1
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Lu H. Inflammatory liver diseases and susceptibility to sepsis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:435-487. [PMID: 38571396 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory liver diseases, particularly alcohol-associated liver disease and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), have higher incidence of infections and mortality rate due to sepsis. The current focus in the development of drugs for MAFLD is the resolution of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and prevention of progression to cirrhosis. In patients with cirrhosis or alcoholic hepatitis, sepsis is a major cause of death. As the metabolic center and a key immune tissue, liver is the guardian, modifier, and target of sepsis. Septic patients with liver dysfunction have the highest mortality rate compared with other organ dysfunctions. In addition to maintaining metabolic homeostasis, the liver produces and secretes hepatokines and acute phase proteins (APPs) essential in tissue protection, immunomodulation, and coagulation. Inflammatory liver diseases cause profound metabolic disorder and impairment of energy metabolism, liver regeneration, and production/secretion of APPs and hepatokines. Herein, the author reviews the roles of (1) disorders in the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, and amino acids as well as the clearance of ammonia and lactate in the pathogenesis of inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis; (2) cytokines/chemokines in inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis; (3) APPs and hepatokines in the protection against tissue injury and infections; and (4) major nuclear receptors/signaling pathways underlying the metabolic disorders and tissue injuries as well as the major drug targets for inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis. Approaches that focus on the liver dysfunction and regeneration will not only treat inflammatory liver diseases but also prevent the development of severe infections and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, U.S.A
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2
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Wahi A, Jain P, Sinhari A, Jadhav HR. Progress in discovery and development of natural inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs) as anti-cancer agents. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:675-702. [PMID: 37615708 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02674-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The study of epigenetic translational modifications had drawn great interest for the last few decades. These processes play a vital role in many diseases and cancer is one of them. Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) are key enzymes involved in the acetylation and deacetylation of histones and ultimately in post-translational modifications. Cancer frequently exhibits epigenetic changes, particularly disruption in the expression and activity of HDACs. It includes the capacity to regulate proliferative signalling, circumvent growth inhibitors, escape cell death, enable replicative immortality, promote angiogenesis, stimulate invasion and metastasis, prevent immunological destruction, and genomic instability. The majority of tumours develop and spread as a result of HDAC dysregulation. As a result, HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) were developed, and they today stand as a very promising therapeutic approach. One of the most well-known and efficient therapies for practically all cancer types is chemotherapy. However, the efficiency and safety of treatment are constrained by higher toxicity. The same has been observed with the synthetic HDACi. Natural products, owing to many advantages over synthetic compounds for cancer treatment have always been a choice for therapy. Hence, naturally available molecules are of particular interest for HDAC inhibition and HDAC has drawn the attention of the research fraternity due to their potential to offer a diverse array of chemical structures and bioactive compounds. This diversity opens up new avenues for exploring less toxic HDAC inhibitors to reduce side effects associated with conventional synthetic inhibitors. The review presents comprehensive details on natural product HDACi, their mechanism of action and their biological effects. Moreover, this review provides a brief discussion on the structure activity relationship of selected natural HDAC inhibitors and their analogues which can guide future research to discover selective, more potent HDACi with minimal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Wahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, DPSRU, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Priti Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, DPSRU, New Delhi, 110017, India.
| | - Apurba Sinhari
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Hemant R Jadhav
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
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3
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Ashton AW, Dhanjal HK, Rossner B, Mahmood H, Patel VI, Nadim M, Lota M, Shahid F, Li Z, Joyce D, Pajkos M, Dosztányi Z, Jiao X, Pestell RG. Acetylation of nuclear receptors in health and disease: an update. FEBS J 2024; 291:217-236. [PMID: 36471658 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is a common reversible post-translational modification of proteins that plays a key role in regulating gene expression. Nuclear receptors (NRs) include ligand-inducible transcription factors and orphan receptors for which the ligand is undetermined, which together regulate the expression of genes involved in development, metabolism, homeostasis, reproduction and human diseases including cancer. Since the original finding that the ERα, AR and HNF4 are acetylated, we now understand that the vast majority of NRs are acetylated and that this modification has profound effects on NR function. Acetylation sites are often conserved and involve both ordered and disordered regions of NRs. The acetylated residues function as part of an intramolecular signalling platform intersecting phosphorylation, methylation and other modifications. Acetylation of NR has been shown to impact recruitment into chromatin, co-repressor and coactivator complex formation, sensitivity and specificity of regulation by ligand and ligand antagonists, DNA binding, subcellular distribution and transcriptional activity. A growing body of evidence in mice indicates a vital role for NR acetylation in metabolism. Additionally, mutations of the NR acetylation site occur in human disease. This review focuses on the role of NR acetylation in coordinating signalling in normal physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Ashton
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Rossner
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Huma Mahmood
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Vivek I Patel
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Mohammad Nadim
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Manpreet Lota
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Farhan Shahid
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Zhiping Li
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | - David Joyce
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Matyas Pajkos
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Dosztányi
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Xuanmao Jiao
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | - Richard G Pestell
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, USA
- The Wistar Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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4
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AMPK inhibits liver gluconeogenesis: fact or fiction? Biochem J 2023; 480:105-125. [PMID: 36637190 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Is there a role for AMPK in the control of hepatic gluconeogenesis and could targeting AMPK in liver be a viable strategy for treating type 2 diabetes? These are frequently asked questions this review tries to answer. After describing properties of AMPK and different small-molecule AMPK activators, we briefly review the various mechanisms for controlling hepatic glucose production, mainly via gluconeogenesis. The different experimental and genetic models that have been used to draw conclusions about the role of AMPK in the control of liver gluconeogenesis are critically discussed. The effects of several anti-diabetic drugs, particularly metformin, on hepatic gluconeogenesis are also considered. We conclude that the main effect of AMPK activation pertinent to the control of hepatic gluconeogenesis is to antagonize glucagon signalling in the short-term and, in the long-term, to improve insulin sensitivity by reducing hepatic lipid content.
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Palu RAS, Owings KG, Garces JG, Nicol A. A natural genetic variation screen identifies insulin signaling, neuronal communication, and innate immunity as modifiers of hyperglycemia in the absence of Sirt1. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:jkac090. [PMID: 35435227 PMCID: PMC9157059 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Variation in the onset, progression, and severity of symptoms associated with metabolic disorders such as diabetes impairs the diagnosis and treatment of at-risk patients. Diabetes symptoms, and patient variation in these symptoms, are attributed to a combination of genetic and environmental factors, but identifying the genes and pathways that modify diabetes in humans has proven difficult. A greater understanding of genetic modifiers and the ways in which they interact with metabolic pathways could improve the ability to predict a patient's risk for severe symptoms, as well as enhance the development of individualized therapeutic approaches. In this study, we use the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel to identify genetic variation influencing hyperglycemia associated with loss of Sirt1 function. Through analysis of individual candidate functions, physical interaction networks, and gene set enrichment analysis, we identify not only modifiers involved in canonical glucose metabolism and insulin signaling, but also genes important for neuronal signaling and the innate immune response. Furthermore, reducing the expression of several of these candidates suppressed hyperglycemia, making them potential candidate therapeutic targets. These analyses showcase the diverse processes contributing to glucose homeostasis and open up several avenues of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A S Palu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University-Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46818, USA
| | - Katie G Owings
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - John G Garces
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University-Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46818, USA
| | - Audrey Nicol
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University-Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46818, USA
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6
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Kaikaryte K, Gedvilaite G, Vilkeviciute A, Kriauciuniene L, Mockute R, Cebatoriene D, Zemaitiene R, Balciuniene VJ, Liutkeviciene R. SIRT1: Genetic Variants and Serum Levels in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050753. [PMID: 35629418 PMCID: PMC9148058 DOI: 10.3390/life12050753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this paper was to determine the frequency of SIRT1 rs3818292, rs3758391, rs7895833 single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes and SIRT1 serum levels associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in the Lithuanian population. Methods: Genotyping of SIRT1 rs3818292, rs3758391 and rs7895833 was performed using RT-PCR. SIRT1 serum level was determined using the ELISA method. Results: We found that rs3818292 and rs7895833 were associated with an increased risk of developing exudative AMD. Additional sex-differentiated analysis revealed only rs7895833 was associated with an increased risk of developing exudative AMD in women after strict Bonferroni correction. The analysis also revealed that individuals carrying rs3818292, rs3758391 and rs7895833 haplotype G-T-G are associated with increased odds of exudative AMD. Still, the rare haplotypes were associated with the decreased odds of exudative AMD. After performing an analysis of serum SIRT1 levels and SIRT1 genetic variant, we found that carriers of the SIRT1 rs3818292 minor allele G had higher serum SIRT1 levels than the AA genotype. In addition, individuals carrying at least one SIRT1 rs3758391 T allele also had elevated serum SIRT1 levels compared with individuals with the wild-type CC genotype. Conclusions: Our study showed that the SIRT1 polymorphisms rs3818292 and rs7895833 and rs3818292-rs3758391-rs7895833 haplotype G-T-G could be associated with the development of exudative AMD. Also, two SNPs (rs3818292 and rs3758391) are associated with elevated SIRT1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriste Kaikaryte
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 2, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.G.); (A.V.); (L.K.); (R.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-6857-5999
| | - Greta Gedvilaite
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 2, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.G.); (A.V.); (L.K.); (R.L.)
