1
|
Ai Y, Guo C, Garcia-Contreras M, Sánchez B. LS, Saftics A, Shodubi O, Raghunandan S, Xu J, Tsai SJ, Dong Y, Li R, Jovanovic-Talisman T, Gould SJ. Endocytosis blocks the vesicular secretion of exosome marker proteins. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi9156. [PMID: 38718108 PMCID: PMC11078179 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi9156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are secreted vesicles of ~30 to 150 nm diameter that play important roles in human health and disease. To better understand how cells release these vesicles, we examined the biogenesis of the most highly enriched human exosome marker proteins, the exosomal tetraspanins CD81, CD9, and CD63. We show here that endocytosis inhibits their vesicular secretion and, in the case of CD9 and CD81, triggers their destruction. Furthermore, we show that syntenin, a previously described exosome biogenesis factor, drives the vesicular secretion of CD63 by blocking CD63 endocytosis and that other endocytosis inhibitors also induce the plasma membrane accumulation and vesicular secretion of CD63. Finally, we show that CD63 is an expression-dependent inhibitor of endocytosis that triggers the vesicular secretion of lysosomal proteins and the clathrin adaptor AP-2 mu2. These results suggest that the vesicular secretion of exosome marker proteins in exosome-sized vesicles occurs primarily by an endocytosis-independent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Ai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Chenxu Guo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Marta Garcia-Contreras
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Laura S. Sánchez B.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andras Saftics
- Department of Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Oluwapelumi Shodubi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shankar Raghunandan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Junhao Xu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shang Jui Tsai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Mechanobiology Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Tijana Jovanovic-Talisman
- Department of Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Stephen J. Gould
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alzahrani FA, Riza YM, Eid TM, Almotairi R, Scherschinski L, Contreras J, Nadeem M, Perez SE, Raikwar SP, Jha RM, Preul MC, Ducruet AF, Lawton MT, Bhatia K, Akhter N, Ahmad S. Exosomes in Vascular/Neurological Disorders and the Road Ahead. Cells 2024; 13:670. [PMID: 38667285 PMCID: PMC11049650 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD), stroke, and aneurysms, are characterized by the abnormal accumulation and aggregation of disease-causing proteins in the brain and spinal cord. Recent research suggests that proteins linked to these conditions can be secreted and transferred among cells using exosomes. The transmission of abnormal protein buildup and the gradual degeneration in the brains of impacted individuals might be supported by these exosomes. Furthermore, it has been reported that neuroprotective functions can also be attributed to exosomes in neurodegenerative diseases. The potential neuroprotective functions may play a role in preventing the formation of aggregates and abnormal accumulation of proteins associated with the disease. The present review summarizes the roles of exosomes in neurodegenerative diseases as well as elucidating their therapeutic potential in AD, PD, ALS, HD, stroke, and aneurysms. By elucidating these two aspects of exosomes, valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets for treating neurodegenerative diseases may be provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faisal A. Alzahrani
- Department of Biochemistry, King Fahad Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasir M. Riza
- Department of Biochemistry, King Fahad Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamir M. Eid
- Department of Biochemistry, King Fahad Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reema Almotairi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lea Scherschinski
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA (J.C.)
| | - Jessica Contreras
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA (J.C.)
| | - Muhammed Nadeem
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA (J.C.)
| | - Sylvia E. Perez
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA (J.C.)
| | - Sudhanshu P. Raikwar
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA (J.C.)
| | - Ruchira M. Jha
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Mark C. Preul
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Andrew F. Ducruet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Michael T. Lawton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Kanchan Bhatia
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA
| | - Naseem Akhter
- Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Lake Havasu City, AZ 86403, USA
| | - Saif Ahmad
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA (J.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
van de Wakker SI, Meijers FM, Sluijter JPG, Vader P. Extracellular Vesicle Heterogeneity and Its Impact for Regenerative Medicine Applications. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:1043-1061. [PMID: 37280097 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane-enclosed particles that are involved in physiologic and pathologic processes. EVs are increasingly being studied for therapeutic applications in the field of regenerative medicine. Therapeutic application of stem cell-derived EVs has shown great potential to stimulate tissue repair. However, the exact mechanisms through which they induce this effect have not been fully clarified. This may to a large extent be attributed to a lack of knowledge on EV heterogeneity. Recent studies suggest that EVs represent a heterogeneous population of vesicles with distinct functions. The heterogeneity of EVs can be attributed to differences in their biogenesis, and as such, they can be classified into distinct populations that can then be further subcategorized into various subpopulations. A better understanding of EV heterogeneity is crucial for elucidating their mechanisms of action in tissue regeneration. This review provides an overview of the latest insights on EV heterogeneity related to tissue repair, including the different characteristics that contribute to such heterogeneity and the functional differences among EV subtypes. It also sheds light on the challenges that hinder clinical translation of EVs. Additionally, innovative EV isolation techniques for studying EV heterogeneity are discussed. Improved knowledge of active EV subtypes would promote the development of tailored EV therapies and aid researchers in the translation of EV-based therapeutics to the clinic. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Within this review we discuss the differences in regenerative properties of extracellular vesicle (EV) subpopulations and implications of EV heterogeneity for development of EV-based therapeutics. We aim to provide new insights into which aspects are leading to heterogeneity in EV preparations and stress the importance of EV heterogeneity studies for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simonides Immanuel van de Wakker
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (S.I.V.D.W., F.M.M., J.P.G.S., P.V.) and CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (P.V.)
| | - Fleur Michelle Meijers
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (S.I.V.D.W., F.M.M., J.P.G.S., P.V.) and CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (P.V.)
