1
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Abe Y, Sano T, Otsuka N, Ogawa M, Tanaka N. PRMT5-mediated methylation of STAT3 is required for lung cancer stem cell maintenance and tumour growth. Commun Biol 2024; 7:593. [PMID: 38760429 PMCID: PMC11101626 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
STAT3 is constitutively activated in many cancer types, including lung cancer, and can induce cancer cell proliferation and cancer stem cell (CSC) maintenance. STAT3 is activated by tyrosine kinases, such as JAK and SRC, but the mechanism by which STAT3 maintains its activated state in cancer cells remains unclear. Here, we show that PRMT5 directly methylates STAT3 and enhances its activated tyrosine phosphorylation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. PRMT5 expression is also induced by STAT3, suggesting the presence of a positive feedback loop in cancer cells. Furthermore, methylation of STAT3 at arginine 609 by PRMT5 is important for its transcriptional activity and support of tumour growth and CSC maintenance. Indeed, NSCLC cells expressing the STAT3 mutant which R609 was replaced to alanine (R609K) show significantly impaired tumour growth in nude mice. Overall, our study reveals a mechanism by which STAT3 remains activated in NSCLC and provides a new target for cancer therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Abe
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Sano
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Otsuka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Ogawa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
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2
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Wu K, Li W, Liu H, Niu C, Shi Q, Zhang J, Gao G, Sun H, Liu F, Fu L. Metabolome Sequencing Reveals that Protein Arginine-N-Methyltransferase 1 Promotes the Progression of Invasive Micropapillary Carcinoma of the Breast and Predicts a Poor Prognosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1267-1283. [PMID: 37301537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) of the breast is a special histopathologic type of cancer with a high recurrence rate and the biological features of invasion and metastasis. Previous spatial transcriptome studies indicated extensive metabolic reprogramming in IMPC, which contributes to tumor cell heterogeneity. However, the impact of metabolome alterations on IMPC biological behavior is unclear. Herein, endogenous metabolite-targeted metabolomic analysis was done on frozen tumor tissue samples from 25 patients with breast IMPC and 34 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma not otherwise specified (IDC-NOS) by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. An IMPC-like state, which is an intermediate transitional morphologic phenotype between IMPC and IDC-NOS, was observed. The metabolic type of IMPC and IDC-NOS was related to breast cancer molecular type. Arginine methylation modification and 4-hydroxy-phenylpyruvate metabolic changes play a major role in the metabolic reprogramming of IMPC. High protein arginine-N-methyltransferase (PRMT) 1 expression was an independent factor related to the poor prognosis of patients with IMPC in terms of disease-free survival. PRMT1 promoted H4R3me2a, which induced tumor cell proliferation via cell cycle regulation and facilitated tumor cell metastasis via the tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway. This study identified the metabolic type-related features and intermediate transition morphology of IMPC. The identification of potential targets of PRMT1 has the potential to provide a basis for the precise diagnosis and treatment of breast IMPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailiang Wu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Weidong Li
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Hanjiao Liu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Niu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianqian Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingyue Zhang
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangshen Gao
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.
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3
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Yao Q, Duan S, Yang Q, Ma X, Li Z, Wu K, Chang P, Cao M, Chen X, Wang Z, Zhong X, Zhou Q, Zhao H. Mep50 is essential for embryonic development in medaka fish. Gene 2023; 868:147387. [PMID: 36963734 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Mep50 as a partner promotes the activity and substrate affinity of Prmt5. Prmt5 and Mep50 function together in multiple bioprocesses of the cells. Both Prmt5 and Mep50 are necessary for maintenance of the stem cells and are indispensable in the embryogenesis in the mammals. However, the role of Mep50 is rarely studied in fish. This study was to investigate the role of Mep50 in embryonic development of medaka. Medaka mep50 was mutated by genomic editing with CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Two mutants with a deletion of 22 and 46 bp separately in mep50 caused premature stopping of translation. The homozygotes of these mutant fish were obtained by self-crossing of the heterozygotes. These homozygotic mutants could reproduce embryos but the offspring were not viable. The apoptotic cells were significantly more in the mutant embryos than that in the wild type indicated by TUNEL assay. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that the expression of oct4 and sox2 were significantly decreased, but p53 was increased in the mutant embryos. These results suggest that disruption of mep50 severely interferes with embryogenesis and mep50 is necessary for embryonic development by maintaining stem cells and repression of apoptosis in medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiting Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Shi Duan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiaoqin Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Kongyue Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Pei Chang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Mengxi Cao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zequn Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xueping Zhong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Qingchun Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Haobin Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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4
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Choi EB, Vodnala M, Saini P, Anugula S, Zerbato M, Ho JJ, Wang J, Ho Sui SJ, Yoon J, Roels M, Inouye C, Fong YW. Transcription factor SOX15 regulates stem cell pluripotency and promotes neural fate during differentiation by activating the neurogenic gene Hes5. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102996. [PMID: 36764520 PMCID: PMC10023989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
SOX2 and SOX15 are Sox family transcription factors enriched in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The role of SOX2 in activating gene expression programs essential for stem cell self-renewal and acquisition of pluripotency during somatic cell reprogramming is well-documented. However, the contribution of SOX15 to these processes is unclear and often presumed redundant with SOX2 largely because overexpression of SOX15 can partially restore self-renewal in SOX2-deficient ESCs. Here, we show that SOX15 contributes to stem cell maintenance by cooperating with ESC-enriched transcriptional coactivators to ensure optimal expression of pluripotency-associated genes. We demonstrate that SOX15 depletion compromises reprogramming of fibroblasts to pluripotency which cannot be compensated by SOX2. Ectopic expression of SOX15 promotes the reversion of a postimplantation, epiblast stem cell state back to a preimplantation, ESC-like identity even though SOX2 is expressed in both cell states. We also uncover a role of SOX15 in lineage specification, by showing that loss of SOX15 leads to defects in commitment of ESCs to neural fates. SOX15 promotes neural differentiation by binding to and activating a previously uncharacterized distal enhancer of a key neurogenic regulator, Hes5. Together, these findings identify a multifaceted role of SOX15 in induction and maintenance of pluripotency and neural differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Bee Choi
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Munender Vodnala
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Prince Saini
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sharath Anugula
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Madeleine Zerbato
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jaclyn J Ho
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine Center of Excellence, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jianing Wang
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shannan J Ho Sui
- Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joon Yoon
- Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marielle Roels
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carla Inouye
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine Center of Excellence, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Yick W Fong
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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5
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Peng J, Zhang WJ, Zhang Q, Su YH, Tang LP. The dynamics of chromatin states mediated by epigenetic modifications during somatic cell reprogramming. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1097780. [PMID: 36727112 PMCID: PMC9884706 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1097780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell reprogramming (SCR) is the conversion of differentiated somatic cells into totipotent or pluripotent cells through a variety of methods. Somatic cell reprogramming also provides a platform to investigate the role of chromatin-based factors in establishing and maintaining totipotency or pluripotency, since high expression of totipotency- or pluripotency-related genes usually require an active chromatin state. Several studies in plants or mammals have recently shed light on the molecular mechanisms by which epigenetic modifications regulate the expression of totipotency or pluripotency genes by altering their chromatin states. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the dynamic changes in epigenetic modifications and chromatin states during reprogramming from somatic cells to totipotent or pluripotent cells. In addition, we illustrate the potential role of DNA methylation, histone modifications, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling during somatic cell reprogramming, which will pave the way to developing reliable strategies for efficient cellular reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ying Hua Su
- *Correspondence: Ying Hua Su, ; Li Ping Tang,
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6
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Cui G, Xu Y, Cao S, Shi K. Inducing somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells is an important platform to study the mechanism of early embryonic development. Mol Reprod Dev 2022; 89:70-85. [PMID: 35075695 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The early embryonic development starts with the totipotent zygote upon fertilization of differentiated sperm and egg, which undergoes a range of reprogramming and transformation to acquire pluripotency. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), a nonclonal technique to produce stem cells, are originated from differentiated somatic cells via accomplishment of cell reprogramming, which shares common reprogramming process with early embryonic development. iPSCs are attractive in recent years due to the potentially significant applications in disease modeling, potential value in genetic improvement of husbandry animal, regenerative medicine, and drug screening. This review focuses on introducing the research advance of both somatic cell reprogramming and early embryonic development, indicating that the mechanisms of iPSCs also shares common features with that of early embryonic development in several aspects, such as germ cell factors, DNA methylation, histone modification, and/or X chromosome inactivation. As iPSCs can successfully avoid ethical concerns that are naturally present in the embryos and/or embryonic stem cells, the practicality of somatic cell reprogramming (iPSCs) could provide an insightful platform to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guina Cui
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Bioengineering and Disease Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Yanwen Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Bioengineering and Disease Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Shuyuan Cao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Bioengineering and Disease Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Kerong Shi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Bioengineering and Disease Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
