firm binding may be explained by the observed higher severity of the SGP cases from which G5 samples were isolated.
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7
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Müller CD, Ruiz-Gómez G, Cazzonelli S, Möller S, Wodtke R, Löser R, Freyse J, Dürig JN, Rademann J, Hempel U, Pisabarro MT, Vogel S. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans inhibit transglutaminase 2 by stabilizing its closed conformation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13326. [PMID: 35922533 PMCID: PMC9349199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) catalyze the covalent crosslinking of proteins via isopeptide bonds. The most prominent isoform, TG2, is associated with physiological processes such as extracellular matrix (ECM) stabilization and plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of e.g. fibrotic diseases, cancer and celiac disease. Therefore, TG2 represents a pharmacological target of increasing relevance. The glycosaminoglycans (GAG) heparin (HE) and heparan sulfate (HS) constitute high-affinity interaction partners of TG2 in the ECM. Chemically modified GAG are promising molecules for pharmacological applications as their composition and chemical functionalization may be used to tackle the function of ECM molecular systems, which has been recently described for hyaluronan (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS). Herein, we investigate the recognition of GAG derivatives by TG2 using an enzyme-crosslinking activity assay in combination with in silico molecular modeling and docking techniques. The study reveals that GAG represent potent inhibitors of TG2 crosslinking activity and offers atom-detailed mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Damaris Müller
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gloria Ruiz-Gómez
- Structural Bioinformatics, BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sophie Cazzonelli
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephanie Möller
- Biomaterials Department, INNOVENT e.V., Prüssingstraße 27 B, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Robert Wodtke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Reik Löser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joanna Freyse
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2/4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan-Niklas Dürig
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2/4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Rademann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2/4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Hempel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Teresa Pisabarro
- Structural Bioinformatics, BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Sarah Vogel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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8
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Vang S, Cochran P, Sebastian Domingo J, Krick S, Barnes JW. The Glycobiology of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040316. [PMID: 35448503 PMCID: PMC9026683 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive pulmonary vascular disease of complex etiology. Cases of PAH that do not receive therapy after diagnosis have a low survival rate. Multiple reports have shown that idiopathic PAH, or IPAH, is associated with metabolic dysregulation including altered bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) and dysregulated glucose metabolism. Multiple processes such as increased proliferation of pulmonary vascular cells, angiogenesis, apoptotic resistance, and vasoconstriction may be regulated by the metabolic changes demonstrated in PAH. Recent reports have underscored similarities between metabolic abnormalities in cancer and IPAH. In particular, increased glucose uptake and altered glucose utilization have been documented and have been linked to the aforementioned processes. We were the first to report a link between altered glucose metabolism and changes in glycosylation. Subsequent reports have highlighted similar findings, including a potential role for altered metabolism and aberrant glycosylation in IPAH pathogenesis. This review will detail research findings that demonstrate metabolic dysregulation in PAH with an emphasis on glycobiology. Furthermore, this report will illustrate the similarities in the pathobiology of PAH and cancer and highlight the novel findings that researchers have explored in the field.
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9
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Kaczor-Kamińska M, Kamiński K, Wróbel M. Heparan Sulfate, Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB and Sulfur Metabolism Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040678. [PMID: 35453363 PMCID: PMC9026333 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis, type IIIB (MPS IIIB) is a rare disease caused by mutations in the N-alpha-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) gene resulting in decreased or absent enzyme activity. On the cellular level, the disorder is characterized by the massive lysosomal storage of heparan sulfate (HS)—one species of glycosaminoglycans. HS is a sulfur-rich macromolecule, and its accumulation should affect the turnover of total sulfur in cells; according to the studies presented here, it, indeed, does. The lysosomal degradation of HS in cells produces monosaccharides and inorganic sulfate (SO42−). Sulfate is a product of L-cysteine metabolism, and any disruption of its levels affects the entire L-cysteine catabolism pathway, which was first reported in 2019. It is known that L-cysteine level is elevated in cells with the Naglu−/− gene mutation and in selected tissues of individuals with MPS IIIB. The level of glutathione and the Naglu−/− cells’ antioxidant potential are significantly reduced, as well as the activity of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST, EC 2.8.1.2) and the level of sulfane sulfur-containing compounds. The direct reason is not yet known. This paper attempts to identify some of cause-and-effect correlations that may lead to this condition and identifies research directions that should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kaczor-Kamińska
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika St., 31-034 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-422-7400
| | - Kamil Kamiński
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Maria Wróbel
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika St., 31-034 Krakow, Poland;
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10
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix is a fundamental, core component of all tissues and organs, and is essential for the existence of multicellular organisms. From the earliest stages of organism development until death, it regulates and fine-tunes every cellular process in the body. In cancer, the extracellular matrix is altered at the biochemical, biomechanical, architectural and topographical levels, and recent years have seen an exponential increase in the study and recognition of the importance of the matrix in solid tumours. Coupled with the advancement of new technologies to study various elements of the matrix and cell-matrix interactions, we are also beginning to see the deployment of matrix-centric, stromal targeting cancer therapies. This Review touches on many of the facets of matrix biology in solid cancers, including breast, pancreatic and lung cancer, with the aim of highlighting some of the emerging interactions of the matrix and influences that the matrix has on tumour onset, progression and metastatic dissemination, before summarizing the ongoing work in the field aimed at developing therapies to co-target the matrix in cancer and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Cox
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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11
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Staffler R, Pasternack R, Hils M, Kaiser W, Möller FM. Nucleotide binding kinetics and conformational change analysis of tissue transglutaminase with switchSENSE. Anal Biochem 2020; 605:113719. [PMID: 32697952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Function, activity, and interactions of proteins crucially depend on their three-dimensional structure and are often regulated by effector binding and environmental changes. Tissue transglutaminase (Transglutaminase 2, TG2) is a multifunctional protein, allosterically regulated by nucleotides and Ca2+ ions, which trigger opposing conformational changes. Here we introduce switchSENSE as a versatile tool for TG2 characterization and provide novel insights into protein conformation as well as analyte binding kinetics. For the first time, we succeeded in measuring the kinetic rate constants and affinities (kon, koff, KD) for guanosine nucleotides (GMP, GDP, GTP, GTPγS). Further, the conformational changes induced by GDP, Ca2+ and the covalent inhibitor Z-DON were observed by changes in TG2's hydrodynamic diameter. We confirmed the well-known compaction by guanosine nucleotides and extension by Ca2+, and provide evidence for TG2 conformations so far not described by structural analysis. Moreover, we analyze the influence of the peptidic Z-DON inhibitor and the R580A mutation on the conformational responsiveness of TG2 to its natural effectors. In summary, this work shows how the combination of structural and kinetic information obtained by switchSENSE opens new perspectives for the characterization of conformationally active proteins and their interactions with ligands, e.g. potential drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Staffler
- Dynamic Biosensors GmbH, Lochhamer Str. 15, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Martin Hils
- Zedira GmbH, Roesslerstrasse 83, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kaiser
- Dynamic Biosensors GmbH, Lochhamer Str. 15, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
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12
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Wee YM, Go H, Choi MY, Jung HR, Cho YM, Kim YH, Han DJ, Shin S. Tissue-resident natural killer cells exacerbate tubulointerstitial fibrosis by activating transglutaminase 2 and syndecan-4 in a model of aristolochic acid-induced nephropathy. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 31072444 PMCID: PMC6774424 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.9.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite reports suggesting that tissue-resident natural killer (trNK) cells cause ischemic kidney injury, their contribution to the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis has not been determined. This study hypothesized that the depletion of trNK cells may ameliorate renal fibrosis by affecting transglutaminase 2/syndecan-4 interactions. Aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) was induced in C57BL/6 mice as an experimental model of kidney fibrosis. The mice were treated with anti-asialo GM1 (ASGM1) or anti-NK1.1 antibodies to deplete NK cells. Although both ASGM1 and NK1.1 antibodies suppressed renal NKp46+DX5+ NK cells, renal NKp46+DX5− cells were resistant to suppression by ASGM1 or NK1.1 antibodies during the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the AAN-induced mouse model. Western blot analysis showed that both antibodies increased the expression of fibronectin, transglutaminase 2, and syndecan-4. These findings indicate that trNK cells played an exacerbating role in tubulointerstitial fibrosis by activating transglutaminase 2 and syndecan-4 in the AAN-induced mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mee Wee