| | - Joost Petrus Gerardus Sluijter
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (S.I.V.D.W., F.M.M., J.P.G.S., P.V.) and CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (P.V.)
| | - Pieter Vader
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (S.I.V.D.W., F.M.M., J.P.G.S., P.V.) and CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (P.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liang H, Zhang L, Rong J. Potential roles of exosomes in the initiation and metastatic progression of lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115222. [PMID: 37549459 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) incidence and mortality continue to increase annually worldwide. LC is insidious and readily metastasizes and relapses. Except for its early diagnosis and surgical resection, there is no effective cure for advanced metastatic LC, and the prognosis remains dismal. Exosomes, a class of nano-sized extracellular vesicles produced by healthy or diseased cells, are coated with a bilayer lipid membrane and contain various functional molecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. They can be used for intracellular or intercellular signaling or the transportation of biological substances. A growing body of evidence supports that exosomes play multiple crucial roles in the occurrence and metastatic progression of many malignancies, including LC. The elucidation of the potential roles of exosomes in the initiation, invasion, and metastasis of LC and their underlying molecular mechanisms may contribute to improved early diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Liang
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 210 Baita Street, Hunnan District, Shenyang 110001, PR China.
| | - Jian Rong
- Department of Pediatrics, PICU, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao X, Li Y, Wu S, Wang Y, Liu B, Zhou H, Li F. Role of extracellular vesicles in pathogenesis and therapy of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115229. [PMID: 37506581 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) is a complex disorder characterized by both intrinsic damage to renal tubular epithelial cells and extrinsic inflammation mediated by cytokines and immune cells. Unfortunately, there is no cure for this devastating condition. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized membrane-bound vesicles secreted by various cell types that can transfer bioactive molecules to target cells and modulate their function. EVs have emerged as promising candidates for cell-free therapy of RIRI, owing to their ability to cross biological barriers and deliver protective signals to injured renal cells. In this review, we provide an overview of EVs, focusing on their functional role in RIRI and the signaling messengers responsible for EV-mediated crosstalk between various cell types in renal tissue. We also discuss the renoprotective role of EVs and their use as therapeutic agents for RIRI, highlighting the advantages and challenges encountered in the therapeutic application of EVs in renal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yunkuo Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shouwang Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yuxiong Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Honglan Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Faping Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gonçalves D, Pinto SN, Fernandes F. Extracellular Vesicles and Infection: From Hijacked Machinery to Therapeutic Tools. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1738. [PMID: 37376186 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) comprise a broad range of secreted cell-derived membrane vesicles. Beyond their more well-characterized role in cell communication, in recent years, EVs have also been shown to play important roles during infection. Viruses can hijack the biogenesis of exosomes (which are small EVs) to promote viral spreading. Additionally, these exosomes are also important mediators in inflammation and immune responses during both bacterial and viral infections. This review summarizes these mechanisms while also describing the impact of bacterial EVs in regulating immune responses. Finally, the review also focuses on the potential and challenges of using EVs, in particular, to tackle infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Gonçalves
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra N Pinto
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fábio Fernandes
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Bioengineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sridharan B, Lim HG. Exosomes and ultrasound: The future of theranostic applications. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100556. [PMID: 36756211 PMCID: PMC9900624 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials and pertaining formulations have been very successful in various diagnostic and therapeutic applications because of its ability to overcome pharmacological limitations. Some of them have gained significant focus in the recent decade for their theranostic properties. Exosomes can be grouped as biomaterials, since they consist of various biological micro/macromolecules and possess all the properties of a stable biomaterial with size in nano range. Significant research has gone into isolation and exploitation of exosomes as potential theranostic agent. However, the limitations in terms of yield, efficacy, and target specificity are continuously being addressed. On the other hand, several nano/microformulations are responsive to physical or chemical alterations and were successfully stimulated by tweaking the physical characteristics of the surrounding environment they are in. Some of them are termed as photodynamic, sonodynamic or thermodynamic therapeutic systems. In this regard, ultrasound and acoustic systems were extensively studied for its ability towards altering the properties of the systems to which they were applied on. In this review, we have detailed about the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of exosomes and ultrasound separately, consisting of their conventional applications, drawbacks, and developments for addressing the challenges. The information were categorized into various sections that provide complete overview of the isolation strategies and theranostic applications of exosomes in various diseases. Then the ultrasound-based disease diagnosis and therapy were elaborated, with special interest towards the use of ultrasound in enhancing the efficacy of nanomedicines and nanodrug delivery systems, Finally, we discussed about the ability of ultrasound in enhancing the diagnostic and therapeutic properties of exosomes, which could be the future of theranostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hae Gyun Lim
- Corresponding author. Biomedical Ultrasound Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dancourt J, Piovesana E, Lavieu G. Efficient cell death mediated by bioengineered killer extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1086. [PMID: 36658184 PMCID: PMC9852484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are biological vehicles that are thought to mediate cell-cell communication via the transfer of biomolecules from donor to acceptor cells. Repurposing those natural vesicles into therapeutics delivery vectors is a high priority challenge for translational science. Here we engineer donor cells to produce copious amount of fusogenic EVs loaded with the catalytic domain of the Diphteria Toxin, known to trigger cell death through protein synthesis inhibition. We show that, when incubated with cancer acceptor cells, these Killer EVs block protein synthesis and lead to cell death. This proof of concept establishes the efficacy of Killer EVs in vitro, and suggests that further development may lead to tumor ablation in vivo, expanding the existing cancer therapeutics arsenal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dancourt
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1316, UMR 7057/CNRS, Paris, France.
