1
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Teyani R, Moniri NH. Gut feelings in the islets: The role of the gut microbiome and the FFA2 and FFA3 receptors for short chain fatty acids on β-cell function and metabolic regulation. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:3113-3129. [PMID: 37620991 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are biosynthesized via fermentation of polysaccharides by gastrointestinal microbiota and have been shown to have wide-reaching effects on almost all tissues, including the pancreatic islets. Historically, the effects of SCFAs have been attributed to their intracellular metabolism and function as energy sources, but the discovery of free fatty acid G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the 2000s suggested that many functional outcomes of SCFAs are receptor-mediated. The SCFA receptors FFA2/GPR43 and FFA3/GPR41 are expressed on β-cells, where they regulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion, making them attractive targets for treatment of diabetes and other metabolic disorders. Here, we provide an update on the current evidence regarding regulation of FFA2/FFA3 receptors by specific probiotic bacterial species within the gut microbiome that synthesize SCFAs. We also review the body of research regarding the FFA2- and FFA3 receptor-specific function of SCFAs on β-cells and discuss the somewhat controversial and opposing findings within these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Teyani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nader H Moniri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, USA
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2
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Yang J, Li J, Zhang X, Zhou Q, Wang J, Chen Q, Meng X, Xia Y. Effects of Ecologically Relevant Concentrations of Cadmium on the Microbiota, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, and FFAR 2 Expression in Zebrafish. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050657. [PMID: 37233698 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to cadmium (Cd) can affect neurodevelopment and results in increased potential of developing neurodegenerative diseases during the early developmental stage of organisms, but the mechanisms through which exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of Cd lead to developmental neurotoxicity remain unclear. Although we know that microbial community fixations overlap with the neurodevelopmental window during early development and that Cd-induced neurodevelopmental toxicity may be related to the disruption of microorganisms during early development, information on the effects of exposure to environmentally relevant Cd concentrations on gut microbiota disruption and neurodevelopment is scarce. Therefore, we established a model of zebrafish exposed to Cd (5 µg/L) to observe the changes in the gut microbiota, SCFAs, and free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) in zebrafish larvae exposed to Cd for 7 days. Our results indicated that there were significant changes in the gut microbial composition due to the exposure to Cd in zebrafish larvae. At the genus level, there were decreases in the relative abundances of Phascolarctobacterium, Candidatus Saccharimonas, and Blautia in the Cd group. Our analysis revealed that the acetic acid concentration was decreased (p > 0.05) while the isobutyric acid concentration was increased (p < 0.05). Further correlation analysis indicated a positive correlation between the content of acetic acid and the relative abundances of Phascolarctobacterium and Candidatus Saccharimonas (R = 0.842, p < 0.01; R = 0.767, p < 0.01), and a negative correlation between that of isobutyric acid and the relative abundance of Blautia glucerasea (R = -0.673, p < 0.05). FFAR2 needs to be activated by SCFAs to exert physiological effects, and acetic acid is its main ligand. The FFAR2 expression and the acetic acid concentration were decreased in the Cd group. We speculate that FFAR2 may be implicated in the regulatory mechanism of the gut-brain axis in Cd-induced neurodevelopmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 283, Jianghaidadao, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junyi Li
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 283, Jianghaidadao, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoshun Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 283, Jianghaidadao, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qingsong Chen
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 283, Jianghaidadao, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaojing Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuan Xia
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 283, Jianghaidadao, Guangzhou 510006, China
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3
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Valentini A, Schultz-Knudsen K, Højgaard Hansen A, Tsakoumagkou A, Jenkins L, Christensen HB, Manandhar A, Milligan G, Ulven T, Rexen Ulven E. Discovery of Potent Tetrazole Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 Antagonists. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6105-6121. [PMID: 37129317 PMCID: PMC10547238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2), also known as GPR43, mediates effects of short-chain fatty acids and has attracted interest as a potential target for treatment of various metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Herein, we report the results from bioisosteric replacement of the carboxylic acid group of the established FFA2 antagonist CATPB and SAR investigations around these compounds, leading to the discovery of the first high-potency FFA2 antagonists, with the preferred compound TUG-2304 (16l) featuring IC50 values of 3-4 nM in both cAMP and GTPγS assays, favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, and the ability to completely inhibit propionate-induced neutrophil migration and respiratory burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Valentini
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Schultz-Knudsen
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Højgaard Hansen
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University
of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Argyro Tsakoumagkou
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre
for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College
of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Henriette B. Christensen
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University
of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Asmita Manandhar
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre
for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College
of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University
of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Rexen Ulven
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Vargas RA, Soto-Aguilera S, Parra M, Herrera S, Santibañez A, Kossack C, Saavedra CP, Mora O, Pineda M, Gonzalez O, Gonzalez A, Maisey K, Torres-Maravilla E, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Suárez-Villota EY, Tello M. Analysis of microbiota-host communication mediated by butyrate in Atlantic Salmon. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:2558-2578. [PMID: 37122632 PMCID: PMC10130356 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Butyrate is a microbiota-produced metabolite, sensed by host short-chain fatty acid receptors FFAR2 (Gpr43), FFAR3 (Gpr41), HCAR2 (Gpr109A), and Histone deacetylase (HDAC) that promotes microbiota-host crosstalk. Butyrate influences energy uptake, developmental and immune response in mammals. This microbial metabolite is produced by around 79 anaerobic genera present in the mammalian gut, yet little is known about the role of butyrate in the host-microbiota interaction in salmonid fish. To further our knowledge of this interaction, we analyzed the intestinal microbiota and genome of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), searching for butyrate-producing genera and host butyrate receptors. We identified Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria as the main butyrate-producing bacteria in the salmon gut microbiota. In the Atlantic salmon genome, we identified an expansion of genes orthologous to FFAR2 and HCAR2 receptors, and class I and IIa HDACs that are sensitive to butyrate. In addition, we determined the expression levels of orthologous of HCAR2 in the gut, spleen, and head-kidney, and FFAR2 in RTgutGC cells. The effect of butyrate on the Atlantic salmon immune response was evaluated by analyzing the pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines response in vitro in SHK-1 cells by RT-qPCR. Butyrate decreased the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and increased anti-inflammatory IL-10 and TGF-β cytokines. Butyrate also reduced the expression of interferon-alpha, Mx, and PKR, and decreased the viral load at a higher concentration (4 mM) in cells treated with this molecule before the infection with Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) by mechanisms independent of FFAR2, FFAR3 and HCAR2 expression that probably inhibit HDAC. Moreover, butyrate modified phosphorylation of cytoplasmic proteins in RTgutGC cells. Our data allow us to infer that Atlantic salmon have the ability to sense butyrate produced by their gut microbiota via different specific targets, through which butyrate modulates the immune response of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and the antiviral response.
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5
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Rosli NSA, Abd Gani S, Khayat ME, Zaidan UH, Ismail A, Abdul Rahim MBH. Short-chain fatty acids: possible regulators of insulin secretion. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:517-530. [PMID: 35943655 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) towards health and metabolism have been emerging since the past decade. Extensive studies have been carried out to understand the mechanisms responsible in initiating the functionalities of these SCFAs towards body tissues, which greatly involves the SCFA-specific receptors free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) and free fatty acid receptor 3 (FFAR3). This review intends to discuss the potential of SCFAs particularly in regulating insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells, by explaining the production of SCFAs in the gut, the fate of each SCFAs after their production, involvement of FFAR2 and FFAR3 signalling mechanisms and their impacts on insulin secretion. Increased secretion of insulin after SCFAs treatments were reported in many studies, but contradicting evidence also exist in several other studies. Hence, no clear consensus was achieved in determining the true potential of SCFA in regulating insulin secretion. In this review, we explore how such differences were possible and hopefully be able to shed some perspectives in understanding SCFAs-signalling behaviour and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Suraya Ashikin Rosli
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Shafinaz Abd Gani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ezuan Khayat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Amin Ismail
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Badrin Hanizam Abdul Rahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia. .,Institut Biosains, NaturMeds, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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6
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Bone loss is ameliorated by fecal microbiota transplantation through SCFA/GPR41/ IGF1 pathway in sickle cell disease mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20638. [PMID: 36450880 PMCID: PMC9712597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone loss is common in sickle cell disease (SCD), but the molecular mechanisms is unclear. Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) was low in SCD subjects and SCD mice. To determine if decreased IGF1 associated with low bone mass in SCD is due to reduced SCFA production by gut microbiota, we performed reciprocal fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) between healthy control (Ctrl) and SCD mice. uCT and histomorphometry analysis of femur showed decreased bone volume/total volume (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), osteoblast surface/bone surface (Ob.S/BS), mineralizing surface/ bone surface (MS/BS), inter-label thickness (Ir.L.Th) in SCD mice were significantly improved after receiving Ctrl feces. Bone formation genes Alp, Col1, Runx2, and Dmp1 from SCD mice were significantly decreased and were rescued after FMT from Ctrl feces. Transplantation of Ctrl feces increased the butyrate, valerate, and propionate levels in cecal content of SCD mice. Decreased G-coupled protein receptors 41 and 43 (GPR41 and GPR43) mRNA in tibia and lower IGF1 in bone and serum of SCD mice were partially restored after FMT from Ctrl feces. These data indicate that the healthy gut microbiota of Ctrl mice is protective for SCD bone loss through regulating IGF1 in response to impaired bacterial metabolites SCFAs.