- Department of Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05535, Korea
| | - Heounjeong Go
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05535, Korea
| | - Monica Young Choi
- Department of Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05535, Korea
| | - Hey Rim Jung
- Department of Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05535, Korea
| | - Yong Mee Cho
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05535, Korea
| | - Young Hoon Kim
- Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05535, Korea
| | - Duck Jong Han
- Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05535, Korea
| | - Sung Shin
- Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05535, Korea
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13
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Furini G, Burhan I, Huang L, Savoca MP, Atobatele A, Johnson T, Verderio EAM. Insights into the heparan sulphate-dependent externalisation of transglutaminase-2 (TG2) in glucose-stimulated proximal-like tubular epithelial cells. Anal Biochem 2020; 603:113628. [PMID: 32074489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix crosslinking enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is highly implicated in tissue fibrosis that precedes end-stage kidney failure. TG2 is unconventionally secreted through extracellular vesicles in a way that depends on the heparan sulphate (HS) proteoglycan syndecan-4 (Sdc4), the deletion of which reduces experimental kidney fibrosis as a result of lower extracellular TG2 in the tubule-interstitium. Here we establish a model of TG2 externalisation in NRK-52E tubular epithelial cells subjected to glucose stress. HS-binding TG2 mutants had reduced extracellular TG2 in transfected NRK-52E, suggesting that TG2-externalisation depends on an intact TG2 heparin binding site. Inhibition of N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF) vesicle-fusing ATPase, which was identified in the recently elucidated TG2 kidney membrane-interactome, led to significantly lower TG2-externalisation, thus validating the involvement of membrane fusion in TG2 secretion. As cyclin-G-associated kinase (GAK) had emerged as a further TG2-partner in the fibrotic kidney, we investigated whether glucose-induced TG2-externalisation was accompanied by TG2 phosphorylation in consensus sequences of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). Glucose stress led to intense TG2 phosphorylation in serine/threonine CDK-target. TG2 phosphorylation by tyrosine kinases was also increased by glucose. Although the precise role of glucose-induced TG2 phosphorylation is unknown, these novel data suggest that phosphorylation may be involved in TG2 membrane-trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Furini
- School of Science and Technology, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding of Disease, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Izhar Burhan
- School of Science and Technology, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding of Disease, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Linghong Huang
- University of Sheffield, Academic Nephrology Unit, Medical School, Sheffield, S10 2RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Pia Savoca
- School of Science and Technology, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding of Disease, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Adeola Atobatele
- School of Science and Technology, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding of Disease, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Tim Johnson
- University of Sheffield, Academic Nephrology Unit, Medical School, Sheffield, S10 2RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabetta A M Verderio
- School of Science and Technology, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding of Disease, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK; BiGeA, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
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14
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Kim JY, Wee YM, Choi MY, Jung HR, Choi JY, Kwon HW, Jung JH, Cho YM, Go H, Han M, Kim YH, Han DJ, Shin S. Urinary transglutaminase 2 as a potent biomarker to predict interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy of kidney allograft during early posttransplant period in deceased donor kidney transplantation. Ann Surg Treat Res 2019; 97:27-35. [PMID: 31297350 PMCID: PMC6609414 DOI: 10.4174/astr.2019.97.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) is an extracellular matrix crosslinking enzyme with a pivotal role in kidney fibrosis. We tested whether quantification of urinary TG2 may represent a noninvasive method to estimate the severity of kidney allograft fibrosis. Methods We prospectively collected urine specimens from 18 deceased donor kidney transplant recipients at 1-day, 7-day, 1-month, 3-month, and 6-month posttransplant. In addition, kidney allograft tissue specimens at 0-day and 6-month posttransplant were sampled to analyze the correlation of urinary TG2 and kidney allograft fibrosis. Results Thirteen recipients had increased interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) scores at the 6-month protocol biopsy (IFTA group). The mean level of urinary TG2 in the IFTA group was higher compared to that of 5 other recipients without IFTA (no IFTA group). Conversely, the mean level of urinary syndecan-4 in the IFTA group was lower than levels in patients without IFTA. In the IFTA group, double immunofluorescent staining revealed that TG2 intensity was significantly upregulated and colocalizations of TG2/heparin sulfate proteoglycan and nuclear syndecan-4 were prominent, usually around tubular structures. Conclusion Urinary TG2 in early posttransplant periods is a potent biomarker for kidney allograft inflammation or fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Yeon Kim
- Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu-Mee Wee
- Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Monica Young Choi
- Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hey Rim Jung
- Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Choi
- Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Kwon
- Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Hee Jung
- Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Mee Cho
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heounjeong Go
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minkyu Han
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hoon Kim
- Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duck Jong Han
- Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Shin
- Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Tissue transglutaminase in fibrosis — more than an extracellular matrix cross-linker. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Sirikharin R, Utairungsee T, Srisala J, Roytrakul S, Thitamadee S, Sritunyalucksana K. Cell surface transglutaminase required for nodavirus entry into freshwater prawn hemocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:108-116. [PMID: 30928665 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To identify molecules involved in Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) entry into hemocytes of the giant freshwater prawn M. rosenbergii, biotinylated prawn hemocyte membrane proteins were prepared, purified and separated by SDS-PAGE. The proteins were blotted on the nitrocellulose membrane before incubation with the MrNV capsid protein (MrNV-CP) by a VOPBA technique. Subsequent mass spectrometry and analysis of immune-reactive bands represent putative binding partners including transglutaminase (TG), actin, α2-macroglobulin, α1-tubulin, F1-ATP synthase β-subunit and a currently uncharacterized protein. The sequence of TG has been characterized and found 5 amino acids differences to a previously reported MrTG (ADX99580), mainly at its N-terminal part and thus, we named it MrTGII (KM008611). Recombinant MrTGII was prepared to produce a polyclonal antibody against it, which was successfully revealed the presence of MrTGII (100 kDa) in prawn hemocyte lysates. Using the pentylamine-biotin incorporation assay, an acyl transfer reaction was observed when hemocyte lysates were added to solutions containing MrNV-CP, suggesting that hemocyte MrTG could use MrNV-CP as the substrate. The expression levels of MrTGII were changed during the course of MrNV infection. By using immunostaining technique, location of MrTGII on the hemocyte surface was confirmed. Specific interaction between MrTGII with MrNV-CP in a dose-dependent manner was confirmed by in vitro ELISA assay. The highest binding activity of MrNV-CP was found with the N-terminal portion of the protein. In vitro neutralization using anti-MrTGII antibody resulted in inhibition of MrNV attachment to the hemocyte surface, accompanied by a dramatic reduction in viral replication. This is the first time that crustacean TG has been shown to be involved in viral entry, in addition to its roles in blood clotting and haematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchanok Sirikharin
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi Office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Tanatchaporn Utairungsee
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi Office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Srisala
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi Office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, Genomic Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Siripong Thitamadee
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kallaya Sritunyalucksana
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Team, Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi Office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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17
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Furini G, Verderio EAM. Spotlight on the Transglutaminase 2-Heparan Sulfate Interaction. Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:E5. [PMID: 30621228 PMCID: PMC6359630 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), syndecan-4 (Sdc4) especially, have been suggested as potential partners of transglutaminase-2 (TG2) in kidney and cardiac fibrosis, metastatic cancer, neurodegeneration and coeliac disease. The proposed role for HSPGs in the trafficking of TG2 at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been linked to the fibrogenic action of TG2 in experimental models of kidney fibrosis. As the TG2-HSPG interaction is largely mediated by the heparan sulfate (HS) chains of proteoglycans, in the past few years a number of studies have investigated the affinity of TG2 for HS, and the TG2 heparin binding site has been mapped with alternative outlooks. In this review, we aim to provide a compendium of the main literature available on the interaction of TG2 with HS, with reference to the pathological processes in which extracellular TG2 plays a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Furini
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK.
| | - Elisabetta A M Verderio
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK.