| | - Ester Piovesana
- Laboratory for Aging Disorders, Laboratories for Translational Research, EOC Bellinzona (Bios+), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Lavieu
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1316, UMR 7057/CNRS, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Russo MN, Whaley LA, Norton ES, Zarco N, Guerrero-Cázares H. Extracellular vesicles in the glioblastoma microenvironment: A diagnostic and therapeutic perspective. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 91:101167. [PMID: 36577547 PMCID: PMC10073317 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), is the most malignant form of gliomas and the most common and lethal primary brain tumor in adults. Conventional cancer treatments have limited to no efficacy on GBM. GBM cells respond and adapt to the surrounding brain parenchyma known as tumor microenvironment (TME) to promote tumor preservation. Among specific TME, there are 3 of particular interest for GBM biology: the perivascular niche, the subventricular zone neurogenic niche, and the immune microenvironment. GBM cells and TME cells present a reciprocal feedback which results in tumor maintenance. One way that these cells can communicate is through extracellular vesicles. These vesicles include exosomes and microvesicles that have the ability to carry both cancerous and non-cancerous cargo, such as miRNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and DNA. In this review we will discuss the booming topic that is extracellular vesicles, and how they have the novelty to be a diagnostic and targetable vehicle for GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa N Russo
- Neurosurgery Department, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Lauren A Whaley
- Neurosurgery Department, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Biology Graduate Program, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Emily S Norton
- Neurosurgery Department, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Regenerative Sciences Training Program, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Natanael Zarco
- Neurosurgery Department, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang J, Chen C, Becker R, Rufo J, Yang S, Mai J, Zhang P, Gu Y, Wang Z, Ma Z, Xia J, Hao N, Tian Z, Wong DT, Sadovsky Y, Lee LP, Huang TJ. A solution to the biophysical fractionation of extracellular vesicles: Acoustic Nanoscale Separation via Wave-pillar Excitation Resonance (ANSWER). SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eade0640. [PMID: 36417505 PMCID: PMC9683722 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High-precision isolation of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from biofluids is essential toward developing next-generation liquid biopsies and regenerative therapies. However, current methods of sEV separation require specialized equipment and time-consuming protocols and have difficulties producing highly pure subpopulations of sEVs. Here, we present Acoustic Nanoscale Separation via Wave-pillar Excitation Resonance (ANSWER), which allows single-step, rapid (<10 min), high-purity (>96% small exosomes, >80% exomeres) fractionation of sEV subpopulations from biofluids without the need for any sample preprocessing. Particles are iteratively deflected in a size-selective manner via an excitation resonance. This previously unidentified phenomenon generates patterns of virtual, tunable, pillar-like acoustic field in a fluid using surface acoustic waves. Highly precise sEV fractionation without the need for sample preprocessing or complex nanofabrication methods has been demonstrated using ANSWER, showing potential as a powerful tool that will enable more in-depth studies into the complexity, heterogeneity, and functionality of sEV subpopulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Chuyi Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ryan Becker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Joseph Rufo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Shujie Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - John Mai
- Alfred E. Mann Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Peiran Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Yuyang Gu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Zhehan Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jianping Xia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Nanjing Hao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Zhenhua Tian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - David T. W. Wong
- School of Dentistry and the Departments of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Luke P. Lee
- Renal Division and Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tenchov R, Sasso JM, Wang X, Liaw WS, Chen CA, Zhou QA. Exosomes─Nature's Lipid Nanoparticles, a Rising Star in Drug Delivery and Diagnostics. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17802-17846. [PMID: 36354238 PMCID: PMC9706680 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subgroup of nanosized extracellular vesicles enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane and secreted by most eukaryotic cells. They represent a route of intercellular communication and participate in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. The biological roles of exosomes rely on their bioactive cargos, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which are delivered to target cells. Their distinctive properties─innate stability, low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, and good biomembrane penetration capacity─allow them to function as superior natural nanocarriers for efficient drug delivery. Another notably favorable clinical application of exosomes is in diagnostics. They hold various biomolecules from host cells, which are indicative of pathophysiological conditions; therefore, they are considered vital for biomarker discovery in clinical diagnostics. Here, we use data from the CAS Content Collection and provide a landscape overview of the current state and delineate trends in research advancement on exosome applications in therapeutics and diagnostics across time, geography, composition, cargo loading, and development pipelines. We discuss exosome composition and pathway, from their biogenesis and secretion from host cells to recipient cell uptake. We assess methods for exosome isolation and purification, their clinical applications in therapy and diagnostics, their development pipelines, the exploration goals of the companies, the assortment of diseases they aim to treat, development stages of their research, and publication trends. We hope this review will be useful for understanding the current knowledge in the field of medical applications of exosomes, in an effort to further solve the remaining challenges in fulfilling their potential.