| | - Alvita Vilkeviciute
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 2, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.G.); (A.V.); (L.K.); (R.L.)
| | - Loresa Kriauciuniene
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 2, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.G.); (A.V.); (L.K.); (R.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 2 Str., LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.M.); (D.C.); (R.Z.); (V.J.B.)
| | - Ruta Mockute
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 2 Str., LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.M.); (D.C.); (R.Z.); (V.J.B.)
| | - Dzastina Cebatoriene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 2 Str., LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.M.); (D.C.); (R.Z.); (V.J.B.)
| | - Reda Zemaitiene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 2 Str., LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.M.); (D.C.); (R.Z.); (V.J.B.)
| | - Vilma Jurate Balciuniene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 2 Str., LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.M.); (D.C.); (R.Z.); (V.J.B.)
| | - Rasa Liutkeviciene
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 2, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.G.); (A.V.); (L.K.); (R.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 2 Str., LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.M.); (D.C.); (R.Z.); (V.J.B.)
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7
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Bogolepova A, Makhnovich E, Kovalenko E, Osinovskaya N. Potential biomarkers of early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:7-14. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20221220917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Cao M, Yang J, Wang X, Hu W, Xie X, Zhao Y, Liu M, Wei Y, Yu M, Hu T. Sophora subprostrate polysaccharide regulates histone acetylation to inhibit inflammation in PCV2-infected murine splenic lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:668-678. [PMID: 34560152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has caused large economic losses in the swine industry worldwide; therefore, research on relevant therapeutic medicines is still urgently needed. To define the relationship between histone acetylation and inflammation induced by PCV2, we investigated whether traditional Chinese medicinal polysaccharides could alleviate viral infection by regulating histone acetylation. In this study, Sophora subprostrate polysaccharide (SSP)-treated PCV2-infected murine splenic lymphocytes in vitro and murine spleen in vivo were used to explore the regulatory effects of SSP on inflammation and histone acetylation caused by PCV2. SSP at different concentrations significantly reduced the secretion levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, the activity of COX-2, the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS and COX-2 and the protein expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 but promoted the secretion and mRNA expression levels of IL-10. Furthermore, the different concentrations of SSP significantly regulated the activity of histone acetylase (HAT) and the mRNA expression of HAT1, increased the activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) and the mRNA expression of HDAC1 and reduced the protein expression levels of Ac-H3 and Ac-H4. Overall, SSP inhibited inflammation in PCV2-infected murine splenic lymphocytes by regulating histone acetylation in vitro and in vivo, thus playing an important role in PCV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mixia Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Xinrui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Wenyue Hu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yi Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Mengqian Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yingyi Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Meiling Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Tingjun Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
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Pollard CL, Gibb Z, Hawdon A, Swegen A, Grupen CG. Supplementing media with NAD + precursors enhances the in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes. J Reprod Dev 2021; 67:319-326. [PMID: 34408103 PMCID: PMC8568614 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2021-080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro maturation (IVM) is an important reproductive technology used to produce embryos in vitro. However, the developmental potential of oocytes sourced
for IVM is markedly lower than those matured in vivo. Previously, NAD+-elevating treatments have improved oocyte quality and embryo development in cattle and
mice, suggesting that NAD+ is important during oocyte maturation. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of nicotinic acid (NA), nicotinamide (NAM) and nicotinamide
mononucleotide (NMN) on oocyte maturation and subsequent embryo development. Porcine oocytes from small antral follicles were matured for 44 h in a defined maturation medium supplemented
with NA, NAM and resveratrol or NMN. Mature oocytes were artificially activated and presumptive zygotes cultured for 7 days. Additionally, oocytes were matured without treatment then
cultured for 7 days with NMN. Supplementing the IVM medium with NA improved maturation and blastocyst formation while NAM supplementation improved cleavage rates compared with untreated
controls. Supplementing the IVM or embryo culture media with NMN had no effect on maturation or embryo development. The results show that supplementing the maturation medium with NA and NAM
improved maturation and developmental potential of porcine oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charley-Lea Pollard
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Zamira Gibb
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Azelle Hawdon
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2570, Australia.,Present: Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Aleona Swegen
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.,Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher G Grupen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2570, Australia
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10
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Banerji R, Huynh C, Figueroa F, Dinday MT, Baraban SC, Patel M. Enhancing glucose metabolism via gluconeogenesis is therapeutic in a zebrafish model of Dravet syndrome. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab004. [PMID: 33842883 PMCID: PMC8023476 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy-producing pathways are novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we focussed on correcting metabolic defects in a catastrophic paediatric epilepsy, Dravet syndrome which is caused by mutations in sodium channel NaV1.1 gene, SCN1A. We utilized a translatable zebrafish model of Dravet syndrome (scn1lab) which exhibits key characteristics of patients with Dravet syndrome and shows metabolic deficits accompanied by down-regulation of gluconeogenesis genes, pck1 and pck2. Using a metabolism-based small library screen, we identified compounds that increased gluconeogenesis via up-regulation of pck1 gene expression in scn1lab larvae. Treatment with PK11195, a pck1 activator and a translocator protein ligand, normalized dys-regulated glucose levels, metabolic deficits, translocator protein expression and significantly decreased electrographic seizures in mutant larvae. Inhibition of pck1 in wild-type larvae mimicked metabolic and behaviour defects observed in scn1lab mutants. Together, this suggests that correcting dys-regulated metabolic pathways can be therapeutic in neurodevelopmental disorders such as Dravet syndrome arising from ion channel dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswari Banerji
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, CA 80045, USA
| | - Christopher Huynh
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, CA 80045, USA
| | - Francisco Figueroa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Epilepsy Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew T Dinday
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Epilepsy Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Scott C Baraban
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Epilepsy Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Manisha Patel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, CA 80045, USA
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11
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Seenappa V, Joshi MB, Satyamoorthy K. Intricate Regulation of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (PEPCK) Isoforms in Normal Physiology and Disease. Curr Mol Med 2020; 19:247-272. [PMID: 30947672 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190404155801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) isoforms are considered as rate-limiting enzymes for gluconeogenesis and glyceroneogenesis pathways. PEPCK exhibits several interesting features such as a) organelle-specific isoforms (cytosolic and a mitochondrial) in vertebrate clade, b) tissue-specific expression of isoforms and c) organism-specific requirement of ATP or GTP as a cofactor. In higher organisms, PEPCK isoforms are intricately regulated and activated through several physiological and pathological stimuli such as corticoids, hormones, nutrient starvation and hypoxia. Isoform-specific transcriptional/translational regulation and their interplay in maintaining glucose homeostasis remain to be fully understood. Mounting evidence indicates the significant involvement of PEPCK isoforms in physiological processes (development and longevity) and in the progression of a variety of diseases (metabolic disorders, cancer, Smith-Magenis syndrome). OBJECTIVE The present systematic review aimed to assimilate existing knowledge of transcriptional and translational regulation of PEPCK isoforms derived from cell, animal and clinical models. CONCLUSION Based on current knowledge and extensive bioinformatics analysis, in this review we have provided a comparative (epi)genetic understanding of PCK1 and PCK2 genes encompassing regulatory elements, disease-associated polymorphisms, copy number variations, regulatory miRNAs and CpG densities. We have also discussed various exogenous and endogenous modulators of PEPCK isoforms and their signaling mechanisms. A comprehensive review of existing knowledge of PEPCK regulation and function may enable identification of the underlying gaps to design new pharmacological strategies and interventions for the diseases associated with gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venu Seenappa
- School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal - 576104, India
| | - Manjunath B Joshi
- School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal - 576104, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal - 576104, India
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12
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Bi Y, Wang Y, Xie W. The interplay between hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) and cholesterol sulfotransferase (SULT2B1b) in hepatic energy homeostasis. LIVER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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13
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Sirt5 Attenuates Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury through Regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and Bcl-2. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4745132. [PMID: 31815138 PMCID: PMC6878818 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4745132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin- (CDDP) induced acute kidney injury (AKI) limits the clinical use of cisplatin. Several sirtuin (SIRT) family proteins are involved in AKI, while the roles of Sirt5 in cisplatin-induced AKI remain unknown. In the present study, we characterized the role and mechanism of Sirt5 in cisplatin-induced apoptosis using the human kidney 2 (HK-2) cell line. CDDP treatment decreased Sirt5 expression of HK-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, Sirt5 overexpression enhanced the metabolic activity in CDDP-treated HK-2 cells while Sirt5 siRNA attenuated it. Forced expression of Sirt5 inhibited CDDP-induced apoptosis while Sirt5 siRNA showed the opposite effects. Accordingly, Sirt5 overexpression inhibited the level of caspase 3 cleavage and cytochrome c levels. Furthermore, we found that Sirt5 increased mitochondrial membrane potentials and ameliorated intracellular ROS production. Mitotracker Red staining indicated that Sirt5 overexpression was able to maintain the mitochondrial density during CDDP treatment. We also investigated possible downstream targets of Sirt5 and found that Sirt5 increased Nrf2, HO-1, and Bcl-2 while it decreased Bax protein expression. Sirt5 siRNA showed the opposite effect on these proteins. The levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and Bcl-2 proteins in HK-2 cells were also decreased after CDDP treatment. Moreover, Nrf2 and Bcl-2 siRNA partly abolished the protecting effect of Sirt5 on CDDP-induced apoptosis and cytochrome c release. Catalase inhibitor 3-AT also abolished the cytoprotective effect of Sirt5. Together, the results demonstrated that Sirt5 attenuated cisplatin-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial injury in human kidney HK-2 cells, possibly through the regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and Bcl-2.