- BiGeA, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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18
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Sun H, Kaartinen MT. Transglutaminases in Monocytes and Macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 6:medsci6040115. [PMID: 30545030 PMCID: PMC6313455 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6040115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are key players in various inflammatory disorders and pathological conditions via phagocytosis and orchestrating immune responses. They are highly heterogeneous in terms of their phenotypes and functions by adaptation to different organs and tissue environments. Upon damage or infection, monocytes are rapidly recruited to tissues and differentiate into macrophages. Transglutaminases (TGs) are a family of structurally and functionally related enzymes with Ca2+-dependent transamidation and deamidation activity. Numerous studies have shown that TGs, particularly TG2 and Factor XIII-A, are extensively involved in monocyte- and macrophage-mediated physiological and pathological processes. In the present review, we outline the current knowledge of the role of TGs in the adhesion and extravasation of monocytes, the expression of TGs during macrophage differentiation, and the regulation of TG2 expression by various pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in macrophages. Furthermore, we summarize the role of TGs in macrophage phagocytosis and the understanding of the mechanisms involved. Finally, we review the roles of TGs in tissue-specific macrophages, including monocytes/macrophages in vasculature, alveolar and interstitial macrophages in lung, microglia and infiltrated monocytes/macrophages in central nervous system, and osteoclasts in bone. Based on the studies in this review, we conclude that monocyte- and macrophage-derived TGs are involved in inflammatory processes in these organs. However, more in vivo studies and clinical studies during different stages of these processes are required to determine the accurate roles of TGs, their substrates, and the mechanisms-of-action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Sun
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada.
| | - Mari T Kaartinen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada.
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19
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Dynamic matrisome: ECM remodeling factors licensing cancer progression and metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1870:207-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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20
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Martucciello S, Paolella G, Esposito C, Lepretti M, Caputo I. Anti-type 2 transglutaminase antibodies as modulators of type 2 transglutaminase functions: a possible pathological role in celiac disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:4107-4124. [PMID: 30136165 PMCID: PMC11105699 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Auto-antibodies to the ubiquitous enzyme type-2 transglutaminase (TG2) are a specific hallmark of celiac disease (CD), a widely diffused, multi-factorial disease, affecting genetically predisposed subjects. In CD an inflammatory response, at the intestinal level, is triggered by diet consumption of gluten-containing cereals. Intestinal mucosa displays various degrees of atrophy and hyperplasia, with consequent global intestinal dysfunction and other relevant extra-intestinal symptoms. Through deamidation of specific glutamines of gluten-derived gliadin peptides, TG2 strongly enhances gliadin immunogenicity. In addition, TG2 cross-linking activity may generate complexes between TG2 itself and gliadin peptides, and these complexes seem to cause the auto-immune response by means of an apten-carrier-like mechanism of antigen presentation. Anti-TG2 antibodies can be early detected in the intestinal mucosa of celiac patients and are also abundantly present into the serum, thus potentially reaching other organs and tissues by blood circulation. Recently, the possible pathogenetic role of auto-antibodies to TG2 in CD has been investigated. Here, we report an overview about the genesis of these antibodies, their specificity, their modulating ability toward TG2 enzymatic or non-enzymatic activities and their biological effects exerted by interacting with extracellular TG2 or with cell-surface TG2. We also discuss the auto-immune response occurring in CD against other TG members (i.e. type 3 and type 6) and analyze the occurrence of anti-TG2 antibodies in other auto-immune CD-related diseases. Data now available let us to suppose that, even if antibodies to TG2 do not represent the triggering molecules in CD, they could be important players in disease progression and manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Martucciello
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Gaetana Paolella
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Carla Esposito
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
- Interuniversity Centre "European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases" (ELFID), University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Marilena Lepretti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Ivana Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy.
- Interuniversity Centre "European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases" (ELFID), University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy.
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21
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Biocatalysis by Transglutaminases: A Review of Biotechnological Applications. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9110562. [PMID: 30715061 PMCID: PMC6265872 DOI: 10.3390/mi9110562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The biocatalytic activity of transglutaminases (TGs) leads to the synthesis of new covalent isopeptide bonds (crosslinks) between peptide-bound glutamine and lysine residues, but also the transamidation of primary amines to glutamine residues, which ultimately can result into protein polymerisation. Operating with a cysteine/histidine/aspartic acid (Cys/His/Asp) catalytic triad, TGs induce the post-translational modification of proteins at both physiological and pathological conditions (e.g., accumulation of matrices in tissue fibrosis). Because of the disparate biotechnological applications, this large family of protein-remodelling enzymes have stimulated an escalation of interest. In the past 50 years, both mammalian and microbial TGs polymerising activity has been exploited in the food industry for the improvement of aliments' quality, texture, and nutritive value, other than to enhance the food appearance and increased marketability. At the same time, the ability of TGs to crosslink extracellular matrix proteins, like collagen, as well as synthetic biopolymers, has led to multiple applications in biomedicine, such as the production of biocompatible scaffolds and hydrogels for tissue engineering and drug delivery, or DNA-protein bio-conjugation and antibody functionalisation. Here, we summarise the most recent advances in the field, focusing on the utilisation of TGs-mediated protein multimerisation in biotechnological and bioengineering applications.
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22
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Role of Transglutaminase 2 in Migration of Tumor Cells and How Mouse Models Fit. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6030070. [PMID: 30200219 PMCID: PMC6164270 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A search for the "magic bullet", a molecule, the targeting abilities of which could stop the migration of tumor cells, is currently underway, but remains in the early stages. There are still many unknowns regarding the cell migration. The main approach is the employment of mouse models, that are sources of valuable information, but still cannot answer all of the questions. One of the molecules of interest is Transglutaminase 2 (TG2). It is a well-described molecule involved in numerous pathways and elevated in metastatic tumors. The question remains whether mice and humans can give the same answer considering TG2.