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7
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Short-chain fatty acid receptors and gut microbiota as therapeutic targets in metabolic, immune, and neurological diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Lao L, Yang G, Zhang A, Liu L, Guo Y, Lian L, Pan D, Wu Z. Anti-inflammation and gut microbiota regulation properties of fatty acids derived from fermented milk in mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7865-7877. [PMID: 36055856 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The by-products of milk fermentation by lactic acid bacteria provide potential health benefits to the balance of host intestinal microflora. In this study, the anti-inflammatory properties of fatty acids from monoculture-strain (Lactiplantibacillusplantarum A3) and multiple-strain (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and L. plantarum A3 1:1:2) fermented milk were evaluated in a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, and the gut microbiota regulation properties of the fatty acids were also investigated. Results showed that fatty acids can attenuate the inflammatory response by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and blocking the phosphorylation of the JNK in MAPK signal pathway. In addition, the relative abundance of the taxa Akkermansia and Lactobacillus were both enriched after the fatty acid intervention. This finding suggests that fatty acids from the milk fermentation with mixed lactic acid bacteria starters can reduce the severity of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis and enhance the abundance of the probiotics in the mice intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Lao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Guo Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Ao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Lianliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yuxing Guo
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Liwei Lian
- Ningbo Dairy Group, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Daodong Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
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9
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Free fatty acid receptor 2 promotes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by activating STAT3 and GATA4. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2021.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Servant NB, Williams ME, Brust PF, Tang H, Wong MS, Chen Q, Lebl-Rinnova M, Adamski-Werner SL, Tachdjian C, Servant G. A Dynamic Mass Redistribution Assay for the Human Sweet Taste Receptor Uncovers G-Protein Dependent Biased Ligands. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:832529. [PMID: 35250580 PMCID: PMC8893300 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.832529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The sweet taste receptor is rather unique, recognizing a diverse repertoire of natural or synthetic ligands, with a surprisingly large structural diversity, and with potencies stretching over more than six orders of magnitude. Yet, it is not clear if different cell-based assays can faithfully report the relative potencies and efficacies of these molecules. Indeed, up to now, sweet taste receptor agonists have been almost exclusively characterized using cell-based assays developed with overexpressed and promiscuous G proteins. This non-physiological coupling has allowed the quantification of receptor activity via phospholipase C activation and calcium mobilization measurements in heterologous cells on a FLIPR system, for example. Here, we developed a novel assay for the human sweet taste receptor where endogenous G proteins and signaling pathways are recruited by the activated receptor. The effects of several sweet taste receptor agonists and other types of modulators were recorded by measuring changes in dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) using an Epic® reader. Potency and efficacy values obtained in the DMR assay were compared to those results obtained with the classical FLIPR assay. Results demonstrate that for some ligands, the two assay systems provide similar information. However, a clear bias for the FLIPR assay was observed for one third of the agonists evaluated, suggesting that the use of non-physiological coupling may influence the potency and efficacy of sweet taste receptor ligands. Replacing the promiscuous G protein with a chimeric G protein containing the C-terminal tail 25 residues of the physiologically relevant G protein subunit Gαgustducin reduced or abrogated bias.
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11
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Mio K, Iida-Tanaka N, Yamanaka C, Kimura I, Aoe S. Consumption of barley flour increases gut fermentation and improves glucose intolerance via the short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR43 in obese male mice. Food Funct 2022; 13:10970-10980. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02622h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ameliorative effect of barley intake on glucose intolerance is attenuated when Gpr43 is deficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Mio
- Graduate School of Studies in Human Culture, Otsuma Women's University, 12 Sanban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8357, Japan
| | - Naoko Iida-Tanaka
- Graduate School of Studies in Human Culture, Otsuma Women's University, 12 Sanban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8357, Japan
- Department of Food Science, Otsuma Women's University, 12 Sanban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8357, Japan
| | - Chiemi Yamanaka
- The Institute of Human Culture Studies, Otsuma Women's University, 12 Sanban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8357, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Aoe
- Graduate School of Studies in Human Culture, Otsuma Women's University, 12 Sanban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8357, Japan
- Department of Food Science, Otsuma Women's University, 12 Sanban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8357, Japan
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12
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Razazan A, Karunakar P, Mishra SP, Sharma S, Miller B, Jain S, Yadav H. Activation of Microbiota Sensing - Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 Signaling Ameliorates Amyloid-β Induced Neurotoxicity by Modulating Proteolysis-Senescence Axis. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:735933. [PMID: 34707491 PMCID: PMC8544178 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.735933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple emerging evidence indicates that the gut microbiota contributes to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-a debilitating public health problem in older adults. However, strategies to beneficially modulate gut microbiota and its sensing signaling pathways remain largely unknown. Here, we screened, validated, and established the agonists of free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) signaling, which senses beneficial signals from short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by microbiota. The abundance of SCFAs, is often low in the gut of older adults with AD. We demonstrated that inhibition of FFAR2 signaling increases amyloid-beta (Aβ) stimulated neuronal toxicity. Thus, we screened FFAR2 agonists using an in-silico library of more than 144,000 natural compounds and selected 15 of them based on binding with FFAR2-agonist active sites. Fenchol (a natural compound commonly present in basil) was recognized as a potential FFAR2 stimulator in neuronal cells and demonstrated protective effects against Aβ-stimulated neurodegeneration in an FFAR2-dependent manner. In addition, Fenchol reduced AD-like phenotypes, such as Aβ-accumulation, and impaired chemotaxis behavior in Caenorhabditis (C.) elegans and mice models, by increasing Aβ-clearance via the promotion of proteolysis and reduced senescence in neuronal cells. These results suggest that the inhibition of FFAR2 signaling promotes Aβ-induced neurodegeneration, while the activation of FFAR2 by Fenchol ameliorates these abnormalities by promoting proteolytic Aβ-clearance and reducing cellular senescence. Thus, stimulation of FFAR2 signaling by Fenchol as a natural compound can be a therapeutic approach to ameliorate AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Razazan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | | | - Sidharth P. Mishra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Shailesh Sharma
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Brandi Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Shalini Jain
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Hariom Yadav
- Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine—Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- USF Center for Microbiome Research, USF Institute on Microbiomes, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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13
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Agus A, Clément K, Sokol H. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as central regulators in metabolic disorders. Gut 2021; 70:1174-1182. [PMID: 33272977 PMCID: PMC8108286 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders represent a growing worldwide health challenge due to their dramatically increasing prevalence. The gut microbiota is a crucial actor that can interact with the host by the production of a diverse reservoir of metabolites, from exogenous dietary substrates or endogenous host compounds. Metabolic disorders are associated with alterations in the composition and function of the gut microbiota. Specific classes of microbiota-derived metabolites, notably bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, branched-chain amino acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, tryptophan and indole derivatives, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. This review aims to define the key classes of microbiota-derived metabolites that are altered in metabolic diseases and their role in pathogenesis. They represent potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis as well as promising targets for the development of novel therapeutic tools for metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Agus
- University Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, Île-de-France, France,Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, AP-HP, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Karine Clément
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, AP-HP, Paris, Île-de-France, France,Nutrition and Obesity: systemic approach (NutriOmics) research unit, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, AP-HP, Paris, Île-de-France, France .,Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology department, Sorbonne Universite, INSERM, Paris, Île-de-France, France
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14
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Carretta MD, Quiroga J, López R, Hidalgo MA, Burgos RA. Participation of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Receptors in Gut Inflammation and Colon Cancer. Front Physiol 2021; 12:662739. [PMID: 33897470 PMCID: PMC8060628 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.662739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the main metabolites produced by the bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber, and they play a critical role in the maintenance of intestinal health. SCFAs are also essential for modulating different processes, and they have anti-inflammatory properties and immunomodulatory effects. As the inflammatory process predisposes the development of cancer and promotes all stages of tumorigenesis, an antitumor effect has also been associated with SCFAs. This is strongly supported by epidemiological studies showing that a diet rich in fiber is linked to a reduced risk of colon cancer and has significant clinical benefits in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). SCFAs may signal through the metabolite-sensing G protein-coupled receptors free fatty acid receptor 3 [FFAR3 or G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41)], FFAR2 (GPR43), and GPR109A (also known as hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 or HCAR2) expressed in the gut epithelium and immune cells. This review summarizes the existing knowledge regarding the SCFA-mediated suppression of inflammation and carcinogenesis in IBD and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Daniella Carretta