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p300/CBP as a Key Nutritional Sensor for Hepatic Energy Homeostasis and Liver Fibrosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8168791. [PMID: 29862292 PMCID: PMC5976926 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8168791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The overwhelming frequency of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes are closely related to liver diseases, which might share common pathogenic signaling processes. These metabolic disorders in the presence of inflammatory response seem to be triggered by and to reside in the liver, which is the central metabolic organ that plays primary roles in regulating lipid and glucose homeostasis upon alterations of metabolic conditions. Recently, abundant emerging researches suggested that p300 and CREB binding protein (CBP) are crucial regulators of energy homeostasis and liver fibrosis through both their acetyltransferase activities and transcriptional coactivators. Plenty of recent findings demonstrated the potential roles of p300/CBP in mammalian metabolic homeostasis in response to nutrients. This review is focused on the different targets and functions of p300/CBP in physiological and pathological processes, including lipogenesis, lipid export, gluconeogenesis, and liver fibrosis, also provided some nutrients as the regulator of p300/CBP for nutritional therapeutic approaches to treat liver diseases.
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Zhang XY, Zhang XJ, Xv J, Jia W, Pu XY, Wang HY, Liang H, Lu DX. Crocin attenuates acute hypobaric hypoxia-induced cognitive deficits of rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 818:300-305. [PMID: 29106903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether crocin exerted neuroprotective effects against acute hypobaric hypoxia at high altitude in vivo and determined the underlying mechanisms. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a normoxic group,a hypoxic group, and three crocin groups at three different doses. The rats were transferred from 50m to 4200m for 3 days after treatment with crocin for 3 days. The learning and memory of the rat were evaluated with the Morris water maze test. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to analyze the changes in the ultrastructure of hippocampal neurons. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α) and sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) levels were determined using immunohistochemical staining and western blotting. The escape latency of the crocin group was shorter than that of the hypoxic group, while the frequency of the rats reaching the platform was significantly higher in the crocin group. The structures of nerve cells and mitochondria were destroyed in the hypoxic group, but were repaired in the crocin groups. The expressions of PGC-1α and SIRT1 were decreased in the hypoxic group, but were increased in the crocin group. All the effects improved by crocin were dose-dependent. Crocin attenuates acute hypobaric hypoxia-induced cognitive deficits in rats, accompanied by repairing the structures of hippocampal neurons and improving PGC-1α and SIRT1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China.
| | - Xian-Jun Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China
| | - Jin Xv
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Pu
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China
| | - Hai-Yan Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China
| | - Hong Liang
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China
| | - Dian-Xiang Lu
- Research center of high altitude medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining 810000, China
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Mizuno TM, Lew PS, Luo Y, Leckstrom A. Negative regulation of hepatic fat mass and obesity associated (Fto) gene expression by insulin. Life Sci 2017; 170:50-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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RNA helicase DDX3 maintains lipid homeostasis through upregulation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein by interacting with HNF4 and SHP. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41452. [PMID: 28128295 PMCID: PMC5269733 DOI: 10.1038/srep41452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional RNA helicase DDX3 participates in HCV infection, one of the major causes of hepatic steatosis. Here, we investigated the role of DDX3 in hepatic lipid metabolism. We found that HCV infection severely reduced DDX3 expression. Analysis of intracellular triglyceride and secreted ApoB indicated that lipid accumulations were increased while ApoB secretion were decreased in DDX3 knockdown HuH7 and HepG2 cell lines. Down-regulation of DDX3 significantly decreased protein and transcript expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), a key regulator of liver lipid homeostasis. Moreover, DDX3 interacted with hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4) and small heterodimer partner (SHP), and synergistically up-regulated HNF4-mediated transactivation of MTP promoter via its ATPase activity. Further investigation revealed that DDX3 interacted with CBP/p300 and increased the promoter binding affinity of HNF4 by enhancing HNF4 acetylation. Additionally, DDX3 partially relieved the SHP-mediated suppression on MTP promoter by competing with SHP for HNF4 binding which disrupted the inactive HNF4/SHP heterodimer while promoted the formation of the active HNF4 homodimer. Collectively, these results imply that DDX3 regulates MTP gene expression and lipid homeostasis through interplay with HNF4 and SHP, which may also reveal a novel mechanism of HCV-induced steatosis.
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Sirtuins Expression and Their Role in Retinal Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3187594. [PMID: 28197299 PMCID: PMC5288547 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3187594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins have received considerable attention since the discovery that silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) extends the lifespan of yeast. Sir2, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- (NAD-) dependent histone deacetylase, serves as both a transcriptional effector and energy sensor. Oxidative stress and apoptosis are implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative eye diseases. Sirtuins confer protection against oxidative stress and retinal degeneration. In mammals, the sirtuin (SIRT) family consists of seven proteins (SIRT1–SIRT7). These vary in tissue specificity, subcellular localization, and enzymatic activity and targets. In this review, we present the current knowledge of the sirtuin family and discuss their structure, cellular location, and biological function with a primary focus on their role in different neuroophthalmic diseases including glaucoma, optic neuritis, and age-related macular degeneration. The potential role of certain therapeutic targets is also described.
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Jia Y, Han S, Li J, Wang H, Liu J, Li N, Yang X, Shi J, Han J, Li Y, Bai X, Su L, Hu D. IRF8 is the target of SIRT1 for the inflammation response in macrophages. Innate Immun 2016; 23:188-195. [PMID: 28008797 DOI: 10.1177/1753425916683751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The type III histone deacetylase SIRT1 has recently emerged as a critical immune regulator by suppressing T-cell immunity and macrophage activation during inflammation, but its mechanism in regulating inflammatory response in macrophages remains unclear. Here we show that the expression of SIRT1 in macrophage cells decreased following the release of inflammation cytokines when the cells were stimulated with LPS. IRF8, an important regulator in monocyte differentiation and macrophage polarization, showed the opposite trend, with SIRT1 expression levels increasing after the cells treated with LPS. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence experiments showed that SIRT1 could not only interact with IRF8, but also deacetylate it. LPS treatment had no effect on the expression of IRF8 in macrophage cells in which sirt1 was specifically deleted. Our results show that IRF8 may be the target of histone deacetylase SIRT1 to regulate the inflammation in the macrophage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Jia
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shichao Han
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuekang Yang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jihong Shi
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juntao Han
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaozhi Bai
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Linlin Su
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dahai Hu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Ghinis-Hozumi Y, González-Dávalos L, Antaramian A, Villarroya F, Piña E, Shimada A, Varela-Echavarría A, Mora O. Effect of resveratrol and lipoic acid on sirtuin-regulated expression of metabolic genes in bovine liver and muscle slice cultures. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:3820-31. [PMID: 26440162 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-8819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (Sirt) are NAD-dependent deacetylases that are activated by the antioxidants resveratrol (RSV) and lipoic acid (LA). The objective of this study was to determine in bovine liver and muscle slice cultures the effect of RSV and LA treatment on the expresssion of Sirt1, Sirt3, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PPARGC1A), and the forkhead box O transcription factors FoxO1 and FoxO3 as well as other factors involved in glucose and lipid metabolism and related to Sirt activity. Tissue slices from crossbred bulls were treated during 60 min with 40 or 80 μ RSV and 30, 100, 300, or 1,000 μ LA under restricted conditions (Krebs-Ringer buffer without nutrients) and fed conditions (2.5 m propionate in combination with 1 n glucagon) for liver slices or with 0.01 μ epinephrine for muscle slices. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to analyze the expression of the mRNA for the genes studied and western blot analysis for the expression of the protein for Sirt1. Our results show that the expression of the mRNA for Sirt1 was enhanced by RSV in liver under restriction ( ≤ 0.0112) and by LA in muscle, more under restriction ( ≤ 0.0121) than after epinephrine administration ( < 0.0001). Sirt3 is affected in a dose-dependent manner by both compounds in both tissues and under both metabolic conditions ( ≤ 0.0452). The expression of the protein for Sirt1 was increased by LA in both tissues under restricted conditions ( = 0.0026 and = 0.0201, respectively) but in liver also in fed conditions ( = 0.0016). Genes involved in the antioxidant response were upregulated in both tissues. These results indicate that bovine Sirt respond differently to RSV and LA stimulation than monogastric Sirt do and that gluconeogenesis in ruminants is not related to Sirt to the same degree as in monogastric species. However, these results provide information about the possible role of Sirt in ruminant metabolism.