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23
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Furini G, Schroeder N, Huang L, Boocock D, Scarpellini A, Coveney C, Tonoli E, Ramaswamy R, Ball G, Verderio C, Johnson TS, Verderio EAM. Proteomic Profiling Reveals the Transglutaminase-2 Externalization Pathway in Kidneys after Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:880-905. [PMID: 29382685 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017050479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased export of transglutaminase-2 (TG2) by tubular epithelial cells (TECs) into the surrounding interstitium modifies the extracellular homeostatic balance, leading to fibrotic membrane expansion. Although silencing of extracellular TG2 ameliorates progressive kidney scarring in animal models of CKD, the pathway through which TG2 is secreted from TECs and contributes to disease progression has not been elucidated. In this study, we developed a global proteomic approach to identify binding partners of TG2 responsible for TG2 externalization in kidneys subjected to unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) using TG2 knockout kidneys as negative controls. We report a robust and unbiased analysis of the membrane interactome of TG2 in fibrotic kidneys relative to the entire proteome after UUO, detected by SWATH mass spectrometry. The data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD008173. Clusters of exosomal proteins in the TG2 interactome supported the hypothesis that TG2 is secreted by extracellular membrane vesicles during fibrosis progression. In established TEC lines, we found TG2 in vesicles of both endosomal (exosomes) and plasma membrane origin (microvesicles/ectosomes), and TGF-β1 stimulated TG2 secretion. Knockout of syndecan-4 (SDC4) greatly impaired TG2 exosomal secretion. TG2 coprecipitated with SDC4 from exosome lysate but not ectosome lysate. Ex vivo, EGFP-tagged TG2 accumulated in globular elements (blebs) protruding/retracting from the plasma membrane of primary cortical TECs, and SDC4 knockout impaired bleb formation, affecting TG2 release. Through this combined in vivo and in vitro approach, we have dissected the pathway through which TG2 is secreted from TECs in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Furini
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Schroeder
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Linghong Huang
- Academic Nephrology Unit, Sheffield Kidney Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David Boocock
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Alessandra Scarpellini
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Coveney
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Elisa Tonoli
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Raghavendran Ramaswamy
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ball
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Claudia Verderio
- National Research Council, Institute of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Timothy S Johnson
- Academic Nephrology Unit, Sheffield Kidney Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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24
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Yi MC, Melkonian AV, Ousey JA, Khosla C. Endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein 57 (ERp57) oxidatively inactivates human transglutaminase 2. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:2640-2649. [PMID: 29305423 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed, intracellular as well as extracellular protein with multiple modes of post-translational regulation, including an allosteric disulfide bond between Cys-370-Cys-371 that renders the enzyme inactive in the extracellular matrix. Although recent studies have established that extracellular TG2 is switched "on" by the redox cofactor protein thioredoxin-1 (TRX), it is unclear how TG2 is switched "off." Here, we demonstrate that TG2 oxidation by small-molecule biological oxidants, including glutathione, cystine, and hydrogen peroxide, is unlikely to be the inactivation mechanism. Instead, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein 57 (ERp57), a protein in the ER that promotes folding of nascent proteins and is also present in the extracellular environment, has the cellular and biochemical characteristics for inactivating TG2. We found that ERp57 colocalizes with extracellular TG2 in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). ERp57 oxidized TG2 with a rate constant that was 400-2000-fold higher than those of the aforementioned small molecule oxidants. Moreover, its specificity for TG2 was also markedly higher than those of other secreted redox proteins, including protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), ERp72, TRX, and quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1). Lastly, siRNA-mediated ERp57 knockdown in HUVECs increased TG2-catalyzed transamidation in the extracellular environment. We conclude that, to the best of our knowledge, the disulfide bond switch in human TG2 represents the first example of a post-translational redox regulatory mechanism that is reversibly and allosterically modulated by two distinct proteins (ERp57 and TRX).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Yi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Arek V Melkonian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - James A Ousey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305.
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25
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Herum KM, Lunde IG, McCulloch AD, Christensen G. The Soft- and Hard-Heartedness of Cardiac Fibroblasts: Mechanotransduction Signaling Pathways in Fibrosis of the Heart. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6050053. [PMID: 28534817 PMCID: PMC5447944 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6050053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis, the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), remains an unresolved problem in most forms of heart disease. In order to be successful in preventing, attenuating or reversing cardiac fibrosis, it is essential to understand the processes leading to ECM production and accumulation. Cardiac fibroblasts are the main producers of cardiac ECM, and harbor great phenotypic plasticity. They are activated by the disease-associated changes in mechanical properties of the heart, including stretch and increased tissue stiffness. Despite much remaining unknown, an interesting body of evidence exists on how mechanical forces are translated into transcriptional responses important for determination of fibroblast phenotype and production of ECM constituents. Such mechanotransduction can occur at multiple cellular locations including the plasma membrane, cytoskeleton and nucleus. Moreover, the ECM functions as a reservoir of pro-fibrotic signaling molecules that can be released upon mechanical stress. We here review the current status of knowledge of mechanotransduction signaling pathways in cardiac fibroblasts that culminate in pro-fibrotic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Herum
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway.
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Ida G Lunde
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway.
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Andrew D McCulloch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Geir Christensen
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway.
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway.
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26
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Adamczyk M. Transglutaminase 2 in cartilage homoeostasis: novel links with inflammatory osteoarthritis. Amino Acids 2017; 49:625-633. [PMID: 27510997 PMCID: PMC5332500 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is highly expressed during chondrocyte maturation and contributes to the formation of a mineralised scaffold by introducing crosslinks between extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. In healthy cartilage, TG2 stabilises integrity of ECM and likely influences cartilage stiffness and mechanistic properties. At the same time, the abnormal accumulation of TG2 in the ECM promotes chondrocyte hypertrophy and cartilage calcification, which might be an important aspect of osteoarthritis (OA) initiation. Although excessive joint loading and injuries are one of the main causes leading to OA development, it is now being recognised that the presence of inflammatory mediators accelerates OA progression. Inflammatory signalling is known to stimulate the extracellular TG2 activity in cartilage and promote TG2-catalysed crosslinking of molecules that promote chondrocyte osteoarthritic differentiation. It is, however, unclear whether TG2 activity aims to resolve or aggravate damages within the arthritic joint. Better understanding of the complex signalling pathways linking inflammation with TG2 activities is needed to identify the role of TG2 in OA and to define possible avenues for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adamczyk
- Matrix Biology and Tissue Repair Research Unit, Oral and Biomedical Sciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK.
- Academic Unit of Bone Biology, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Mellanby Centre For Bone Research, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
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27
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Dermatan sulfate is a player in the transglutaminase 2 interaction network. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172263. [PMID: 28199387 PMCID: PMC5310773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional protein that is primarily engaged in cell adhesion/signaling or shows Ca2+-dependent transglutaminase activity in the extracellular space of tissues. This latter action leads to the cross-linking of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The enhanced extracellular expression of TG2 is associated with processes such as wound healing, fibrosis or vascular remodeling that are also characterized by a high deposition of dermatan sulfate (DS) proteoglycans in the ECM. However, it is unknown whether DS may bind to TG2 or affect its function. Using the plasmon surface resonance method, we showed that DS chains, especially those of biglycan, are good binding partners for TG2. The interaction has some requirements as to the DS structure. The competitive effect of heparin on DS binding to TG2 suggests that both glycosaminoglycans occupy the same binding site(s) on the protein molecule. An occurrence of the DS-TG2 interaction was confirmed by the co-immunoprecipitation of this protein with native decorin that is a DS-bearing proteoglycan rather than with the decorin core protein. Moreover, in vivo DS is responsible for both TG2 binding and the regulation of the location of this protein in the ECM as can be suggested from an increased extraction of TG2 from the human fascia only when an enzymatic degradation of the tissue DS was conducted in the presence of the anti-collagen type I antiserum. In addition, DS with a low affinity for TG2 exerted an inhibitory effect on the protein transamidating activity most probably via the control of the accessibility of a substrate. Our data show that DS can affect several aspects of TG2 biology in both physiological and pathological conditions.