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - John Quiroga
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rodrigo López
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - María Angélica Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael Agustín Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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15
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Secor JD, Fligor SC, Tsikis ST, Yu LJ, Puder M. Free Fatty Acid Receptors as Mediators and Therapeutic Targets in Liver Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 12:656441. [PMID: 33897464 PMCID: PMC8058363 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.656441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptors (FFARs) are a class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have wide-ranging effects on human physiology. The four well-characterized FFARs are FFAR1/GPR40, FFAR2/GPR43, FFAR3/GPR41, and FFAR4/GPR120. Short-chain (<6 carbon) fatty acids target FFAR2/GPR43 and FFAR3/GPR41. Medium- and long-chain fatty acids (6-12 and 13-21 carbon, respectively) target both FFAR1/GPR40 and FFAR4/GPR120. Signaling through FFARs has been implicated in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD), and a variety of other liver disorders. FFARs are now regarded as targets for therapeutic intervention for liver disease, diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. In this review, we provide an in-depth, focused summary of the role FFARs play in liver health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D. Secor
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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16
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Grundmann M, Bender E, Schamberger J, Eitner F. Pharmacology of Free Fatty Acid Receptors and Their Allosteric Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041763. [PMID: 33578942 PMCID: PMC7916689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological function of free fatty acids (FFAs) has long been regarded as indirect in terms of their activities as educts and products in metabolic pathways. The observation that FFAs can also act as signaling molecules at FFA receptors (FFARs), a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), has changed the understanding of the interplay of metabolites and host responses. Free fatty acids of different chain lengths and saturation statuses activate FFARs as endogenous agonists via binding at the orthosteric receptor site. After FFAR deorphanization, researchers from the pharmaceutical industry as well as academia have identified several ligands targeting allosteric sites of FFARs with the aim of developing drugs to treat various diseases such as metabolic, (auto)inflammatory, infectious, endocrinological, cardiovascular, and renal disorders. GPCRs are the largest group of transmembrane proteins and constitute the most successful drug targets in medical history. To leverage the rich biology of this target class, the drug industry seeks alternative approaches to address GPCR signaling. Allosteric GPCR ligands are recognized as attractive modalities because of their auspicious pharmacological profiles compared to orthosteric ligands. While the majority of marketed GPCR drugs interact exclusively with the orthosteric binding site, allosteric mechanisms in GPCR biology stay medically underexploited, with only several allosteric ligands currently approved. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the biology of FFAR1 (GPR40), FFAR2 (GPR43), FFAR3 (GPR41), FFAR4 (GPR120), and GPR84, including structural aspects of FFAR1, and discusses the molecular pharmacology of FFAR allosteric ligands as well as the opportunities and challenges in research from the perspective of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Grundmann
- Research and Early Development, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Eckhard Bender
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany; (E.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Jens Schamberger
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany; (E.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Frank Eitner
- Research and Early Development, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany;
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17
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Hou YF, Shan C, Zhuang SY, Zhuang QQ, Ghosh A, Zhu KC, Kong XK, Wang SM, Gong YL, Yang YY, Tao B, Sun LH, Zhao HY, Guo XZ, Wang WQ, Ning G, Gu YY, Li ST, Liu JM. Gut microbiota-derived propionate mediates the neuroprotective effect of osteocalcin in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:34. [PMID: 33517890 PMCID: PMC7849090 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00988-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with no absolute cure. The evidence of the involvement of gut microbiota in PD pathogenesis suggests the need to identify certain molecule(s) derived from the gut microbiota, which has the potential to manage PD. Osteocalcin (OCN), an osteoblast-secreted protein, has been shown to modulate brain function. Thus, it is of interest to investigate whether OCN could exert protective effect on PD and, if yes, whether the underlying mechanism lies in the subsequent changes in gut microbiota. RESULTS The intraperitoneal injection of OCN can effectively ameliorate the motor deficits and dopaminergic neuronal loss in a 6-hydroxydopamine-induced PD mouse model. The further antibiotics treatment and fecal microbiota transplantation experiments confirmed that the gut microbiota was required for OCN-induced protection in PD mice. OCN elevated Bacteroidetes and depleted Firmicutes phyla in the gut microbiota of PD mice with elevated potential of microbial propionate production and was confirmed by fecal propionate levels. Two months of orally administered propionate successfully rescued motor deficits and dopaminergic neuronal loss in PD mice. Furthermore, AR420626, the agonist of FFAR3, which is the receptor of propionate, mimicked the neuroprotective effects of propionate and the ablation of enteric neurons blocked the prevention of dopaminergic neuronal loss by propionate in PD mice. CONCLUSIONS Together, our results demonstrate that OCN ameliorates motor deficits and dopaminergic neuronal loss in PD mice, modulating gut microbiome and increasing propionate level might be an underlying mechanism responsible for the neuroprotective effects of OCN on PD, and the FFAR3, expressed in enteric nervous system, might be the main action site of propionate. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fang Hou
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chang Shan
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Si-Yue Zhuang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhuang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Arijit Ghosh
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ke-Cheng Zhu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Ke Kong
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shu-Min Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yan-Ling Gong
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yu-Ying Yang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Bei Tao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Li-Hao Sun
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hong-Yan Zhao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xing-Zhi Guo
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wei-Qing Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yan-Yun Gu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Sheng-Tian Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Jian-Min Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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18
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Milligan G, Barki N, Tobin AB. Chemogenetic Approaches to Explore the Functions of Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:191-202. [PMID: 33495026 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids are generated in large amounts by the intestinal microbiota. They activate both the closely related G protein-coupled receptors free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2) and free fatty acid receptor 3 (FFA3) that are considered therapeutic targets in diseases of immuno-metabolism. Limited and species-selective small-molecule pharmacology has restricted our understanding of the distinct roles of these receptors. Replacement of mouse FFA2 with a designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug form of human FFA2 (hFFA2-DREADD) has allowed definition of specific roles of FFA2 in pharmacological and physiological studies conducted both ex vivo and in vivo, whilst overlay of murine disease models offers opportunities for therapeutic validation prior to human studies. Similar approaches can potentially be used to define roles of other poorly characterised receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Natasja Barki
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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19
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The N-terminus of GPR37L1 is proteolytically processed by matrix metalloproteases. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19995. [PMID: 33203955 PMCID: PMC7673139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR37L1 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor expressed exclusively in the brain and linked to seizures, neuroprotection and cardiovascular disease. Based upon the observation that fragments of the GPR37L1 N-terminus are found in human cerebrospinal fluid, we hypothesized that GPR37L1 was subject to post-translational modification. Heterologous expression of GPR37L1-eYFP in either HEK293 or U87 glioblastoma cells yielded two cell surface species of approximately equivalent abundance, the larger of which is N-glycosylated at Asn105. The smaller species is produced by matrix metalloprotease/ADAM-mediated proteolysis (shown by the use of pharmacological inhibitors) and has a molecular weight identical to that of a mutant lacking the entire N-terminus, Δ122 GPR37L1. Serial truncation of the N-terminus prevented GPR37L1 expression except when the entire N-terminus was removed, narrowing the predicted site of N-terminal proteolysis to residues 105–122. Using yeast expressing different G protein chimeras, we found that wild type GPR37L1, but not Δ122 GPR37L1, coupled constitutively to Gpa1/Gαs and Gpa1/Gα16 chimeras, in contrast to previous studies. We tested the peptides identified in cerebrospinal fluid as well as their putative newly-generated N-terminal ‘tethered’ counterparts in both wild type and Δ122 GPR37L1 Gpa1/Gαs strains but saw no effect, suggesting that GPR37L1 does not signal in a manner akin to the protease-activated receptor family. We also saw no evidence of receptor activation or regulation by the reported GPR37L1 ligand, prosaptide/TX14A. Finally, the proteolytically processed species predominated both in vivo and ex vivo in organotypic cerebellar slice preparations, suggesting that GPR37L1 is rapidly processed to a signaling-inactive form. Our data indicate that the function of GPR37L1 in vivo is tightly regulated by metalloprotease-dependent N-terminal cleavage.