Collapse
|
12
|
Fordjour FK, Guo C, Ai Y, Daaboul GG, Gould SJ. A shared, stochastic pathway mediates exosome protein budding along plasma and endosome membranes. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102394. [PMID: 35988652 PMCID: PMC9512851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles of ∼30 to 150 nm that are secreted by all cells, abundant in all biofluids, and play important roles in health and disease. However, details about the mechanism of exosome biogenesis are unclear. Here, we carried out a cargo-based analysis of exosome cargo protein biogenesis in which we identified the most highly enriched exosomal cargo proteins and then followed their biogenesis, trafficking, and exosomal secretion to test different hypotheses for how cells make exosomes. We show that exosome cargo proteins bud from cells (i) in exosome-sized vesicles regardless of whether they are localized to plasma or endosome membranes, (ii) ∼5-fold more efficiently when localized to the plasma membrane, (iii) ∼5-fold less efficiently when targeted to the endosome membrane, (iv) by a stochastic process that leads to ∼100-fold differences in their abundance from one exosome to another, and (v) independently of small GTPase Rab27a, the ESCRT complex–associated protein Alix, or the cargo protein CD63. Taken together, our results demonstrate that cells use a shared, stochastic mechanism to bud exosome cargoes along the spectrum of plasma and endosome membranes and far more efficiently from the plasma membrane than the endosome. Our observations also indicate that the pronounced variation in content between different exosome-sized vesicles is an inevitable consequence of a stochastic mechanism of small vesicle biogenesis, that the origin membrane of exosome-sized extracellular vesicles simply cannot be determined, and that most of what we currently know about exosomes has likely come from studies of plasma membrane-derived vesicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis K Fordjour
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chenxu Guo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yiwei Ai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Stephen J Gould
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lawrence SP, Elser SE, Torben W, Blair RV, Pahar B, Aye PP, Schiro F, Szeltner D, Doyle-Meyers LA, Haggarty BS, Jordan APO, Romano J, Leslie GJ, Alvarez X, O’Connor DH, Wiseman RW, Fennessey CM, Li Y, Piatak M, Lifson JD, LaBranche CC, Lackner AA, Keele BF, Maness NJ, Marsh M, Hoxie JA. A cellular trafficking signal in the SIV envelope protein cytoplasmic domain is strongly selected for in pathogenic infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010507. [PMID: 35714165 PMCID: PMC9275724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV/SIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) cytoplasmic domain contains a highly conserved Tyr-based trafficking signal that mediates both clathrin-dependent endocytosis and polarized sorting. Despite extensive analysis, the role of these functions in viral infection and pathogenesis is unclear. An SIV molecular clone (SIVmac239) in which this signal is inactivated by deletion of Gly-720 and Tyr-721 (SIVmac239ΔGY), replicates acutely to high levels in pigtail macaques (PTM) but is rapidly controlled. However, we previously reported that rhesus macaques and PTM can progress to AIDS following SIVmac239ΔGY infection in association with novel amino acid changes in the Env cytoplasmic domain. These included an R722G flanking the ΔGY deletion and a nine nucleotide deletion encoding amino acids 734-736 (ΔQTH) that overlaps the rev and tat open reading frames. We show that molecular clones containing these mutations reconstitute signals for both endocytosis and polarized sorting. In one PTM, a novel genotype was selected that generated a new signal for polarized sorting but not endocytosis. This genotype, together with the ΔGY mutation, was conserved in association with high viral loads for several months when introduced into naïve PTMs. For the first time, our findings reveal strong selection pressure for Env endocytosis and particularly for polarized sorting during pathogenic SIV infection in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott P. Lawrence
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samra E. Elser
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Workineh Torben
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Robert V. Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Bapi Pahar
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Pyone P. Aye
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Faith Schiro
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Dawn Szeltner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lara A. Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Beth S. Haggarty
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrea P. O. Jordan
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Josephine Romano
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - George J. Leslie
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Roger W. Wiseman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yuan Li
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Celia C. LaBranche
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew A. Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Maness
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mark Marsh
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Hoxie
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Extracellular Vesicles in Corneal Fibrosis/Scarring. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115921. [PMID: 35682600 PMCID: PMC9180085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between cells and the microenvironment is a complex, yet crucial, element in the development and progression of varied physiological and pathological processes. Accumulating evidence in different disease models highlights roles of extracellular vesicles (EVs), either in modulating cell signaling paracrine mechanism(s) or harnessing their therapeutic moiety. Of interest, the human cornea functions as a refractive and transparent barrier that protects the intraocular elements from the external environment. Corneal trauma at the ocular surface may lead to diminished corneal clarity and detrimental effects on visual acuity. The aberrant activation of corneal stromal cells, which leads to myofibroblast differentiation and a disorganized extracellular matrix is a central biological process that may result in corneal fibrosis/scarring. In recent years, understanding the pathological and therapeutic EV mechanism(s) of action in the context of corneal biology has been a topic of increasing interest. In this review, we describe the clinical relevance of corneal fibrosis/scarring and how corneal stromal cells contribute to wound repair and their generation of the stromal haze. Furthermore, we will delve into EV characterization, their subtypes, and the pathological and therapeutic roles they play in corneal scarring/fibrosis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Tsai SJ, Ai Y, Guo C, Gould SJ. Degron tagging of BleoR and other antibiotic-resistance genes selects for higher expression of linked transgenes and improved exosome engineering. