1
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Potapenko A, Davidson JM, Lee A, Laird AS. The deubiquitinase function of ataxin-3 and its role in the pathogenesis of Machado-Joseph disease and other diseases. Biochem J 2024; 481:461-480. [PMID: 38497605 PMCID: PMC11088879 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20240017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) is a devastating and incurable neurodegenerative disease characterised by progressive ataxia, difficulty speaking and swallowing. Consequently, affected individuals ultimately become wheelchair dependent, require constant care, and face a shortened life expectancy. The monogenic cause of MJD is expansion of a trinucleotide (CAG) repeat region within the ATXN3 gene, which results in polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion within the resultant ataxin-3 protein. While it is well established that the ataxin-3 protein functions as a deubiquitinating (DUB) enzyme and is therefore critically involved in proteostasis, several unanswered questions remain regarding the impact of polyQ expansion in ataxin-3 on its DUB function. Here we review the current literature surrounding ataxin-3's DUB function, its DUB targets, and what is known regarding the impact of polyQ expansion on ataxin-3's DUB function. We also consider the potential neuroprotective effects of ataxin-3's DUB function, and the intersection of ataxin-3's role as a DUB enzyme and regulator of gene transcription. Ataxin-3 is the principal pathogenic protein in MJD and also appears to be involved in cancer. As aberrant deubiquitination has been linked to both neurodegeneration and cancer, a comprehensive understanding of ataxin-3's DUB function is important for elucidating potential therapeutic targets in these complex conditions. In this review, we aim to consolidate knowledge of ataxin-3 as a DUB and unveil areas for future research to aid therapeutic targeting of ataxin-3's DUB function for the treatment of MJD and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Potapenko
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Jennilee M. Davidson
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Albert Lee
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Angela S. Laird
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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2
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Bolhuis DL, Emanuele MJ, Brown NG. Friend or foe? Reciprocal regulation between E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:BST20230454. [PMID: 38414432 PMCID: PMC11349938 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that entails the covalent attachment of the small protein ubiquitin (Ub), which acts as a signal to direct protein stability, localization, or interactions. The Ub code is written by a family of enzymes called E3 Ub ligases (∼600 members in humans), which can catalyze the transfer of either a single ubiquitin or the formation of a diverse array of polyubiquitin chains. This code can be edited or erased by a different set of enzymes termed deubiquitinases (DUBs; ∼100 members in humans). While enzymes from these distinct families have seemingly opposing activities, certain E3-DUB pairings can also synergize to regulate vital cellular processes like gene expression, autophagy, innate immunity, and cell proliferation. In this review, we highlight recent studies describing Ub ligase-DUB interactions and focus on their relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek L Bolhuis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - Michael J Emanuele
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Care Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - Nicholas G Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Care Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
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3
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Blount JR, Patel NC, Libohova K, Harris AL, Tsou WL, Sujkowski A, Todi SV. Lysine 117 on ataxin-3 modulates toxicity in Drosophila models of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. J Neurol Sci 2023; 454:120828. [PMID: 37865002 PMCID: PMC10841544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Ataxin-3 (Atxn3) is a deubiquitinase with a polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat tract whose abnormal expansion causes the neurodegenerative disease, Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 (SCA3; also known as Machado-Joseph Disease). The ubiquitin chain cleavage properties of Atxn3 are enhanced when the enzyme is itself ubiquitinated at lysine (K) at position 117: in vitro, K117-ubiqutinated Atxn3 cleaves poly-ubiquitin markedly more rapidly compared to its unmodified counterpart. How polyQ expansion causes SCA3 remains unclear. To gather insights into the biology of disease of SCA3, here we posited the question: is K117 important for toxicity caused by pathogenic Atxn3? To answer this question, we generated transgenic Drosophila lines that express full-length, human, pathogenic Atxn3 with 80 polyQ with an intact or mutated K117. We found that mutating K117 mildly enhances the toxicity and aggregation of pathogenic Atxn3. An additional transgenic line that expresses Atxn3 without any K residues confirms increased aggregation of pathogenic Atxn3 whose ubiquitination is perturbed. These findings suggest that Atxn3 ubiquitination is a regulatory step of SCA3, in part by modulating its aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Blount
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, United States of America
| | - Nikhil C Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, United States of America
| | - Kozeta Libohova
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, United States of America
| | - Autumn L Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, United States of America; Maximizing Access to Research Careers, Wayne State University, United States of America
| | - Wei-Ling Tsou
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, United States of America
| | - Alyson Sujkowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, United States of America.
| | - Sokol V Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, United States of America; Maximizing Access to Research Careers, Wayne State University, United States of America; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, United States of America.
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4
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Gan J, de Vries J, Akkermans JJLL, Mohammed Y, Tjokrodirijo RTN, de Ru AH, Kim RQ, Vargas DA, Pol V, Fasan R, van Veelen PA, Neefjes J, van Dam H, Ovaa H, Sapmaz A, Geurink PP. Cellular Validation of a Chemically Improved Inhibitor Identifies Monoubiquitination on OTUB2. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:2003-2013. [PMID: 37642399 PMCID: PMC10510154 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin thioesterase OTUB2, a cysteine protease from the ovarian tumor (OTU) deubiquitinase superfamily, is often overexpressed during tumor progression and metastasis. Development of OTUB2 inhibitors is therefore believed to be therapeutically important, yet potent and selective small-molecule inhibitors targeting OTUB2 are scarce. Here, we describe the development of an improved OTUB2 inhibitor, LN5P45, comprising a chloroacethydrazide moiety that covalently reacts to the active-site cysteine residue. LN5P45 shows outstanding target engagement and proteome-wide selectivity in living cells. Importantly, LN5P45 as well as other OTUB2 inhibitors strongly induce monoubiquitination of OTUB2 on lysine 31. We present a route to future OTUB2-related therapeutics and have shown that the OTUB2 inhibitor developed in this study can help to uncover new aspects of the related biology and open new questions regarding the understanding of OTUB2 regulation at the post-translational modification level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gan
- Department
of Cell and Chemical Biology, Division of Chemical Biology and Drug
Discovery, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle de Vries
- Department
of Cell and Chemical Biology, Division of Chemical Biology and Drug
Discovery, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy J. L. L. Akkermans
- Department
of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yassene Mohammed
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rayman T. N. Tjokrodirijo
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud H. de Ru
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert Q. Kim
- Department
of Cell and Chemical Biology, Division of Chemical Biology and Drug
Discovery, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David A. Vargas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Hutchison Hall, 120 Trustee Rd, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Vito Pol
- Department
of Cell and Chemical Biology, Division of Chemical Biology and Drug
Discovery, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Hutchison Hall, 120 Trustee Rd, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Peter A. van Veelen
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Department
of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Dam
- Department
of Cell and Chemical Biology, Division of Chemical Biology and Drug
Discovery, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Department
of Cell and Chemical Biology, Division of Chemical Biology and Drug
Discovery, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aysegul Sapmaz
- Department
of Cell and Chemical Biology, Division of Chemical Biology and Drug
Discovery, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul P. Geurink
- Department
of Cell and Chemical Biology, Division of Chemical Biology and Drug
Discovery, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
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5
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Blount JR, Patel NC, Libohova K, Harris AL, Tsou WL, Sujkowski A, Todi SV. Lysine 117 on ataxin-3 modulates toxicity in Drosophila models of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.30.542896. [PMID: 37398109 PMCID: PMC10312518 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.30.542896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Ataxin-3 (Atxn3) is a deubiquitinase with a polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat tract whose abnormal expansion causes the neurodegenerative disease, Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 (SCA3; also known as Machado-Joseph Disease). The ubiquitin chain cleavage properties of Atxn3 are enhanced when it is ubiquitinated at lysine (K) at position 117. K117-ubiqutinated Atxn3 cleaves poly-ubiquitin more rapidly in vitro compared to its unmodified counterpart and this residue is also important for Atxn3 roles in cell culture and in Drosophila melanogaster . How polyQ expansion causes SCA3 remains unclear. To gather insight into the biology of disease of SCA3, here we posited the question: is K117 important for toxicity caused by Atxn3? We generated transgenic Drosophila lines that express full-length, human, pathogenic Atxn3 with 80 polyQ with an intact or mutated K117. We found that K117 mutation mildly enhances the toxicity and aggregation of pathogenic Atxn3 in Drosophila . An additional transgenic line that expresses Atxn3 without any K residues confirms increased aggregation of pathogenic Atxn3 whose ubiquitination is perturbed. These findings suggest Atxn3 ubiquitination as a regulatory step of SCA3, in part by modulating its aggregation.