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7
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Chiu SC, Huang YRJ, Wei TYW, Chen JMM, Kuo YC, Huang YTJ, Liao YTA, Yu CTR. The PRMT5/HURP axis retards Golgi repositioning by stabilizing acetyl-tubulin and Golgi apparatus during cell migration. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:1033-1043. [PMID: 34541678 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus (GA) translocates to the cell leading end during directional migration, thereby determining cell polarity and transporting essential factors to the migration apparatus. The study provides mechanistic insights into how GA repositioning (GR) is regulated. We show that the methyltransferase PRMT5 methylates the microtubule regulator HURP at R122. The HURP methylation mimicking mutant 122F impairs GR and cell migration. Mechanistic studies revealed that HURP 122F or endogenous methylated HURP, that is, HURP m122, interacts with acetyl-tubulin. Overexpression of HURP 122F stabilizes the bundling pattern of acetyl-tubulin by decreasing the sensitivity of the latter to a microtubule disrupting agent nocodazole. HURP 122F also rigidifies GA via desensitizing the organelle to several GA disrupting chemicals. Similarly, the acetyl-tubulin mimicking mutant 40Q or tubulin acetyltransferase αTAT1 can rigidify GA, impair GR, and retard cell migration. Reversal of HURP 122F-induced GA rigidification, by knocking down GA assembly factors such as GRASP65 or GM130, attenuates 122F-triggered GR and cell migration. Remarkably, PRMT5 is found downregulated and the level of HURP m122 is decreased during the early hours of wound healing-based cell migration, collectively implying that the PRMT5-HURP-acetyl-tubulin axis plays the role of brake, preventing GR and cell migration before cells reach empty space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Chih Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Translational Cell Therapy Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Tong-You Wade Wei
- Graduate Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedical Technology, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Mei Maureen Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedical Technology, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Jenny Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Amber Liao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Tze Ricky Yu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedical Technology, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan
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8
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Abe Y, Tanaka N. Fine-Tuning of GLI Activity through Arginine Methylation: Its Mechanisms and Function. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091973. [PMID: 32859041 PMCID: PMC7565022 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The glioma-associated oncogene (GLI) family consists of GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3 in mammals. This family has important roles in development and homeostasis. To achieve these roles, the GLI family has widespread outputs. GLI activity is therefore strictly regulated at multiple levels, including via post-translational modifications for context-dependent GLI target gene expression. The protein arginine methyl transferase (PRMT) family is also associated with embryogenesis, homeostasis, and cancer mainly via epigenetic modifications. In the PRMT family, PRMT1, PRMT5, and PRMT7 reportedly regulate GLI1 and GLI2 activity. PRMT1 methylates GLI1 to upregulate its activity and target gene expression. Cytoplasmic PRMT5 methylates GLI1 and promotes GLI1 protein stabilization. Conversely, nucleic PRMT5 interacts with MENIN to suppress growth arrest-specific protein 1 expression, which assists Hedgehog ligand binding to Patched, indirectly resulting in downregulated GLI1 activity. PRMT7-mediated GLI2 methylation upregulates its activity through the dissociation of GLI2 and Suppressor of Fused. Together, PRMT1, PRMT5, and PRMT7 regulate GLI activity at multiple revels. Furthermore, the GLI and PRMT families have strong links with various cancers through cancer stem cell maintenance. Therefore, PRMT-mediated regulation of GLI activity would have important roles in cancer stem cell maintenance.
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9
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Favia A, Salvatori L, Nanni S, Iwamoto-Stohl LK, Valente S, Mai A, Scagnoli F, Fontanella RA, Totta P, Nasi S, Illi B. The Protein Arginine Methyltransferases 1 and 5 affect Myc properties in glioblastoma stem cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15925. [PMID: 31685892 PMCID: PMC6828805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein Arginine (R) methylation is the most common post-translational methylation in mammalian cells. Protein Arginine Methyltransferases (PRMT) 1 and 5 dimethylate their substrates on R residues, asymmetrically and symmetrically, respectively. They are ubiquitously expressed and play fundamental roles in tumour malignancies, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) which presents largely deregulated Myc activity. Previously, we demonstrated that PRMT5 associates with Myc in GBM cells, modulating, at least in part, its transcriptional properties. Here we show that Myc/PRMT5 protein complex includes PRMT1, in both HEK293T and glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). We demonstrate that Myc is both asymmetrically and symmetrically dimethylated by PRMT1 and PRMT5, respectively, and that these modifications differentially regulate its stability. Moreover, we show that the ratio between symmetrically and asymmetrically dimethylated Myc changes in GSCs grown in stem versus differentiating conditions. Finally, both PRMT1 and PRMT5 activity modulate Myc binding at its specific target promoters. To our knowledge, this is the first work reporting R asymmetrical and symmetrical dimethylation as novel Myc post-translational modifications, with different functional properties. This opens a completely unexplored field of investigation in Myc biology and suggests symmetrically dimethylated Myc species as novel diagnostic and prognostic markers and druggable therapeutic targets for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Favia
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Salvatori
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy.
| | - Simona Nanni
- Institute of Medical Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Valente
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Pasteur Institute, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Scagnoli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosaria Anna Fontanella
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Nasi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Illi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy.
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10
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Jarrold J, Davies CC. PRMTs and Arginine Methylation: Cancer's Best-Kept Secret? Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:993-1009. [PMID: 31230909 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins is vital for increasing proteome diversity and maintaining cellular homeostasis. If the writing, reading, and removal of modifications are not controlled, cancer can develop. Arginine methylation is an understudied modification that is increasingly associated with cancer progression. Consequently protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), the writers of arginine methylation, have rapidly gained interest as novel drug targets. However, for clinical success a deep mechanistic understanding of the biology of PRMTs is required. In this review we focus on advances made regarding the role of PRMTs in stem cell biology, epigenetics, splicing, immune surveillance and the DNA damage response, and highlight the rapid rise of specific inhibitors that are now in clinical trials for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Jarrold
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Clare C Davies
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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11
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Zhang J, Gao X, Yang J, Fan X, Wang W, Liang Y, Fan L, Han H, Xu X, Tang F, Bao S, Liu P, Li X. Xist Intron 1 Repression by Transcriptional-Activator-Like Effectors Designer Transcriptional Factor Improves Somatic Cell Reprogramming in Mice. Stem Cells 2019; 37:599-608. [PMID: 30353613 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Xist is the master regulator of X chromosome inactivation. In order to further understand the Xist locus in the reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), we tested transcription-activator-like effectors-based designer transcriptional factors (dTFs), which were specific to numerous regions at the Xist locus. We report that the selected dTF repressor 6 (R6) binding the intron 1 of Xist, which caused higher H3K9me3 followed by X chromosome opening and repression of X-linked genes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, rather than affecting Xist expression, substantially improved the iPSC generation and the SCNT preimplantation embryo development. Conversely, the dTF activator targeting the same genomic region of R6 decreased iPSC formation and blocked SCNT-embryo development. These results thus uncover the critical requirement for the Xist locus in epigenetic resetting, which is not directly related to Xist transcription. This may provide a unique route to improving the reprogramming. Stem Cells 2019;37:599-608.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindun Zhang
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolian Plateau, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Inner Mongolia Saikexing Institute of Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology in Domestic Animal, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Gao
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Yang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoying Fan
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yanfeng Liang
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolian Plateau, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Fan
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolian Plateau, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Han
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolian Plateau, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Xu
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolian Plateau, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchou Tang
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Siqin Bao
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolian Plateau, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Pentao Liu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xihe Li
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolian Plateau, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China.,Inner Mongolia Saikexing Institute of Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology in Domestic Animal, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
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12
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Vougiouklakis T, Nakamura Y, Saloura V. Critical roles of protein methyltransferases and demethylases in the regulation of embryonic stem cell fate. Epigenetics 2018; 12:1015-1027. [PMID: 29099285 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2017.1391430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has recently shown that protein methyltransferases and demethylases are crucial regulators in either maintaining pluripotent states or inducing differentiation of embryonic stem cells. These enzymes control pluripotent signatures by mediating activation or repression of histone marks, or through direct methylation of non-histone proteins. Importantly, chromatin modifiers can influence the fate of many differentiation-related genes by loosening chromatin and allowing for transcriptional activation of lineage-specific genes. Genome-wide studies have unraveled diverse changes in methylation patterns following embryonic stem cell differentiation, with redistribution of heterochromatic and euchromatic marks, underlying the importance of chromatin modifiers in governing the fate of embryonic stemness. Furthermore, the development of small molecule inhibitors targeting these agents may shed light in potential clinical implementation to reprogram embryonic stem cells for biomedical therapeutics. Ever since the pioneering introduction of induced pluripotent stem cells, the challenge for application in regenerative medicine and broader medical therapeutics has commenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Vougiouklakis