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20
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Fells JI, Ai X, Weinglass A, Feng W, Lei Y, Finley M, Hoveyda HR, Fraser GL, Machacek M. Identification of free fatty acid receptor 2 agonists using virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Shackley M, Ma Y, Tate EW, Brown AJH, Frost G, Hanyaloglu AC. Short Chain Fatty Acids Enhance Expression and Activity of the Umami Taste Receptor in Enteroendocrine Cells via a Gα i/o Pathway. Front Nutr 2020; 7:568991. [PMID: 33195366 PMCID: PMC7658341 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.568991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate, butyrate and propionate, are produced by fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates by the gut microbiota and regulate appetite, adiposity, metabolism, glycemic control, and immunity. SCFAs act at two distinct G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), FFAR2 and FFAR3 and are expressed in intestinal enteroendocrine cells (EECs), where they mediate anorectic gut hormone release. EECs also express other GPCRs that act as nutrient sensors, thus SCFAs may elicit some of their health-promoting effects by altering GPCR expression in EECs and enhance gut sensitivity to dietary molecules. Here, we identify that exposure of the murine EEC STC-1 cell line or intestinal organoids to physiological concentrations of SCFAs enhances mRNA levels of the umami taste receptors TASR1 and TASR3, without altering levels of the SCFA GPCRs, FFAR2 and FFAR3. Treatment of EECs with propionate or butyrate, but not acetate, increased levels of umami receptor transcripts, while propionate also reduced CCK expression. This was reversed by inhibiting Gαi/o signaling with pertussis toxin, suggesting that SCFAs act through FFAR2/3 to alter gene expression. Surprisingly, neither a FFAR3 nor a FFAR2 selective ligand could increase TASR1/TASR3 mRNA levels. We assessed the functional impact of increased TASR1/TASR3 expression using unique pharmacological properties of the umami taste receptor; namely, the potentiation of signaling by inosine monophosphate. Activation of umami taste receptor induced inositol-1-phosphate and calcium signaling, and butyrate pretreatment significantly enhanced such signaling. Our study reveals that SCFAs may contribute to EEC adaptation and alter EEC sensitivity to bioactive nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Shackley
- Section of Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yue Ma
- Section of Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gary Frost
- Section of Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aylin C Hanyaloglu
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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FFA2-, but not FFA3-agonists inhibit GSIS of human pseudoislets: a comparative study with mouse islets and rat INS-1E cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16497. [PMID: 33020504 PMCID: PMC7536384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of short chain fatty acid receptors FFA2 and FFA3 in pancreatic islets raised interest in using them as drug targets for treating hyperglycemia in humans. This study aims to examine the efficacy of synthetic FFA2- and FFA3-ligands to modulate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in human pseudoislets which display intact glucose responsiveness. The FFA2-agonists 4-CMTB and TUG-1375 inhibited GSIS, an effect reversed by the FFA2-antagonist CATPB. GSIS itself was not augmented by CATPB. The FFA3-agonists FHQC and 1-MCPC did not affect GSIS in human pseudoislets. For further drug evaluation we used mouse islets. The CATPB-sensitive inhibitory effect of 100 µM 4-CMTB on GSIS was recapitulated. The inhibition was partially sensitive to the Gi/o-protein inhibitor pertussis toxin. A previously described FFA2-dependent increase of GSIS was observed with lower concentrations of 4-CMTB (10 and 30 µM). The stimulatory effect of 4-CMTB on secretion was prevented by the Gq-protein inhibitor FR900359. As in human pseudoislets, in mouse islets relative mRNA levels were FFAR2 > FFAR3 and FFA3-agonists did not affect GSIS. The FFA3-agonists, however, inhibited GSIS in a pertussis toxin-sensitive manner in INS-1E cells and this correlated with relative mRNA levels of Ffar3 > > Ffar2. Thus, in humans, when FFA2-activation impedes GSIS, FFA2-antagonism may reduce glycemia.
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23
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Maruta H, Yamashita H. Acetic acid stimulates G-protein-coupled receptor GPR43 and induces intracellular calcium influx in L6 myotube cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239428. [PMID: 32997697 PMCID: PMC7526932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced endogenously in the gut by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber have been studied as nutrients that act as signaling molecules to activate G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) such as GPR41 and GPR43. GPR43 functioning involves the suppression of lipid accumulation and maintaining body energy homeostasis, and is activated by acetic acid or propionic acid. Previously, we reported that the orally administered acetic acid improves lipid metabolism in liver and skeletal muscles and suppresses obesity, thus improving glucose tolerance. Acetic acid stimulates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) through its metabolic pathway in skeletal muscle cells. We hypothesized that acetic acid would stimulate GPR43 in skeletal muscle cells and has function in modulating gene expression related to muscle characteristics through its signal pathway. The objective of the current study was to clarify this effect of acetic acid. The GPR43 expression, observed in the differentiated myotube cells, was increased upon acetic acid treatment. Acetic acid induced the intracellular calcium influx in the cells and this induction was significantly inhibited by the GPR43-specific siRNA treatment. The calcineurin molecule is activated by calcium/calmodulin and is associated with proliferation of slow-twitch fibers. Calcineurin was activated by acetic acid treatment and inhibited by the concomitant treatment with GPR43-siRNA. Acetic acid induced nuclear localization of myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), and nuclear factor of activated t cells c1 (NFATc1). However, these localizations were abolished by the treatment with GPR43-siRNA. It was concluded that acetic acid plays a role in the activation of GPR43 and involves the proliferation of slow-twitch fibers in L6 skeletal muscles through the calcium-signaling pathway caused by induction of intracellular calcium influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Maruta
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Soja, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yamashita
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Soja, Okayama, Japan
- Graduate School of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Soja, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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24
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Tang W, Zhu H, Feng Y, Guo R, Wan D. The Impact of Gut Microbiota Disorders on the Blood-Brain Barrier. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3351-3363. [PMID: 33061482 PMCID: PMC7532923 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s254403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is symbiotic with the human host and has been extensively studied in recent years resulting in increasing awareness of the effects of the gut microbiota on human health. In this review, we summarize the current evidence for the effects of gut microbes on the integrity of the cerebral blood-brain barrier (BBB), focusing on the pathogenic impact of gut microbiota disorders. Based on our description and summarization of the effects of the gut microbiota and its metabolites on the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems and related signaling pathways and the resulting destruction of the BBB, we suggest that regulating and supplementing the intestinal microbiota as well as targeting immune cells and inflammatory mediators are required to protect the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Department of Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifeng Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmei Feng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wan
- Department of Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
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25
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Bolognini D, Dedeo D, Milligan G. Metabolic and inflammatory functions of short-chain fatty acid receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 16:1-9. [PMID: 32835130 PMCID: PMC7332907 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
FFA2 and FFA3 are receptors for short-chain fatty acids which are produced in prodigious amounts by fermentation of poorly digested carbohydrates by gut bacteria. Understanding the roles of these receptors in regulating enteroendocrine, metabolic and immune functions has developed with the production and use of novel pharmacological tools and animal models. A complex (patho)physiological scenario is now emerging in which strategic expression of FFA2 and FFA3 in key cell types and selective modulation of their signalling might regulate body weight management, energy homoeostasis and inflammatory disorders.