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6
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Pereira Sena P, Weber JJ, Bayezit S, Saup R, Incebacak Eltemur RD, Li X, Velic A, Jung J, Macek B, Nguyen HP, Riess O, Schmidt T. Implications of specific lysine residues within ataxin-3 for the molecular pathogenesis of Machado-Joseph disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1133271. [PMID: 37273907 PMCID: PMC10235640 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1133271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine residues are one of the main sites for posttranslational modifications of proteins, and lysine ubiquitination of the Machado-Joseph disease protein ataxin-3 is implicated in its cellular function and polyglutamine expansion-dependent toxicity. Despite previously undertaken efforts, the individual roles of specific lysine residues of the ataxin-3 sequence are not entirely understood and demand further analysis. By retaining single lysine residues of otherwise lysine-free wild-type and polyglutamine-expanded ataxin-3, we assessed the effects of a site-limited modifiability on ataxin-3 protein levels, aggregation propensity, localization, and stability. We confirmed earlier findings that levels of lysine-free ataxin-3 are reduced due to its decreased stability, which led to a diminished load of SDS-insoluble species of its polyglutamine-expanded form. The isolated presence of several single lysine residues within the N-terminus of polyglutamine-expanded ataxin-3 significantly restored its aggregate levels, with highest fold changes induced by the presence of lysine 8 or lysine 85, respectively. Ataxin-3 lacking all lysine residues presented a slightly increased nuclear localization, which was counteracted by the reintroduction of lysine 85, whereas presence of either lysine 8 or lysine 85 led to a significantly higher ataxin-3 stability. Moreover, lysine-free ataxin-3 showed increased toxicity and binding to K48-linked polyubiquitin chains, whereas the reintroduction of lysine 85, located between the ubiquitin-binding sites 1 and 2 of ataxin-3, normalized its binding affinity. Overall, our data highlight the relevance of lysine residues 8 and 85 of ataxin-3 and encourage further analyses, to evaluate the potential of modulating posttranslational modifications of these sites for influencing pathophysiological characteristics of the Machado-Joseph disease protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Pereira Sena
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonasz Jeremiasz Weber
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sercan Bayezit
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rafael Saup
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rana Dilara Incebacak Eltemur
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ana Velic
- Proteome Center Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Jung
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Boris Macek
- Proteome Center Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schmidt
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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7
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Park J, Shin SC, Jin KS, Lim MJ, Kim Y, Kim EE, Song EJ. USP35 dimer prevents its degradation by E3 ligase CHIP through auto-deubiquitinating activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:112. [PMID: 37004621 PMCID: PMC11073304 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04740-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a number of reports on the importance of USP35 in cancer have been published. However, very little is known about the exact mechanism by which USP35 activity is regulated. Here, we show the possible regulation of USP35 activity and the structural specificity affecting its function by analyzing various fragments of USP35. Interestingly, the catalytic domain of USP35 alone does not exhibit deubiquitinating activity; in contrast, the C-terminal domain and insertion region in the catalytic domain is required for full USP35 activity. Additionally, through its C-terminal domain, USP35 forms a homodimer that prevents USP35 degradation. CHIP bound to HSP90 interacts with and ubiquitinates USP35. However, when fully functional USP35 undergoes auto-deubiquitination, which attenuates CHIP-mediated ubiquitination. Finally, USP35 dimer is required for deubiquitination of the substrate Aurora B and regulation of faithful mitotic progression. The properties of USP35 identified in this study are a unique homodimer structure, regulation of deubiquitinating activity through this, and utilization of a novel E3 ligase involved in USP35 auto-deubiquitination, which adds another complexity to the regulation of deubiquitinating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Park
- Biomedical Research Division, Center for Advanced Biomolecular Recognition, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea
- Division of Bio‑Medical Science and Technology, KIST‑School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Sang Chul Shin
- Research Resources Division, Technological Convergence Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Kyeong Sik Jin
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Kyungbuk, Korea
| | - Min Joon Lim
- Biomedical Research Division, Medicinal Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Yeojin Kim
- Biomedical Research Division, Center for Advanced Biomolecular Recognition, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Eunice EunKyeong Kim
- Biomedical Research Division, Medicinal Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea.
| | - Eun Joo Song
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea.
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8
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Prifti MV, Libohova K, Harris AL, Tsou WL, Todi SV. Ubiquitin-binding site 1 of pathogenic ataxin-3 regulates its toxicity in Drosophila models of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1112688. [PMID: 36733922 PMCID: PMC9887036 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1112688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 (SCA3) is a member of the family of polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases that are caused by anomalous CAG triplet repeat expansions in several genes. SCA3 results from abnormal polyQ expansion in the deubiquitinase (DUB), ataxin-3 (Atxn3). To understand the role of the different domains of mutant Atxn3 on its pathogenicity, with the hope that they can be explored for therapeutic interventions, we have systematically studied their individual and collective effects on its toxicity. One such domain is ubiquitin-binding site 1 (UbS1) on the catalytic domain of Atxn3; UbS1 is necessary for the enzymatic activity of Atxn3. Here, we investigated the importance of UbS1 on the toxicity of pathogenic Atxn3. We generated transgenic Drosophila melanogaster lines that express polyQ-expanded Atxn3 with and without a functional UbS1. We found that mutating UbS1 markedly exacerbates the toxicity of pathogenic Atxn3. Additional studies indicated that UbS1 regulates the toxicity of Atxn3 not by affecting its aggregation or sub-cellular localization, but by impacting its role in ubiquitin processing. Our findings provide additional insights into the role of Atxn3's domains in the pathogenicity of SCA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew V. Prifti
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Kozeta Libohova
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Autumn L. Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States,Maximizing Access to Research Careers Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Wei-Ling Tsou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Sokol V. Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States,Maximizing Access to Research Careers Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States,*Correspondence: Sokol V. Todi,
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9
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Johnson SL, Tsou WL, Prifti MV, Harris AL, Todi SV. A survey of protein interactions and posttranslational modifications that influence the polyglutamine diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:974167. [PMID: 36187346 PMCID: PMC9515312 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.974167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence and aggregation of misfolded proteins has deleterious effects in the nervous system. Among the various diseases caused by misfolded proteins is the family of the polyglutamine (polyQ) disorders. This family comprises nine members, all stemming from the same mutation—the abnormal elongation of a polyQ repeat in nine different proteins—which causes protein misfolding and aggregation, cellular dysfunction and disease. While it is the same type of mutation that causes them, each disease is distinct: it is influenced by regions and domains that surround the polyQ repeat; by proteins with which they interact; and by posttranslational modifications they receive. Here, we overview the role of non-polyQ regions that control the pathogenicity of the expanded polyQ repeat. We begin by introducing each polyQ disease, the genes affected, and the symptoms experienced by patients. Subsequently, we provide a survey of protein-protein interactions and posttranslational modifications that regulate polyQ toxicity. We conclude by discussing shared processes and pathways that bring some of the polyQ diseases together and may serve as common therapeutic entry points for this family of incurable disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean L. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Wei-Ling Tsou
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Matthew V. Prifti
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Autumn L. Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Maximizing Access to Research Careers (MARC) Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Sokol V. Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Maximizing Access to Research Careers (MARC) Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Sokol V. Todi,
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10
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Liu X, Balaraman K, Lynch CC, Hebron M, Shah PK, Hu S, Stevenson M, Wolf C, Moussa C. Inhibition of Ubiquitin-Specific Protease-13 Improves Behavioral Performance in Alpha-Synuclein Expressing Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158131. [PMID: 35897705 PMCID: PMC9330474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-Specific Protease-13 (USP13) promotes protein de-ubiquitination. USP13 levels are upregulated in post-mortem Parkinson's disease, whereas USP13 knockdown via shRNA reduces alpha-synuclein levels in animal models. We studied the role of USP13 in knockout mice expressing lentiviral human alpha-synuclein and investigated the impact of a small molecule inhibitor of USP13, BK50118-C, on alpha-synuclein pathology and animal behavior. Alpha-synuclein was expressed unilaterally in substantia nigra (SN) of USP13 deficient mice that were treated with a daily intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg BK50118-C or DMSO for four consecutive weeks, and behavioral and functional assays were performed. Wild-type USP13+/+ mice expressing lentiviral human alpha-synuclein showed motor and behavioral defects that were not seen in partially (USP13+/-) or completely (USP13-/-) deficient USP13 mice. BK50118-C displayed a wide and favorable therapeutic dose range in vivo. Treatment with BK50118-C significantly reduced ubiquitinated alpha-synuclein, increased dopamine levels, and improved motor and behavioral symptoms in wild-type (USP13+/+), but not USP13 deficient, mice. These data suggest that USP13 is critical to the neuropathology of alpha-synuclein, whereas a novel small molecule inhibitor of USP13 is a potential therapeutic agent of alpha-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (M.H.); (P.K.S.); (S.H.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (C.M.); Tel.: +1-202-687-7328 (C.M.); Fax: +1-202-687-7378 (C.M.)
| | - Kaluvu Balaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University & Medicinal Chemistry Shared Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (K.B.); (C.C.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Ciarán C. Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University & Medicinal Chemistry Shared Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (K.B.); (C.C.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Michaeline Hebron
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (M.H.); (P.K.S.); (S.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Priya Ketankumar Shah
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (M.H.); (P.K.S.); (S.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Shicheng Hu
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (M.H.); (P.K.S.); (S.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Max Stevenson
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (M.H.); (P.K.S.); (S.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University & Medicinal Chemistry Shared Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (K.B.); (C.C.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Charbel Moussa
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (M.H.); (P.K.S.); (S.H.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (C.M.); Tel.: +1-202-687-7328 (C.M.); Fax: +1-202-687-7378 (C.M.)