- a Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine , The University of Chicago , 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2115 Chicago , IL 60637 , USA
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- a Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine , The University of Chicago , 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2115 Chicago , IL 60637 , USA.,b Department of Surgery , The University of Chicago , 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2115 Chicago , IL 60637 , USA
| | - Vassiliki Saloura
- a Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine , The University of Chicago , 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2115 Chicago , IL 60637 , USA
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13
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Moriya C, Taniguchi H, Nagatoishi S, Igarashi H, Tsumoto K, Imai K. PRDM14 directly interacts with heat shock proteins HSP90α and glucose-regulated protein 78. Cancer Sci 2017; 109:373-383. [PMID: 29178343 PMCID: PMC5797828 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PRDM14 is overexpressed in various cancers and can regulate cancer phenotype under certain conditions. Inhibiting PRDM14 expression in breast and pancreatic cancers has been reported to reduce cancer stem‐like phenotypes, which are associated with aggressive tumor properties. Therefore, PRDM14 is considered a promising target for cancer therapy. To develop a pharmaceutical treatment, the mechanism and interacting partners of PRDM14 need to be clarified. Here, we identified the proteins interacting with PRDM14 in triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, which do not express the three most common types of receptor (estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and HER2). We obtained 13 candidates that were pulled down with PRDM14 in TNBC HCC1937 cells and identified them by mass spectrometry. Two candidates—glucose‐regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and heat shock protein 90‐α (HSP90α)—were confirmed in immunoprecipitation assay in two TNBC cell lines (HCC1937 and MDA‐MB231). Surface plasmon resonance analysis using GST‐PRDM14 showed that these two proteins directly interacted with PRDM14 and that the interactions required the C‐terminal region of PRDM14, which includes zinc finger motifs. We also confirmed the interactions in living cells by NanoLuc luciferase‐based bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (NanoBRET) assay. Moreover, HSP90 inhibitors (17DMAG and HSP990) significantly decreased breast cancer stem‐like CD24− CD44+ and side population (SP) cells in HCC1937 cells, but not in PRDM14 knockdown HCC1937 cells. The combination of the GRP78 inhibitor HA15 and PRDM14 knockdown significantly decreased cell proliferation and SP cell number in HCC1937 cells. These results suggest that HSP90α and GRP78 interact with PRDM14 and participate in cancer regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Moriya
- Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Taniguchi
- Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Project Division of Advanced Biopharmaceutical Science, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Igarashi
- Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Drug Discovery Initiative, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohzoh Imai
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Chiang K, Zielinska AE, Shaaban AM, Sanchez-Bailon MP, Jarrold J, Clarke TL, Zhang J, Francis A, Jones LJ, Smith S, Barbash O, Guccione E, Farnie G, Smalley MJ, Davies CC. PRMT5 Is a Critical Regulator of Breast Cancer Stem Cell Function via Histone Methylation and FOXP1 Expression. Cell Rep 2017; 21:3498-3513. [PMID: 29262329 PMCID: PMC5746596 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer progression, treatment resistance, and relapse are thought to originate from a small population of tumor cells, breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). Identification of factors critical for BCSC function is therefore vital for the development of therapies. Here, we identify the arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 as a key in vitro and in vivo regulator of BCSC proliferation and self-renewal and establish FOXP1, a winged helix/forkhead transcription factor, as a critical effector of PRMT5-induced BCSC function. Mechanistically, PRMT5 recruitment to the FOXP1 promoter facilitates H3R2me2s, SET1 recruitment, H3K4me3, and gene expression. Our findings are clinically significant, as PRMT5 depletion within established tumor xenografts or treatment of patient-derived BCSCs with a pre-clinical PRMT5 inhibitor substantially reduces BCSC numbers. Together, our findings highlight the importance of PRMT5 in BCSC maintenance and suggest that small-molecule inhibitors of PRMT5 or downstream targets could be an effective strategy eliminating this cancer-causing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Chiang
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Agnieszka E Zielinska
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Abeer M Shaaban
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, and Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2GW, UK
| | - Maria Pilar Sanchez-Bailon
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - James Jarrold
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Thomas L Clarke
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jingxian Zhang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A(∗)STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos Building #3-06, 138673 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adele Francis
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, and Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2GW, UK
| | - Louise J Jones
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, A Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sally Smith
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, A Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Olena Barbash
- Cancer Epigenetics DPU, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A(∗)STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos Building #3-06, 138673 Singapore, Singapore; Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gillian Farnie
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Botnar Research Centre, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Matthew J Smalley
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Clare C Davies
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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15
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Blanc RS, Richard S. Arginine Methylation: The Coming of Age. Mol Cell 2017; 65:8-24. [PMID: 28061334 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Arginine methylation is a common post-translational modification functioning as an epigenetic regulator of transcription and playing key roles in pre-mRNA splicing, DNA damage signaling, mRNA translation, cell signaling, and cell fate decision. Recently, a wealth of studies using transgenic mouse models and selective PRMT inhibitors helped define physiological roles for protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) linking them to diseases such as cancer and metabolic, neurodegenerative, and muscular disorders. This review describes the recent molecular advances that have been uncovered in normal and diseased mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roméo S Blanc
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group and the Bloomfield Center for Research on Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Departments of Oncology and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H2W 1S6, Canada
| | - Stéphane Richard
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group and the Bloomfield Center for Research on Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Departments of Oncology and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H2W 1S6, Canada.
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16
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Norrie JL, Li Q, Co S, Huang BL, Ding D, Uy JC, Ji Z, Mackem S, Bedford MT, Galli A, Ji H, Vokes SA. PRMT5 is essential for the maintenance of chondrogenic progenitor cells in the limb bud. Development 2016; 143:4608-4619. [PMID: 27827819 DOI: 10.1242/dev.140715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic development, undifferentiated progenitor cells balance the generation of additional progenitor cells with differentiation. Within the developing limb, cartilage cells differentiate from mesodermal progenitors in an ordered process that results in the specification of the correct number of appropriately sized skeletal elements. The internal pathways by which these cells maintain an undifferentiated state while preserving their capacity to differentiate is unknown. Here, we report that the arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 has a crucial role in maintaining progenitor cells. Mouse embryonic buds lacking PRMT5 have severely truncated bones with wispy digits lacking joints. This novel phenotype is caused by widespread cell death that includes mesodermal progenitor cells that have begun to precociously differentiate into cartilage cells. We propose that PRMT5 maintains progenitor cells through its regulation of Bmp4 Intriguingly, adult and embryonic stem cells also require PRMT5 for maintaining pluripotency, suggesting that similar mechanisms might regulate lineage-restricted progenitor cells during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline L Norrie
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Swanie Co
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Bau-Lin Huang
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ding Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room E3638, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jann C Uy
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Zhicheng Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room E3638, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Susan Mackem
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mark T Bedford
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1808 Park Road 1C (P.O. Box 389), Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Antonella Galli
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Hongkai Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room E3638, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Steven A Vokes
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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17
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Hikabe O, Hamazaki N, Nagamatsu G, Obata Y, Hirao Y, Hamada N, Shimamoto S, Imamura T, Nakashima K, Saitou M, Hayashi K. Reconstitution in vitro of the entire cycle of the mouse female germ line. Nature 2016; 539:299-303. [PMID: 27750280 DOI: 10.1038/nature20104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The female germ line undergoes a unique sequence of differentiation processes that confers totipotency to the egg. The reconstitution of these events in vitro using pluripotent stem cells is a key achievement in reproductive biology and regenerative medicine. Here we report successful reconstitution in vitro of the entire process of oogenesis from mouse pluripotent stem cells. Fully potent mature oocytes were generated in culture from embryonic stem cells and from induced pluripotent stem cells derived from both embryonic fibroblasts and adult tail tip fibroblasts. Moreover, pluripotent stem cell lines were re-derived from the eggs that were generated in vitro, thereby reconstituting the full female germline cycle in a dish. This culture system will provide a platform for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying totipotency and the production of oocytes of other mammalian species in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orie Hikabe
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hamazaki
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Go Nagamatsu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yayoi Obata
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Yuji Hirao
- NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Ikenodai 2, Tsukuba 305-0901, Japan
| | - Norio Hamada
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - So Shimamoto
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takuya Imamura
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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18