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Key Words
- ALDH1A2, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member
- BAFF, B-cell activating factor
- CMTB, 4-chloro-α-(1-methylethyl)-N-2-thiazolylbenzeneacetamide
- DREADD, Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drug
- Enteroendocrine
- FFA2
- FFA3
- G protein–coupled receptors
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- GSIS, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- HFD, high-fat diet
- ILC3, type 3 innate lymphoid cell
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- Immune cells
- KO, knock-out
- PA, (S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,3-dimethyl-N-(5-phenylthiazol-2-yl)butanamide
- PNS, peripheral nervous system
- PYY, peptide YY
- Pancreas
- SCA, small carboxylic acid
- SCFA, short-chain fatty acid
- SCG, superior cervical ganglion
- Short-chain fatty acids
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bolognini
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Domonkos Dedeo
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Free Fatty Acid Receptors 2 and 3 as Microbial Metabolite Sensors to Shape Host Health: Pharmacophysiological View. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8060154. [PMID: 32521775 PMCID: PMC7344995 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the gut microbiome in human health is becoming apparent. The major functional impact of the gut microbiome is transmitted through the microbial metabolites that are produced in the gut and interact with host cells either in the local gut environment or are absorbed into circulation to impact distant cells/organs. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the major microbial metabolites that are produced in the gut through the fermentation of non-digestible fibers. SCFAs are known to function through various mechanisms, however, their signaling through free fatty acid receptors 2 and 3 (FFAR2/3; type of G-coupled protein receptors) is a new therapeutic approach. FFAR2/3 are widely expressed in diverse cell types in human and mice, and function as sensors of SCFAs to change several physiological and cellular functions. FFAR2/3 modulate neurological signaling, energy metabolism, intestinal cellular homeostasis, immune response, and hormone synthesis. FFAR2/3 function through Gi and/or Gq signaling, that is mediated through specific structural features of SCFAs-FFAR2/3 bindings and modulating specific signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss the wide-spread expression and structural homologies between human and mice FFAR2/3, and their role in different human health conditions. This information can unlock opportunities to weigh the potential of FFAR2/3 as a drug target to prevent human diseases.
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Ulven ER, Quon T, Sergeev E, Barki N, Brvar M, Hudson BD, Dutta P, Hansen AH, Bielefeldt LØ, Tobin AB, McKenzie CJ, Milligan G, Ulven T. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Tetrahydroquinolone Free Fatty Acid Receptor 3 Modulators. J Med Chem 2020; 63:3577-3595. [PMID: 32141297 PMCID: PMC7307922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptor 3 (FFA3, previously GPR41) is activated by short-chain fatty acids, mediates health effects of the gut microbiota, and is a therapeutic target for metabolic and inflammatory diseases. The shortage of well-characterized tool compounds has however impeded progress. Herein, we report structure-activity relationship of an allosteric modulator series and characterization of physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of selected compounds, including previous and new tools. Two representatives, 57 (TUG-1907) and 63 (TUG-2015), showed improved solubility and preserved potency. Of these, 57, with EC50 = 145 nM and a solubility of 33 μM, showed high clearance in vivo but is a preferred tool in vitro. In contrast, 63, with EC50 = 162 nM and a solubility of 9 μM, showed lower clearance and seems better suited for in vivo studies. Using 57, we demonstrate for the first time that FFA3 activation leads to calcium mobilization in murine dorsal root ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Rexen Ulven
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University
of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Tezz Quon
- Centre
for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems
Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, Scotland, U.K.
| | - Eugenia Sergeev
- Centre
for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems
Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, Scotland, U.K.
| | - Natasja Barki
- Centre
for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems
Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, Scotland, U.K.
| | - Matjaz Brvar
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University
of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Brian D. Hudson
- Centre
for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems
Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, Scotland, U.K.
| | - Palash Dutta
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Højgaard Hansen
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University
of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Line Ø. Bielefeldt
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University
of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Andrew B. Tobin
- Centre
for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems
Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, Scotland, U.K.
| | - Christine J. McKenzie
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University
of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre
for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems
Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, Scotland, U.K.
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bartoszek A, Moo EV, Binienda A, Fabisiak A, Krajewska JB, Mosińska P, Niewinna K, Tarasiuk A, Martemyanov K, Salaga M, Fichna J. Free Fatty Acid Receptors as new potential therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel diseases. Pharmacol Res 2019; 152:104604. [PMID: 31846762 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Family of Free Fatty Acid Receptors (FFARs), specific G protein-coupled receptors comprises of four members: FFAR1-4, where each responds to different chain length of fatty acids (FAs). Over the years, FFARs have become attractive pharmacological targets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases and asthma; recent studies also point to their role in inflammation. It is now well-established that activation of FFAR1 and FFAR4 by long and medium chain FAs may lead to reduction of inflammatory state; FFAR2 and FFAR3 are activated by short chain FAs, but only FFAR2 was shown to alleviate inflammation, mostly by neutrophil inhibition. All FFARs have thus been proposed as targets in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Here we discuss current knowledge and future directions in FFAR research related to IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Bartoszek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ee Von Moo
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Agata Binienda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Adam Fabisiak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Julia B Krajewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paula Mosińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Niewinna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Tarasiuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kirill Martemyanov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Maciej Salaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Kimura I, Ichimura A, Ohue-Kitano R, Igarashi M. Free Fatty Acid Receptors in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:171-210. [PMID: 31487233 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are metabolized and synthesized as energy substrates during biological responses. Long- and medium-chain fatty acids derived mainly from dietary triglycerides, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbial fermentation of the otherwise indigestible dietary fiber, constitute the major sources of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the metabolic network. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that FFAs serve not only as energy sources but also as natural ligands for a group of orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) termed free fatty acid receptors (FFARs), essentially intertwining metabolism and immunity in multiple ways, such as via inflammation regulation and secretion of peptide hormones. To date, several FFARs that are activated by the FFAs of various chain lengths have been identified and characterized. In particular, FFAR1 (GPR40) and FFAR4 (GPR120) are activated by long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, while FFAR3 (GPR41) and FFAR2 (GPR43) are activated by SCFAs, mainly acetate, butyrate, and propionate. In this review, we discuss the recent reports on the key physiological functions of the FFAR-mediated signaling transduction pathways in the regulation of metabolism and immune responses. We also attempt to reveal future research opportunities for developing therapeutics for metabolic and immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Ichimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohue-Kitano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miki Igarashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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30
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Characterisation of small molecule ligands 4CMTB and 2CTAP as modulators of human FFA2 receptor signalling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17819. [PMID: 30546040 PMCID: PMC6292860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are protective against inflammatory diseases. Free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2), is a target of SCFAs however, their selectivity for FFA2 over other FFA receptors is limited. This study aimed to functionally characterise 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-N-(thiazole-2-yl)butanamide (4CMTB) and 4-((4-(2-chlorophenyl)thiazole-2-yl)amino)-4oxo-3-phenylbutanoic acid (2CTAP), and their enantiomers, in modulating FFA2 activity. The racemic mixture (R/S) and its constituents (R-) and (S-) 4CMTB or 2CTAP were used to stimulate human (h)FFA2 in the absence or presence of acetate. Calcium ions (Ca2+), phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (pERK1/2) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) were measured. R/S-4CMTB is a functionally selective ago-allosteric ligand that enhances Ca2+ response to acetate. Both R/S-4CMTB and S-4CMTB are more potent activators of pERK1/2 and inhibitors of forskolin-induced cAMP than acetate. S-4CMTB increased neutrophil infiltration in intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). 2CTAP inhibited constitutive Ca2+ levels, antagonised acetate-induced pERK1/2 and prevented damage following IRI. This study characterises enantiomers of functionally selective ligands for FFA2 in cells stably expressing hFFA2. It highlights the novel roles of selective FFA2 enantiomers 4CMTB and 2CTAP on Ca2+, pERK1/2 and cAMP and their roles as allosteric modulators which, may assist in efforts to design novel therapeutic agents for FFA2-driven inflammatory diseases.