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11
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Estavoyer B, Messmer C, Echbicheb M, Rudd CE, Milot E, Affar EB. Mechanisms orchestrating the enzymatic activity and cellular functions of deubiquitinases. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102198. [PMID: 35764170 PMCID: PMC9356280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are required for the reverse reaction of ubiquitination and act as major regulators of ubiquitin signaling processes. Emerging evidence suggests that these enzymes are regulated at multiple levels in order to ensure proper and timely substrate targeting and to prevent the adverse consequences of promiscuous deubiquitination. The importance of DUB regulation is highlighted by disease-associated mutations that inhibit or activate DUBs, deregulating their ability to coordinate cellular processes. Here, we describe the diverse mechanisms governing protein stability, enzymatic activity, and function of DUBs. In particular, we outline how DUBs are regulated by their protein domains and interacting partners. Intramolecular interactions can promote protein stability of DUBs, influence their subcellular localization, and/or modulate their enzymatic activity. Remarkably, these intramolecular interactions can induce self-deubiquitination to counteract DUB ubiquitination by cognate E3 ubiquitin ligases. In addition to intramolecular interactions, DUBs can also oligomerize and interact with a wide variety of cellular proteins, thereby forming obligate or facultative complexes that regulate their enzymatic activity and function. The importance of signaling and post-translational modifications in the integrated control of DUB function will also be discussed. While several DUBs are described with respect to the multiple layers of their regulation, the tumor suppressor BAP1 will be outlined as a model enzyme whose localization, stability, enzymatic activity, and substrate recognition are highly orchestrated by interacting partners and post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Estavoyer
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling and Cancer, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, H1T 2M4, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Clémence Messmer
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling and Cancer, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, H1T 2M4, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mohamed Echbicheb
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling and Cancer, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, H1T 2M4, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christopher E Rudd
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling in Immunotherapy, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, H1T 2M4, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal H3C 3J7, Québec, Canada
| | - Eric Milot
- Laboratory for Malignant Hematopoiesis and Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, H1T 2M4, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal H3C 3J7, Québec, Canada
| | - El Bachir Affar
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling and Cancer, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, H1T 2M4, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal H3C 3J7, Québec, Canada.
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12
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Novel Ubiquitin Specific Protease-13 Inhibitors Alleviate Neurodegenerative Pathology. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11090622. [PMID: 34564439 PMCID: PMC8467576 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin Specific Protease-13 (USP13) promotes protein de-ubiquitination and is poorly understood in neurodegeneration. USP13 is upregulated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), and USP13 knockdown via shRNA reduces neurotoxic proteins and increases proteasome activity in models of neurodegeneration. We synthesized novel analogues of spautin-1 which is a non-specific USP13 inhibitor but unable to penetrate the brain. Our synthesized small molecule compounds are able to enter the brain, more potently inhibit USP13, and significantly reduce alpha-synuclein levels in vivo and in vitro. USP13 inhibition in transgenic mutant alpha-synuclein (A53T) mice increased the ubiquitination of alpha-synuclein and reduced its protein levels. The data suggest that novel USP13 inhibitors improve neurodegenerative pathology via antagonism of de-ubiquitination, thus alleviating neurotoxic protein burden in neurodegenerative diseases.
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13
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Gerson JE, Safren N, Fischer S, Patel R, Crowley EV, Welday JP, Windle AK, Barmada S, Paulson HL, Sharkey LM. Ubiquilin-2 differentially regulates polyglutamine disease proteins. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:2596-2610. [PMID: 32681165 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Divergent protein context helps explain why polyglutamine expansion diseases differ clinically and pathologically. This heterogeneity may also extend to how polyglutamine disease proteins are handled by cellular pathways of proteostasis. Studies suggest, for example, that the ubiquitin-proteasome shuttle protein Ubiquilin-2 (UBQLN2) selectively interacts with specific polyglutamine disease proteins. Here we employ cellular models, primary neurons and mouse models to investigate the potential differential regulation by UBQLN2 of two polyglutamine disease proteins, huntingtin (HTT) and ataxin-3 (ATXN3). In cells, overexpressed UBQLN2 selectively lowered levels of full-length pathogenic HTT but not of HTT exon 1 fragment or full-length ATXN3. Consistent with these results, UBQLN2 specifically reduced accumulation of aggregated mutant HTT but not mutant ATXN3 in mouse models of Huntington's disease (HD) and spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), respectively. Normally a cytoplasmic protein, UBQLN2 translocated to the nuclei of neurons in HD mice but not in SCA3 mice. Remarkably, instead of reducing the accumulation of nuclear mutant ATXN3, UBQLN2 induced an accumulation of cytoplasmic ATXN3 aggregates in neurons of SCA3 mice. Together these results reveal a selective action of UBQLN2 toward polyglutamine disease proteins, indicating that polyglutamine expansion alone is insufficient to promote UBQLN2-mediated clearance of this class of disease proteins. Additional factors, including nuclear translocation of UBQLN2, may facilitate its action to clear intranuclear, aggregated disease proteins like HTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Gerson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Nathaniel Safren
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Svetlana Fischer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Ronak Patel
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Emily V Crowley
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Jacqueline P Welday
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Alexandra K Windle
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Sami Barmada
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Henry L Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Lisa M Sharkey
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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14
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Gupta R, Sahu M, Srivastava D, Tiwari S, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Post-translational modifications: Regulators of neurodegenerative proteinopathies. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101336. [PMID: 33775891 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmark features in the neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) is the accumulation of aggregated and/or non-functional protein in the cellular milieu. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are an essential regulator of non-functional protein aggregation in the pathogenesis of NDDs. Any alteration in the post-translational mechanism and the protein quality control system, for instance, molecular chaperone, ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy-lysosomal degradation pathway, enhances the accumulation of misfolded protein, which causes neuronal dysfunction. Post-translational modification plays many roles in protein turnover rate, accumulation of aggregate and can also help in the degradation of disease-causing toxic metabolites. PTMs such as acetylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, palmitoylation, SUMOylation, nitration, oxidation, and many others regulate protein homeostasis, which includes protein structure, functions and aggregation propensity. Different studies demonstrated the involvement of PTMs in the regulation of signaling cascades such as PI3K/Akt/GSK3β, MAPK cascade, AMPK pathway, and Wnt signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of NDDs. Further, mounting evidence suggests that targeting different PTMs with small chemical molecules, which acts as an inhibitor or activator, reverse misfolded protein accumulation and thus enhances the neuroprotection. Herein, we briefly discuss the protein aggregation and various domain structures of different proteins involved in the NDDs, indicating critical amino acid residues where PTMs occur. We also describe the implementation and involvement of various PTMs on signaling cascade and cellular processes in NDDs. Lastly, we implement our current understanding of the therapeutic importance of PTMs in neurodegeneration, along with emerging techniques targeting various PTMs.
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15
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Raj K, Akundi RS. Mutant Ataxin-3-Containing Aggregates (MATAGGs) in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3: Dynamics of the Disorder. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3095-3118. [PMID: 33629274 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is the most common type of SCA worldwide caused by abnormal polyglutamine expansion in the coding region of the ataxin-3 gene. Ataxin-3 is a multi-faceted protein involved in various cellular processes such as deubiquitination, cytoskeletal organisation, and transcriptional regulation. The presence of an expanded poly(Q) stretch leads to altered processing and misfolding of the protein culminating in the production of insoluble protein aggregates in the cell. Various post-translational modifications affect ataxin-3 fibrillation and aggregation. This review provides an exhaustive assessment of the various pathogenic mechanisms undertaken by the mutant ataxin-3-containing aggregates (MATAGGs) for disease induction and neurodegeneration. This includes in-depth discussion on MATAGG dynamics including their formation, role in neuronal pathogenesis, and the debate over the toxic v/s protective nature of the MATAGGs in disease progression. Additionally, the currently available therapeutic strategies against SCA3 have been reviewed. The shift in the focus of such strategies, from targeting the steps that lead to or reduce aggregate formation to targeting the expression of mutant ataxin-3 itself via RNA-based therapeutics, has also been presented. We also discuss the intriguing promise that various growth and neurotrophic factors, especially the insulin pathway, hold in the modulation of SCA3 progression. These emerging areas show the newer directions through which SCA3 can be targeted including various preclinical and clinical trials. All these advances made in the last three decades since the discovery of the ataxin-3 gene have been critically reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Raj
- Neuroinflammation Research Lab, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Ravi Shankar Akundi
- Neuroinflammation Research Lab, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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16
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Wang Y, Wang F. Post-Translational Modifications of Deubiquitinating Enzymes: Expanding the Ubiquitin Code. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:685011. [PMID: 34177595 PMCID: PMC8224227 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.685011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications such as ubiquitination play important regulatory roles in several biological processes in eukaryotes. This process could be reversed by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), which remove conjugated ubiquitin molecules from target substrates. Owing to their role as essential enzymes in regulating all ubiquitin-related processes, the abundance, localization, and catalytic activity of DUBs are tightly regulated. Dysregulation of DUBs can cause dramatic physiological consequences and a variety of disorders such as cancer, and neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. Multiple factors, such as transcription and translation of associated genes, and the presence of accessory domains, binding proteins, and inhibitors have been implicated in several aspects of DUB regulation. Beyond this level of regulation, emerging studies show that the function of DUBs can be regulated by a variety of post-translational modifications, which significantly affect the abundance, localization, and catalytic activity of DUBs. The most extensively studied post-translational modification of DUBs is phosphorylation. Besides phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, acetylation, oxidation, and hydroxylation are also reported in DUBs. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the regulatory effects of post-translational modifications of DUBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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17
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Liu X, Moussa C. Regulatory Role of Ubiquitin Specific Protease-13 (USP13) in Misfolded Protein Clearance in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neuroscience 2021; 460:161-166. [PMID: 33577955 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin Specific Protease (USP)-13 is a de-ubiquitinase member of the cysteine-dependent protease superfamily that cleaves ubiquitin off protein substrates to reverse ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. Several findings implicate USPs in neurodegeneration. Ubiquitin targets proteins to major degradation pathways, including the proteasome and the lysosome. In melanoma cells, USP13 regulates the degradation of several proteins primarily via ubiquitination and de-ubiquitination. However, the significance of USP13 in regulating protein clearance in neurodegeneration is largely unknown. This mini-review summarizes the most recent evidence pertaining to the role of USP13 in protein clearance via autophagy and the proteasome in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Liu
- Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Building D, Room 265, 4000 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington DC 20057, USA.
| | - Charbel Moussa
- Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Building D, Room 265, 4000 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington DC 20057, USA.