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Palu RAS, Thummel CS. Sir2 Acts through Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 to maintain insulin Signaling and Metabolic Homeostasis in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005978. [PMID: 27058248 PMCID: PMC4825955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SIRT1 is a member of the sirtuin family of NAD+-dependent deacetylases, which couple cellular metabolism to systemic physiology. Although studies in mouse models have defined a central role for SIRT1 in maintaining metabolic health, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that loss of the Drosophila SIRT1 homolog sir2 leads to the age-progressive onset of hyperglycemia, obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Tissue-specific functional studies show that Sir2 is both necessary and sufficient in the fat body (analogous to the mammalian liver) to maintain glucose homeostasis and peripheral insulin sensitivity. Transcriptional profiling of sir2 mutants by RNA-seq revealed a major overlap with genes regulated by the nuclear receptor Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 (HNF4). Consistent with this, Drosophila HNF4 mutants display diabetic phenotypes similar to those of sir2 mutants, and protein levels for dHNF4 are reduced in sir2 mutant animals. We show that Sir2 exerts these effects by deacetylating and stabilizing dHNF4 through protein interactions. Increasing dHNF4 expression in sir2 mutants is sufficient to rescue their insulin signaling defects, defining this nuclear receptor as an important downstream effector of Sir2 signaling. This study demonstrates that the key metabolic activities of SIRT1 have been conserved through evolution, provides a genetic model for functional studies of phenotypes related to type 2 diabetes, and establishes HNF4 as a critical downstream target by which Sir2 maintains metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. S. Palu
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Carl S. Thummel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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22
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Cao Y, Jiang X, Ma H, Wang Y, Xue P, Liu Y. SIRT1 and insulin resistance. J Diabetes Complications 2016; 30:178-83. [PMID: 26422395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a prototype mammalian NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylase that has emerged as a key metabolic sensor in various metabolic tissues. Growing evidence suggests that SIRT1 regulates glucose and lipid metabolism through its deacetylase activity. In this review, we have summarized the recent progress in SIRT1 research with a particular focus on the role of SIRT1 in insulin resistance at different metabolic tissues. Recent data indicate that activated SIRT1 improves the insulin sensitivity of liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissues and protects the function and cell mass of pancreatic β-cells. These findings suggest that SIRT1 might be a new therapeutic target for the prevention of disease related to insulin resistance, such as metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, the 3rd Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Ziqiang Road 139, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China, 050051
| | - Xinli Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the 3rd Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Ziqiang Road 139, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China, 050051
| | - Huijie Ma
- Department of Physiology; Hebei Medical University, Zhongshan Road 361, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China, 050017
| | - Yuling Wang
- Department of Internal Neurology, the 3rd Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Ziqiang Road 139, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China, 050051
| | - Peng Xue
- Department of Endocrinology, the 3rd Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Ziqiang Road 139, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China, 050051
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, the 3rd Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Ziqiang Road 139, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China, 050051.
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Padmavathi G, Rathnakaram SR, Monisha J, Bordoloi D, Roy NK, Kunnumakkara AB. Potential of butein, a tetrahydroxychalcone to obliterate cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:1163-1171. [PMID: 26598915 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the major advances made in the field of cancer biology, it still remains one of the most fatal diseases in the world. It is now well established that natural products are safe and efficacious and have high potential in the prevention and treatment of different diseases including cancer. Butein is one such compound which is now found to have anti-cancer properties against various malignancies. PURPOSE To thoroughly review the literature available on the anti-cancer properties of butein against different cancers and its molecular targets. METHODS A thorough literature search has been done in PubMed for butein, its biological activities especially cancer and its molecular targets. RESULTS Our search retrieved several reports on the various biological activities of butein in which around 43 articles reported that butein shows potential anti-proliferative effect against a wide range of neoplasms and the molecular target varies with cancer types. Most often it targets NF-κB and its downstream pathways. In addition, butein induces the expression of genes which mediate the cell death and apoptosis in cancer cells. It also inhibits tumor angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis in prostate, liver and bladder cancers through the inhibition of MMPs, VEGF etc. Moreover, it inhibits the overexpression of several proteins and enzymes such as STAT3, ERK, CXCR4, COX-2, Akt, EGFR, Ras etc. involved in tumorigenesis. CONCLUSION Collectively, all these findings suggest the enormous potential and efficacy of butein as a multitargeted chemotherapeutic, chemopreventive and chemosensitizing agent against a wide range of cancers with minimal or no adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Padmavathi
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sivakumar Raju Rathnakaram
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Javadi Monisha
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Devivasha Bordoloi
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Nand Kishor Roy
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India .
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Vuong LM, Chellappa K, Dhahbi JM, Deans JR, Fang B, Bolotin E, Titova NV, Hoverter NP, Spindler SR, Waterman ML, Sladek FM. Differential Effects of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α Isoforms on Tumor Growth and T-Cell Factor 4/AP-1 Interactions in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:3471-90. [PMID: 26240283 PMCID: PMC4573706 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00030-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) is tumor suppressive in the liver but amplified in colon cancer, suggesting that it also might be oncogenic. To investigate whether this discrepancy is due to different HNF4α isoforms derived from its two promoters (P1 and P2), we generated Tet-On-inducible human colon cancer (HCT116) cell lines that express either the P1-driven (HNF4α2) or P2-driven (HNF4α8) isoform and analyzed them for tumor growth and global changes in gene expression (transcriptome sequencing [RNA-seq] and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing [ChIP-seq]). The results show that while HNF4α2 acts as a tumor suppressor in the HCT116 tumor xenograft model, HNF4α8 does not. Each isoform regulates the expression of distinct sets of genes and recruits, colocalizes, and competes in a distinct fashion with the Wnt/β-catenin mediator T-cell factor 4 (TCF4) at CTTTG motifs as well as at AP-1 motifs (TGAXTCA). Protein binding microarrays (PBMs) show that HNF4α and TCF4 share some but not all binding motifs and that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in sites bound by both HNF4α and TCF4 can alter binding affinity in vitro, suggesting that they could play a role in cancer susceptibility in vivo. Thus, the HNF4α isoforms play distinct roles in colon cancer, which could be due to differential interactions with the Wnt/β-catenin/TCF4 and AP-1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh M Vuong
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Karthikeyani Chellappa
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Joseph M Dhahbi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Jonathan R Deans
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Bin Fang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Eugene Bolotin
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Nina V Titova
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Nate P Hoverter
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Stephen R Spindler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Marian L Waterman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Frances M Sladek
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
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Lu X, Wang L, Yu C, Yu D, Yu G. Histone Acetylation Modifiers in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:226. [PMID: 26136662 PMCID: PMC4468862 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is becoming more evident that histone acetylation, as one of the epigenetic modifications or markers, plays a key role in the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Histone acetylases and histone deacetylases (HDACs) are the well-known covalent enzymes that modify the reversible acetylation of lysine residues in histone amino-terminal domains. In AD, however, the roles of these enzymes are controversial. Some recent studies indicate that HDAC inhibitors are neuroprotective by regulating memory and synaptic dysfunctions in cellular and animal models of AD; while on the other hand, increase of histone acetylation have been implicated in AD pathology. In this review, we focus on the recent advances on the roles of histone acetylation covalent enzymes in AD and discuss how targeting these enzymes can ultimately lead to therapeutic approaches for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemato-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute , Chongqing , China
| | - Caijia Yu
- The Commonwealth Medical College , Scranton, PA , USA
| | - Daohai Yu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Temple Clinical Research Institute, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Gang Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