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28
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Ricard-Blum S. Protein–glycosaminoglycan interaction networks: Focus on heparan sulfate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pisc.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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Wang X, Yu Z, Zhou Q, Wu X, Chen X, Li J, Zhu Z, Liu B, Su L. Tissue transglutaminase-2 promotes gastric cancer progression via the ERK1/2 pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 7:7066-79. [PMID: 26771235 PMCID: PMC4872769 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common tumors worldwide and involves extensive local tumor invasion, metastasis, and poor prognosis. Understanding mechanisms regulating progression of GC is necessary for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Tissue transglutaminase-2 (TG2), a multifunctional member of the transglutaminase family, has been shown to be critical for tumor initiation and progression. However, how TG2 promotes the progression of GC is unknown. We report that TG2 was highly expressed in GC tissues and positively associated with depth of tumor invasion and late TNM stage. With gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we observed that TG2 promoted GC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, as well as tumorigenesis and peritoneal metastasis in vivo. These events were associated with the ERK1/2 pathway activation and an ERK1/2 inhibitor (U0126) inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion induced by overexpression of TG2. In summary, TG2 contributes to tumorigenesis and progression of GC by activating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway and is a potential therapeutic target of metastatic gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjia Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiongyan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehua Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenggang Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingya Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Su
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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30
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Sato K, Takahashi K, Shigemoto-Mogami Y, Chujo K, Sekino Y. Glypican 6 Enhances N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Function in Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:259. [PMID: 27895553 PMCID: PMC5108764 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro use of neurons that are differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-neurons) is expected to improve the prediction accuracy of preclinical tests for both screening and safety assessments in drug development. To achieve this goal, hiPSC neurons are required to differentiate into functional neurons that form excitatory networks and stably express N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). Recent studies have identified some astrocyte-derived factors that are important for the functional maturation of neurons. We therefore examined the effects of the astrocyte-derived factor glypican 6 (GPC6) on hiPSC-neurons. When we pharmacologically examined which receptor subtypes mediate L-glutamate (L-Glu)-induced changes in the intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in hiPSC neurons using fura-2 Ca2+ imaging, NMDAR-mediated responses were not detected through 7 days in vitro (DIV). These cells were also not vulnerable to excitotoxicity at 7 DIV. However, a 5-days treatment with GPC6 from 3 DIV induced an NMDAR-mediated Ca2+ increase in hiPSC-neurons and increased the level of NMDARs on the cell surface. We also found that GPC6-treated hiPSC-neurons became responsive to excitotoxicity. These results suggest that GPC6 increases the level of functional NMDARs in hiPSC-neurons. Glial factors may play a key role in accelerating the functional maturation of hiPSC neurons for drug-development applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Sato
- Division of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanako Takahashi
- Division of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukari Shigemoto-Mogami
- Division of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Chujo
- Division of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sekino
- Division of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Stamnaes J, Cardoso I, Iversen R, Sollid LM. Transglutaminase 2 strongly binds to an extracellular matrix component other than fibronectin via its second C-terminal beta-barrel domain. FEBS J 2016; 283:3994-4010. [PMID: 27685605 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitous crosslinking enzyme present in both intra- and extracellular in many cell types and tissues. TG2 is upregulated upon cellular stress or injury, and extracellular TG2 is implicated in several human diseases, including celiac disease. However, incomplete knowledge about extracellular TG2 biology limits our understanding of how TG2 is involved in disease. Here, we demonstrate that binding of TG2 to the ECM of small intestinal tissue sections is the sum of binding to fibronectin (FN) via its N-terminal domain and binding to an abundant, novel extracellular matrix (ECM) interaction partner via its second C-terminal beta-barrel domain. The latter interaction dominates and gives rise to the characteristic reticular staining pattern of extracellular TG2. Of relevance for celiac disease, we show that self-multimerized TG2 does not efficiently deposit in the intestinal ECM, and TG2 complexes may thus become free-floating antigens in tissues in contrast to monomeric TG2 that would readily become sequestered by the ECM. Upon injection of monoclonal antibody targeting the FN-binding site, we observe antibody deposition on extracellular TG2 in cryosections, suggesting that the FN-binding site of TG2 is exposed in vivo. This would explain how and why celiac autoantibodies recognizing the FN-binding site of TG2 can bind TG2 in vitro, in situ as well as in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorunn Stamnaes
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Inês Cardoso
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Rasmus Iversen
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway
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32
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Burhan I, Furini G, Lortat-Jacob H, Atobatele AG, Scarpellini A, Schroeder N, Atkinson J, Maamra M, Nutter FH, Watson P, Vinciguerra M, Johnson TS, Verderio EAM. Interplay between transglutaminases and heparan sulphate in progressive renal scarring. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31343. [PMID: 27694984 PMCID: PMC5046136 DOI: 10.1038/srep31343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase-2 (TG2) is a new anti-fibrotic target for chronic kidney disease, for its role in altering the extracellular homeostatic balance leading to excessive build-up of matrix in kidney. However, there is no confirmation that TG2 is the only transglutaminase involved, neither there are strategies to control its action specifically over that of the conserved family-members. In this study, we have profiled transglutaminase isozymes in the rat subtotal nephrectomy (SNx) model of progressive renal scarring. All transglutaminases increased post-SNx peaking at loss of renal function but TG2 was the predominant enzyme. Upon SNx, extracellular TG2 deposited in the tubulointerstitium and peri-glomerulus via binding to heparan sulphate (HS) chains of proteoglycans and co-associated with syndecan-4. Extracellular TG2 was sufficient to activate transforming growth factor-β1 in tubular epithelial cells, and this process occurred in a HS-dependent way, in keeping with TG2-affinity for HS. Analysis of heparin binding of the main transglutaminases revealed that although the interaction between TG1 and HS is strong, the conformational heparin binding site of TG2 is not conserved, suggesting that TG2 has a unique interaction with HS within the family. Our data provides a rationale for a novel anti-fibrotic strategy specifically targeting the conformation-dependent TG2-epitope interacting with HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Burhan
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Furini
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble, F-38027, France
| | - Adeola G. Atobatele
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Scarpellini
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Schroeder
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - John Atkinson
- University of Sheffield, Academic Nephrology Unit, Medical School, Sheffield, S10 2RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mabrouka Maamra
- University of Sheffield, Academic Nephrology Unit, Medical School, Sheffield, S10 2RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Faith H. Nutter
- University of Sheffield, Academic Nephrology Unit, Medical School, Sheffield, S10 2RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Watson
- University of Sheffield, Academic Nephrology Unit, Medical School, Sheffield, S10 2RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy S. Johnson
- University of Sheffield, Academic Nephrology Unit, Medical School, Sheffield, S10 2RZ, United Kingdom
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Regina C, Panatta E, Candi E, Melino G, Amelio I, Balistreri CR, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Di Daniele N, Ruvolo G. Vascular ageing and endothelial cell senescence: Molecular mechanisms of physiology and diseases. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 159:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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34
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Cardoso I, Østerlund EC, Stamnaes J, Iversen R, Andersen JT, Jørgensen TJD, Sollid LM. Dissecting the interaction between transglutaminase 2 and fibronectin. Amino Acids 2016; 49:489-500. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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35
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Cathepsin-L and transglutaminase dependent processing of ps20: A novel mechanism for ps20 regulation via ECM cross-linking. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:328-337. [PMID: 28955923 PMCID: PMC5613349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whey-acidic-protein (WAP) four-disulphide core (WFDC) proteins have important roles in the regulation of innate immunity, anti-microbial function, and the inhibition of inflammatory proteases at mucosal surfaces. It was recently demonstrated that the WFDC protein, prostate stromal 20 (ps20), encoded by the WFDC1 gene, is a potent growth inhibitory factor, and shares with other WFDC proteins the ability to modulate wound healing processes and immune responses to viral infections. However, ps20 remains relatively uncharacterised at the protein level. Using a panel of ps20 antibodies for western-blotting (WB), ELISA and immunoaffinity purification, we isolated, biochemically characterised and tested ps20 preparations for three biological properties: (i) interactions with glycosaminoglycans (GAG) (ii) inhibition of cell proliferation, and (iii) transglutaminase2 (TG2) mediated crosslinking of ps20 to fibronectin, a process implicated in wound healing. We show herein that ps20 preparations contain multiple molecular forms including full-length ps20 (resolving at ≈27 kDa), an exon 3 truncated form (≈22 kDa) that lacks aa113-140, and variable amounts of a putatively cleaved lower MW (≈15-17 kDa) species. Untagged purified ps20 preparations containing a mixture of these forms are biologically active in significantly suppressing prostate cell proliferation. We show that one mechanism by which lower LMW forms of ps20 arise is through cathepsin L (CL) cleavage, and confirm that CL cleaves ps20 at the C-terminus, but this does not inhibit its growth inhibitory function. However, CL cleavage abrogated the interaction between ps20 and solid-phase fibronectin. Therefore, we demonstrate for the first time that LMW forms of ps20 that lack a C-terminal immunogenic epitope can arise through CL cleavage and this cleavage impairs multimerisation and potential capacity to cross-link to ECM, but not the capacity of ps20 to inhibit cell proliferation. We propose that ps20 like other WFDC proteins can become associated with GAGs and the ECM. Furthermore, we suggest post-translational processing and cleavage of ps20 is required to generate functional protein species, and TG2 mediated crosslinking and CL cleavage form components of a ps20 regulatory apparatus.