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18
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Tu Y, Li X, Zhu X, Liu X, Guo C, Jia D, Tang TS. Determining the Fate of Neurons in SCA3: ATX3, a Rising Decision Maker in Response to DNA Stresses and Beyond. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:619911. [PMID: 33425926 PMCID: PMC7793700 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.619911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) and apoptosis are reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases including polyglutamine (polyQ) disorders, such as Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) and Huntington's disease (HD). Consistently, an increasing body of studies provide compelling evidence for the crucial roles of ATX3, whose polyQ expansion is defined as the cause of SCA3, in the maintenance of genome integrity and regulation of apoptosis. The polyQ expansion in ATX3 seems to affect its physiological functions in these distinct pathways. These advances have expanded our understanding of the relationship between ATX3's cellular functions and the underlying molecular mechanism of SCA3. Interestingly, dysregulated DDR pathways also contribute to the pathogenesis of other neurodegenerative disorder such as HD, which presents a common molecular mechanism yet distinct in detail among different diseases. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current studies about the physiological roles of ATX3 in DDR and related apoptosis, highlighting the crosslinks between these impaired pathways and the pathogenesis of SCA3. Moreover, whether these mechanisms are shared in other neurodegenerative diseases are analyzed. Finally, the preclinical studies targeting DDR and related apoptosis for treatment of polyQ disorders including SCA3 and HD are also summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Tu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xuefei Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaokang Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Caixia Guo
- Beijing Institute of Genomics (China National Center for Bioinformation), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tie-Shan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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Johnson SL, Ranxhi B, Libohova K, Tsou WL, Todi SV. Ubiquitin-interacting motifs of ataxin-3 regulate its polyglutamine toxicity through Hsc70-4-dependent aggregation. eLife 2020; 9:60742. [PMID: 32955441 PMCID: PMC7505662 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) belongs to the family of polyglutamine neurodegenerations. Each disorder stems from the abnormal lengthening of a glutamine repeat in a different protein. Although caused by a similar mutation, polyglutamine disorders are distinct, implicating non-polyglutamine regions of disease proteins as regulators of pathogenesis. SCA3 is caused by polyglutamine expansion in ataxin-3. To determine the role of ataxin-3’s non-polyglutamine domains in disease, we utilized a new, allelic series of Drosophila melanogaster. We found that ataxin-3 pathogenicity is saliently controlled by polyglutamine-adjacent ubiquitin-interacting motifs (UIMs) that enhance aggregation and toxicity. UIMs function by interacting with the heat shock protein, Hsc70-4, whose reduction diminishes ataxin-3 toxicity in a UIM-dependent manner. Hsc70-4 also enhances pathogenicity of other polyglutamine proteins. Our studies provide a unique insight into the impact of ataxin-3 domains in SCA3, identify Hsc70-4 as a SCA3 enhancer, and indicate pleiotropic effects from HSP70 chaperones, which are generally thought to suppress polyglutamine degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean L Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States
| | - Bedri Ranxhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States
| | - Kozeta Libohova
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States
| | - Wei-Ling Tsou
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States
| | - Sokol V Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States.,Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States
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20
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Structural insights into the activity and regulation of human Josephin-2. JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY-X 2020; 3:100011. [PMID: 32647816 PMCID: PMC7337049 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2019.100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Josephins-1 and -2 are low molecular-weight members of the MJD family of deubiquitinating enzymes. Josephin-2 was shown to cleave K11 ubiquitin linkages, in addition to K48, K63, and mixed linkages. The crystal structure of human Josephin-2 was determined. The structure suggests a potential mechanism for enzyme regulation via mono-ubiquitination.
The MJD family of human deubiquitinating enzymes contains four members: Ataxin-3, the ataxin-3-like protein (AT3L), Josephin-1, and Josephin-2. All share a conserved catalytic unit known as the Josephin domain. Ataxin-3 and AT3L also contain extensive regulatory regions that modulate their functions, whereas Josephins-1 and -2 are substantially smaller, containing only the Josephin domain. To gain insight into how these minimal Josephins differ from their larger relatives, we determined the 2.3 Å X-ray crystal structure of human Josephin-2 and probed the enzyme’s substrate specificity. Several large disordered loops are seen in the structure, suggesting a highly dynamic enzyme. Josephin-2 lacks several allosteric sites found in ataxin-3, but its structure suggests potential regulation via ubiquitination of a loop adjoining the active site. The enzyme preferentially recognizes substrates containing K11, K48, and K63 linkages, pointing toward a possible role in maintenance of protein quality control.
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21
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Blount JR, Johnson SL, Libohova K, Todi SV, Tsou WL. Degron capability of the hydrophobic C-terminus of the polyglutamine disease protein, ataxin-3. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2096-2108. [PMID: 32643791 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ataxin-3 is a deubiquitinase and polyglutamine disease protein whose cellular properties and functions are not entirely understood. Mutations in ataxin-3 cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), a neurodegenerative disorder that is a member of the polyglutamine family of diseases. Two major isoforms arise from alternative splicing of ATXN3 and are differently toxic in vivo as a result of faster proteasomal degradation of one isoform compared to the other. The isoforms vary only at their C-termini, suggesting that the hydrophobic C-terminus of the more quickly degraded form of ataxin-3 (here referred to as isoform 2) functions as a degron-that is, a peptide sequence that expedites the degradation of its host protein. We explored this notion in this study and present evidence that: (a) the C-terminus of ataxin-3 isoform 2 signals its degradation in a proteasome-dependent manner, (b) this effect from the C-terminus of isoform 2 does not require the ubiquitination of ataxin-3, and (c) the isolated C-terminus of isoform 2 can enhance the degradation of an unrelated protein. According to our data, the C-terminus of ataxin-3 isoform 2 is a degron, increasing overall understanding of the cellular properties of the SCA3 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Blount
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sean L Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kozeta Libohova
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sokol V Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Wei-Ling Tsou
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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22
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Blount JR, Libohova K, Silva GM, Todi SV. Isoleucine 44 Hydrophobic Patch Controls Toxicity of Unanchored, Linear Ubiquitin Chains through NF-κB Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061519. [PMID: 32580388 PMCID: PMC7348737 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that regulates cellular processes by altering the interactions of proteins to which ubiquitin, a small protein adduct, is conjugated. Ubiquitination yields various products, including mono- and poly-ubiquitinated substrates, as well as unanchored poly-ubiquitin chains whose accumulation is considered toxic. We previously showed that transgenic, unanchored poly-ubiquitin is not problematic in Drosophila melanogaster. In the fruit fly, free chains exist in various lengths and topologies and are degraded by the proteasome; they are also conjugated onto other proteins as one unit, eliminating them from the free ubiquitin chain pool. Here, to further explore the notion of unanchored chain toxicity, we examined when free poly-ubiquitin might become problematic. We found that unanchored chains can be highly toxic if they resemble linear poly-ubiquitin that cannot be modified into other topologies. These species upregulate NF-κB signaling, and modulation of the levels of NF-κB components reduces toxicity. In additional studies, we show that toxicity from untethered, linear chains is regulated by isoleucine 44, which anchors a key interaction site for ubiquitin. We conclude that free ubiquitin chains can be toxic, but only in uncommon circumstances, such as when the ability of cells to modify and regulate them is markedly restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Blount
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield St., Scott Hall Rm. 3108, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (J.R.B.); (K.L.)
| | - Kozeta Libohova
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield St., Scott Hall Rm. 3108, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (J.R.B.); (K.L.)
| | | | - Sokol V. Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield St., Scott Hall Rm. 3108, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (J.R.B.); (K.L.)
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield St., Scott Hall Rm. 3108, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Correspondence:
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23
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Regulation of Deubiquitinating Enzymes by Post-Translational Modifications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114028. [PMID: 32512887 PMCID: PMC7312083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination and deubiquitination play a critical role in all aspects of cellular processes, and the enzymes involved are tightly regulated by multiple factors including posttranslational modifications like most other proteins. Dysfunction or misregulation of these enzymes could have dramatic physiological consequences, sometimes leading to diseases. Therefore, it is important to have a clear understanding of these regulatory processes. Here, we have reviewed the posttranslational modifications of deubiquitinating enzymes and their consequences on the catalytic activity, stability, abundance, localization, and interaction with the partner proteins.