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Kjær TN, Thorsen K, Jessen N, Stenderup K, Pedersen SB. Resveratrol ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126599. [PMID: 25965695 PMCID: PMC4428792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The polyphenol resveratrol has anti-inflammatory effects in various cells, tissues, animals and human settings of low-grade inflammation. Psoriasis is a disease of both localized and systemic low-grade inflammation. The Sirtuin1 enzyme thought to mediate the effects of resveratrol is present in skin and resveratrol is known to down regulate NF-κB; an important contributor in the development of psoriasis. Consequently we investigated whether resveratrol has an effect on an Imiquimod induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice and sought to identify candidate genes, pathways and interleukins mediating the effects. Methods The study consisted of three treatment groups: A control group, an Imiquimod group and an Imiquimod+resveratrol group. Psoriasis severity was assessed using elements of the Psoriasis Area Severity Index, skin thickness measurements, and histological examination. We performed an RNA microarray from lesional skin and afterwards Ingenuity pathway analysis to identify affected signalling pathways. Our microarray was compared to a previously deposited microarray to determine if gene changes were psoriasis-like, and to a human microarray to determine if findings could be relevant in a human setting. Results Imiquimod treatment induced a psoriasis-like skin inflammation. Resveratrol significantly diminished the severity of the psoriasis-like skin inflammation. The RNA microarray revealed a psoriasis-like gene expression-profile in the Imiquimod treated group, and highlighted several resveratrol dependent changes in relevant genes, such as increased expression of genes associated with retinoic acid stimulation and reduced expression of genes involved in IL-17 dependent pathways. Quantitative PCR confirmed a resveratrol dependent decrease in mRNA levels of IL-17A and IL-19; both central in developing psoriasis. Conclusions Resveratrol ameliorates psoriasis, and changes expression of retinoic acid stimulated genes, IL-17 signalling pathways, IL-17A and IL-19 mRNA levels in a beneficial manner, which suggests resveratrol, might have a role in the treatment of psoriasis and should be explored further in a human setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nordstrøm Kjær
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Kasper Thorsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karin Stenderup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steen Bønløkke Pedersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Marx MC, Billups D, Billups B. Maintaining the presynaptic glutamate supply for excitatory neurotransmission. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1031-44. [PMID: 25648608 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate released from synapses during excitatory neurotransmission must be rapidly recycled to maintain neuronal communication. This review evaluates data from physiological experiments at hippocampal CA3 to CA1 synapses and the calyx of Held synapse in the brainstem to analyze quantitatively the rates of release and resupply of glutamate required to sustain neurotransmission. We calculate that, without efficient recycling, the presynaptic glutamate supply will be exhausted within about a minute of normal synaptic activity. We also discuss replenishment of the presynaptic pool by diffusion from the soma, direct uptake of glutamate back into the presynaptic terminal, and uptake of glutamate precursor molecules. Diffusion of glutamate from the soma is calculated to be fast enough to resupply presynaptic glutamate in the hippocampus but not at the calyx of Held. However, because the somatic cytoplasm will also quickly run out of glutamate and synapses can function continually even if the presynaptic axon is severed, mechanisms other than diffusion must be present to resupply glutamate for release. Direct presynaptic uptake of glutamate is not present at the calyx of Held but may play a role in glutamate recycling in the hippocampus. Alternatively, glutamine or tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates released from glia can serve as a precursor for glutamate in synaptic terminals, and we calculate that the magnitude of presynaptic glutamine uptake is sufficient to supply enough glutamate to sustain neurotransmission. The nature of these mechanisms, their relative abundance, and the co-ordination between them remain areas of intensive investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari-Carmen Marx
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Daniela Billups
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Brian Billups
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Wang Z, Lee Y, Eun JS, Bae EJ. Inhibition of adipocyte inflammation and macrophage chemotaxis by butein. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 738:40-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Lin YC, Chen LH, Varadharajan T, Tsai MJ, Chia YC, Yuan TC, Sung PJ, Weng CF. Resveratrol inhibits glucose-induced migration of vascular smooth muscle cells mediated by focal adhesion kinase. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1389-401. [PMID: 24659233 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Diabetes is a critical factor for atherosclerosis, as hyperglycemia induces vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration and subsequently contributes to the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. This study investigates whether resveratrol plays a regulatory role in the proliferation and migration of VSMCs under high glucose induction to imitate a hyperglycemic condition. METHODS AND RESULTS Resveratrol inhibited the migration of VSMCs in the wound-healing assay and the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia as assessed by atomic force microscopy scanning. Resveratrol suppressed the mRNA expression of c-Src, Rac1, cdc42, IRS-1, MEKK1, MEKK4, and mitogen-activated protein kinase along with the protein levels of c-Src, p-Src, and cdc42 in VSMCs. Resveratrol decreased the level of p-FAK protein under normal glucose conditions. Resveratrol could inhibit the activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and MMP 9 as shown by zymography. Moreover, resveratrol also regulated the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and MMP activities of VSMC migration under the high glucose condition. CONCLUSION The antimigratory effects of resveratrol by reduced MMP expression through the inhibition of Rac1, p-FAK, and lamellipodia formation and the activation of p-AKT and p-ERK1/2 suggest that resveratrol is a potential compound for the treatment of vascular diseases via the regulation of VSMC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chiao Lin
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Guan HP, Chen G. Factors affecting insulin-regulated hepatic gene expression. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 121:165-215. [PMID: 24373238 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800101-1.00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has become a major concern of public health. A common feature of obesity and related metabolic disorders such as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is insulin resistance, wherein a given amount of insulin produces less than normal physiological responses. Insulin controls hepatic glucose and fatty acid metabolism, at least in part, via the regulation of gene expression. When the liver is insulin-sensitive, insulin can stimulate the expression of genes for fatty acid synthesis and suppress those for gluconeogenesis. When the liver becomes insulin-resistant, the insulin-mediated suppression of gluconeogenic gene expression is lost, whereas the induction of fatty acid synthetic gene expression remains intact. In the past two decades, the mechanisms of insulin-regulated hepatic gene expression have been studied extensively and many components of insulin signal transduction pathways have been identified. Factors that alter these pathways, and the insulin-regulated hepatic gene expression, have been revealed and the underlying mechanisms have been proposed. This chapter summarizes the recent progresses in our understanding of the effects of dietary factors, drugs, bioactive compounds, hormones, and cytokines on insulin-regulated hepatic gene expression. Given the large amount of information and progresses regarding the roles of insulin, this chapter focuses on findings in the liver and hepatocytes and not those described for other tissues and cells. Typical insulin-regulated hepatic genes, such as insulin-induced glucokinase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c and insulin-suppressed cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxyl kinase and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1, are used as examples to discuss the mechanisms such as insulin regulatory element-mediated transcriptional regulation. We also propose the potential mechanisms by which these factors affect insulin-regulated hepatic gene expression and discuss potential future directions of the area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ping Guan
- Department of Diabetes, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Fukaya M, Tamura Y, Chiba Y, Tanioka T, Mao J, Inoue Y, Yamada M, Waeber C, Ido-Kitamura Y, Kitamura T, Kaneki M. Protective effects of a nicotinamide derivative, isonicotinamide, against streptozotocin-induced β-cell damage and diabetes in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 442:92-8. [PMID: 24246675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nicotinamide rescues β-cell damage and diabetes in rodents, but a large-scale clinical trial failed to show the benefit of nicotinamide in the prevention of type 1 diabetes. Recent studies have shown that Sirt1 deacetylase, a putative protector of β-cells, is inhibited by nicotinamide. We investigated the effects of isonicotinamide, which is a derivative of nicotinamide and does not inhibit Sirt1, on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in mice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were administered with three different doses of STZ (65, 75, and 100 mg/kg BW) alone or in combination with subsequent high-fat feeding. The mice were treated with isonicotinamide (250 mg/kg BW/day) or phosphate-buffered saline for 10 days. The effects of isonicotinamide on STZ-induced diabetes were assessed by blood glucose levels, glucose tolerance test, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Isonicotinamide effectively prevented hyperglycemia induced by higher doses of STZ (75 and 100mg/kg BW) alone and low-dose STZ (65 mg/kg BW) followed by 6-week high-fat diet in mice. The protective effects of isonicotinamide were associated with decreased apoptosis of β-cells and reductions in both insulin content and insulin-positive area in the pancreas of STZ-administered mice. In addition, isonicotinamide inhibited STZ-induced apoptosis in cultured isolated islets. CONCLUSIONS These data clearly demonstrate that isonicotinamide exerts anti-diabetogenic effects by preventing β-cell damage after STZ administration. These findings warrant further investigations on the protective effects of isonicotinamide and related compounds against β-cell damage in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Fukaya
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
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McBurney MW, Clark-Knowles KV, Caron AZ, Gray DA. SIRT1 is a Highly Networked Protein That Mediates the Adaptation to Chronic Physiological Stress. Genes Cancer 2013; 4:125-34. [PMID: 24020004 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912474893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