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101846. [PMID: 35314197 PMCID: PMC9111990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Five antibiotic resistance (AR) genes have been used to select for transgenic eukaryotic cell lines, with the BleoR, PuroR, HygR, NeoR, and BsdR cassettes conferring resistance to zeocin, puromycin, hygromycin, geneticin/G418, and blasticidin, respectively. We recently demonstrated that each AR gene establishes a distinct threshold of transgene expression below which no cell can survive, with BleoR selecting for the highest level of transgene expression, nearly ∼10-fold higher than in cells selected using the NeoR or BsdR markers. Here, we tested the hypothesis that there may be an inverse proportionality between AR protein function and the expression of linked, transgene-encoded, recombinant proteins. Specifically, we fused each AR protein to proteasome-targeting degron tags, used these to select for antibiotic-resistant cell lines, and then measured the expression of the linked, recombinant protein, mCherry, as a proxy marker of transgene expression. In each case, degron-tagged AR proteins selected for higher mCherry expression than their cognate WT AR proteins. ER50BleoR selected for the highest level of mCherry expression, greater than twofold higher than BleoR or any other AR gene. Interestingly, use of ER50BleoR as the selectable marker translated to an even higher, 3.5-fold increase in the exosomal loading of the exosomal cargo protein, CD63/Y235A. Although a putative CD63-binding peptide, CP05, has been used to decorate exosome membranes in a technology known as "exosome painting," we show here that CP05 binds equally well to CD63-/- cells, WT 293F cells, and CD63-overexpressing cells, indicating that CP05 may bind membranes nonspecifically. These results are of high significance for cell engineering and especially for exosome engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shang Jui Tsai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yiwei Ai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chenxu Guo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen J Gould
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang L, Patel KD, Rathnam C, Thangam R, Hou Y, Kang H, Lee KB. Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for Biomedical Applications Using Multifunctional Magnetic Nanomaterials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104783. [PMID: 35132796 PMCID: PMC9344859 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (e.g., exosomes) carrying various biomolecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) have rapidly emerged as promising platforms for many biomedical applications. Despite their enormous potential, their heterogeneity in surfaces and sizes, the high complexity of cargo biomolecules, and the inefficient uptake by recipient cells remain critical barriers for their theranostic applications. To address these critical issues, multifunctional nanomaterials, such as magnetic nanomaterials, with their tunable physical, chemical, and biological properties, may play crucial roles in next-generation extracellular vesicles (EV)-based disease diagnosis, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. As such, one aims to provide cutting-edge knowledge pertaining to magnetic nanomaterials-facilitated isolation, detection, and delivery of extracellular vesicles and their associated biomolecules. By engaging the fields of extracellular vesicles and magnetic nanomaterials, it is envisioned that their properties can be effectively combined for optimal outcomes in biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kapil D. Patel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher Rathnam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ramar Thangam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yannan Hou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Heemin Kang
- CORRESPONDENCE: Prof. Heemin Kang, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea, Phone: +82-2-3290-3853, , https://www.dynamicnano.org/; Prof. Ki-Bum Lee, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Tel. +1-848-445-2081; Fax: +1-732-445-5312, , https://kblee.rutgers.edu/
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- CORRESPONDENCE: Prof. Heemin Kang, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea, Phone: +82-2-3290-3853, , https://www.dynamicnano.org/; Prof. Ki-Bum Lee, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Tel. +1-848-445-2081; Fax: +1-732-445-5312, , https://kblee.rutgers.edu/
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Manickam DS. Delivery of mitochondria via extracellular vesicles – A new horizon in drug delivery. J Control Release 2022; 343:400-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
18
|
Biogenesis and Function of Extracellular Vesicles in Pathophysiological Processes Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114954. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
19
|
Tămaș F, Bălașa R, Manu D, Gyorki G, Chinezu R, Tămaș C, Bălașa A. The Importance of Small Extracellular Vesicles in the Cerebral Metastatic Process. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1449. [PMID: 35163368 PMCID: PMC8835738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031449&set/a 886656060+812772520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases represent more than 50% of all cerebral tumors encountered in clinical practice. Recently, there has been increased interest in the study of extracellular vesicles, and the knowledge about exosomes is constantly expanding. Exosomes are drivers for organotropic metastatic spread, playing important roles in the brain metastatic process by increasing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and preparing the premetastatic niche. The promising results of the latest experimental studies raise the possibility of one day using exosomes for liquid biopsies or as drug carriers, contributing to early diagnosis and improving the efficacy of chemotherapy in patients with brain metastases. In this review, we attempted to summarize the latest knowledge about the role of exosomes in the brain metastatic process and future research directions for the use of exosomes in patients suffering from brain metastatic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flaviu Tămaș
- University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (F.T.); (R.B.); (R.C.); (A.B.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Rodica Bălașa
- University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (F.T.); (R.B.); (R.C.); (A.B.)
- Department of Neurology, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Doina Manu
- Center for Advanced Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania;
| | - Gabriel Gyorki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Rareș Chinezu
- University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (F.T.); (R.B.); (R.C.); (A.B.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Corina Tămaș
- University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (F.T.); (R.B.); (R.C.); (A.B.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-749-867-513
| | - Adrian Bălașa
- University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (F.T.); (R.B.); (R.C.); (A.B.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
The Importance of Small Extracellular Vesicles in the Cerebral Metastatic Process. Int J Mol Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031449
expr 878511370 + 954121262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases represent more than 50% of all cerebral tumors encountered in clinical practice. Recently, there has been increased interest in the study of extracellular vesicles, and the knowledge about exosomes is constantly expanding. Exosomes are drivers for organotropic metastatic spread, playing important roles in the brain metastatic process by increasing the permeability of the blood–brain barrier and preparing the premetastatic niche. The promising results of the latest experimental studies raise the possibility of one day using exosomes for liquid biopsies or as drug carriers, contributing to early diagnosis and improving the efficacy of chemotherapy in patients with brain metastases. In this review, we attempted to summarize the latest knowledge about the role of exosomes in the brain metastatic process and future research directions for the use of exosomes in patients suffering from brain metastatic disease.