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24
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Kanack A, Vittal V, Haver H, Keppel T, Gundry RL, Klevit RE, Scaglione KM. UbcH5 Interacts with Substrates to Participate in Lysine Selection with the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase CHIP. Biochemistry 2020; 59:2078-2088. [PMID: 32401531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase C-terminus of Hsc70 interacting protein (CHIP) plays a critical role in regulating the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of misfolded proteins. CHIP mediates the ubiquitination of the α-amino-terminus of substrates with the E2 Ube2w and facilitates the ubiquitination of lysine residues with the E2 UbcH5. While it is known that Ube2w directly interacts with the disordered regions at the N-terminus of its substrates, it is unclear how CHIP and UbcH5 mediate substrate lysine selection. Here, we have decoupled the contributions of the E2, UbcH5, and the E3, CHIP, in ubiquitin transfer. We show that UbcH5 selects substrate lysine residues independent of CHIP, and that CHIP participates in lysine selection by fine-tuning the subset of substrate lysines that are ubiquitinated. We also identify lysine 128 near the C-terminus of UbcH5 as a critical residue for the efficient ubiquitin transfer by UbcH5 in both the presence and absence of CHIP. Together, these data demonstrate an important role of the UbcH5/substrate interactions in mediating the efficient ubiquitin transfer by the CHIP/UbcH5 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kanack
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States.,Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Vinayak Vittal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Holly Haver
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Theodore Keppel
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Rebekah L Gundry
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Rachel E Klevit
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Kenneth Matthew Scaglione
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States.,Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States.,Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States.,Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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25
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McLoughlin HS, Moore LR, Paulson HL. Pathogenesis of SCA3 and implications for other polyglutamine diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 134:104635. [PMID: 31669734 PMCID: PMC6980715 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tandem repeat diseases include the neurodegenerative disorders known as polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases, caused by CAG repeat expansions in the coding regions of the respective disease genes. The nine known polyQ disease include Huntington's disease (HD), dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), and six spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, SCA7, and SCA17). The underlying disease mechanism in the polyQ diseases is thought principally to reflect dominant toxic properties of the disease proteins which, when harboring a polyQ expansion, differentially interact with protein partners and are prone to aggregate. Among the polyQ diseases, SCA3 is the most common SCA, and second to HD in prevalence worldwide. Here we summarize current understanding of SCA3 disease mechanisms within the broader context of the broader polyQ disease field. We emphasize properties of the disease protein, ATXN3, and new discoveries regarding three potential pathogenic mechanisms: 1) altered protein homeostasis; 2) DNA damage and dysfunctional DNA repair; and 3) nonneuronal contributions to disease. We conclude with an overview of the therapeutic implications of recent mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren R Moore
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Henry L Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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26
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Functional analysis of deubiquitylating enzymes in tumorigenesis and development. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1872:188312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.188312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Da Silva JD, Teixeira-Castro A, Maciel P. From Pathogenesis to Novel Therapeutics for Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3: Evading Potholes on the Way to Translation. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:1009-1031. [PMID: 31691128 PMCID: PMC6985322 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), also known as Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the ATXN3 gene. In spite of the identification of a clear monogenic cause 25 years ago, the pathological process still puzzles researchers, impairing prospects for an effective therapy. Here, we propose the disruption of protein homeostasis as the hub of SCA3 pathogenesis, being the molecular mechanisms and cellular pathways that are deregulated in SCA3 downstream consequences of the misfolding and aggregation of ATXN3. Moreover, we attempt to provide a realistic perspective on how the translational/clinical research in SCA3 should evolve. This was based on molecular findings, clinical and epidemiological characteristics, studies of proposed treatments in other conditions, and how that information is essential for their (re-)application in SCA3. This review thus aims i) to critically evaluate the current state of research on SCA3, from fundamental to translational and clinical perspectives; ii) to bring up the current key questions that remain unanswered in this disorder; and iii) to provide a frame on how those answers should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Diogo Da Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Andreia Teixeira-Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Maciel
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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28
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Johnson SL, Blount JR, Libohova K, Ranxhi B, Paulson HL, Tsou WL, Todi SV. Differential toxicity of ataxin-3 isoforms in Drosophila models of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 132:104535. [PMID: 31310802 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The most commonly inherited dominant ataxia, Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 (SCA3), is caused by a CAG repeat expansion that encodes an abnormally long polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat in the disease protein ataxin-3, a deubiquitinase. Two major full-length isoforms of ataxin-3 exist, both of which contain the same N-terminal portion and polyQ repeat, but differ in their C-termini; one (denoted here as isoform 1) contains a motif that binds ataxin-3's substrate, ubiquitin, whereas the other (denoted here as isoform 2) has a hydrophobic tail. Most SCA3 studies have focused on isoform 1, the predominant version in mammalian brain, yet both isoforms are present in brain and a better understanding of their relative pathogenicity in vivo is needed. We took advantage of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster to model SCA3 and to examine the toxicity of each ataxin-3 isoform. Our assays reveal isoform 1 to be markedly more toxic than isoform 2 in all fly tissues. Reduced toxicity from isoform 2 is due to much lower protein levels as a result of its expedited degradation. Additional studies indicate that isoform 1 is more aggregation-prone than isoform 2 and that the C-terminus of isoform 2 is critical for its enhanced proteasomal degradation. According to our results, although both full-length, pathogenic ataxin-3 isoforms are toxic, isoform 1 is likely the primary contributor to SCA3 due to its presence at higher levels. Isoform 2, as a result of rapid degradation that is dictated by its tail, is unlikely to be a key player in this disease. Our findings provide new insight into the biology of this ataxia and the cellular processing of the underlying disease protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean L Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jessica R Blount
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kozeta Libohova
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bedri Ranxhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Henry L Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wei-Ling Tsou
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Sokol V Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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29
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Wiatr K, Piasecki P, Marczak Ł, Wojciechowski P, Kurkowiak M, Płoski R, Rydzanicz M, Handschuh L, Jungverdorben J, Brüstle O, Figlerowicz M, Figiel M. Altered Levels of Proteins and Phosphoproteins, in the Absence of Early Causative Transcriptional Changes, Shape the Molecular Pathogenesis in the Brain of Young Presymptomatic Ki91 SCA3/MJD Mouse. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:8168-8202. [PMID: 31201651 PMCID: PMC6834541 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01643-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3/MJD) is a polyQ neurodegenerative disease where the presymptomatic phase of pathogenesis is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the molecular network of transcriptomic and proteomic triggers in young presymptomatic SCA3/MJD brain from Ki91 knock-in mouse. We found that transcriptional dysregulations resulting from mutant ataxin-3 are not occurring in young Ki91 mice, while old Ki91 mice and also postmitotic patient SCA3 neurons demonstrate the late transcriptomic changes. Unlike the lack of early mRNA changes, we have identified numerous early changes of total proteins and phosphoproteins in 2-month-old Ki91 mouse cortex and cerebellum. We discovered the network of processes in presymptomatic SCA3 with three main groups of disturbed processes comprising altered proteins: (I) modulation of protein levels and DNA damage (Pabpc1, Ddb1, Nedd8), (II) formation of neuronal cellular structures (Tubb3, Nefh, p-Tau), and (III) neuronal function affected by processes following perturbed cytoskeletal formation (Mt-Co3, Stx1b, p-Syn1). Phosphoproteins downregulate in the young Ki91 mouse brain and their phosphosites are associated with kinases that interact with ATXN3 such as casein kinase, Camk2, and kinases controlled by another Atxn3 interactor p21 such as Gsk3, Pka, and Cdk kinases. We conclude that the onset of SCA3 pathology occurs without altered transcript level and is characterized by changed levels of proteins responsible for termination of translation, DNA damage, spliceosome, and protein phosphorylation. This disturbs global cellular processes such as cytoskeleton and transport of vesicles and mitochondria along axons causing energy deficit and neurodegeneration also manifesting in an altered level of transcripts at later ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Wiatr
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Piasecki
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Marczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Wojciechowski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland.,Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kurkowiak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
| | - Rafał Płoski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Luiza Handschuh
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
| | - Johannes Jungverdorben
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marek Figlerowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Figiel
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland.