SIRT1 is a NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylase that has a very large number of established protein substrates and an equally impressive list of biological functions thought to be regulated by its activity. Perhaps as notable is the remarkable number of points of conflict concerning the role of SIRT1 in biological processes. For example, evidence exists suggesting that SIRT1 is a tumor suppressor, is an oncogene, or has no effect on oncogenesis. Similarly, SIRT1 is variably reported to induce, inhibit, or have no effect on autophagy. We believe that the resolution of many conflicting results is possible by considering recent reports indicating that SIRT1 is an important hub interacting with a complex network of proteins that collectively regulate a wide variety of biological processes including cancer and autophagy. A number of the interacting proteins are themselves hubs that, like SIRT1, utilize intrinsically disordered regions for their promiscuous interactions. Many studies investigating SIRT1 function have been carried out on cell lines carrying undetermined numbers of alterations to the proteins comprising the SIRT1 network or on inbred mouse strains carrying fixed mutations affecting some of these proteins. Thus, the effects of modulating SIRT1 amount and/or activity are importantly determined by the genetic background of the cell (or the inbred strain of mice), and the effects attributed to SIRT1 are synthetic with the background of mutations and epigenetic differences between cells and organisms. Work on mice carrying alterations to the Sirt1 gene suggests that the network in which SIRT1 functions plays an important role in mediating physiological adaptation to various sources of chronic stress such as calorie restriction and calorie overload. Whether the catalytic activity of SIRT1 and the nuclear concentration of the co-factor, NAD(+), are responsible for modulating this activity remains to be determined. However, the effect of modulating SIRT1 activity must be interpreted in the context of the cell or tissue under investigation. Indeed, for SIRT1, we argue that context is everything.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W McBurney
- Program in Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute ; Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Méndez-Lucas A, Duarte J, Sunny NE, Satapati S, He T, Fu X, Bermúdez J, Burgess SC, Perales JC. PEPCK-M expression in mouse liver potentiates, not replaces, PEPCK-C mediated gluconeogenesis. J Hepatol 2013; 59:105-13. [PMID: 23466304 PMCID: PMC3910155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatic gluconeogenesis helps maintain systemic energy homeostasis by compensating for discontinuities in nutrient supply. Liver-specific deletion of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C) abolishes gluconeogenesis from mitochondrial substrates, deregulates lipid metabolism and affects TCA cycle. While the mouse liver almost exclusively expresses PEPCK-C, humans equally present a mitochondrial isozyme (PEPCK-M). Despite clear relevance to human physiology, the role of PEPCK-M and its gluconeogenic potential remain unknown. Here, we test the significance of PEPCK-M in gluconeogenesis and TCA cycle function in liver-specific PEPCK-C knockout and WT mice. METHODS The effects of the overexpression of PEPCK-M were examined by a combination of tracer studies and molecular biology techniques. Partial PEPCK-C re-expression was used as a positive control. Metabolic fluxes were evaluated in isolated livers by NMR using (2)H and (13)C tracers. Gluconeogenic potential, together with metabolic profiling, was investigated in vivo and in primary hepatocytes. RESULTS PEPCK-M expression partially rescued defects in lipid metabolism, gluconeogenesis and TCA cycle function impaired by PEPCK-C deletion, while ∼10% re-expression of PEPCK-C normalized most parameters. When PEPCK-M was expressed in the presence of PEPCK-C, the mitochondrial isozyme amplified total gluconeogenic capacity, suggesting autonomous regulation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate fluxes by the individual isoforms. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that PEPCK-M has gluconeogenic potential per se, and cooperates with PEPCK-C to adjust gluconeogenic/TCA flux to changes in substrate or energy availability, hinting at a role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in the human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Méndez-Lucas
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - João Duarte
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8568, USA
| | - Nishanth E. Sunny
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8568, USA
| | - Santhosh Satapati
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8568, USA
| | - TianTeng He
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8568, USA
| | - Xiaorong Fu
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8568, USA
| | - Jordi Bermúdez
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shawn C. Burgess
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8568, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8568, USA
| | - Jose C. Perales
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Thakran S, Sharma P, Attia RR, Hori RT, Deng X, Elam MB, Park EA. Role of sirtuin 1 in the regulation of hepatic gene expression by thyroid hormone. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:807-18. [PMID: 23209300 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.437970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a nuclear deacetylase that modulates lipid metabolism and enhances mitochondrial activity. SIRT1 targets multiple transcription factors and coactivators. Thyroid hormone (T(3)) stimulates the expression of hepatic genes involved in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis. We reported that T(3) induces genes for carnitine palmitoyltransferase (cpt1a), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (pdk4), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck). SIRT1 increases the expression of these genes via the activation of several factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, estrogen-related receptor α, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator (PGC-1α). Previously, we reported that PGC-1α participates in the T(3) induction of cpt1a and pdk4 in the liver. Given the overlapping targets of T(3) and SIRT1, we investigated whether SIRT1 participated in the T(3) regulation of these genes. Resveratrol is a small phenolic compound whose actions include the activation of SIRT1. Addition of resveratrol increased the T(3) induction of the pdk4 and cpt1a genes in hepatocytes. Furthermore, expression of SIRT1 in hepatocytes mimicked resveratrol in the regulation of gene expression by T(3). The deacetylase activity of SIRT1 was required and PGC-1α was deacetylated following addition of T(3). We found that SIRT1 interacted directly with T(3) receptor (TRβ). Knockdown of SIRT1 decreased the T(3) induction of cpt1a and pdk4 and reduced the T(3) inhibition of sterol response element binding protein (srebp-1c) both in isolated hepatocytes and in rat liver. Our results indicate that SIRT1 contributes to the T(3) regulation of hepatic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Thakran
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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Nogueiras R, Habegger KM, Chaudhary N, Finan B, Banks AS, Dietrich MO, Horvath TL, Sinclair DA, Pfluger PT, Tschöp MH. Sirtuin 1 and sirtuin 3: physiological modulators of metabolism. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:1479-514. [PMID: 22811431 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The sirtuins are a family of highly conserved NAD(+)-dependent deacetylases that act as cellular sensors to detect energy availability and modulate metabolic processes. Two sirtuins that are central to the control of metabolic processes are mammalian sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), which are localized to the nucleus and mitochondria, respectively. Both are activated by high NAD(+) levels, a condition caused by low cellular energy status. By deacetylating a variety of proteins that induce catabolic processes while inhibiting anabolic processes, SIRT1 and SIRT3 coordinately increase cellular energy stores and ultimately maintain cellular energy homeostasis. Defects in the pathways controlled by SIRT1 and SIRT3 are known to result in various metabolic disorders. Consequently, activation of sirtuins by genetic or pharmacological means can elicit multiple metabolic benefits that protect mice from diet-induced obesity, type 2 diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine-Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Mangia S, Giove F, Dinuzzo M. Metabolic pathways and activity-dependent modulation of glutamate concentration in the human brain. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2554-61. [PMID: 22846967 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0848-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is one of the most versatile molecules present in the human brain, involved in protein synthesis, energy production, ammonia detoxification, and transport of reducing equivalents. Aside from these critical metabolic roles, glutamate plays a major part in brain function, being not only the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter, but also the precursor for γ-aminobutyric acid, the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter. Regulation of glutamate levels is pivotal for normal brain function, as abnormal extracellular concentration of glutamate can lead to impaired neurotransmission, neurodegeneration and even neuronal death. Understanding how the neuron-astrocyte functional and metabolic interactions modulate glutamate concentration during different activation status and under physiological and pathological conditions is a challenging task, and can only be tentatively estimated from current literature. In this paper, we focus on describing the various metabolic pathways which potentially affect glutamate concentration in the brain, and emphasize which ones are likely to produce the variations in glutamate concentration observed during enhanced neuronal activity in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mangia
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, 2021 6th St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Transcriptional signatures mediated by acetylation overlap with early-stage Alzheimer's disease. Exp Brain Res 2012; 221:287-97. [PMID: 22811216 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3172-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which environmental influences lead to the development of complex neurodegenerative diseases are largely unknown. It is known, however, that epigenetic mechanisms can mediate alterations in transcription due to environmental influences. In order to identify genes susceptible to regulation in the adult cortex by one type of epigenetic mechanism, histone, and protein acetylation, we treated mice with the histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA). After 1 week of treatment with TSA, RNA was extracted from the brain cortices of mice and gene expression differences were analyzed by microarray profiling. The altered genes were then compared with genes differentially expressed in microarray studies of disease by database and literature searches. Genes regulated by TSA were found to significantly overlap with differentially expressed genes in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Several TSA-regulated genes involved in chromatin remodeling and epigenetic reprogramming including histone cluster 1, H4 h (Hist1H4 h), methionine adenosyltransferase II, alpha (Mat2a), and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate homocysteine reductase (Mtrr) overlapped with genes altered in early-stage AD in gray matter. We also show that the expression of hemoglobin, which has been shown to be altered in neurons in the AD brain, is regulated by TSA treatment. This analysis suggests involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in neurons in early stages of AD.