Collapse
|
21
|
Tămaș F, Bălașa R, Manu D, Gyorki G, Chinezu R, Tămaș C, Bălașa A. The Importance of Small Extracellular Vesicles in the Cerebral Metastatic Process. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031449. [PMID: 35163368 PMCID: PMC8835738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases represent more than 50% of all cerebral tumors encountered in clinical practice. Recently, there has been increased interest in the study of extracellular vesicles, and the knowledge about exosomes is constantly expanding. Exosomes are drivers for organotropic metastatic spread, playing important roles in the brain metastatic process by increasing the permeability of the blood–brain barrier and preparing the premetastatic niche. The promising results of the latest experimental studies raise the possibility of one day using exosomes for liquid biopsies or as drug carriers, contributing to early diagnosis and improving the efficacy of chemotherapy in patients with brain metastases. In this review, we attempted to summarize the latest knowledge about the role of exosomes in the brain metastatic process and future research directions for the use of exosomes in patients suffering from brain metastatic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flaviu Tămaș
- University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (F.T.); (R.B.); (R.C.); (A.B.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Rodica Bălașa
- University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (F.T.); (R.B.); (R.C.); (A.B.)
- Department of Neurology, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Doina Manu
- Center for Advanced Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania;
| | - Gabriel Gyorki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Rareș Chinezu
- University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (F.T.); (R.B.); (R.C.); (A.B.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Corina Tămaș
- University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (F.T.); (R.B.); (R.C.); (A.B.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-749-867-513
| | - Adrian Bălașa
- University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (F.T.); (R.B.); (R.C.); (A.B.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Saviana M, Romano G, Le P, Acunzo M, Nana-Sinkam P. Extracellular Vesicles in Lung Cancer Metastasis and Their Clinical Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5633. [PMID: 34830787 PMCID: PMC8616161 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogenous membrane-encapsulated vesicles secreted by every cell into the extracellular environment. EVs carry bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids, DNA, and different RNA forms, which can be internalized by recipient cells, thus altering their biological characteristics. Given that EVs are commonly found in most body fluids, they have been widely described as mediators of communication in several physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. Moreover, their easy detection in biofluids makes them potentially useful candidates as tumor biomarkers. In this manuscript, we review the current knowledge regarding EVs and non-coding RNAs and their role as drivers of the metastatic process in lung cancer. Furthermore, we present the most recent applications for EVs and non-coding RNAs as cancer therapeutics and their relevance as clinical biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Saviana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.S.); (G.R.); (P.L.); (M.A.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Romano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.S.); (G.R.); (P.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Patricia Le
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.S.); (G.R.); (P.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Mario Acunzo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.S.); (G.R.); (P.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Patrick Nana-Sinkam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.S.); (G.R.); (P.L.); (M.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Campbell LA, Mocchetti I. Extracellular Vesicles and HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: Implications in Neuropathogenesis and Disease Diagnosis. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:2098-2107. [PMID: 34618322 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are heterogeneous cell-derived membranous structures of nanometer size that carry diverse cargoes including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Their secretion into the extracellular space and delivery of their cargo to recipient cells can alter cellular function and intracellular communication. In this review, we summarize the role of extracellular vesicles in the disease pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) by focusing on their role in viral entry, neuroinflammation, and neuronal degeneration. We also discuss the potential role of extracellular vesicles as biomarkers of HAND. Together, this review aims to convey the importance of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of HAND and foster interest in their role in neuroinflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Campbell
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, EP09 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Italo Mocchetti
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, EP09 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen QY, Wen T, Wu P, Jia R, Zhang R, Dang J. Exosomal Proteins and miRNAs as Mediators of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:718803. [PMID: 34568332 PMCID: PMC8461026 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.718803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the neurobiology and neurogenerative diseases have attracted growing interest in exosomes and their ability to carry and propagate active biomolecules as a means to reprogram recipient cells. Alterations in exosomal protein content and nucleic acid profiles found in human biological fluids have been correlated with various diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In ALS pathogenesis, these lipid-bound nanoscale vesicles have emerged as valuable candidates for diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, their capacity to spread misfolded proteins and functional non-coding RNAs to interconnected neuronal cells make them putative mediators for the progressive motor degeneration found remarkably apparent in ALS. This review outlines current knowledge concerning the biogenesis, heterogeneity, and function of exosomes in the brain as well as a comprehensive probe of currently available literature on ALS-related exosomal proteins and microRNAs. Lastly, with the rapid development of employing nanoparticles for drug delivery, we explore the therapeutic potentials of exosomes as well as underlying limitations in current isolation and detection methodologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Yi Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Wen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Jia
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ronghua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingxia Dang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang N, Hu X, Chen H, Deng C, Sun N. Specific enrichment and glycosylation discrepancy profiling of cellular exosomes using a dual-affinity probe. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6249-6252. [PMID: 34059853 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01530c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A hydrophilic probe is employed to enrich exosomes from three kinds of cancer cells by TiO2-phosphate interaction and exosomal glycoproteins by hydrophilic interaction in succession. The probe performs efficiently in both the enrichment processes. And the analytical results confirm that unique exosomal glycoproteins can distinguish parent exosomes from others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China and Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Xufang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Haolin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Chunhui Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China and Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Nianrong Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mathiesen A, Hamilton T, Carter N, Brown M, McPheat W, Dobrian A. Endothelial Extracellular Vesicles: From Keepers of Health to Messengers of Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094640. [PMID: 33924982 PMCID: PMC8125116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelium has a rich vesicular network that allows the exchange of macromolecules between blood and parenchymal cells. This feature of endothelial cells, along with their polarized secretory machinery, makes them the second major contributor, after platelets, to the particulate secretome in circulation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by the endothelial cells mirror the remarkable molecular heterogeneity of their parent cells. Cargo molecules carried by EVs were shown to contribute to the physiological functions of endothelium and may support the plasticity and adaptation of endothelial cells in a paracrine manner. Endothelium-derived vesicles can also contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease or can serve as prognostic or diagnostic biomarkers. Finally, endothelium-derived EVs can be used as therapeutic tools to target endothelium for drug delivery or target stromal cells via the endothelial cells. In this review we revisit the recent evidence on the heterogeneity and plasticity of endothelial cells and their EVs. We discuss the role of endothelial EVs in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis along with their contributions to endothelial adaptation and dysfunction. Finally, we evaluate the potential of endothelial EVs as disease biomarkers and their leverage as therapeutic tools.