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Key Words
- CL, cathepsin L
- CM, conditioned media
- CV, column volume
- Cathepsin
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- FL, full length
- GAG, glycosaminoglycan
- Glycosaminoglycan
- HMW, high molecular weight
- LMW, low molecular weight
- MW, molecular weight
- Prostate cancer
- Ps20
- TR, truncated
- Transglutaminase
- WB, western blot
- WFDC1, whey acidic protein four disulphide core 1
- Whey-four-disulphide core
- ps20, prostate stromal 20
- rps20, recombinant ps20
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Mulloy B, Wu N, Gyapon-Quast F, Lin L, Zhang F, Pickering MC, Linhardt RJ, Feizi T, Chai W. Abnormally High Content of Free Glucosamine Residues Identified in a Preparation of Commercially Available Porcine Intestinal Heparan Sulfate. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6648-52. [PMID: 27295282 PMCID: PMC4948919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
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Heparan sulfate (HS)
polysaccharides are ubiquitous in animal tissues
as components of proteoglycans, and they participate in many important
biological processes. HS carbohydrate chains are complex and can contain
rare structural components such as N-unsubstituted
glucosamine (GlcN). Commercially available HS preparations have been
invaluable in many types of research activities. In the course of
preparing microarrays to include probes derived from HS oligosaccharides,
we found an unusually high content of GlcN residue in a recently purchased
batch of porcine intestinal mucosal HS. Composition and sequence analysis
by mass spectrometry of the oligosaccharides obtained after heparin
lyase III digestion of the polysaccharide indicated two and three
GlcN in the tetrasaccharide and hexasaccharide fractions, respectively. 1H NMR of the intact polysaccharide showed that this unusual
batch differed strikingly from other HS preparations obtained from
bovine kidney and porcine intestine. The very high content of GlcN
(30%) and low content of GlcNAc (4.2%) determined by disaccharide
composition analysis indicated that N-deacetylation
and/or N-desulfation may have taken place. HS is
widely used by the scientific community to investigate HS structures
and activities. Great care has to be taken in drawing conclusions
from investigations of structural features of HS and specificities
of HS interaction with proteins when commercial HS is used without
further analysis. Pending the availability of a validated commercial
HS reference preparation, our data may be useful to members of the
scientific community who have used the present preparation in their
studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lei Lin
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | | | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
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37
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Lai TS, Lin CJ, Greenberg CS. Role of tissue transglutaminase-2 (TG2)-mediated aminylation in biological processes. Amino Acids 2016; 49:501-515. [PMID: 27270573 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification (PTM) is an important mechanism in modulating a protein's structure and can lead to substantial diversity in biological function. Compared to other forms of PTMs such as phosphorylation, acetylation and glycosylation, the physiological significance of aminylation is limited. Aminylation refers to the covalent incorporation of biogenic/polyamines into target protein by calcium-dependent transglutaminases (TGs). The development of novel and more sensitive techniques has led to more proteins identified as tissue transglutaminase (TG2) substrates and potential targets for aminylation. Many of these substrate proteins play a role in cell signaling, cytoskeleton organization, muscle contraction, and inflammation. TG2 is well studied and widely expressed in a variety of tissues and will be the primary focus of this review on recent advance in transglutaminase-mediated aminylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thung-S Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Mackay Medical College, No. 46, Sec. 3, Jhong-Jheng Rd., Sanzhi Dist, New Taipei City, 25200, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Cheng-Jui Lin
- Nephrology/Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Nursing and Management, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Charles S Greenberg
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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Yamaguchi M, Zacharia J, Laidlaw TM, Balestrieri B. PLA2G5 regulates transglutaminase activity of human IL-4-activated M2 macrophages through PGE2 generation. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:131-41. [PMID: 26936936 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0815-372r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 are enzymes that liberate membrane-bound lipids in a tissue and cell-specific fashion. Group V secretory phospholipase A2 is necessary for the development of M2 macrophages and their effector functions in a mouse model of the T-helper-2 allergic airway inflammation. However, the function of group V phospholipase A2 in human M2 activation and T-helper-2 inflammation is ill-defined. Transglutaminase-2, a protein cross-linking enzyme, is a newly identified marker of both human and mouse interleukin-4-activated M2 macrophages and is also found in the lungs of patients with asthma. We report that group V phospholipase A2 and transglutaminase-2 colocalized in macrophages of human nasal polyp tissue obtained from patients with T-helper-2 eosinophilic inflammation, and their coexpression positively correlated with the number of eosinophils in each tissue specimen. We demonstrate that in human monocyte-derived macrophages activated by interleukin-4, group V phospholipase A2 translocated and colocalized with transglutaminase-2 in the cytoplasm and on the membrane of macrophages. Moreover, knocking down group V phospholipase A2 with small interfering ribonucleic acid reduced macrophage transglutaminase activity, whereas mass spectrometry analysis of lipids also showed reduced prostaglandin E2 production. Finally, exogenous prostaglandin E2 restored transglutaminase activity of group V phospholipase A2-small interfering ribonucleic acid-treated macrophages. Thus, our study shows a novel function of group V phospholipase A2 in regulating the transglutaminase activity of human interleukin-4-activated M2 macrophages through prostaglandin E2 generation and suggests that group V phospholipase A2 is a functionally relevant enzyme that may have therapeutic value for the treatment of human T-helper-2 inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts, USA; and the Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Zacharia
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts, USA; and the Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tanya M Laidlaw
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts, USA; and the Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barbara Balestrieri
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts, USA; and the Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Metastasis-associated S100A4 is a specific amine donor and an activity-independent binding partner of transglutaminase-2. Biochem J 2015; 473:31-42. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20150843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
S100A4 and transglutaminase-2 have a role in metastasis. S100A4 is an interaction partner and specific amine substrate of transglutaminase-2, promoting its open conformation and leading to enhanced cell adhesion. Study of their interaction could contribute to the better understanding of metastasis.