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31
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Priyadarshini M, Kotlo KU, Dudeja PK, Layden BT. Role of Short Chain Fatty Acid Receptors in Intestinal Physiology and Pathophysiology. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1091-1115. [PMID: 29978895 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient sensing is a mechanism for organisms to sense their environment. In larger animals, including humans, the intestinal tract is a major site of nutrient sensing for the body, not surprisingly, as this is the central location where nutrients are absorbed. In the gut, bacterial fermentation results in generation of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), a class of nutrients, which are sensed by specific membrane bound receptors, FFA2, FFA3, GPR109a, and Olfr78. These receptors are expressed uniquely throughout the gut and signal through distinct mechanisms. To date, the emerging data suggests a role of these receptors in normal and pathological conditions. The overall function of these receptors is to regulate aspects of intestinal motility, hormone secretion, maintenance of the epithelial barrier, and immune cell function. Besides in intestinal health, a prominent role of these receptors has emerged in modulation of inflammatory and immune responses during pathological conditions. Moreover, these receptors are being revealed to interact with the gut microbiota. This review article updates the current body of knowledge on SCFA sensing receptors in the gut and their roles in intestinal health and disease as well as in whole body energy homeostasis. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1091-1115, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Priyadarshini
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kumar U Kotlo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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32
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Priyadarshini M, Navarro G, Layden BT. Gut Microbiota: FFAR Reaching Effects on Islets. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2495-2505. [PMID: 29846565 PMCID: PMC6692871 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptors, free fatty acid (FFA) receptors 2 and 3 (FFA2 and FFA3), belonging to the free fatty acid receptor (FFAR) class, sense a distinct class of nutrients, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These receptors participate in both immune and metabolic regulation. The latter includes a role in regulating secretion of metabolic hormones. It was only recently that their role in pancreatic β cells was recognized; these receptors are known now to affect not only insulin secretion but also β-cell survival and proliferation. These observations make them excellent potential therapeutic targets in type 2 diabetes. Moreover, expression on both immune and β cells makes these receptors possible targets in type 1 diabetes. Furthermore, SCFAs are generated by gut microbial fermentative activity; therefore, signaling by FFA2 and FFA3 represents an exciting novel link between the gut microbiota and the β cells. This review enumerates the role of these receptors in β cells revealed so far and discusses possible roles in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Priyadarshini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Guadalupe Navarro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian T Layden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
- Correspondence: Brian T. Layden, MD, PhD, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 Wolcott Street, M/C 640, Chicago, Illinois 60612. E-mail:
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34
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Hoyles L, Snelling T, Umlai UK, Nicholson JK, Carding SR, Glen RC, McArthur S. Microbiome-host systems interactions: protective effects of propionate upon the blood-brain barrier. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:55. [PMID: 29562936 PMCID: PMC5863458 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota composition and function are symbiotically linked with host health and altered in metabolic, inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Three recognised mechanisms exist by which the microbiome influences the gut-brain axis: modification of autonomic/sensorimotor connections, immune activation, and neuroendocrine pathway regulation. We hypothesised interactions between circulating gut-derived microbial metabolites, and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) also contribute to the gut-brain axis. Propionate, produced from dietary substrates by colonic bacteria, stimulates intestinal gluconeogenesis and is associated with reduced stress behaviours, but its potential endocrine role has not been addressed. RESULTS After demonstrating expression of the propionate receptor FFAR3 on human brain endothelium, we examined the impact of a physiologically relevant propionate concentration (1 μM) on BBB properties in vitro. Propionate inhibited pathways associated with non-specific microbial infections via a CD14-dependent mechanism, suppressed expression of LRP-1 and protected the BBB from oxidative stress via NRF2 (NFE2L2) signalling. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results suggest gut-derived microbial metabolites interact with the BBB, representing a fourth facet of the gut-brain axis that warrants further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Hoyles
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Tom Snelling
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Umm-Kulthum Umlai
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Simon R Carding
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- The Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, The Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Robert C Glen
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon McArthur
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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35
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Larraufie P, Martin-Gallausiaux C, Lapaque N, Dore J, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Blottiere HM. SCFAs strongly stimulate PYY production in human enteroendocrine cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:74. [PMID: 29311617 PMCID: PMC5758799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide-YY (PYY) and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) play important roles in the regulation of food intake and insulin secretion, and are of translational interest in the field of obesity and diabetes. PYY production is highest in enteroendocrine cells located in the distal intestine, mirroring the sites where high concentrations of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced by gut microbiota. We show here that propionate and butyrate strongly increased expression of PYY but not GCG in human cell line and intestinal primary culture models. The effect was predominantly attributable to the histone deacetylase inhibitory activity of SCFA and minor, but significant contributions of FFA2 (GPR43). Consistent with the SCFA-dependent elevation of PYY gene expression, we also observed increased basal and stimulated PYY hormone secretion. Interestingly, the transcriptional stimulation of PYY was specific to human-derived cell models and not reproduced in murine primary cultures. This is likely due to substantial differences in PYY gene structure between mouse and human. In summary, this study revealed a strong regulation of PYY production by SCFA that was evident in humans but not mice, and suggests that high fibre diets elevate plasma concentrations of the anorexigenic hormone PYY, both by targeting gene expression and hormone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Larraufie
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - C Martin-Gallausiaux
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IFD, 4 place Jussieu, 75252, Paris, cedex 05, France
| | - N Lapaque
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - J Dore
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,US 1367 MetaGenoPolis, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - F M Gribble
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - F Reimann
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - H M Blottiere
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,US 1367 MetaGenoPolis, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France
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36
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Riddy DM, Delerive P, Summers RJ, Sexton PM, Langmead CJ. G Protein–Coupled Receptors Targeting Insulin Resistance, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 70:39-67. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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37
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Villa SR, Mishra RK, Zapater JL, Priyadarshini M, Gilchrist A, Mancebo H, Schiltz GE, Layden BT. Homology modeling of FFA2 identifies novel agonists that potentiate insulin secretion. J Investig Med 2017; 65:1116-1124. [PMID: 28784695 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2017-000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Critical aspects of maintaining glucose homeostasis in the face of chronic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are increased insulin secretion and adaptive expansion of beta cell mass. Nutrient and hormone sensing G protein-coupled receptors are important mediators of these properties. A growing body of evidence now suggests that the G protein-coupled receptor, free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2), is capable of contributing to the maintenance of glucose homeostasis by acting at the pancreatic beta cell as well as at other metabolically active tissues. We have previously demonstrated that Gαq/11-biased agonism of FFA2 can potentiate glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) as well as promote beta cell proliferation. However, the currently available Gαq/11-biased agonists for FFA2 exhibit low potency, making them difficult to examine in vivo. This study sought to identify Gαq/11-biased FFA2-selective agonists with potent GSIS-stimulating effects. To do this, we generated an FFA2 homology model that was used to screen a library of 10 million drug-like compounds. Although FFA2 and the related short chain fatty acid receptor FFA3 share 52% sequence similarity, our virtual screen identified over 50 compounds with predicted selectivity and increased potency for FFA2 over FFA3. Subsequent in vitro calcium mobilization assays and GSIS assays resulted in the identification of a compound that can potentiate GSIS via activation of Gαq/11 with 100-fold increased potency compared with previously described Gαq/11-biased FFA2 agonists. These methods and findings provide a foundation for future discovery efforts to identify biased FFA2 agonists as potential T2D therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Villa
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rama K Mishra
- The Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Joseph L Zapater
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Medha Priyadarshini
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Annette Gilchrist
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Gary E Schiltz
- The Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Mizuno N, Abe K, Morishita Y, Yamashita S, Segawa R, Dong J, Moriya T, Hiratsuka M, Hirasawa N. Pentanoic acid induces thymic stromal lymphopoietin production through G q/11 and Rho-associated protein kinase signaling pathway in keratinocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 50:216-223. [PMID: 28683366 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) plays an important role in allergic skin inflammation. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including pentanoic acid, are products of bacterial metabolism and are associated with allergic skin disorders. However, whether SCFAs induce TSLP production is still unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effect of SCFAs on TSLP production and found that pentanoic acid was the most efficacious of the tested SCFAs. The Gq/11 inhibitor YM-254890 and the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 inhibited pentanoic acid-induced TSLP production, as did transfection with Gq/11 siRNA. These results suggested that pentanoic acid-induced TSLP production was mediated by Gq/11 and ROCK, providing insights into a novel TSLP production pathway in keratinocytes. The novel mechanism of TSLP production is expected to support the development of TSLP-regulating approaches in allergic skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Mizuno
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Koudai Abe
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Yukari Morishita
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Saori Yamashita
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Segawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Jiangxu Dong
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Takahiro Moriya
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hiratsuka
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Hirasawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan.