Collapse
|
27
|
Mondal T, Shivange GN, Tihagam RGT, Lyerly E, Battista M, Talwar D, Mosavian R, Urbanek K, Rashid NS, Harrell JC, Bos PD, Stelow EB, Stack MS, Bhatnagar S, Tushir‐Singh J. Unexpected PD-L1 immune evasion mechanism in TNBC, ovarian, and other solid tumors by DR5 agonist antibodies. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e12716. [PMID: 33587338 PMCID: PMC7933954 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of effective immune infiltration represents a significant barrier to immunotherapy in solid tumors. Thus, solid tumor-enriched death receptor-5 (DR5) activating antibodies, which generates tumor debulking by extrinsic apoptotic cytotoxicity, remains a crucial alternate therapeutic strategy. Over past few decades, many DR5 antibodies moved to clinical trials after successfully controlling tumors in immunodeficient tumor xenografts. However, DR5 antibodies failed to significantly improve survival in phase-II trials, leading in efforts to generate second generation of DR5 agonists to supersize apoptotic cytotoxicity in tumors. Here we have discovered that clinical DR5 antibodies activate an unexpected immunosuppressive PD-L1 stabilization pathway, which potentially had contributed to their limited success in clinics. The DR5 agonist stimulated caspase-8 signaling not only activates ROCK1 but also undermines proteasome function, both of which contributes to increased PD-L1 stability on tumor cell surface. Targeting DR5-ROCK1-PD-L1 axis markedly increases immune effector T-cell function, promotes tumor regression, and improves overall survival in animal models. These insights have identified a potential clinically viable combinatorial strategy to revive solid cancer immunotherapy using death receptor agonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Mondal
- Laboratory of Novel BiologicsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - Gururaj N Shivange
- Laboratory of Novel BiologicsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - Rachisan GT Tihagam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - Evan Lyerly
- Laboratory of Novel BiologicsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
- Undergraduate Research ProgramUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - Michael Battista
- Laboratory of Novel BiologicsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
- Undergraduate Research ProgramUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - Divpriya Talwar
- Laboratory of Novel BiologicsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
- Undergraduate Research ProgramUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - Roxanna Mosavian
- Laboratory of Novel BiologicsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
- Undergraduate Research ProgramUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - Karol Urbanek
- Laboratory of Novel BiologicsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | | | - J Chuck Harrell
- Department of PathologyMassey Cancer Center, VCURichmondVAUSA
| | - Paula D Bos
- Department of PathologyMassey Cancer Center, VCURichmondVAUSA
| | - Edward B Stelow
- Department of PathologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - M Sharon Stack
- Harper Cancer Research InstituteUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameINUSA
| | - Sanchita Bhatnagar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
- University of Virginia Cancer Center and Medical SchoolCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - Jogender Tushir‐Singh
- Laboratory of Novel BiologicsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
- University of Virginia Cancer Center and Medical SchoolCharlottesvilleVAUSA
- DoD Ovarian Cancer Academy Early Career InvestigatorCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hu W, Xu Z, Zhu S, Sun W, Wang X, Tan C, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Xu Y, Tang J. Small extracellular vesicle-mediated Hsp70 intercellular delivery enhances breast cancer adriamycin resistance. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:85-95. [PMID: 33418113 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adriamycin (ADR) resistance poses a significant challenge for successfully treating breast cancer (BCa). The mechanism underlying intrinsically acquisition of the resistance remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we describe that small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) mediated Hsp70 transfer is implicated in ADR resistance. The resistant cells derived sEVs were incubated with sensitive cells, thereby transmitting the resistant phenotype to the recipient cells. The internalization of the sEVs in the recipient cells and sEV-mediated Hsp70 transfer into mitochondria were examined by confocal microscope and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) incorporated with extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) was quantified by Seahorse XF Analyzer. Mechanistically, sEVs transported Hsp70, leading to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impaired mitochondria in the recipient cells, thereby inhibiting respiration but promoting glycolysis. The sEVs effect on the metabolism of the recipient cells was alleviated by silencing Hsp70 in sEVs donor cells. The aspect of sEV-Hsp70 on drug-resistant transmission was further validated by tumor zebrafish xenografts. The finding from this work suggests that sEV-mediated Hsp70 intercellular delivery enhances ADR resistance mainly through reprogramming the recipient cell energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weizi Hu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, PR China; Jingzhou Center Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 60 Jingzhon Middle Rd., Jingzhon, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Zhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Shuyi Zhu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, PR China
| | - Wenbo Sun
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Chunli Tan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Guangqin Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Yong Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, PR China.