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Adamczyk M, Griffiths R, Dewitt S, Knäuper V, Aeschlimann D. P2X7 receptor activation regulates rapid unconventional export of transglutaminase-2. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4615-28. [PMID: 26542019 PMCID: PMC4696497 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.175968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases (denoted TG or TGM) are externalized from cells via an unknown unconventional secretory pathway. Here, we show for the first time that purinergic signaling regulates active secretion of TG2 (also known as TGM2), an enzyme with a pivotal role in stabilizing extracellular matrices and modulating cell–matrix interactions in tissue repair. Extracellular ATP promotes TG2 secretion by macrophages, and this can be blocked by a selective antagonist against the purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2X7R, also known as P2RX7). Introduction of functional P2X7R into HEK293 cells is sufficient to confer rapid, regulated TG2 export. By employing pharmacological agents, TG2 release could be separated from P2X7R-mediated microvesicle shedding. Neither Ca2+ signaling alone nor membrane depolarization triggered TG2 secretion, which occurred only upon receptor membrane pore formation and without pannexin channel involvement. A gain-of-function mutation in P2X7R associated with autoimmune disease caused enhanced TG2 externalization from cells, and this correlated with increased pore activity. These results provide a mechanistic explanation for a link between active TG2 secretion and inflammatory responses, and aberrant enhanced TG2 activity in certain autoimmune conditions. Summary: Purinergic signaling regulates unconventional secretion of transglutaminase-2 (TG2) and explains the link between aberrant protein modifications and inflammatory responses in TG2-dependent autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Adamczyk
- Matrix Biology & Tissue Repair Research Unit and Arthritis Research UK Biomechanics and Bioengineering Center of Excellence, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Rhiannon Griffiths
- Matrix Biology & Tissue Repair Research Unit and Arthritis Research UK Biomechanics and Bioengineering Center of Excellence, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Sharon Dewitt
- Matrix Biology & Tissue Repair Research Unit and Arthritis Research UK Biomechanics and Bioengineering Center of Excellence, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Vera Knäuper
- Matrix Biology & Tissue Repair Research Unit and Arthritis Research UK Biomechanics and Bioengineering Center of Excellence, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Daniel Aeschlimann
- Matrix Biology & Tissue Repair Research Unit and Arthritis Research UK Biomechanics and Bioengineering Center of Excellence, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
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Huang L, Xu AM, Liu W. Transglutaminase 2 in cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:2756-2776. [PMID: 26609482 PMCID: PMC4633903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The significant influence of tumor microenvironment on malignant cells has been investigated with enthusiasm in this era of targeted therapy. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2, EC 2.3.2.13), a multi-functional enzyme that catalyzes the formation of intermolecular isopeptide bonds between glutamine and lysine side-chains, has been reported to exert important pathophysiological functions. The aim of this review was to investigate the correlation between TG2 and malignant behaviors, which could provide the rationale for novel approaches in anti-cancer therapy. We performed a systematic and electronic search on Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science for relevant publications from inception to April 2015. The bibliographic references of retrieved articles were further reviewed for additional relevant studies. TG2 exerts important physiological functions and plays vital roles in inflammation mainly through its modulation on the structure and stability of extracellular matrix (ECM). It also regulates EMT of diverse malignant cells through various intracellular and extracellular pathways. TG2 also plays an important role in tumor progression and may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in various cancer types. TG2 promotes malignant cell mobility, invasion, and metastasis, and induces chemo-resistance of cancer cells, mainly through its pro-crosslink and signaling transduction mediation propensities. In conclusion, TG2 plays vital roles in malignancy progression, and may have important prognostic and therapeutic significances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Research Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityMannheim, Germany
| | - A-Man Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
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Kanchan K, Fuxreiter M, Fésüs L. Physiological, pathological, and structural implications of non-enzymatic protein-protein interactions of the multifunctional human transglutaminase 2. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3009-35. [PMID: 25943306 PMCID: PMC11113818 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed member of an enzyme family catalyzing Ca(2+)-dependent transamidation of proteins. It is a multifunctional protein having several well-defined enzymatic (GTP binding and hydrolysis, protein disulfide isomerase, and protein kinase activities) and non-enzymatic (multiple interactions in protein scaffolds) functions. Unlike its enzymatic interactions, the significance of TG2's non-enzymatic regulation of its activities has recently gained importance. In this review, we summarize all the partners that directly interact with TG2 in a non-enzymatic manner and analyze how these interactions could modulate the crosslinking activity and cellular functions of TG2 in different cell compartments. We have found that TG2 mostly acts as a scaffold to bridge various proteins, leading to different functional outcomes. We have also studied how specific structural features, such as intrinsically disordered regions and embedded short linear motifs contribute to multifunctionality of TG2. Conformational diversity of intrinsically disordered regions enables them to interact with multiple partners, which can result in different biological outcomes. Indeed, ID regions in TG2 were identified in functionally relevant locations, indicating that they could facilitate conformational transitions towards the catalytically competent form. We reason that these structural features contribute to modulating the physiological and pathological functions of TG2 and could provide a new direction for detecting unique regulatory partners. Additionally, we have assembled all known anti-TG2 antibodies and have discussed their significance as a toolbox for identifying and confirming novel TG2 regulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Kanchan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4010 Hungary
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mónika Fuxreiter
- MTA-DE Momentum Laboratory of Protein Dynamics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Fésüs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4010 Hungary
- MTA-DE Apoptosis, Genomics and Stem Cell Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
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Beckouche N, Bignon M, Lelarge V, Mathivet T, Pichol-Thievend C, Berndt S, Hardouin J, Garand M, Ardidie-Robouant C, Barret A, Melino G, Lortat-Jacob H, Muller L, Monnot C, Germain S. The interaction of heparan sulfate proteoglycans with endothelial transglutaminase-2 limits VEGF165-induced angiogenesis. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra70. [PMID: 26175493 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa0963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sprouting angiogenesis is stimulated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165) that is localized in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and binds to heparan sulfate (HS)-bearing proteins known as heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). VEGF165 presentation by HSPGs enhances VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) signaling. We investigated the effect of TG2, which binds to HSPGs, on the interaction between VEGF165 and HS and angiogenesis. Mice with tg2 deficiency showed transiently enhanced retina vessel formation and increased vascularization of VEGF165-containing Matrigel implants. In addition, endothelial cells in which TG2 was knocked down exhibited enhanced VEGF165-induced sprouting and migration, which was associated with increased phosphorylation of VEGFR2 at Tyr(951) and its targets Src and Akt. TG2 knockdown did not affect the phosphorylation of VEGFR2 at Tyr(1175) or cell proliferation in response to VEGF165 and sprouting or signaling in response to VEGF121. Decreased phosphorylation of VEGFR2 at Tyr(951) was due to ECM-localized TG2, which reduced the binding of VEGF165 to endothelial ECM in a manner that required its ability to bind to HS but not its catalytic activity. Surface plasmon resonance assays demonstrated that TG2 impeded the interaction between VEGF165 and HS. These results show that TG2 controls the formation of VEGF165-HSPG complexes and suggest that this regulation could be pharmacologically targeted to modulate developmental and therapeutic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Beckouche
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer. Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (ED 394), Paris F-75005, France
| | - Marine Bignon
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Virginie Lelarge
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer. Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (ED 394), Paris F-75005, France
| | - Thomas Mathivet
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Cathy Pichol-Thievend
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer. Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (ED 394), Paris F-75005, France
| | - Sarah Berndt
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Julie Hardouin
- Universite de Rouen Laboratoire Polymères Biopolymeres Surfaces, UMR CNRS 6270, Mont-Saint-Aignan F-76821, France
| | - Marion Garand
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Corinne Ardidie-Robouant
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Alain Barret
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Gerry Melino
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble F-38000, France. CNRS, IBS, Grenoble F-38000, France. Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, IBS, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Laurent Muller
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Catherine Monnot
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer.