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Wang B, Pfeiffer MJ, Drexler HCA, Fuellen G, Boiani M. Proteomic Analysis of Mouse Oocytes Identifies PRMT7 as a Reprogramming Factor that Replaces SOX2 in the Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:2407-21. [PMID: 27225728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The reprogramming process that leads to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may benefit from adding oocyte factors to Yamanaka's reprogramming cocktail (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, with or without MYC; OSK(M)). We previously searched for such facilitators of reprogramming (the reprogrammome) by applying label-free LC-MS/MS analysis to mouse oocytes, producing a catalog of 28 candidates that are (i) able to robustly access the cell nucleus and (ii) shared between mature mouse oocytes and pluripotent embryonic stem cells. In the present study, we hypothesized that our 28 reprogrammome candidates would also be (iii) abundant in mature oocytes, (iv) depleted after the oocyte-to-embryo transition, and (v) able to potentiate or replace the OSKM factors. Using LC-MS/MS and isotopic labeling methods, we found that the abundance profiles of the 28 proteins were below those of known oocyte-specific and housekeeping proteins. Of the 28 proteins, only arginine methyltransferase 7 (PRMT7) changed substantially during mouse embryogenesis and promoted the conversion of mouse fibroblasts into iPSCs. Specifically, PRMT7 replaced SOX2 in a factor-substitution assay, yielding iPSCs. These findings exemplify how proteomics can be used to prioritize the functional analysis of reprogrammome candidates. The LC-MS/MS data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD003093.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, China
| | - Martin J Pfeiffer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine , Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hannes C A Drexler
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine , Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Fuellen
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Michele Boiani
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine , Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
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19
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Bai Y, Feng M, Liu S, Wei H, Li L, Zhang X, Shen C, Zhang S, Ma N. Differential gene expression in mouse spermatogonial stem cells and embryonic stem cells. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:423-32. [PMID: 27353491 PMCID: PMC4934932 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse spermatogonial stem cells (mSSCs) may be reprogrammed to become pluripotent stem cells under in vitro culture conditions, due to epigenetic modifications, which are closely associated with the expression of transcription factors and epigenetic factors. Thus, this study was conducted to compare the gene expression of transcription factors and epigenetic factors in mSSCs and mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Firstly, the freshly isolated mSSCs [mSSCs (f)] were enriched by magnetic-activated cell sorting with Thy1.2 (CD90.2) microbeads, and the typical morphological characteristics were maintained under in vitro culture conditions for over 5 months to form long-term propagated mSSCs [mSSCs (l)]. These mSSCs (l) expressed pluripotency-associated genes and were induced to differentiate into sperm. Our findings indicated that the mSSCs (l) expressed high levels of the transcription factors, Lin28 and Prmt5, and the epigenetic factors, Tet3, Parp1, Max, Tert and Trf1, in comparison with the mESCs, with the levels of Prmt5, Tet3, Parp1 and Tert significantly higher than those in the mESCs. There was no significant difference in Kdm2b expression between mSSCs (l) and mESCs. Furthermore, the gene expression of N-Myc, Dppa2, Tbx3, Nr5a2, Prmt5, Tet3, Parp1, Max, Tert and Trf1 in the mSSCs (l) was markedly higher in comparison to that in the mSSCs (f). Collectively, our results suggest that the mSSCs and the mESCs displayed differential gene expression profiles, and the mSSCs possessed the potential to acquire pluripotency based on the high expression of transcription factors and epigenetic factors. These data may provide novel insights into the reprogramming mechanism of mSSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinshan Bai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
| | - Meiying Feng
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
| | - Hengxi Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Xianwei Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Chao Shen
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Shouquan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Ningfang Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
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20
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Cheng N, Guo M, Chang P, Zhang X, Zhang R, Qi C, Zhong X, Zhou Q, Zhao H. Expression of mep50 in adult and embryos of medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:1053-1061. [PMID: 26749004 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein arginine methylation is important for gene regulation and biological processes. Methylosome protein 50 (Mep50) is identified as a partner of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (Prmt5), a major enzyme capable of symmetric dimethylation, in mammals and Xenopus. The isolation and characterization of medaka mep50 were reported in this paper. Medaka Mep50 is a homolog of human MEP50 with six WD40 domains. Medaka mep50 was ubiquitously expressed in the adult tissues and had maternal origin with continuous and dynamical expression during embryonic development detected by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. A strong interaction of medaka Mep50 and Prmt5 was shown by yeast two hybridization. The expression pattern of mep50 is similar to that of prmt5 in medaka. The results suggested that medaka Mep50 could be a partner of Prmt5 and might play major roles in a variety of tissues in medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Cheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Maomao Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Pei Chang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Runshuai Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Chao Qi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xueping Zhong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Qingchun Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Haobin Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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21
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Kosaka T, Mikami S, Yoshimine S, Miyazaki Y, Daimon T, Kikuchi E, Miyajima A, Oya M. The prognostic significance of OCT4 expression in patients with prostate cancer. Hum Pathol 2016; 51:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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22
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Noor DAM, Jeyapalan JN, Alhazmi S, Carr M, Squibb B, Wallace C, Tan C, Cusack M, Hughes J, Reader T, Shipley J, Sheer D, Scotting PJ. Genome-wide methylation analysis identifies genes silenced in non-seminoma cell lines. NPJ Genom Med 2016; 1:15009. [PMID: 29263807 PMCID: PMC5685295 DOI: 10.1038/npjgenmed.2015.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Silencing of genes by DNA methylation is a common phenomenon in many types of cancer. However, the genome-wide effect of DNA methylation on gene expression has been analysed in relatively few cancers. Germ cell tumours (GCTs) are a complex group of malignancies. They are unique in developing from a pluripotent progenitor cell. Previous analyses have suggested that non-seminomas exhibit much higher levels of DNA methylation than seminomas. The genomic targets that are methylated, the extent to which this results in gene silencing and the identity of the silenced genes most likely to play a role in the tumours’ biology have not yet been established. In this study, genome-wide methylation and expression analysis of GCT cell lines was combined with gene expression data from primary tumours to address this question. Genome methylation was analysed using the Illumina infinium HumanMethylome450 bead chip system and gene expression was analysed using Affymetrix GeneChip Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 arrays. Regulation by methylation was confirmed by demethylation using 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine and reverse transcription–quantitative PCR. Large differences in the level of methylation of the CpG islands of individual genes between tumour cell lines correlated well with differential gene expression. Treatment of non-seminoma cells with 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine verified that methylation of all genes tested played a role in their silencing in yolk sac tumour cells and many of these genes were also differentially expressed in primary tumours. Genes silenced by methylation in the various GCT cell lines were identified. Several pluripotency-associated genes were identified as a major functional group of silenced genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzul Azri Mohamed Noor
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Jennie N Jeyapalan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Safiah Alhazmi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Matthew Carr
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Benjamin Squibb
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Claire Wallace
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Christopher Tan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Martin Cusack
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jaime Hughes
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tom Reader
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Janet Shipley
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Denise Sheer
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Paul J Scotting
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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23
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Myc and Omomyc functionally associate with the Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) in glioblastoma cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15494. [PMID: 26563484 PMCID: PMC4643314 DOI: 10.1038/srep15494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-Myc protein is dysregulated in many human cancers and its function has not been fully elucitated yet. The c-Myc inhibitor Omomyc displays potent anticancer properties in animal models. It perturbs the c-Myc protein network, impairs c-Myc binding to the E-boxes, retaining transrepressive properties and inducing histone deacetylation. Here we have employed Omomyc to further analyse c-Myc activity at the epigenetic level. We show that both Myc and Omomyc stimulate histone H4 symmetric dimethylation of arginine (R) 3 (H4R3me2s), in human glioblastoma and HEK293T cells. Consistently, both associated with protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5)—the catalyst of the reaction—and its co-factor Methylosome Protein 50 (MEP50). Confocal experiments showed that Omomyc co-localized with c-Myc, PRMT5 and H4R3me2s-enriched chromatin domains. Finally, interfering with PRMT5 activity impaired target gene activation by Myc whereas it restrained Omomyc-dependent repression. The identification of a histone-modifying complex associated with Omomyc represents the first demonstration of an active role of this miniprotein in modifying chromatin structure and adds new information regarding its action on c-Myc targets. More importantly, the observation that c-Myc may recruit PRMT5-MEP50, inducing H4R3 symmetric di-methylation, suggests previously unpredictable roles for c-Myc in gene expression regulation and new potential targets for therapy.
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24
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Liu F, Cheng G, Hamard PJ, Greenblatt S, Wang L, Man N, Perna F, Xu H, Tadi M, Luciani L, Nimer SD. Arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 is essential for sustaining normal adult hematopoiesis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3532-44. [PMID: 26258414 DOI: 10.1172/jci81749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulators play critical roles in normal hematopoiesis, and the activity of these enzymes is frequently altered in hematopoietic cancers. The major type II protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 catalyzes the formation of symmetric dimethyl arginine and has been implicated in various cellular processes, including pluripotency and tumorigenesis. Here, we generated Prmt5 conditional KO mice to evaluate the contribution of PRMT5 to adult hematopoiesis. Loss of PRMT5 triggered an initial but transient expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs); however, Prmt5 deletion resulted in a concurrent loss of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), leading to fatal BM aplasia. PRMT5-specific effects on hematopoiesis were cell intrinsic and depended on PRMT5 methyltransferase activity. We found that PRMT5-deficient hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells exhibited severely impaired cytokine signaling as well as upregulation of p53 and expression of its downstream targets. Together, our results demonstrate that PRMT5 plays distinct roles in the behavior of HSCs compared with HPCs and is essential for the maintenance of adult hematopoietic cells.