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Distinctive microbiomes and metabolites linked with weight loss after gastric bypass, but not gastric banding. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 11:2047-2058. [PMID: 28548658 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) are anatomically different bariatric operations. RYGB achieves greater weight loss compared with LAGB. Changes in the gut microbiome have been documented after RYGB, but not LAGB, and the microbial contribution to sustainable surgical weight loss warrants further evaluation. We hypothesized that RYGB imposes greater changes on the microbiota and its metabolism than LAGB, and that the altered microbiota may contribute to greater weight loss. Using multi-omic approaches, we analyzed fecal microbial community structure and metabolites of pre-bariatric surgery morbidly obese (PreB-Ob), normal weight (NW), post-RYGB, and post-LAGB participants. RYGB microbiomes were significantly different from those from NW, LAGB and PreB-Ob. Microbiome differences between RYGB and PreB-Ob populations were mirrored in their metabolomes. Diversity was higher in RYGB compared with LAGB, possibly because of an increase in the abundance of facultative anaerobic, bile-tolerant and acid-sensible microorganisms in the former. Possibly because of lower gastric acid exposure, phylotypes from the oral cavity, such as Escherichia, Veillonella and Streptococcus, were in greater abundance in the RYGB group, and their abundances positively correlated with percent excess weight loss. Many of these post-RYGB microorganisms are capable of amino-acid fermentation. Amino-acid and carbohydrate fermentation products-isovalerate, isobutyrate, butyrate and propionate-were prevalent in RYGB participants, but not in LAGB participants. RYGB resulted in greater alteration of the gut microbiome and metabolome than LAGB, and RYGB group exhibited unique microbiome composed of many amino-acid fermenters, compared with nonsurgical controls.
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40
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Fatty acid and mineral receptors as drug targets for gastrointestinal disorders. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:315-334. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient-sensing receptors, including fatty acid receptors (FFA1–FFA4), Ca2+-sensing receptors and Zn2+-sensing receptors, are involved in several biological processes. These receptors are abundantly expressed in the GI tract, where they have been shown to play crucial roles in regulating GI function. This review provides an overview of the GI functions of fatty acid and mineral receptors, including the regulation of gastric and enteroendocrine functions, GI motility, ion transport and cell growth. Recently, several lines of evidence have implicated these receptors as promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of GI disorders, for example, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, metabolic syndrome and diarrheal diseases. A future perspective on drug discovery research targeting these receptors is discussed.
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Lynch JP, Sikder MAA, Curren BF, Werder RB, Simpson J, Cuív PÓ, Dennis PG, Everard ML, Phipps S. The Influence of the Microbiome on Early-Life Severe Viral Lower Respiratory Infections and Asthma-Food for Thought? Front Immunol 2017; 8:156. [PMID: 28261214 PMCID: PMC5311067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe viral lower respiratory infections are a major cause of infant morbidity. In developing countries, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-bronchiolitis induces significant mortality, whereas in developed nations the disease represents a major risk factor for subsequent asthma. Susceptibility to severe RSV-bronchiolitis is governed by gene-environmental interactions that affect the host response to RSV infection. Emerging evidence suggests that the excessive inflammatory response and ensuing immunopathology, typically as a consequence of insufficient immunoregulation, leads to long-term changes in immune cells and structural cells that render the host susceptible to subsequent environmental incursions. Thus, the initial host response to RSV may represent a tipping point in the balance between long-term respiratory health or chronic disease (e.g., asthma). The composition and diversity of the microbiota, which in humans stabilizes in the first year of life, critically affects the development and function of the immune system. Hence, perturbations to the maternal and/or infant microbiota are likely to have a profound impact on the host response to RSV and susceptibility to childhood asthma. Here, we review recent insights describing the effects of the microbiota on immune system homeostasis and respiratory disease and discuss the environmental factors that promote microbial dysbiosis in infancy. Ultimately, this knowledge will be harnessed for the prevention and treatment of severe viral bronchiolitis as a strategy to prevent the onset and development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Lynch
- Laboratory of Respiratory Mucosal Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Md. Al Amin Sikder
- Laboratory of Respiratory Mucosal Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Bodie F. Curren
- Laboratory of Respiratory Mucosal Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Rhiannon B. Werder
- Laboratory of Respiratory Mucosal Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer Simpson
- Laboratory of Respiratory Mucosal Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Páraic Ó Cuív
- Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul G. Dennis
- The School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark L. Everard
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Simon Phipps
- Laboratory of Respiratory Mucosal Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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42
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Milligan G, Bolognini D, Sergeev E. Ligands at the Free Fatty Acid Receptors 2/3 (GPR43/GPR41). Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 236:17-32. [PMID: 27757758 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A large number of reviews and commentaries have highlighted the potential role of the short-chain fatty acid receptors GPR41 (FFA3) and, particularly, GPR43 (FFA2) as an interface between the intestinal microbiota and metabolic and inflammatory disorders. However, short-chain fatty acids have very modest potency and display limited selectivity between these two receptors, and studies on receptor knockout mice have resulted in non-uniform conclusions; therefore, selective and high-potency/high-affinity synthetic ligands are required to further explore the contribution of these receptors to health and disease. Currently no useful orthosteric ligands of FFA3 have been reported and although a number of orthosteric FFA2 agonists and antagonists have been described, a lack of affinity of different chemotypes of FFA2 antagonists at the mouse and rat orthologs of this receptor has hindered progress. Selective allosteric regulators of both FFA2 and FFA3 have provided tools to address a number of basic questions in both in vitro and ex vivo preparations, but at least some of the positive modulators appear to be biased and able to regulate only a subset of the functional capabilities of the short-chain fatty acids. Significant further progress is required to provide improved tool compounds to better assess potential translational opportunities of these receptors for short-chain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK.