| | - Stephane Germain
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer. Department of Pathology, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris F-75010, France
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Transglutaminase 2 interacts with syndecan-4 and CD44 at the surface of human macrophages to promote removal of apoptotic cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:201-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Borza CM, Chen X, Zent R, Pozzi A. Cell Receptor-Basement Membrane Interactions in Health and Disease: A Kidney-Centric View. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2015; 76:231-53. [PMID: 26610916 PMCID: PMC4913201 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions are essential for tissue development, homeostasis, and response to injury. Basement membranes (BMs) are specialized ECMs that separate epithelial or endothelial cells from stromal components and interact with cells via cellular receptors, including integrins and discoidin domain receptors. Disruption of cell-BM interactions due to either injury or genetic defects in either the ECM components or cellular receptors often lead to irreversible tissue injury and loss of organ function. Animal models that lack specific BM components or receptors either globally or in selective tissues have been used to help with our understanding of the molecular mechanisms whereby cell-BM interactions regulate organ function in physiological and pathological conditions. We review recently published works on animal models that explore how cell-BM interactions regulate kidney homeostasis in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina M. Borza
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Xiwu Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Roy Zent
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Hospital, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Ambra Pozzi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Hospital, Nashville, TN, 37232
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46
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Activity-regulating structural changes and autoantibody epitopes in transglutaminase 2 assessed by hydrogen/deuterium exchange. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:17146-51. [PMID: 25404341 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407457111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is the target of autoantibodies in the gluten-sensitive enteropathy celiac disease. In addition, the enzyme is responsible for deamidation of gluten peptides, which are subsequently targeted by T cells. To understand the regulation of TG2 activity and the enzyme's role as an autoantigen in celiac disease, we have addressed structural properties of TG2 in solution by using hydrogen/deuterium exchange monitored by mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that Ca(2+) binding, which is necessary for TG2 activity, induces structural changes in the catalytic core domain of the enzyme. Cysteine oxidation was found to abolish these changes, suggesting a mechanism whereby disulfide bond formation inactivates the enzyme. Further, by using TG2-specific human monoclonal antibodies generated from intestinal plasma cells of celiac disease patients, we observed that binding of TG2 by autoantibodies can induce structural changes that could be relevant for the pathogenesis. Detailed mapping of two of the main epitopes targeted by celiac disease autoantibodies revealed that they are located adjacent to each other in the N-terminal part of the TG2 molecule.
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47
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Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (transglutaminase 2) is a multifunctional enzyme with many interesting properties resulting in versatile roles in both physiology and pathophysiology. Herein, the particular involvement of the enzyme in human diseases will be outlined with special emphasis on its role in cancer and in tissue interactions with biomaterials. Despite recent progress in unraveling the different cellular functions of transglutaminase 2, several questions remain. Transglutaminase 2 features in both confirmed and some still ambiguous roles within pathological conditions, raising interest in developing inhibitors and imaging probes which target this enzyme. One important prerequisite for identifying and characterizing such molecular tools are reliable assay methods to measure the enzymatic activity. This digest Letter will provide clarification about the various assay methods described to date, accompanied by a discussion of recent progress in the development of inhibitors and imaging probes targeting transglutaminase 2.
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Eckert RL, Kaartinen MT, Nurminskaya M, Belkin AM, Colak G, Johnson GVW, Mehta K. Transglutaminase regulation of cell function. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:383-417. [PMID: 24692352 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) are multifunctional proteins having enzymatic and scaffolding functions that participate in regulation of cell fate in a wide range of cellular systems and are implicated to have roles in development of disease. This review highlights the mechanism of action of these proteins with respect to their structure, impact on cell differentiation and survival, role in cancer development and progression, and function in signal transduction. We also discuss the mechanisms whereby TG level is controlled and how TGs control downstream targets. The studies described herein begin to clarify the physiological roles of TGs in both normal biology and disease states.
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49
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Scarpellini A, Huang L, Burhan I, Schroeder N, Funck M, Johnson TS, Verderio EAM. Syndecan-4 knockout leads to reduced extracellular transglutaminase-2 and protects against tubulointerstitial fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:1013-27. [PMID: 24357671 PMCID: PMC4005302 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013050563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) is an extracellular matrix crosslinking enzyme with a pivotal role in kidney fibrosis. The interaction of TG2 with the heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-4 (Sdc4) regulates the cell surface trafficking, localization, and activity of TG2 in vitro but remains unstudied in vivo. We tested the hypothesis that Sdc4 is required for cell surface targeting of TG2 and the development of kidney fibrosis in CKD. Wild-type and Sdc4-null mice were subjected to unilateral ureteric obstruction and aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) as experimental models of kidney fibrosis. Analysis of renal scarring by Masson trichrome staining, kidney hydroxyproline levels, and collagen immunofluorescence demonstrated progressive fibrosis associated with increases in extracellular TG2 and TG activity in the tubulointerstitium in both models. Knockout of Sdc-4 reduced these effects and prevented AAN-induced increases in total and active TGF-β1. In wild-type mice subjected to AAN, extracellular TG2 colocalized with Sdc4 in the tubular interstitium and basement membrane, where TG2 also colocalized with heparan sulfate chains. Heparitinase I, which selectively cleaves heparan sulfate, completely abolished extracellular TG2 in normal and diseased kidney sections. In conclusion, the lack of Sdc4 heparan sulfate chains in the kidneys of Sdc4-null mice abrogates injury-induced externalization of TG2, thereby preventing profibrotic crosslinking of extracellular matrix and recruitment of large latent TGF-β1. This finding suggests that targeting the TG2-Sdc4 interaction may provide a specific interventional strategy for the treatment of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Scarpellini
- School of Science and Technology, Biomedical, Life and Health Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Linghong Huang
- Academic Nephrology Unit, Sheffield Kidney Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Izhar Burhan
- School of Science and Technology, Biomedical, Life and Health Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Nina Schroeder
- School of Science and Technology, Biomedical, Life and Health Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Muriel Funck
- School of Science and Technology, Biomedical, Life and Health Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Timothy S Johnson
- Academic Nephrology Unit, Sheffield Kidney Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabetta A M Verderio
- School of Science and Technology, Biomedical, Life and Health Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
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50
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Nadalutti CA, Korponay-Szabo IR, Kaukinen K, Griffin M, Mäki M, Lindfors K. Celiac disease patient IgA antibodies induce endothelial adhesion and cell polarization defects via extracellular transglutaminase 2. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1315-26. [PMID: 23982754 PMCID: PMC11113300 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have recently found that celiac disease patient serum-derived autoantibodies targeted against transglutaminase 2 interfere with several steps of angiogenesis, including endothelial sprouting and migration, though the mechanism involved remained to be fully characterized. This study now investigated the processes underlying the antiangiogenic effects exerted by celiac disease patient antibodies on endothelial cells, with particular regard to the adhesion, migration, and polarization signaling pathway. We observed that celiac IgA reduced endothelial cell numbers by affecting adhesion without increasing apoptosis. Endothelial cells in the presence of celiac IgA showed weak attachment, a high susceptibility to detach from fibronectin, and a disorganized extracellular matrix due to a reduction of protein cross-links. Furthermore, celiac patient IgA led to secretion of active transglutaminase 2 from endothelial cells into the culture supernatants. Additionally, cell surface transglutaminase 2 mediated integrin clustering in the presence of celiac IgA was coupled to augmented expression of β1-integrin. We also observed that celiac patient IgA-treated endothelial cells had migratory defects and a less polarized phenotype when compared to control groups, and this was associated with the RhoA signaling pathway. These biological effects mediated by celiac IgA on endothelial cells were partially influenced but not completely abolished by R281, an irreversible extracellular transglutaminase 2 enzymatic activity inhibitor. Taken together, our results imply that celiac patient IgA antibodies disturb the extracellular protein cross-linking function of transglutaminase 2, thus altering cell-extracellular matrix interactions and thereby affecting endothelial cell adhesion, polarization, and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Antonella Nadalutti
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilma Rita Korponay-Szabo
- Celiac Disease Center, Heim Pal Children’s Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katri Kaukinen
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Martin Griffin
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Markku Mäki
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Katri Lindfors
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33014 Tampere, Finland
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