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30
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Matos CA, de Almeida LP, Nóbrega C. Machado-Joseph disease/spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: lessons from disease pathogenesis and clues into therapy. J Neurochem 2018; 148:8-28. [PMID: 29959858 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), is an incurable disorder, widely regarded as the most common form of spinocerebellar ataxia in the world. MJD/SCA3 arises from mutation of the ATXN3 gene, but this simple monogenic cause contrasts with the complexity of the pathogenic mechanisms that are currently admitted to underlie neuronal dysfunction and death. The aberrantly expanded protein product - ataxin-3 - is known to aggregate and generate toxic species that disrupt several cell systems, including autophagy, proteostasis, transcription, mitochondrial function and signalling. Over the years, research into putative therapeutic approaches has often been devoted to the development of strategies that counteract disease at different stages of cellular pathogenesis. Silencing the pathogenic protein, blocking aggregation, inhibiting toxic proteolytic processing and counteracting dysfunctions of the cellular systems affected have yielded promising ameliorating results in studies with cellular and animal models. The current review analyses the available studies dedicated to the investigation of MJD/SCA3 pathogenesis and the exploration of possible therapeutic strategies, focusing primarily on gene therapy and pharmacological approaches rooted on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Matos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Clévio Nóbrega
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Coimbra, Portugal.,Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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31
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Wan L, Xu K, Chen Z, Tang B, Jiang H. Roles of Post-translational Modifications in Spinocerebellar Ataxias. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:290. [PMID: 30283301 PMCID: PMC6156280 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, etc., of proteins can modulate protein properties such as intracellular distribution, activity, stability, aggregation, and interactions. Therefore, PTMs are vital regulatory mechanisms for multiple cellular processes. Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are hereditary, heterogeneous, neurodegenerative diseases for which the primary manifestation involves ataxia. Because the pathogenesis of most SCAs is correlated with mutant proteins directly or indirectly, the PTMs of disease-related proteins might functionally affect SCA development and represent potential therapeutic interventions. Here, we review multiple PTMs related to disease-causing proteins in SCAs pathogenesis and their effects. Furthermore, we discuss these PTMs as potential targets for treating SCAs and describe translational therapies targeting PTMs that have been published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Keqin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Parkinson’s Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurology, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
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32
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Blount JR, Libohova K, Marsh GB, Sutton JR, Todi SV. Expression and Regulation of Deubiquitinase-Resistant, Unanchored Ubiquitin Chains in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8513. [PMID: 29855490 PMCID: PMC5981470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The modifier protein, ubiquitin (Ub) regulates various cellular pathways by controlling the fate of substrates to which it is conjugated. Ub moieties are also conjugated to each other, forming chains of various topologies. In cells, poly-Ub is attached to proteins and also exists in unanchored form. Accumulation of unanchored poly-Ub is thought to be harmful and quickly dispersed through dismantling by deubiquitinases (DUBs). We wondered whether disassembly by DUBs is necessary to control unanchored Ub chains in vivo. We generated Drosophila melanogaster lines that express Ub chains non-cleavable into mono-Ub by DUBs. These chains are rapidly modified with different linkages and represent various types of unanchored species. We found that unanchored poly-Ub is not devastating in Drosophila, under normal conditions or during stress. The DUB-resistant, free Ub chains are degraded by the proteasome, at least in part through the assistance of VCP and its cofactor, p47. Also, unanchored poly-Ub that cannot be cleaved by DUBs can be conjugated en bloc, in vivo. Our results indicate that unanchored poly-Ub species need not be intrinsically toxic; they can be controlled independently of DUB-based disassembly by being degraded, or through conjugation onto other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Blount
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kozeta Libohova
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gregory B Marsh
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Joanna R Sutton
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sokol V Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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33
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Ristic G, Sutton JR, Libohova K, Todi SV. Toxicity and aggregation of the polyglutamine disease protein, ataxin-3 is regulated by its binding to VCP/p97 in Drosophila melanogaster. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 116:78-92. [PMID: 29704548 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the nine dominantly inherited, age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases caused by abnormal expansion in the polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat of otherwise unrelated proteins is Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 (SCA3). SCA3 is caused by polyQ expansion in the deubiquitinase (DUB), ataxin-3. Molecular sequelae related to SCA3 remain unclear. Here, we sought to understand the role of protein context in SCA3 by focusing on the interaction between this DUB and Valosin-Containing Protein (VCP). VCP is bound directly by ataxin-3 through an arginine-rich area preceding the polyQ repeat. We examined the importance of this interaction in ataxin-3-dependent degeneration in Drosophila melanogaster. Our assays with new isogenic fly lines expressing pathogenic ataxin-3 with an intact or mutated VCP-binding site show that disrupting the ataxin-3-VCP interaction delays the aggregation of the toxic protein in vivo. Importantly, early on flies that express pathogenic ataxin-3 with a mutated VCP-binding site are indistinguishable from flies that do not express any SCA3 protein. Also, reducing levels of VCP through RNA-interference has a similar, protective effect to mutating the VCP-binding site of pathogenic ataxin-3. Based on in vivo pulse-chases, aggregated species of ataxin-3 are highly stable, in a manner independent of VCP-binding. Collectively, our results highlight an important role for the ataxin-3-VCP interaction in SCA3, based on a model that posits a seeding effect from VCP on pathogenic ataxin-3 aggregation and subsequent toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorica Ristic
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Joanna R Sutton
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kozeta Libohova
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sokol V Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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34
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Yang H, Yue HW, He WT, Hong JY, Jiang LL, Hu HY. PolyQ-expanded huntingtin and ataxin-3 sequester ubiquitin adaptors hHR23B and UBQLN2 into aggregates via conjugated ubiquitin. FASEB J 2018; 32:2923-2933. [PMID: 29401586 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700801rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The components of ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome system, such as Ub, Ub adaptors, or proteasome subunits, are commonly accumulated with the aggregated proteins in inclusions, but how protein aggregates sequester Ub-related proteins remains elusive. Using N-terminal huntingtin (Htt-N552) and ataxin (Atx)-3 as model proteins, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying sequestration of Ub adaptors by polyQ-expanded proteins. We found that polyQ-expanded Htt-N552 and Atx-3 sequester endogenous Ub adaptors, human RAD23 homolog B (hHR23B) and ubiquilin (UBQLN)-2, into inclusions. This sequestration effect is dependent on the UBA domains of Ub adaptors and the conjugated Ub of the aggregated proteins. Moreover, polyQ-expanded Htt-N552 and Atx-3 reduce the protein level of xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) by sequestration of hHR23B, suggesting that this process may cut down the available quantity of hHR23B and thus affect its normal function in stabilizing XPC. Our findings demonstrate that polyQ-expanded proteins sequester Ub adaptors or other Ub-related proteins into aggregates or inclusions through ubiquitination of the pathogenic proteins. This study may also provide a common mechanism for the formation of Ub-positive inclusions in cells.-Yang, H., Yue, H.-W., He, W.-T., Hong, J.-Y., Jiang, L.-L., Hu, H.-Y. PolyQ-expanded huntingtin and ataxin-3 sequester ubiquitin adaptors hHR23B and UBQLN2 into aggregates via conjugated ubiquitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (SIBCB), University of CAS, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Wei Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (SIBCB), University of CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Tian He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (SIBCB), University of CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Ye Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (SIBCB), University of CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei-Lei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (SIBCB), University of CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (SIBCB), University of CAS, Shanghai, China
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35
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Simões T, Schuster R, den Brave F, Escobar-Henriques M. Cdc48 regulates a deubiquitylase cascade critical for mitochondrial fusion. eLife 2018; 7:30015. [PMID: 29309037 PMCID: PMC5798933 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc48/p97, a ubiquitin-selective chaperone, orchestrates the function of E3 ligases and deubiquitylases (DUBs). Here, we identify a new function of Cdc48 in ubiquitin-dependent regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. The DUBs Ubp12 and Ubp2 exert opposing effects on mitochondrial fusion and cleave different ubiquitin chains on the mitofusin Fzo1. We demonstrate that Cdc48 integrates the activities of these two DUBs, which are themselves ubiquitylated. First, Cdc48 promotes proteolysis of Ubp12, stabilizing pro-fusion ubiquitylation on Fzo1. Second, loss of Ubp12 stabilizes Ubp2 and thereby facilitates removal of ubiquitin chains on Fzo1 inhibiting fusion. Thus, Cdc48 synergistically regulates the ubiquitylation status of Fzo1, allowing to control the balance between activation or repression of mitochondrial fusion. In conclusion, we unravel a new cascade of ubiquitylation events, comprising Cdc48 and two DUBs, fine-tuning the fusogenic activity of Fzo1. Mitochondria are little compartments within a cell that produce the energy needed for most biological processes. Each cell possesses several mitochondria, which can fuse together and then break again into smaller units. This fusion process is essential for cellular health. Two proteins in the cell have a major role in controlling mitochondrial fusion: Ubp12 and Ubp2. Ubp12 prevents fusion, while Ubp2 activates it. These molecules carry out their roles by acting on a third protein called mitofusin, which is a key gatekeeper of the fusion mechanism. Cells often ‘tag’ proteins with small molecules called ubiquitin to change the protein’s role and how it interacts with other cellular structures. Depending on how they are ‘tagged’, mitofusins can exist in two forms. One type of tagging means that the protein then promotes fusion of the mitochondria; the other leads to the mitofusin being destroyed by the cell. It is still unclear how Ubp12, Ubp2 and the different forms of mitofusins interact with each other to finely control mitochondrial fusion. Here, Simões, Schuster et al. clarify these interactions in yeast and show how these proteins are themselves regulated. Ubp2 promotes fusion by attaching to the mitofusin that is labeled to be destroyed, and removing this tag: the mitofusin will then not be degraded, and can promote fusion. Ubp12 prevents fusion through two mechanisms. First, it can remove the ‘pro-fusion’ tag on the mitofusin that prompts mitochondrial fusion. Second, Simões, Schuster et al. now show that Ubp12 also inhibits Ubp2 and its fusion-promoting activity. In turn, the experiments reveal that a master protein called Cdc48 can control the entire Ubp12-Ubp2-mitofusin pathway. Cdc48 directly represses Ubp12 and therefore its anti-fusion activity. This inhibition also leaves Ubp2 free to stimulate fusion through its action on mitofusin. The molecules involved in controlling mitochondrial fusion in yeast are very similar to the ones in people. In humans, improper regulation of mitofusins causes an incurable disease of the nerves and the brain called Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2A. Understanding how the fusion of mitochondria is controlled can lead to new drug discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Simões
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ramona Schuster
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fabian den Brave
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mafalda Escobar-Henriques
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Kristensen LV, Oppermann FS, Rauen MJ, Fog K, Schmidt T, Schmidt J, Harmuth T, Hartmann-Petersen R, Thirstrup K. Mass spectrometry analyses of normal and polyglutamine expanded ataxin-3 reveal novel interaction partners involved in mitochondrial function. Neurochem Int 2018; 112:5-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Polyglutamine-Independent Features in Ataxin-3 Aggregation and Pathogenesis of Machado-Joseph Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1049:275-288. [PMID: 29427109 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71779-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The expansion of a trinucleotide (CAG) repeat, translated into a polyglutamine expanded sequence in the protein encoded by the MJD gene, was identified over 20 years ago as the causative mutation in a severe neurodegenerative disorder originally diagnosed in individuals of Portuguese ancestry. This incapacitating disease, called Machado-Joseph disease or spinocebellar ataxia type 3, is integrated into a larger group of neurodegenerative disorders-the polyglutamine expansion disorders-caused by extension of a CAG repeat in the coding sequence of otherwise unrelated genes. These diseases are generally linked with the appearance of intracellular inclusions , which despite having a controversial role in disease appearance and development represent a characteristic common fingerprint in all polyglutamine-related disorders. Although polyglutamine expansion is an obvious trigger for neuronal dysfunction, the role of the different domains of these complex proteins in the function and aggregation properties of the carrier proteins is being uncovered in recent studies. In this review the current knowledge about the structural and functional features of full-length ataxin-3 protein will be discussed. The intrinsic conformational dynamics and interplay between the globular and intrinsically disordered regions of ataxin-3 will be highlighted, and a perspective picture of the role of known ataxin-3 post-translational modifications on regulating ataxin-3 aggregation and function will be drawn.