| | - Daniele Bolognini
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Eugenia Sergeev
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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43
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Budden KF, Gellatly SL, Wood DLA, Cooper MA, Morrison M, Hugenholtz P, Hansbro PM. Emerging pathogenic links between microbiota and the gut-lung axis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 15:55-63. [PMID: 27694885 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 806] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota is vital for the development of the immune system and homeostasis. Changes in microbial composition and function, termed dysbiosis, in the respiratory tract and the gut have recently been linked to alterations in immune responses and to disease development in the lungs. In this Opinion article, we review the microbial species that are usually found in healthy gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, their dysbiosis in disease and interactions with the gut-lung axis. Although the gut-lung axis is only beginning to be understood, emerging evidence indicates that there is potential for manipulation of the gut microbiota in the treatment of lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis F Budden
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Shaan L Gellatly
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - David L A Wood
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark Morrison
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Philip Hugenholtz
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; and The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales 2305, Australia
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Ngo T, Kufareva I, Coleman JL, Graham RM, Abagyan R, Smith NJ. Identifying ligands at orphan GPCRs: current status using structure-based approaches. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2934-51. [PMID: 26837045 PMCID: PMC5341249 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
GPCRs are the most successful pharmaceutical targets in history. Nevertheless, the pharmacology of many GPCRs remains inaccessible as their endogenous or exogenous modulators have not been discovered. Tools that explore the physiological functions and pharmacological potential of these 'orphan' GPCRs, whether they are endogenous and/or surrogate ligands, are therefore of paramount importance. Rates of receptor deorphanization determined by traditional reverse pharmacology methods have slowed, indicating a need for the development of more sophisticated and efficient ligand screening approaches. Here, we discuss the use of structure-based ligand discovery approaches to identify small molecule modulators for exploring the function of orphan GPCRs. These studies have been buoyed by the growing number of GPCR crystal structures solved in the past decade, providing a broad range of template structures for homology modelling of orphans. This review discusses the methods used to establish the appropriate signalling assays to test orphan receptor activity and provides current examples of structure-based methods used to identify ligands of orphan GPCRs. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.20/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Ngo
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - James Lj Coleman
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert M Graham
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicola J Smith
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
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45
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Priyadarshini M, Wicksteed B, Schiltz GE, Gilchrist A, Layden BT. SCFA Receptors in Pancreatic β Cells: Novel Diabetes Targets? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:653-664. [PMID: 27091493 PMCID: PMC4992600 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient sensing receptors are key metabolic mediators of responses to dietary and endogenously derived nutrients. These receptors are largely G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and many are gaining significant interest as drug targets with a potential therapeutic role in metabolic diseases. A distinct subclass of nutrient sensing GPCRs, two short chain fatty acid (SCFA) receptors (FFA2 and FFA3) are uniquely responsive to gut microbiota derived nutrients (such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate). Pharmacological, molecular, and genetic studies have investigated their role in organismal glucose metabolism and recently in pancreatic β cell biology. Here, we summarize the present knowledge on the role of these receptors as metabolic sensors in β cell function and physiology, revealing new therapeutic opportunities for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Priyadarshini
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Barton Wicksteed
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Gary E Schiltz
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Annette Gilchrist
- Midwestern University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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46
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Alvarez-Curto E, Milligan G. Metabolism meets immunity: The role of free fatty acid receptors in the immune system. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 114:3-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Bolognini D, Moss CE, Nilsson K, Petersson AU, Donnelly I, Sergeev E, König GM, Kostenis E, Kurowska-Stolarska M, Miller A, Dekker N, Tobin AB, Milligan G. A Novel Allosteric Activator of Free Fatty Acid 2 Receptor Displays Unique Gi-functional Bias. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18915-31. [PMID: 27385588 PMCID: PMC5009265 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.736157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The short chain fatty acid receptor FFA2 is able to stimulate signaling via both Gi- and Gq/G11-promoted pathways. These pathways are believed to control distinct physiological end points but FFA2 receptor ligands appropriate to test this hypothesis have been lacking. Herein, we characterize AZ1729, a novel FFA2 regulator that acts as a direct allosteric agonist and as a positive allosteric modulator, increasing the activity of the endogenously produced short chain fatty acid propionate in Gi-mediated pathways, but not at those transduced by Gq/G11. Using AZ1729 in combination with direct inhibitors of Gi and Gq/G11 family G proteins demonstrated that although both arms contribute to propionate-mediated regulation of phospho-ERK1/2 MAP kinase signaling in FFA2-expressing 293 cells, the Gq/G11-mediated pathway is predominant. We extend these studies by employing AZ1729 to dissect physiological FFA2 signaling pathways. The capacity of AZ1729 to act at FFA2 receptors to inhibit β-adrenoreceptor agonist-promoted lipolysis in primary mouse adipocytes and to promote chemotaxis of isolated human neutrophils confirmed these as FFA2 processes mediated by Gi signaling, whereas, in concert with blockade by the Gq/G11 inhibitor FR900359, the inability of AZ1729 to mimic or regulate propionate-mediated release of GLP-1 from mouse colonic preparations defined this physiological response as an end point transduced via activation of Gq/G11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bolognini
- From the Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine E Moss
- From the Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom, the Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | | | - Annika U Petersson
- Respiratory, Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and
| | - Iona Donnelly
- the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Eugenia Sergeev
- From the Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany, and
| | - Evi Kostenis
- the Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section
| | - Mariola Kurowska-Stolarska
- the Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Miller
- the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Niek Dekker
- the Discovery Sciences, Reagents and Assay Development, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- From the Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom, the Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Milligan
- From the Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom,
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48
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Milligan G, Shimpukade B, Ulven T, Hudson BD. Complex Pharmacology of Free Fatty Acid Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 117:67-110. [PMID: 27299848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are historically the most successful family of drug targets. In recent times it has become clear that the pharmacology of these receptors is far more complex than previously imagined. Understanding of the pharmacological regulation of GPCRs now extends beyond simple competitive agonism or antagonism by ligands interacting with the orthosteric binding site of the receptor to incorporate concepts of allosteric agonism, allosteric modulation, signaling bias, constitutive activity, and inverse agonism. Herein, we consider how evolving concepts of GPCR pharmacology have shaped understanding of the complex pharmacology of receptors that recognize and are activated by nonesterified or "free" fatty acids (FFAs). The FFA family of receptors is a recently deorphanized set of GPCRs, the members of which are now receiving substantial interest as novel targets for the treatment of metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Further understanding of the complex pharmacology of these receptors will be critical to unlocking their ultimate therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Bharat Shimpukade
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Brian D Hudson
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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49
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Coleman JLJ, Ngo T, Schmidt J, Mrad N, Liew CK, Jones NM, Graham RM, Smith NJ. Metalloprotease cleavage of the N terminus of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR37L1 reduces its constitutive activity. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra36. [PMID: 27072655 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the pharmacology or physiology of GPR37L1, a G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein)-coupled receptor that is abundant in the cerebellum. Mice deficient in this receptor exhibit precocious cerebellar development and hypertension. We showed that GPR37L1 coupled to the G protein Gα(s) when heterologously expressed in cultured cells in the absence of any added ligand, whereas a mutant receptor that lacked the amino terminus was inactive. Conversely, inhibition of ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteases) enhanced receptor activity, indicating that the presence of the amino terminus is necessary for GPR37L1 signaling. Metalloprotease-dependent processing of GPR37L1 was evident in rodent cerebellum, where we detected predominantly the cleaved, inactive form. However, comparison of the accumulation of cAMP (adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate) in response to phosphodiesterase inhibition in cerebellar slice preparations from wild-type and GPR37L1-null mice showed that some constitutive signaling remained in the wild-type mice. In reporter assays of Gα(s) or Gα(i) signaling, the synthetic, prosaposin-derived peptide prosaptide (TX14A) did not increase GPR37L1 activity. Our data indicate that GPR37L1 may be a constitutively active receptor, or perhaps its ligand is present under the conditions that we used for analysis, and that the activity of this receptor is instead controlled by signals that regulate metalloprotease activity in the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L J Coleman
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia. St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Tony Ngo
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia. St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Johannes Schmidt
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Nadine Mrad
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Chu Kong Liew
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Nicole M Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2033, Australia
| | - Robert M Graham
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia. St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Nicola J Smith
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia. St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.
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50
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Grundmann M, Tikhonova IG, Hudson BD, Smith NJ, Mohr K, Ulven T, Milligan G, Kenakin T, Kostenis E. A Molecular Mechanism for Sequential Activation of a G Protein-Coupled Receptor. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:392-403. [PMID: 26991104 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ligands targeting G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are currently classified as either orthosteric, allosteric, or dualsteric/bitopic. Here, we introduce a new pharmacological concept for GPCR functional modulation: sequential receptor activation. A hallmark feature of this is a stepwise ligand binding mode with transient activation of a first receptor site followed by sustained activation of a second topographically distinct site. We identify 4-CMTB (2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-N-(thiazol-2-yl)butanamide), previously classified as a pure allosteric agonist of the free fatty acid receptor 2, as the first sequential activator and corroborate its two-step activation in living cells by tracking integrated responses with innovative label-free biosensors that visualize multiple signaling inputs in real time. We validate this unique pharmacology with traditional cellular readouts, including mutational and pharmacological perturbations along with computational methods, and propose a kinetic model applicable to the analysis of sequential receptor activation. We envision this form of dynamic agonism as a common principle of nature to spatiotemporally encode cellular information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Grundmann
- Molecular-, Cellular- and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Irina G Tikhonova
- Molecular Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University, Belfast BT7 1NN Northern Ireland
| | - Brian D Hudson
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ Scotland
| | - Nicola J Smith
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ Scotland; Molecular Cardiology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Klaus Mohr
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, 53347 Bonn, Germany
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ Scotland
| | - Terry Kenakin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Molecular-, Cellular- and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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