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Dong XC. Sirtuin biology and relevance to diabetes treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 2:243-257. [PMID: 23024708 DOI: 10.2217/dmt.12.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins are a group of NAD(+)-dependent enzymes that post-translationally modify histones and other proteins. Among seven mammalian sirtuins, SIRT1 has been the most extensively studied and has been demonstrated to play a critical role in all major metabolic organs and tissues. SIRT1 regulates glucose and lipid homeostasis in the liver, modulates insulin secretion in pancreatic islets, controls insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, increases adiponectin expression in white adipose tissue and controls food intake and energy expenditure in the brain. Recently, SIRT3 has been demonstrated to modulate insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and systemic metabolism, and Sirt3-null mice manifest characteristics of metabolic syndrome on a high-fat diet. Thus, it is reasonable to believe that enhancing the activities of SIRT1 and SIRT3 may be beneficial for Type 2 diabetes. Although it is controversial, the SIRT1 activator SRT1720 has been reported to be effective in improving glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in animal models. More research needs to be conducted so that we can better understand the physiological functions and molecular mechanisms of sirtuins in order to therapeutically target these enzymes for diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Charlie Dong
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS1021D, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Tel.: +1 317 278 1097; ;
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Florean C, Schnekenburger M, Grandjenette C, Dicato M, Diederich M. Epigenomics of leukemia: from mechanisms to therapeutic applications. Epigenomics 2012; 3:581-609. [PMID: 22126248 DOI: 10.2217/epi.11.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemogenesis is a multistep process in which successive transformational events enhance the ability of a clonal population arising from hematopoietic progenitor cells to proliferate, differentiate and survive. Clinically and pathologically, leukemia is subdivided into four main categories: chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia has been previously considered only as a genetic disease. However, in recent years, significant advances have been made in the elucidation of the leukemogenesis-associated processes. Thus, we have come to understand that epigenetic alterations including DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNA are involved in the permanent changes of gene expression controlling the leukemia phenotype. In this article, we will focus on the epigenetic defects associated with leukemia and their implications as biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Florean
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire de Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Kang W, Hong HJ, Guan J, Kim DG, Yang EJ, Koh G, Park D, Han CH, Lee YJ, Lee DH. Resveratrol improves insulin signaling in a tissue-specific manner under insulin-resistant conditions only: in vitro and in vivo experiments in rodents. Metabolism 2012; 61:424-33. [PMID: 21945106 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) has various metabolic effects, especially with relatively high-dose therapy. However, the ability of RSV to modulate insulin signaling has not been completely evaluated. Here, we determined whether RSV alters insulin signaling in insulin-responsive cells and tissues. The effects of RSV on insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes under both insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant states and in insulin-sensitive tissues of high fat-fed diet-induced obese (DIO) mice were investigated. Insulin-stimulated insulin receptor substrate-1 tyrosine phosphorylation (Y612) was suppressed in RSV-treated adipocytes compared with untreated adipocytes, as was the insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation (Ser473). However, under an insulin-resistant condition that was made by incubating 3T3-L1 adipocytes in the conditioned medium from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated LAW264.7 cells, RSV reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and IκBα protein degradation and improved insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation (Ser473). In DIO mice, relatively low-dose RSV (30 mg/kg daily for 2 weeks) therapy lowered fasting blood glucose level and serum insulin, increased hepatic glycogen content, and ameliorated fatty liver without change in body weight. The insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation was decreased in the liver and white adipose tissue of DIO mice, but it was completely normalized by RSV treatment. However, in the skeletal muscle of DIO mice, insulin signaling was not improved by RSV treatment, whereas the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α (Thr172) was improved by it. Our results show that RSV enhances insulin action only under insulin-resistant conditions and suggest that the effect of RSV may depend on the type of tissue being targeted and its metabolic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonyoung Kang
- Department of Toxicology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
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41
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Seidel C, Schnekenburger M, Dicato M, Diederich M. Histone deacetylase modulators provided by Mother Nature. GENES AND NUTRITION 2012; 7:357-67. [PMID: 22328271 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-012-0283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein acetylation status results from a balance between histone acetyltransferase and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activities. Alteration of this balance leads to a disruption of cellular integrity and participates in the development of numerous diseases, including cancer. Therefore, modulation of these activities appears to be a promising approach for anticancer therapy. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are epigenetically active drugs that induce the hyperacetylation of lysine residues within histone and non-histone proteins, thus affecting gene expression and cellular processes such as protein-protein interactions, protein stability, DNA binding and protein sub-cellular localization. Therefore, HDACi are promising anti-tumor agents as they may affect the cell cycle, inhibit proliferation, stimulate differentiation and induce apoptotic cell death. Over the last 30 years, numerous synthetic and natural products, including a broad range of dietary compounds, have been identified as HDACi. This review focuses on molecules from natural origins modulating HDAC activities and presenting promising anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Seidel
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Fondation de Recherche Cancer et Sang, Hôpital Kirchberg, 9 Rue Edward Steichen, 2540, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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42
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Liu Z, Zhuang C, Sheng S, Shao L, Zhao W, Zhao S. Overexpression of a resveratrol synthase gene (PcRS) from Polygonum cuspidatum in transgenic Arabidopsis causes the accumulation of trans-piceid with antifungal activity. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:2027-36. [PMID: 21717185 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Although resveratrol-forming stilbene synthase (STS) genes have been well characterized in many plant species, there are only a few descriptions about STS genes from Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc, an important medicinal crop in Asian countries. To evaluate the biological functions of a Polygonum cuspidatum resveratrol synthase gene (PcRS), the PcRS gene was expressed in Arabidopsis under the control of Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. Integration and expression of transgene in the plant genome of Arabidopsis was confirmed by Southern blot and Northern blot analyses. Transgenic plants accumulated a new compound in both the leaves and seeds, which was identified as trans-piceid by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). Overexpression of PcRS in transgenic Arabidopsis caused restriction of Colletotrichum higginsianum colonization by inhibition of spore production, resulting in enhanced resistance against C. higginsianum. So, the PcRS gene could be deployed in other crop plants to significantly enhance resistance to fungal pathogens and improve the nutritional quality. In addition, altered seed coat pigmentation and significant reduction in anthocyanin levels were observed in transgenic Arabidopsis, while the expression of endogenous chalcone synthase (CHS) gene was not down-regulated. These results suggest that additional STS activities cause a lack of precursors for CHS which leads to the disturbance of the subsequent flavonoid biosynthesis steps in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Liu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
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43
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Cenik B, Sephton CF, Dewey CM, Xian X, Wei S, Yu K, Niu W, Coppola G, Coughlin SE, Lee SE, Dries DR, Almeida S, Geschwind DH, Gao FB, Miller BL, Farese RV, Posner BA, Yu G, Herz J. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (vorinostat) up-regulates progranulin transcription: rational therapeutic approach to frontotemporal dementia. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:16101-8. [PMID: 21454553 PMCID: PMC3091219 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.193433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (GRN) haploinsufficiency is a frequent cause of familial frontotemporal dementia, a currently untreatable progressive neurodegenerative disease. By chemical library screening, we identified suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a Food and Drug Administration-approved histone deacetylase inhibitor, as an enhancer of GRN expression. SAHA dose-dependently increased GRN mRNA and protein levels in cultured cells and restored near-normal GRN expression in haploinsufficient cells from human subjects. Although elevation of secreted progranulin levels through a post-transcriptional mechanism has recently been reported, this is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of a small molecule enhancer of progranulin transcription. SAHA has demonstrated therapeutic potential in other neurodegenerative diseases and thus holds promise as a first generation drug for the prevention and treatment of frontotemporal dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basar Cenik
- From the Departments of Neuroscience
- Molecular Genetics
| | | | | | | | - Shuguang Wei
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-9111
| | | | - Wenze Niu
- From the Departments of Neuroscience
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- the Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90024
| | - Sarah E. Coughlin
- the Gladstone Institute for Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California 94158
| | | | | | - Sandra Almeida
- the Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Daniel H. Geschwind
- the Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90024
| | - Fen-Biao Gao
- the Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | | | - Robert V. Farese
- the Gladstone Institute for Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California 94158
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, and
| | - Bruce A. Posner
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-9111
| | - Gang Yu
- From the Departments of Neuroscience
| | - Joachim Herz
- From the Departments of Neuroscience
- Molecular Genetics
- Neurology, and
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Gao Z, Zhang J, Kheterpal I, Kennedy N, Davis RJ, Ye J. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) protein degradation in response to persistent c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) activation contributes to hepatic steatosis in obesity. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:22227-34. [PMID: 21540183 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.228874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SIRT1 is involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, diabetes, and aging. However, it is not clear how SIRT1 activity is regulated by intracellular kinases in cells. In this study, we investigated SIRT1 phosphorylation and protein degradation in response to JNK1 activation in obese mice. Mouse SIRT1 is phosphorylated by JNK1 at Ser-46 (Ser-47 in human SIRT1), which is one of the four potential residues targeted by JNK1. The phosphorylation induces a brief activation of SIRT1 function and degradation of SIRT1 thereafter by the proteasome. Ubiquitination occurs in SIRT1 protein after the phosphorylation. Mutation of Ser-46 to alanine prevents the phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and degradation. In vivo, SIRT1 undergoes an extensive degradation in hepatocytes in obesity as a consequence of persistent activation of JNK1. The degradation leads to inhibition of SIRT1 function, which contributes to development of hepatic steatosis. The degradation disappears in obesity when JNK1 is inactivated in mice. JNK2 exhibits an opposite activity in the regulation of SIRT1 degradation. The JNK1-SIRT1 pathway provides a new molecular mechanism for the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanguo Gao
- Antioxidant and Gene Regulation Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA
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45
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Zhang J, Henagan TM, Gao Z, Ye J. Inhibition of glyceroneogenesis by histone deacetylase 3 contributes to lipodystrophy in mice with adipose tissue inflammation. Endocrinology 2011; 152:1829-38. [PMID: 21406501 PMCID: PMC3075929 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) induces chronic inflammation in the adipose tissue of p65 transgenic (Tg) mice, in which the NF-κB subunit p65 (RelA) is overexpressed from the adipocyte protein 2 (aP2) gene promoter. Tg mice suffer a mild lipodystrophy and exhibit deficiency in adipocyte differentiation. To understand molecular mechanism of the defect in adipocytes, we investigated glyceroneogenesis by examining the activity of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in adipocytes. In aP2-p65 Tg mice, Pepck expression is inhibited at both the mRNA and protein levels in adipose tissue. The mRNA reduction is a consequence of transcriptional inhibition but not alteration in mRNA stability. The Pepck gene promoter is inhibited by NF-κB, which enhances the corepressor activity through activation of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) in the nucleus. HDAC3 suppresses Pepck transcription by inhibiting the transcriptional activators, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, and cAMP response element binding protein. The NF-κB activity is abolished by Hdac3 knockdown or inhibition of HDAC3 catalytic activity. In a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, HDAC3 interacts with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and cAMP response element binding protein in the Pepck promoter when NF-κB is activated by TNF-α. These results suggest that HDAC3 mediates NF-κB activity to repress Pepck transcription. This mechanism is responsible for inhibition of glyceroneogenesis in adipocytes, which contributes to lipodystrophy in the aP2-p65 Tg mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Antioxidant and Gene Regulation Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Antioxidant and Gene Regulation, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA.