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Molecular Mechanisms and Cellular Pathways Implicated in Machado-Joseph Disease Pathogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1049:349-367. [PMID: 29427113 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71779-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) is a dominantly inherited disorder originally described in people of Portuguese descent, and associated with the expansion of a CAG tract in the coding region of the causative gene MJD1/ATX3. The CAG repeats range from 10 to 51 in the normal population and from 55 to 87 in SCA3/MJD patients. MJD1 encodes ataxin-3, a protein whose physiological function has been linked to ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Despite the identification of the causative mutation, the pathogenic process leading to the neurodegeneration observed in the disease is not yet completely understood. In the past years, several studies identified different molecular mechanisms and cellular pathways as being impaired or deregulated in MJD. Autophagy, proteolysis or post-translational modifications, among other processes, were implicated in MJD pathogenesis. From these studies it was possible to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, which in some cases proved successful in models of disease.
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Polyglutamine expansion diseases: More than simple repeats. J Struct Biol 2017; 201:139-154. [PMID: 28928079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat-containing proteins are widespread in the human proteome but only nine of them are associated with highly incapacitating neurodegenerative disorders. The genetic expansion of the polyQ tract in disease-related proteins triggers a series of events resulting in neurodegeneration. The polyQ tract plays the leading role in the aggregation mechanism, but other elements modulate the aggregation propensity in the context of the full-length proteins, as implied by variations in the length of the polyQ tract required to trigger the onset of a given polyQ disease. Intrinsic features such as the presence of aggregation-prone regions (APRs) outside the polyQ segments and polyQ-flanking sequences, which synergistically participate in the aggregation process, are emerging for several disease-related proteins. The inherent polymorphic structure of polyQ stretches places the polyQ proteins in a central position in protein-protein interaction networks, where interacting partners may additionally shield APRs or reshape the aggregation course. Expansion of the polyQ tract perturbs the cellular homeostasis and contributes to neuronal failure by modulating protein-protein interactions and enhancing toxic oligomerization. Post-translational modifications further regulate self-assembly either by directly altering the intrinsic aggregation propensity of polyQ proteins, by modulating their interaction with different macromolecules or by modifying their withdrawal by the cell quality control machinery. Here we review the recent data on the multifaceted aggregation pathways of disease-related polyQ proteins, focusing on ataxin-3, the protein mutated in Machado-Joseph disease. Further mechanistic understanding of this network of events is crucial for the development of effective therapies for polyQ diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tycho E.T. Mevissen
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - David Komander
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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Sutton JR, Blount JR, Libohova K, Tsou WL, Joshi GS, Paulson HL, Costa MDC, Scaglione KM, Todi SV. Interaction of the polyglutamine protein ataxin-3 with Rad23 regulates toxicity in Drosophila models of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1419-1431. [PMID: 28158474 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat expansion in the deubiquitinase ataxin-3 causes neurodegeneration in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 (SCA3), one of nine inherited, incurable diseases caused by similar mutations. Ataxin-3's degradation is inhibited by its binding to the proteasome shuttle Rad23 through ubiquitin-binding site 2 (UbS2). Disrupting this interaction decreases levels of ataxin-3. Since reducing levels of polyQ proteins can decrease their toxicity, we tested whether genetically modulating the ataxin-3-Rad23 interaction regulates its toxicity in Drosophila. We found that exogenous Rad23 increases the toxicity of pathogenic ataxin-3, coincident with increased levels of the disease protein. Conversely, reducing Rad23 levels alleviates toxicity in this SCA3 model. Unexpectedly, pathogenic ataxin-3 with a mutated Rad23-binding site at UbS2, despite being present at markedly lower levels, proved to be more pathogenic than a disease-causing counterpart with intact UbS2. Additional studies established that the increased toxicity upon mutating UbS2 stems from disrupting the autoprotective role that pathogenic ataxin-3 has against itself, which depends on the co-chaperone, DnaJ-1. Our data reveal a previously unrecognized balance between pathogenic and potentially therapeutic properties of the ataxin-3-Rad23 interaction; they highlight this interaction as critical for the toxicity of the SCA3 protein, and emphasize the importance of considering protein context when pursuing suppressive avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna R Sutton
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit MI, USA
| | - Jessica R Blount
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit MI, USA
| | - Kozeta Libohova
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit MI, USA
| | - Wei-Ling Tsou
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit MI, USA
| | - Gnanada S Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit MI, USA
| | - Henry L Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | | | - K Matthew Scaglione
- Department of Biochemistry and the Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI, USA
| | - Sokol V Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit MI, USA.,Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit MI, USA
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Nath SR, Lieberman AP. The Ubiquitination, Disaggregation and Proteasomal Degradation Machineries in Polyglutamine Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:78. [PMID: 28381987 PMCID: PMC5360718 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine disorders are chronic, progressive neurodegenerative diseases caused by expansion of a glutamine tract in widely expressed genes. Despite excellent models of disease, a well-documented clinical history and progression, and established genetic causes, there are no FDA approved, disease modifying treatments for these disorders. Downstream of the mutant protein, several divergent pathways of toxicity have been identified over the last several decades, supporting the idea that targeting only one of these pathways of toxicity is unlikely to robustly alleviate disease progression. As a result, a vast body of research has focused on eliminating the mutant protein to broadly prevent downstream toxicity, either by silencing mutant protein expression or leveraging the endogenous protein quality control machinery. In the latter approach, a focus has been placed on four critical components of mutant protein degradation that are active in the nucleus, a key site of toxicity: disaggregation, ubiquitination, deubiquitination, and proteasomal activity. These machineries have unique functional components, but work together as a cellular defense system that can be successfully leveraged to alleviate disease phenotypes in several models of polyglutamine toxicity. This review will highlight recent advances in understanding both the potential and role of these components of the protein quality control machinery in polyglutamine disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir R Nath
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew P Lieberman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Pfeiffer A, Luijsterburg MS, Acs K, Wiegant WW, Helfricht A, Herzog LK, Minoia M, Böttcher C, Salomons FA, van Attikum H, Dantuma NP. Ataxin-3 consolidates the MDC1-dependent DNA double-strand break response by counteracting the SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase RNF4. EMBO J 2017; 36:1066-1083. [PMID: 28275011 PMCID: PMC5391139 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SUMO‐targeted ubiquitin ligase RNF4 functions at the crossroads of the SUMO and ubiquitin systems. Here, we report that the deubiquitylation enzyme (DUB) ataxin‐3 counteracts RNF4 activity during the DNA double‐strand break (DSB) response. We find that ataxin‐3 negatively regulates ubiquitylation of the checkpoint mediator MDC1, a known RNF4 substrate. Loss of ataxin‐3 markedly decreases the chromatin dwell time of MDC1 at DSBs, which can be fully reversed by co‐depletion of RNF4. Ataxin‐3 is recruited to DSBs in a SUMOylation‐dependent fashion, and in vitro it directly interacts with and is stimulated by recombinant SUMO, defining a SUMO‐dependent mechanism for DUB activity toward MDC1. Loss of ataxin‐3 results in reduced DNA damage‐induced ubiquitylation due to impaired MDC1‐dependent recruitment of the ubiquitin ligases RNF8 and RNF168, and reduced recruitment of 53BP1 and BRCA1. Finally, ataxin‐3 is required for efficient MDC1‐dependent DSB repair by non‐homologous end‐joining and homologous recombination. Consequently, loss of ataxin‐3 sensitizes cells to ionizing radiation and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase inhibitor. We propose that the opposing activities of RNF4 and ataxin‐3 consolidate robust MDC1‐dependent signaling and repair of DSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Pfeiffer
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Klara Acs
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wouter W Wiegant
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Helfricht
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura K Herzog
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melania Minoia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia Böttcher
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florian A Salomons
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Haico van Attikum
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nico P Dantuma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kristensen LV, Oppermann FS, Rauen MJ, Hartmann-Petersen R, Thirstrup K. Polyglutamine expansion of ataxin-3 alters its degree of ubiquitination and phosphorylation at specific sites. Neurochem Int 2017; 105:42-50. [PMID: 28065793 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination and phosphorylation of proteins represent post translational modifications (PTMs) capable of regulating a variety of cellular processes. In the neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), the disease causing protein ataxin-3 carries an expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) stretch causing it to aggregate in nuclear inclusions. These inclusions are decorated with ubiquitin suggestive of a malfunction in the clearance of the mutant protein. Differences in ubiquitin chain topology between normal and polyQ expanded ataxin-3 could be involved in the differential clearance of the two proteins and play a role in SCA3 pathogenesis. Likewise, changes in phosphorylation patterns between the two variants could contribute to pathogenic processes involved in SCA3. We therefore determined the ubiquitination and phosphorylation patterns, together with the ubiquitin-linkage types associated with normal and polyQ expanded ataxin-3 by mass spectrometry (MS). This analysis revealed a similar ubiquitin linkage pattern on normal and expanded ataxin-3. However, the distribution of ubiquitinated lysine residues was altered in polyQ expanded ataxin-3, with increased ubiquitination at the new identified ubiquitination site lysine-8. MS analysis of phosphorylation also revealed novel phosphorylation sites in ataxin-3, and an increase in phosphorylation of expanded ataxin-3 at several positions. The study suggests that differences in clearance of normal and expanded ataxin-3 are not attributed to differences in ubiquitin-linkage pattern. However, the observed differences between the normal and polyQ expanded ataxin-3 with respect to the degree of ubiquitination and phosphorylation on specific sites may have an impact on ataxin-3 function and SCA3 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line V Kristensen
- Department of Neurodegeneration, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark; Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Felix S Oppermann
- Evotec München GmbH, Am Klopferspitz 19a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias J Rauen
- Department of Neurodegeneration, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Kenneth Thirstrup
- Department of Neurodegeneration, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