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25
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Bazley FA, Liu CF, Yuan X, Hao H, All AH, De Los Angeles A, Zambidis ET, Gearhart JD, Kerr CL. Direct Reprogramming of Human Primordial Germ Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Efficient Generation of Genetically Engineered Germ Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:2634-48. [PMID: 26154167 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) share many properties with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and innately express several key pluripotency-controlling factors, including OCT4, NANOG, and LIN28. Therefore, PGCs may provide a simple and efficient model for studying somatic cell reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), especially in determining the regulatory mechanisms that fundamentally define pluripotency. Here, we report a novel model of PGC reprogramming to generate iPSCs via transfection with SOX2 and OCT4 using integrative lentiviral. We also show the feasibility of using nonintegrative approaches for generating iPSC from PGCs using only these two factors. We show that human PGCs express endogenous levels of KLF4 and C-MYC protein at levels similar to embryonic germ cells (EGCs) but lower levels of SOX2 and OCT4. Transfection with both SOX2 and OCT4 together was required to induce PGCs to a pluripotent state at an efficiency of 1.71%, and the further addition of C-MYC increased the efficiency to 2.33%. Immunohistochemical analyses of the SO-derived PGC-iPSCs revealed that these cells were more similar to ESCs than EGCs regarding both colony morphology and molecular characterization. Although leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) was not required for the generation of PGC-iPSCs like EGCs, the presence of LIF combined with ectopic exposure to C-MYC yielded higher efficiencies. Additionally, the SO-derived PGC-iPSCs exhibited differentiation into representative cell types from all three germ layers in vitro and successfully formed teratomas in vivo. Several lines were generated that were karyotypically stable for up to 24 subcultures. Their derivation efficiency and survival in culture significantly supersedes that of EGCs, demonstrating their utility as a powerful model for studying factors regulating pluripotency in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith A Bazley
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cyndi F Liu
- 2 Department of Genecology and Obstetrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,3 Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xuan Yuan
- 4 Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Haiping Hao
- 5 JHMI Deep Sequencing and Microarray Core, High Throughput Biology Center, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angelo H All
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alejandro De Los Angeles
- 6 Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston , Massachusetts.,7 Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,8 Harvard Stem Cell Institute , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Elias T Zambidis
- 3 Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,9 Division of Pediatric Oncology at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John D Gearhart
- 10 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,11 Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Candace L Kerr
- 2 Department of Genecology and Obstetrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,12 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland
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26
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Sohail M, Zhang M, Litchfield D, Wang L, Kung S, Xie J. Differential expression, distinct localization and opposite effect on Golgi structure and cell differentiation by a novel splice variant of human PRMT5. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2444-52. [PMID: 26151339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing contributes greatly to the proteomic diversity of metazoans. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) methylates arginines of Golgi components and other factors exerting diverse effects on cell growth/differentiation, but the underlying molecular basis for its subcellular distribution and diverse roles has not been fully understood. Here we show the detailed properties of an evolutionarily emerged splice variant of human PRMT5 (PRMT5S) that is distinct from the original isoform (PRMT5L). The isoforms are differentially expressed among mammalian cells and tissues. The PRMT5S is distributed all over the cell but PRMT5L mainly colocalizes with Giantin, a Golgi marker. PRMT5 knockdown led to an enlarged Giantin pattern, which was prevented by the expression of either isoform. Rescuing PRMT5S also increased the percentage of cells with an interphase Giantin pattern compacted at one end of the nucleus, consistent with its cell cycle-arresting effect, while rescuing PRMT5L increased that of the mitotic Giantin patterns of dynamically fragmented structures. Moreover, the isoforms are differentially expressed during neuronal or dendritic cell differentiation, and their ectopic expression showed an opposite effect on dendritic cell differentiation. Furthermore, besides their differential regulation of gene expression, both isoforms also similarly regulate over a thousand genes particularly those involved in apoptosis and differentiation. Taking these properties together, we propose that their differential expression and subcellular localization contribute to spatial and temporal regulation of arginine methylation and gene expression to exert different effects. The novel PRMT5S likely contributes to the observed diverse effects of PRMT5 in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Manli Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - David Litchfield
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sam Kung
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Jiuyong Xie
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
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27
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Integrative Analysis of the Acquisition of Pluripotency in PGCs Reveals the Mutually Exclusive Roles of Blimp-1 and AKT Signaling. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:111-24. [PMID: 26050930 PMCID: PMC4618250 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are lineage-restricted unipotent cells that can dedifferentiate into pluripotent embryonic germ cells (EGCs). Here we performed whole-transcriptome analysis during the conversion of PGCs into EGCs, a process by which cells acquire pluripotency. To examine the molecular mechanism underlying this conversion, we focused on Blimp-1 and Akt, which are involved in PGC specification and dedifferentiation, respectively. Blimp-1 overexpression in embryonic stem cells suppressed the expression of downstream targets of the pluripotency network. Conversely, Blimp-1 deletion in PGCs accelerated their dedifferentiation into pluripotent EGCs, illustrating that Blimp-1 is a pluripotency gatekeeper protein in PGCs. AKT signaling showed a synergistic effect with basic fibroblast growth factor plus 2i+A83 treatment on EGC formation. AKT played a major role in suppressing genes regulated by MBD3. From these results, we defined the distinct functions of Blimp-1 and Akt and provided mechanistic insights into the acquisition of pluripotency in PGCs.
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28
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Hirsch CL, Coban Akdemir Z, Wang L, Jayakumaran G, Trcka D, Weiss A, Hernandez JJ, Pan Q, Han H, Xu X, Xia Z, Salinger AP, Wilson M, Vizeacoumar F, Datti A, Li W, Cooney AJ, Barton MC, Blencowe BJ, Wrana JL, Dent SYR. Myc and SAGA rewire an alternative splicing network during early somatic cell reprogramming. Genes Dev 2015; 29:803-16. [PMID: 25877919 PMCID: PMC4403257 DOI: 10.1101/gad.255109.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells are maintained in a self-renewing and pluripotent state by multiple regulatory pathways. Hirsch et al. performed a functional RNAi screen and identified components of the SAGA histone acetyltransferase complex, in particular Gcn5, as critical regulators of reprogramming initiation. In mouse pluripotent stem cells, Gcn5 strongly associates with Myc, and, upon initiation of somatic reprogramming, Gcn5 and Myc form a positive feed-forward loop that activates a distinct alternative splicing network and the early acquisition of pluripotency-associated splicing events. Embryonic stem cells are maintained in a self-renewing and pluripotent state by multiple regulatory pathways. Pluripotent-specific transcriptional networks are sequentially reactivated as somatic cells reprogram to achieve pluripotency. How epigenetic regulators modulate this process and contribute to somatic cell reprogramming is not clear. Here we performed a functional RNAi screen to identify the earliest epigenetic regulators required for reprogramming. We identified components of the SAGA histone acetyltransferase complex, in particular Gcn5, as critical regulators of reprogramming initiation. Furthermore, we showed in mouse pluripotent stem cells that Gcn5 strongly associates with Myc and that, upon initiation of somatic reprogramming, Gcn5 and Myc form a positive feed-forward loop that activates a distinct alternative splicing network and the early acquisition of pluripotency-associated splicing events. These studies expose a Myc–SAGA pathway that drives expression of an essential alternative splicing regulatory network during somatic cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calley L Hirsch
- Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Zeynep Coban Akdemir
- Program in Genes and Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA; Program in Molecular Carcinogenesis, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
| | - Gowtham Jayakumaran
- Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dan Trcka
- Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Alexander Weiss
- Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - J Javier Hernandez
- Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Qun Pan
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Hong Han
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Xueping Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Zheng Xia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Division of Biostatistics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Andrew P Salinger
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
| | - Marenda Wilson
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Frederick Vizeacoumar
- Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Alessandro Datti
- Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Division of Biostatistics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Austin J Cooney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Michelle C Barton
- Program in Genes and Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
| | - Benjamin J Blencowe
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Sharon Y R Dent
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA;
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29
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Evolutionary emergence of a novel splice variant with an opposite effect on the cell cycle. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:2203-14. [PMID: 25870105 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00190-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing contributes greatly to the diversification of mammalian proteomes, but the molecular basis for the evolutionary emergence of splice variants remains poorly understood. We have recently found a novel class of splicing regulatory elements between the polypyrimidine tract (Py) and 3' AG (REPA) at intron ends in many human genes, including the multifunctional PRMT5 (for protein arginine methyltransferase 5) gene. The PRMT5 element is comprised of two G tracts that arise in most mammals and accompany significant exon skipping in human transcripts. The G tracts inhibit splicing by recruiting heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H and F (H/F) to reduce U2AF65 binding to the Py, causing exon skipping. The resulting novel shorter variant PRMT5S exhibits a histone H4R3 methylation effect similar to that seen with the original longer PRMT5L isoform but exhibits a distinct localization and preferential control of critical genes for cell cycle arrest at interphase in comparison to PRMT5L. This report thus provides a molecular mechanism for the evolutionary emergence of a novel splice variant with an opposite function in a fundamental cell process. The presence of REPA elements in a large group of genes implies their wider impact on different cellular processes for increased protein diversity in humans.