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Singh NP, Singh UP, Hegde VL, Guan H, Hofseth L, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS. Resveratrol (trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) suppresses EL4 tumor growth by induction of apoptosis involving reciprocal regulation of SIRT1 and NF-κB. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:1207-18. [PMID: 21520490 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Understanding the molecular mechanisms through which natural products and dietary supplements exhibit anticancer properties is crucial and can lead to drug discovery and chemoprevention. The current study sheds new light on the mode of action of resveratrol (RES), a plant-derived polyphenolic compound, against EL-4 lymphoma growth. METHODS AND RESULTS Immuno-compromised NOD/SCID mice injected with EL-4 tumor cells and treated with RES (100 mg/kg body weight) showed delayed development and progression of tumor growth and increased mean survival time. RES caused apoptosis in EL4 cells through activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and upregulation of Fas and FasL expression in vitro. Blocking of RES-induced apoptosis in EL4 cells by FasL mAb, cleavage of caspases and PARP, and release of cytochorme c, demonstrated the participation of both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis. RES also induced upregulation of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog, 1 (SIRT1) and downregulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in EL4 cells. siRNA-mediated downregulation of SIRT1 in EL4 cells increased the activation of NF-κB but decreased RES-mediated apoptosis, indicating the critical role of SIRT1 in apoptosis via blocking activation of NF-κB. CONCLUSION These data suggest that RES-induced SIRT1 upregulation promotes tumor cell apoptosis through negative regulation of NF-κB, leading to suppression of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra P Singh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss transcriptional mechanisms regulating hepatic lipid metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS Humans who are obese or have diabetes (NIDDM) or metabolic syndrome (MetS) have low blood and tissue levels of C20-22 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Although the impact of low C20-22 PUFAs on disease progression in humans is not fully understood, studies with mice have provided clues suggesting that impaired PUFA metabolism may contribute to the severity of risk factors associated with NIDDM and MetS. High fat diets promote hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and fatty liver in C57BL/6J mice, an effect that correlates with suppressed expression of enzymes involved in PUFA synthesis and decreased hepatic C20-22 PUFA content. A/J mice, in contrast, are resistant to diet-induced obesity and diabetes; these mice have elevated expression of hepatic enzymes involved in PUFA synthesis and C20-22 PUFA content. Moreover, loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies have identified fatty acid elongase (Elovl5), a key enzyme involved in PUFA synthesis, as a regulator of hepatic lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Elovl5 activity regulates hepatic C20-22 PUFA content, signaling pathways (Akt and PP2A) and transcription factors (SREBP-1, PPARα, FoxO1 and PGC1α) that control fatty acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis. SUMMARY These studies may help define novel strategies to control fatty liver and hyperglycemia associated with NIDDM and MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B Jump
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
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Wei D, Tao R, Zhang Y, White MF, Dong XC. Feedback regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis through modulation of SHP/Nr0b2 gene expression by Sirt1 and FoxO1. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E312-20. [PMID: 21081708 PMCID: PMC3043623 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00524.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein deacetylase Sirt1 has been implicated in the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis; however, the mechanisms are not fully understood. To further elucidate how Sirt1 regulates gluconeogenesis, we took a loss-of-function approach by deleting the coding DNA sequence for the catalytic domain of the Sirt1 gene in the liver of a wild-type mouse (LKO(Sirt)¹) or a genetic diabetic mouse in which hepatic insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 are deleted (DKO(Irs½)). Whereas LKO(Sirt)¹ mice exhibited normal levels of fasting and fed blood glucose, inactivation of Sirt1 in DKO(Irs½) mice (TKO(Irs½:Sirt)¹) reduced blood glucose levels and moderately improved systemic glucose tolerance. Pyruvate tolerance was also significantly improved in TKO(Irs½:Sirt)¹ mice, suggesting that Sirt1 promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis in this diabetic mouse model. To understand why inactivation of hepatic Sirt1 does not alter blood glucose levels in the wild-type background, we searched for a potential cause and found that expression of small heterodimer partner (SHP, encoded by the Nr0b2 gene), an orphan nuclear receptor, which has been shown to suppress the activity of forkhead transcription factor FoxO1, was decreased in the liver of LKO(Sirt)¹ mice. Furthermore, our luciferase reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that the Nr0b2 gene is a target of FoxO1, which is also regulated by Sirt1. After the gene is upregulated, Nr0b2 can feed back and repress FoxO1- and Sirt1-activated G6pc and Pdk4 gene expression. Thus, our results suggest that Sirt1 can both positively and negatively regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis through FoxO1 and Nr0b2 and keep this physiological process in control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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Abstract
Glucose homeostasis in mammals is achieved by the actions of counterregulatory hormones, namely insulin, glucagon and glucocorticoids. Glucose levels in the circulation are regulated by the liver, the metabolic centre which produces glucose when it is scarce in the blood. This process is catalysed by two rate-limiting enzymes, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) whose gene expression is regulated by hormones. Hormone response units (HRUs) present in the two genes integrate signals from various signalling pathways triggered by hormones. How such domains are arranged in the regulatory region of these two genes, how this complex regulation is accomplished and the latest advancements in the field are discussed in this review.
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50
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Chung S, Yao H, Caito S, Hwang JW, Arunachalam G, Rahman I. Regulation of SIRT1 in cellular functions: role of polyphenols. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 501:79-90. [PMID: 20450879 PMCID: PMC2930135 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 04/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is known to deacetylate histones and non-histone proteins including transcription factors thereby regulating metabolism, stress resistance, cellular survival, cellular senescence/aging, inflammation-immune function, endothelial functions, and circadian rhythms. Naturally occurring dietary polyphenols, such as resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, and catechins, have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties via modulating different pathways, such as NF-kappaB- and mitogen activated protein kinase-dependent signaling pathways. In addition, these polyphenols have also been shown to activate SIRT1 directly or indirectly in a variety of models. Therefore, activation of SIRT1 by polyphenols is beneficial for regulation of calorie restriction, oxidative stress, inflammation, cellular senescence, autophagy/apoptosis, autoimmunity, metabolism, adipogenesis, circadian rhythm, skeletal muscle function, mitochondria biogenesis and endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we describe the regulation of SIRT1 by dietary polyphenols in various cellular functions in response to environmental and pro-inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoon Chung
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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