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Wang Y, Yang X, Ma W, Li J, Zhang Q, Xia S, Wang H, Zhang C, Xu X, Zheng J. Clinical features and genetic diagnosis of hereditary spinocerebellar ataxia 3. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3731-4. [PMID: 27600091 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is a rare inherited autosomal dominant progressive neurological disorder, which results from a CAG‑repeat expansion in the gene encoding the deubiquitinating enzyme, ataxin‑3. At present, no effective treatment is available for this fatal disorder; however, certain studies have suggested that reducing the levels of mutant ataxin‑3 protein may reverse or halt the progression of disease in patients with SCA3. In the present study, clinical examinations were performed on a patient with SCA3 who exhibited disease features including coughing, expectoration and was bedridden with mobility limitation. CAG repetitions at SCA‑associated genes were detected in the patient's family by performing standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and triple‑repeat primed PCR. The numbers of CAG‑repeats within the two alleles of the gene of interest in the patient were 15 and 78. Notably, the patient's brother, who harbored 76 CAG‑repeats in one allele of the gene of interest, did not exhibit severe disease symptoms. These results suggest that the number of CAG‑repeats is a critical for determination of SCA3 disease severity and time of onset. In addition, the defined phenotypic characteristics of the patient in the present study provide useful insight for more accurate clinical diagnosis and genotyping of future patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoguang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Wenzhou City Key Laboratory of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaokai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Wenzhou City Key Laboratory of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Weide Ma
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou City Key Laboratory of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jinxin Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou City Key Laboratory of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Qingyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Wenzhou City Key Laboratory of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Shuqi Xia
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou City Key Laboratory of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou City Key Laboratory of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Chenghui Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou City Key Laboratory of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Xu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou City Key Laboratory of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jiayong Zheng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou City Key Laboratory of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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Matos CA, Nóbrega C, Louros SR, Almeida B, Ferreiro E, Valero J, Pereira de Almeida L, Macedo-Ribeiro S, Carvalho AL. Ataxin-3 phosphorylation decreases neuronal defects in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 models. J Cell Biol 2016; 212:465-80. [PMID: 26880203 PMCID: PMC4754714 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201506025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxin-3, the protein involved in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 or Machado-Joseph disease, causes dendritic and synapse loss in cultured neurons when expanded, and mutation of phosphorylation site S12 reduces aggregation, neuronal loss, and synapse loss. Different neurodegenerative diseases are caused by aberrant elongation of repeated glutamine sequences normally found in particular human proteins. Although the proteins involved are ubiquitously distributed in human tissues, toxicity targets only defined neuronal populations. Changes caused by an expanded polyglutamine protein are possibly influenced by endogenous cellular mechanisms, which may be harnessed to produce neuroprotection. Here, we show that ataxin-3, the protein involved in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, also known as Machado-Joseph disease, causes dendritic and synapse loss in cultured neurons when expanded. We report that S12 of ataxin-3 is phosphorylated in neurons and that mutating this residue so as to mimic a constitutive phosphorylated state counters the neuromorphologic defects observed. In rats stereotaxically injected with expanded ataxin-3–encoding lentiviral vectors, mutation of serine 12 reduces aggregation, neuronal loss, and synapse loss. Our results suggest that S12 plays a role in the pathogenic pathways mediated by polyglutamine-expanded ataxin-3 and that phosphorylation of this residue protects against toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Matos
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Clévio Nóbrega
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana R Louros
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Almeida
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Ferreiro
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Valero
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science and Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, E-48170 Zamudio, Spain
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Macedo-Ribeiro
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Carvalho
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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Characterization of the conformational fluctuations in the Josephin domain of ataxin-3. Biophys J 2016; 107:2932-2940. [PMID: 25517158 PMCID: PMC4269769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As for a variety of other molecular recognition processes, conformational fluctuations play an important role in the cleavage of polyubiquitin chains by the Josephin domain of ataxin-3. The interaction between Josephin and ubiquitin appears to be mediated by the motions of α-helical hairpin that is unusual among deubiquitinating enzymes. Here, we characterized the conformational fluctuations of the helical hairpin by incorporating NMR measurements as replica-averaged restraints in molecular dynamics simulations, and by validating the results by small-angle x-ray scattering measurements. This approach allowed us to define the extent of the helical hairpin motions and suggest a role of such motions in the recognition of ubiquitin.
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Li X, Liu H, Fischhaber PL, Tang TS. Toward therapeutic targets for SCA3: Insight into the role of Machado-Joseph disease protein ataxin-3 in misfolded proteins clearance. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 132:34-58. [PMID: 26123252 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD, also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, SCA3), an autosomal dominant neurological disorder, is caused by an abnormal expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat in the ataxin-3 protein. The length of the expanded polyQ stretch correlates positively with the severity of the disease and inversely with the age at onset. To date, we cannot fully explain the mechanism underlying neurobiological abnormalities of this disease. Yet, accumulating reports have demonstrated the functions of ataxin-3 protein in the chaperone system, ubiquitin-proteasome system, and aggregation-autophagy, all of which suggest a role of ataxin-3 in the clearance of misfolded proteins. Notably, the SCA3 pathogenic form of ataxin-3 (ataxin-3(exp)) impairs the misfolded protein clearance via mechanisms that are either dependent or independent of its deubiquitinase (DUB) activity, resulting in the accumulation of misfolded proteins and the progressive loss of neurons in SCA3. Some drugs, which have been used as activators/inducers in the chaperone system, ubiquitin-proteasome system, and aggregation-autophagy, have been demonstrated to be efficacious in the relief of neurodegeneration diseases like Huntington's disease (HD), Parkinson's (PD), Alzheimer's (AD) as well as SCA3 in animal models and clinical trials, putting misfolded protein clearance on the list of potential therapeutic targets. Here, we undertake a comprehensive review of the progress in understanding the physiological functions of ataxin-3 in misfolded protein clearance and how the polyQ expansion impairs misfolded protein clearance. We then detail the preclinical studies targeting the elimination of misfolded proteins for SCA3 treatment. We close with future considerations for translating these pre-clinical results into therapies for SCA3 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Paula L Fischhaber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8262, USA.
| | - Tie-Shan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Almeida B, Abreu IA, Matos CA, Fraga JS, Fernandes S, Macedo MG, Gutiérrez-Gallego R, Pereira PJB, Carvalho AL, Macedo-Ribeiro S. SUMOylation of the brain-predominant Ataxin-3 isoform modulates its interaction with p97. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1950-9. [PMID: 26073430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Machado-Joseph Disease (MJD), a form of dominantly inherited ataxia belonging to the group of polyQ expansion neurodegenerative disorders, occurs when a threshold value for the number of glutamines in Ataxin-3 (Atx3) polyglutamine region is exceeded. As a result of its modular multidomain architecture, Atx3 is known to engage in multiple macromolecular interactions, which might be unbalanced when the polyQ tract is expanded, culminating in the aggregation and formation of intracellular inclusions, a unifying fingerprint of this group of neurodegenerative disorders. Since aggregation is specific to certain brain regions, localization-dependent posttranslational modifications that differentially affect Atx3 might also contribute for MJD. METHODS We combined in vitro and cellular approaches to address SUMOylation in the brain-predominant Atx3 isoform and assessed the impact of this posttranslational modification on Atx3 self-assembly and interaction with its native partner, p97. RESULTS We demonstrate that Atx3 is SUMOylated at K356 both in vitro and in cells, which contributes for decreased formation of amyloid fibrils and for increased affinity towards p97. CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These findings highlight the role of SUMOylation as a regulator of Atx3 function, with implications on Atx3 protein interaction network and self-assembly, with potential impact for further understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying MJD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Almeida
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel A Abreu
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos A Matos
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana S Fraga
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Fernandes
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria G Macedo
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Gutiérrez-Gallego
- Bioanalysis Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM)-Parque de Salud Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro José Barbosa Pereira
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Carvalho
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Macedo-Ribeiro
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
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50
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Tsou WL, Ouyang M, Hosking RR, Sutton JR, Blount JR, Burr AA, Todi SV. The deubiquitinase ataxin-3 requires Rad23 and DnaJ-1 for its neuroprotective role in Drosophila melanogaster. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:12-21. [PMID: 26007638 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxin-3 is a deubiquitinase and polyglutamine (polyQ) disease protein with a protective role in Drosophila melanogaster models of neurodegeneration. In the fruit fly, wild-type ataxin-3 suppresses toxicity from several polyQ disease proteins, including a pathogenic version of itself that causes spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 and pathogenic huntingtin, which causes Huntington's disease. The molecular partners of ataxin-3 in this protective function are unclear. Here, we report that ataxin-3 requires its direct interaction with the ubiquitin-binding and proteasome-associated protein, Rad23 (known as hHR23A/B in mammals) in order to suppress toxicity from polyQ species in Drosophila. According to additional studies, ataxin-3 does not rely on autophagy or the proteasome to suppress polyQ-dependent toxicity in fly eyes. Instead this deubiquitinase, through its interaction with Rad23, leads to increased protein levels of the co-chaperone DnaJ-1 and depends on it to protect against degeneration. Through DnaJ-1, our data connect ataxin-3 and Rad23 to protective processes involved with protein folding rather than increased turnover of toxic polyQ species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ling Tsou
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Michelle Ouyang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ryan R Hosking
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Joanna R Sutton
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jessica R Blount
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Aaron A Burr
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Sokol V Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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