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30
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Chu Z, Niu B, Zhu H, He X, Bai C, Li G, Hua J. PRMT5 enhances generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from dairy goat embryonic fibroblasts via down-regulation of p53. Cell Prolif 2015; 48:29-38. [PMID: 25424361 PMCID: PMC6496593 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), is thought to play a role in epigenetic reprogramming of mouse germ cells. However, up to now there has been little information concerning its expression profile and effects on generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells, in livestock. Here, we have explored PRMT5 expression profiles in dairy goats and its consequences to derivation of iPSCs from dairy goat embryonic fibroblasts (GEFs). MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated effects of PRMT5 on iPS-like cells production in vitro. alkaline phosphatase (AP) staining, QRT-PCR and western blotting analysis of expression of related markers were used to evaluate efficiency of generation of iPSCs derived from GEFs. RESULTS These showed PRMT5 to be a conservative gene widely expressed in various tissues and different-aged testes. PRMT5 overexpression in combination with OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4 and C-MYC (POSKM) significantly increased number of AP positive iPS-like colony-derived GEFs compared to OSKM alone, in our dairy goats. Moreover, our results demonstrated that PRMT5 overexpression stimulated GEF proliferation and down-regulated p53, p21 (a target gene of p53) and the apoptotic marker caspase 3, to enhance somatic cell reprogramming. CONCLUSION This study provides an efficient model for future studies on mechanisms underlying goat somatic cell reprogramming and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Chu
- College of Veterinary MedicineShaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - B. Niu
- College of Veterinary MedicineShaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - H. Zhu
- College of Veterinary MedicineShaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - X. He
- College of Veterinary MedicineShaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - C. Bai
- Key Laboratory for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationInner Mongolia UniversityHohhot010021China
| | - G. Li
- Key Laboratory for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationInner Mongolia UniversityHohhot010021China
| | - J. Hua
- College of Veterinary MedicineShaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
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Spatiotemporal expression analysis of Prdm1 and Prdm1 binding partners in early chick embryo. Gene Expr Patterns 2015; 17:56-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Gkountela S, Li Z, Chin CJ, Lee SA, Clark AT. PRMT5 is required for human embryonic stem cell proliferation but not pluripotency. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 10:230-9. [PMID: 24477620 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9490-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are critical in vitro tools for understanding mechanisms that regulate lineage differentiation in the human embryo as well as a potentially unlimited supply of stem cells for regenerative medicine. Pluripotent human and mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts share a similar transcription factor network to maintain pluripotency and self-renewal, yet there are considerable molecular differences reflecting the diverse environments in which mouse and human ESCs are derived. In the current study we evaluated the role of Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) in human ESC (hESC) self-renewal and pluripotency given its critical role in safeguarding mouse ESC pluripotency. Unlike the mouse, we discovered that PRMT5 has no role in hESC pluripotency. Using microarray analysis we discovered that a significant depletion in PRMT5 RNA and protein from hESCs changed the expression of only 78 genes, with the majority being repressed. Functionally, we discovered that depletion of PRMT5 had no effect on expression of OCT4, NANOG or SOX2, and did not prevent teratoma formation. Instead, we show that PRMT5 functions in hESCs to regulate proliferation in the self-renewing state by regulating the fraction of cells in Gap 1 (G1) of the cell cycle and increasing expression of the G1 cell cycle inhibitor P57. Taken together our data unveils a distinct role for PRMT5 in hESCs and identifies P57 as new target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Gkountela
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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PIWI proteins are dispensable for mouse somatic development and reprogramming of fibroblasts into pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97821. [PMID: 25238487 PMCID: PMC4169525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PIWI proteins play essential and conserved roles in germline development, including germline stem cell maintenance and meiosis. Because germline regulators such as OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2 are known to be potent factors that reprogram differentiated somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), we investigated whether the PIWI protein family is involved in iPSC production. We find that all three mouse Piwi genes, Miwi, Mili, and Miwi2, are expressed in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) at higher levels than in fibroblasts, with Mili being the highest. However, mice lacking all three Piwi genes are viable and female fertile, and are only male sterile. Furthermore, embryonic fibroblasts derived from Miwi/Mili/Miwi2 triple knockout embryos can be efficiently reprogrammed into iPS cells. These iPS cells expressed pluripotency markers and were capable of differentiating into all three germ layers in teratoma assays. Genome-wide expression profiling reveals that the triple knockout iPS cells are very similar to littermate control iPS cells. These results indicate that PIWI proteins are dispensable for direct reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts.
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Kinoshita T, Nagamatsu G, Saito S, Takubo K, Horimoto K, Suda T. Telomerase reverse transcriptase has an extratelomeric function in somatic cell reprogramming. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15776-87. [PMID: 24733392 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.536037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of the endogenous telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) catalytic subunit and telomere elongation occur during the reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. However, the role of TERT in the reprogramming process is unclear. To clarify its function, the reprogramming process was examined in TERT-KO somatic cells. To exclude the effect of telomere elongation, tail-tip fibroblasts (TTFs) from first generation TERT-KO mice were used. Although iPS cells were successfully generated from TERT-KO TTFs, the efficiency of reprogramming these cells was markedly lower than that of WT TTFs. The gene expression profiles of iPS cells induced from TERT-KO TTFs were similar to those of WT iPS cells and ES cells, and TERT-KO iPS cells formed teratomas that differentiated into all three germ layers. These data indicate that TERT plays an extratelomeric role in the reprogramming process, but its function is dispensable. However, TERT-KO iPS cells showed transient defects in growth and teratoma formation during continuous growth. In addition, TERT-KO iPS cells developed chromosome fusions that accumulated with increasing passage numbers, consistent with the fact that TERT is essential for the maintenance of genome structure and stability in iPS cells. In a rescue experiment, an enzymatically inactive mutant of TERT (D702A) had a positive effect on somatic cell reprogramming of TERT-KO TTFs, which confirmed the extratelomeric role of TERT in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Kinoshita
- From the Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160-8582
| | - Go Nagamatsu
- From the Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160-8582, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, the Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582,
| | - Shigeru Saito
- Data Science Laboratory, OPT Inc., Tokyo, 102-0081, and
| | - Keiyo Takubo
- From the Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160-8582
| | - Katsuhisa Horimoto
- the Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Toshio Suda
- From the Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160-8582
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35
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Horn M, Geisen C, Cermak L, Becker B, Nakamura S, Klein C, Pagano M, Antebi A. DRE-1/FBXO11-dependent degradation of BLMP-1/BLIMP-1 governs C. elegans developmental timing and maturation. Dev Cell 2014; 28:697-710. [PMID: 24613396 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Developmental timing genes catalyze stem cell progression and animal maturation programs across taxa. Caenorhabditis elegans DRE-1/FBXO11 functions in an SCF E3-ubiquitin ligase complex to regulate the transition to adult programs, but its cognate proteolytic substrates are unknown. Here, we identify the conserved transcription factor BLMP-1 as a substrate of the SCF(DRE-1/FBXO11) complex. blmp-1 deletion suppressed dre-1 mutant phenotypes and exhibited developmental timing defects opposite to dre-1. blmp-1 also opposed dre-1 for other life history traits, including entry into the dauer diapause and longevity. BLMP-1 protein was strikingly elevated upon dre-1 depletion and dysregulated in a stage- and tissue-specific manner. The role of DRE-1 in regulating BLMP-1 stability is evolutionary conserved, as we observed direct protein interaction and degradation function for worm and human counterparts. Taken together, posttranslational regulation of BLMP-1/BLIMP-1 by DRE-1/FBXO11 coordinates C. elegans developmental timing and other life history traits, suggesting that this two-protein module mediates metazoan maturation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Horn
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Geisen
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Lukas Cermak
- Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ben Becker
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Shuhei Nakamura
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Corinna Klein
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adam Antebi
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Nicholas C, Yang J, Peters SB, Bill MA, Baiocchi RA, Yan F, Sïf S, Tae S, Gaudio E, Wu X, Grever MR, Young GS, Lesinski GB. PRMT5 is upregulated in malignant and metastatic melanoma and regulates expression of MITF and p27(Kip1.). PLoS One 2013; 8:e74710. [PMID: 24098663 PMCID: PMC3786975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase-5 (PRMT5) is a Type II arginine methyltransferase that regulates various cellular functions. We hypothesized that PRMT5 plays a role in regulating the growth of human melanoma cells. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated significant upregulation of PRMT5 in human melanocytic nevi, malignant melanomas and metastatic melanomas as compared to normal epidermis. Furthermore, nuclear PRMT5 was significantly decreased in metastatic melanomas as compared to primary cutaneous melanomas. In human metastatic melanoma cell lines, PRMT5 was predominantly cytoplasmic, and associated with its enzymatic cofactor Mep50, but not STAT3 or cyclin D1. However, histologic examination of tumor xenografts from athymic mice revealed heterogeneous nuclear and cytoplasmic PRMT5 expression. Depletion of PRMT5 via siRNA inhibited proliferation in a subset of melanoma cell lines, while it accelerated growth of others. Loss of PRMT5 also led to reduced expression of MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor), a melanocyte-lineage specific oncogene, and increased expression of the cell cycle regulator p27Kip1. These results are the first to report elevated PRMT5 expression in human melanoma specimens and indicate this protein may regulate MITF and p27Kip1 expression in human melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Nicholas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sara B. Peters
- Department of Pathology, Division of Dermatopathology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Bill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Baiocchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Fengting Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Saïd Sïf
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sookil Tae
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xin Wu
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Grever
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gregory S. Young
- Center for Biostatistics, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gregory B. Lesinski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bezzi M, Teo SX, Muller J, Mok WC, Sahu SK, Vardy LA, Bonday ZQ, Guccione E. Regulation of constitutive and alternative splicing by PRMT5 reveals a role for Mdm4 pre-mRNA in sensing defects in the spliceosomal machinery. Genes Dev 2013; 27:1903-16. [PMID: 24013503 PMCID: PMC3778243 DOI: 10.1101/gad.219899.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The tight control of gene expression at the level of both transcription and post-transcriptional RNA processing is essential for mammalian development. We here investigate the role of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), a putative splicing regulator and transcriptional cofactor, in mammalian development. We demonstrate that selective deletion of PRMT5 in neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) leads to postnatal death in mice. At the molecular level, the absence of PRMT5 results in reduced methylation of Sm proteins, aberrant constitutive splicing, and the alternative splicing of specific mRNAs with weak 5' donor sites. Intriguingly, the products of these mRNAs are, among others, several proteins regulating cell cycle progression. We identify Mdm4 as one of these key mRNAs that senses the defects in the spliceosomal machinery and transduces the signal to activate the p53 response, providing a mechanistic explanation of the phenotype observed in vivo. Our data demonstrate that PRMT5 is a master regulator of splicing in mammals and uncover a new role for the Mdm4 pre-mRNA, which could be exploited for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bezzi
- Division of Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Laboratory of Chromatin, Epigenetics, and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Shun Xie Teo
- Division of Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Laboratory of Chromatin, Epigenetics, and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Julius Muller
- Division of Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Laboratory of Chromatin, Epigenetics, and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Wei Chuen Mok
- Division of Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Laboratory of Chromatin, Epigenetics, and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Sanjeeb Kumar Sahu
- Division of Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Laboratory of Chromatin, Epigenetics, and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Leah A. Vardy
- Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), A*STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Zahid Q. Bonday
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Division of Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Laboratory of Chromatin, Epigenetics, and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
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38
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Guo J, Wang H, Hu X. Reprogramming and transdifferentiation shift the landscape of regenerative medicine. DNA Cell Biol 2013; 32:565-72. [PMID: 23930590 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is a new interdisciplinary field in biomedical science, which aims at the repair or replacement of the defective tissue or organ by congenital defects, age, injury, or disease. Various cell-related techniques such as stem cell-based biotherapy are a hot topic in the current press, and stem cell research can help us to expand our understanding of development as well as the pathogenesis of disease. In addition, new technology such as reprogramming or dedifferentiation and transdifferentiation open a new area for regenerative medicine. Here we review new approaches of these technologies used for cell-based therapy and discuss future directions and challenges in the field of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Guo
- 1 College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai, China
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39
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Han C, Gu H, Wang J, Lu W, Mei Y, Wu M. Regulation ofL-Threonine Dehydrogenase in Somatic Cell Reprogramming. Stem Cells 2013; 31:953-65. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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40
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Seervai RNH, Wessel GM. Lessons for inductive germline determination. Mol Reprod Dev 2013; 80:590-609. [PMID: 23450642 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Formation of the germline in an embryo marks a fresh round of reproductive potential, yet the developmental stage and location within the embryo where the primordial germ cells (PGCs) form differs wildly among species. In most animals, the germline is formed either by an inherited mechanism, in which maternal provisions within the oocyte drive localized germ-cell fate once acquired in the embryo, or an inductive mechanism that involves signaling between cells that directs germ-cell fate. The inherited mechanism has been widely studied in model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, Xenopus laevis, and Danio rerio. Given the rapid generation time and the effective adaptation for laboratory research of these organisms, it is not coincidental that research on these organisms has led the field in elucidating mechanisms for germline specification. The inductive mechanism, however, is less well understood and is studied primarily in the mouse (Mus musculus). In this review, we compare and contrast these two fundamental mechanisms for germline determination, beginning with the key molecular determinants that play a role in the formation of germ cells across all animal taxa. We next explore the current understanding of the inductive mechanism of germ-cell determination in mice, and evaluate the hypotheses for selective pressures on these contrasting mechanisms. We then discuss the hypothesis that the transition between these determination mechanisms, which has happened many times in phylogeny, is more of a continuum than a binary change. Finally, we propose an analogy between germline determination and sex determination in vertebrates-two of the milestones of reproduction and development-in which animals use contrasting strategies to activate similar pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyad N H Seervai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02192, USA
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41
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Structure of the arginine methyltransferase PRMT5-MEP50 reveals a mechanism for substrate specificity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57008. [PMID: 23451136 PMCID: PMC3581573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The arginine methyltransferase PRMT5-MEP50 is required for embryogenesis and is misregulated in many cancers. PRMT5 targets a wide variety of substrates, including histone proteins involved in specifying an epigenetic code. However, the mechanism by which PRMT5 utilizes MEP50 to discriminate substrates and to specifically methylate target arginines is unclear. To test a model in which MEP50 is critical for substrate recognition and orientation, we determined the crystal structure of Xenopus laevis PRMT5-MEP50 complexed with S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). PRMT5-MEP50 forms an unusual tetramer of heterodimers with substantial surface negative charge. MEP50 is required for PRMT5-catalyzed histone H2A and H4 methyltransferase activity and binds substrates independently. The PRMT5 catalytic site is oriented towards the cross-dimer paired MEP50. Histone peptide arrays and solution assays demonstrate that PRMT5-MEP50 activity is inhibited by substrate phosphorylation and enhanced by substrate acetylation. Electron microscopy and reconstruction showed substrate centered on MEP50. These data support a mechanism in which MEP50 binds substrate and stimulates PRMT5 activity modulated by substrate post-translational modifications.
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42
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Nagamatsu G, Suda T. Conversion of primordial germ cells to pluripotent stem cells: methods for cell tracking and culture conditions. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1052:49-56. [PMID: 23640254 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2013_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are unipotent cells committed to germ lineage: PGCs can only differentiate into gametes in vivo. However, upon fertilization, germ cells acquire the capacity to differentiate into all cell types in the body, including germ cells. Therefore, germ cells are thought to have the potential for pluripotency. PGCs can convert to pluripotent stem cells in vitro when cultured under specific conditions that include bFGF, LIF, and the membrane-bound form of SCF (mSCF). Here, the culture conditions which efficiently convert PGCs to pluripotent embryonic germ (EG) cells are described, as well as methods used for identifying pluripotent candidate cells during culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Nagamatsu
- The Sakaguchi Laboratory, Department of Cell Differentiation, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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43
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The germ cell determinant Blimp1 is not required for derivation of pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 11:110-7. [PMID: 22770244 PMCID: PMC3391686 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Blimp1 (Prdm1), the key determinant of primordial germ cells (PGCs), plays a combinatorial role with Prdm14 during PGC specification from postimplantation epiblast cells. They together initiate epigenetic reprogramming in early germ cells toward an underlying pluripotent state, which is equivalent to embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Whereas Prdm14 alone can promote reprogramming and is important for the propagation of the pluripotent state, it is not known whether Blimp1 is similarly involved. By using a genetic approach, we demonstrate that Blimp1 is dispensable for the derivation and maintenance of ESCs and postimplantation epiblast stem cells (epiSCs). Notably, Blimp1 is also dispensable for reprogramming epiSCs to ESCs. Thus, although Blimp1 is obligatory for PGC specification, it is not required for the reversion of epiSCs to ESCs and for their maintenance thereafter. This study suggests that reprogramming, including that of somatic cells to ESCs, may not entail an obligatory route through a Blimp1-positive PGC-like state.
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44
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Nagamatsu G, Saito S, Kosaka T, Takubo K, Kinoshita T, Oya M, Horimoto K, Suda T. Optimal ratio of transcription factors for somatic cell reprogramming. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:36273-82. [PMID: 22955270 PMCID: PMC3476294 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.380683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell reprogramming is achieved by four reprogramming transcription factors (RTFs), Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. However, in addition to the induction of pluripotent cells, these RTFs also generate pseudo-pluripotent cells, which do not show Nanog promoter activity. Therefore, it should be possible to fine-tune the RTFs to produce only fully pluripotent cells. For this study, a tagging system was developed to sort induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells according to the expression levels of each of the four RTFs. Using this system, the most effective ratio (Oct3/4-high, Sox2-low, Klf4-high, c-Myc-high) of the RTFs was 88 times more efficient at producing iPS cells than the worst effective ratio (Oct3/4-low, Sox2-high, Klf4-low, c-Myc-low). Among the various RTF combinations, Oct3/4-high and Sox2-low produced the most efficient results. To investigate the molecular basis, microarray analysis was performed on iPS cells generated under high (Oct3/4-high and Sox2-low) and low (Oct3/4-low and Sox2-high) efficiency reprogramming conditions. Pathway analysis revealed that the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway was up-regulated significantly under the high efficiency condition and treatment with the chemokine, C-C motif ligand 2, a member of the GPCR family, enhanced somatic cell reprogramming 12.3 times. Furthermore, data from the analysis of the signature gene expression profiles of mouse embryonic fibroblasts at 2 days after RTF infection revealed that the genetic modifier, Whsc1l1 (variant 1), also improved the efficiency of somatic cell reprogramming. Finally, comparison of the overall gene expression profiles between the high and low efficiency conditions will provide novel insights into mechanisms underlying somatic cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Nagamatsu
- Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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45
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Gu Z, Li Y, Lee P, Liu T, Wan C, Wang Z. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 functions in opposite ways in the cytoplasm and nucleus of prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44033. [PMID: 22952863 PMCID: PMC3428323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) plays multiple roles in a large number of cellular processes, and its subcellular localization is dynamically regulated during mouse development and cellular differentiation. However, little is known of the functional differences between PRMT5 in the cytoplasm and PRMT5 in the nucleus. Here, we demonstrated that PRMT5 predominantly localized in the cytoplasm of prostate cancer cells. Subcellular localization assays designed to span the entire open-reading frame of the PRMT5 protein revealed the presence of three nuclear exclusion signals (NESs) in the PRMT5 protein. PRMT5 and p44/MED50/WD45/WDR77 co-localize in the cytoplasm, and both are required for the growth of prostate cancer cells in an PRMT5 methyltransferase activity-dependent manner. In contrast, PRMT5 in the nucleus inhibited cell growth in a methyltransferase activity-independent manner. Consistent with these observations, PRMT5 localized in the nucleus in benign prostate epithelium, whereas it localized in the cytoplasm in prostate premalignant and cancer tissues. We further found that PRMT5 alone methylated both histone H4 and SmD3 proteins but PRMT5 complexed with p44 and pICln methylated SmD3 but not histone H4. These results imply a novel mechanism by which PRMT5 controls cell growth and contributes to prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongping Gu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yirong Li
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, United States of America
| | - Peng Lee
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, United States of America
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Chidan Wan
- Center of Pancreatic Disease , Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhengxin Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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46
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Wei TYW, Juan CC, Hisa JY, Su LJ, Lee YCG, Chou HY, Chen JMM, Wu YC, Chiu SC, Hsu CP, Liu KL, Yu CTR. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 is a potential oncoprotein that upregulates G1 cyclins/cyclin-dependent kinases and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT signaling cascade. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1640-50. [PMID: 22726390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that PRMT5, a protein arginine methyltransferase, is involved in tumorigenesis. However, no systematic research has demonstrated the cell-transforming activity of PRMT5. We investigated the involvement of PRMT5 in tumor formation. First, we showed that PRMT5 was associated with many human cancers, through statistical analysis of microarray data in the NCBI GEO database. Overexpression of ectopic PRMT5 per se or its specific shRNA enhanced or reduced cell growth under conditions of normal or low concentrations of serum, low cell density, and poor cell attachment. A stable clone that expressed exogenous PRMT5 formed tumors in nude mice, which demonstrated that PRMT5 is a potential oncoprotein. PRMT5 accelerated cell cycle progression through G1 phase and modulated regulators of G1; for example, it upregulated cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4, CDK6, and cyclins D1, D2 and E1, and inactivated retinoblastoma protein (Rb). Moreover, PRMT5 activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and suppressed c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/c-Jun signaling cascades. However, only inhibition of PI3K activity, and not overexpression of JNK, blocked PRMT5-induced cell proliferation. Further analysis of PRMT5 expression in 64 samples of human lung cancer tissues by microarray and western blot analysis revealed a tight association of PRMT5 with lung cancer. Knockdown of PRMT5 retarded cell growth of lung cancer cell lines A549 and H1299. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, we have characterized the cell-transforming activity of PRMT5 and delineated its underlying mechanisms for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-You W Wei
- Graduate Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedical Technology, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Taiwan
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Imamura M, Lin ZYC, Okano H. Cell-intrinsic reprogramming capability: gain or loss of pluripotency in germ cells. Reprod Med Biol 2012; 12:1-14. [PMID: 29699125 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-012-0131-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, germ cells are an extremely specialized cell type with the vital function of transmitting genetic information across generations. In this respect, they are responsible for the perpetuity of species, and are separated from somatic lineages at each generation. Interestingly, in the past two decades research has shown that germ cells have the potential to proceed along two distinct pathways: gametogenesis or pluripotency. Unequivocally, the primary role of germ cells is to produce gametes, the sperm or oocyte, to produce offspring. However, under specific conditions germ cells can become pluripotent, as shown by teratoma formation in vivo or cell culture-induced reprogramming in vitro. This phenomenon seems to be a general propensity of germ cells, irrespective of developmental phase. Recent attempts at cellular reprogramming have resulted in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In iPSCs, the intracellular molecular networks instructing pluripotency have been activated and override the exclusively somatic cell programs that existed. Because the generation of iPSCs is highly artificial and depends on gene transduction, whether the resulting machinery reflects any physiological cell-intrinsic programs is open to question. In contrast, germ cells can spontaneously shift their fate to pluripotency during in-vitro culture. Here, we review the two fates of germ cells, i.e., differentiation and reprogramming. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating differentiation versus reprogramming would provide invaluable insight into understanding the mechanisms of cellular reprogramming that generate iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Imamura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine Keio University 35 Shinanomachi 160-8582 Shinjuku-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Zachary Yu-Ching Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine Keio University 35 Shinanomachi 160-8582 Shinjuku-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine Keio University 35 Shinanomachi 160-8582 Shinjuku-ku Tokyo Japan
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48
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Nagamatsu G, Kosaka T, Saito S, Takubo K, Akiyama H, Sudo T, Horimoto K, Oya M, Suda T. Tracing the conversion process from primordial germ cells to pluripotent stem cells in mice. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:182. [PMID: 22423052 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.096792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand mechanisms underlying acquisition of pluripotency, it is critical to identify cells that can be converted to pluripotent stem cells. For this purpose, we focused on unipotent primordial germ cells (PGCs), which can be reprogrammed into pluripotent embryonic germ (EG) cells under defined conditions. Treatment of PGCs with combinations of signaling inhibitors, including inhibitors of MAP2K (MEK), GSK3B (GSK-3beta), and TGFB (TGFbeta) type 1 receptors, induced cells to enter a pluripotent state at a high frequency (12.1%) by Day 10 of culture. When we employed fluorescence-activated cell sorting to monitor conversion of candidate cells to a pluripotent state, we observed a cell cycle shift to S phase, indicating enrichment of pluripotent cells, during the early phase of EG formation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that PGCs retained expression of some pluripotent stem cell-associated genes, such as Pou5f1 and Sox2, during EG cell formation. On the other hand, PGCs lost their germ lineage characteristics and acquired expression of pluripotent stem cell markers, such as Klf4 and Eras. The overall gene expression profiles revealed by this system provide novel insight into how pluripotency is acquired in germ-committed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Nagamatsu
- Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
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49
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Ooi J, Liu P. Delineating nuclear reprogramming. Protein Cell 2012; 3:329-45. [PMID: 22467264 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2920-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear reprogramming is described as a molecular switch, triggered by the conversion of one cell type to another. Several key experiments in the past century have provided insight into the field of nuclear reprogramming. Previously deemed impossible, this research area is now brimming with new findings and developments. In this review, we aim to give a historical perspective on how the notion of nuclear reprogramming was established, describing main experiments that were performed, including (1) somatic cell nuclear transfer, (2) exposure to cell extracts and cell fusion, and (3) transcription factor induced lineage switch. Ultimately, we focus on (4) transcription factor induced pluripotency, as initiated by a landmark discovery in 2006, where the process of converting somatic cells to a pluripotent state was narrowed down to four transcription factors. The conception that somatic cells possess the capacity to revert to an immature status brings about huge clinical implications including personalized therapy, drug screening and disease modeling. Although this technology has potential to revolutionize the medical field, it is still impeded by technical and biological obstacles. This review describes the effervescent changes in this field, addresses bottlenecks hindering its advancement and in conclusion, applies the latest findings to overcome these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene Ooi
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
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50
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Wang YC, Li C. Evolutionarily conserved protein arginine methyltransferases in non-mammalian animal systems. FEBS J 2012; 279:932-45. [PMID: 22251447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methylation is catalyzed by members of the protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) family. In the present review, nine PRMTs identified in mammals (human) were used as templates to survey homologous PRMTs in 10 animal species with a completed sequence available in non-mammalian vertebrates, invertebrate chordates, echinoderms, arthropods, nematodes and cnidarians. We show the conservation of the most typical type I PRMT1 and type II PRMT5 in all of the species examined, the wide yet different distribution of PRMT3, 4 and 7 in non-mammalian animals, the vertebrate-restricted distribution of PRMT8 and the special reptile/avian-deficient distribution of PRMT2 and 6. We summarize the basic functions of each PRMT and focus on the current investigations of PRMTs in the non-mammalian animal models, including Xenopus, fish (zebrafish, flounder and medaka), Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans. Studies in the model systems not only complement the understanding of the functions of PRMTs in mammals, but also provide valuable information about their evolution, as well as their critical roles and interplays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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