| | - Jinhai Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Kim JH. A Comprehensive Review on Factors Influences Biogenesis, Functions, Therapeutic and Clinical Implications of Exosomes. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:1281-1312. [PMID: 33628021 PMCID: PMC7898217 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s291956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale-sized membrane vesicles secreted by almost all cell types into the extracellular environment upon fusion of multivesicular bodies and plasma membrane. Biogenesis of exosomes is a protein quality control mechanism, and once released, exosomes transmit signals to other cells. The applications of exosomes have increased immensely in biomedical fields owing to their cell-specific cargos that facilitate intercellular communications with neighboring cells through the transfer of biologically active compounds. The diverse constituents of exosomes reflect their cell of origin and their detection in biological fluids represents a diagnostic marker for various diseases. Exosome research is expanding rapidly due to the potential for clinical application to therapeutics and diagnosis. However, several aspects of exosome biology remain elusive. To discover the use of exosomes in the biomedical applications, we must better understand the basic molecular mechanisms underlying their biogenesis and function. In this comprehensive review, we describe factors involved in exosomes biogenesis and the role of exosomes in intercellular signaling and cell-cell communications, immune responses, cellular homeostasis, autophagy, and infectious diseases. In addition, we discuss the role of exosomes as diagnostic markers, and their therapeutic and clinical implications. Furthermore, we addressed the challenges and outstanding developments in exosome research, and discuss future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Rezaie J, Aslan C, Ahmadi M, Zolbanin NM, Kashanchi F, Jafari R. The versatile role of exosomes in human retroviral infections: from immunopathogenesis to clinical application. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:19. [PMID: 33451365 PMCID: PMC7810184 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediating intercellular communication. These vesicles encompass many bio-molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids that are transported between cells and regulate pathophysiological actions in the recipient cell. Exosomes originate from multivesicular bodies inside cells and microvesicles shed from the plasma membrane and participate in various pathological conditions. Retroviruses such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus -type 1 (HIV-1) and Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-1 engage exosomes for spreading and infection. Exosomes from virus-infected cells transfer viral components such as miRNAs and proteins that promote infection and inflammation. Additionally, these exosomes deliver virus receptors to target cells that make them susceptible to virus entry. HIV-1 infected cells release exosomes that contribute to the pathogenesis including neurological disorders and malignancy. Exosomes can also potentially carry out as a modern approach for the development of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 vaccines. Furthermore, as exosomes are present in most biological fluids, they hold the supreme capacity for clinical usage in the early diagnosis and prognosis of viral infection and associated diseases. Our current knowledge of exosomes' role from virus-infected cells may provide an avenue for efficient retroviruses associated with disease prevention. However, the exact mechanism involved in retroviruses infection/ inflammation remains elusive and related exosomes research will shed light on the mechanisms of pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., P.O. Box: 1138, 57147, Urmia, Iran
| | - Cynthia Aslan
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ahmadi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naime Majidi Zolbanin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- School of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Discovery Hall Room 182, 10900 University Blvd., Manassas, VA, 20110, USA.
| | - Reza Jafari
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., P.O. Box: 1138, 57147, Urmia, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jafari R, Rahbarghazi R, Ahmadi M, Hassanpour M, Rezaie J. Hypoxic exosomes orchestrate tumorigenesis: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. J Transl Med 2020; 18:474. [PMID: 33302971 PMCID: PMC7731629 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The solid tumor microenvironment possesses a hypoxic condition, which promotes aggressiveness and resistance to therapies. Hypoxic tumor cells undergo broadly metabolic and molecular adaptations and communicate with surrounding cells to provide conditions promising for their homeostasis and metastasis. Extracellular vesicles such as exosomes originating from the endosomal pathway carry different types of biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids; participate in cell-to-cell communication. The exposure of cancer cells to hypoxic conditions, not only, increases exosomes biogenesis and secretion but also alters exosomes cargo. Under the hypoxic condition, different signaling pathways such as HIFs, Rab-GTPases, NF-κB, and tetraspanin are involved in the exosomes biogenesis. Hypoxic tumor cells release exosomes that induce tumorigenesis through promoting metastasis, angiogenesis, and modulating immune responses. Exosomes from hypoxic tumor cells hold great potential for clinical application and cancer diagnosis. Besides, targeting the biogenesis of these exosomes may be a therapeutic opportunity for reducing tumorigenesis. Exosomes can serve as a drug delivery system transferring therapeutic compounds to cancer cells. Understanding the detailed mechanisms involved in biogenesis and functions of exosomes under hypoxic conditions may help to develop effective therapies against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Jafari
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd, P.O. BoX: 1138, 57147, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Immunology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ahmadi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hassanpour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd, P.O. BoX: 1138, 57147, Urmia, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang H, Xie Y, Salvador AM, Zhang Z, Chen K, Li G, Xiao J. Exosomes: Multifaceted Messengers in Atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2020; 22:57. [PMID: 32772195 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-020-00871-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that contributes to the development of coronary artery disease, which has become a leading health burden worldwide. Though several strategies such as pharmacological treatment, exercise intervention, and surgery have been used in clinical practice, there is still no effective strategy to cure AS. Exosomes are extensively studied both as diagnostic markers as well as for therapeutic purposes due to their role in pathological processes related to AS. To elucidate the role of exosomes in AS and thus provide a new insight into AS therapy, we review recent advances concerning exosome targets and their function in mediating intercellular communication in AS, and expect to provide a reference for novel effective strategies to cure AS. RECENT FINDINGS Exosomes exert important roles in the diagnosis, development, and potential therapy of AS. For AS development, (1) activation of CD-137 in endothelial cells represses exosomal-TET2 production, causing a phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and promoting plaque formation; (2) exosomal-MALTA1 derived from endothelial cells causes neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and M2 macrophage polarization, which aggravates AS; and (3) exosomal-miR-21-3p derived from macrophages inhibits PTEN expression and further promotes VSMC migration/proliferation, leading to AS development. For AS diagnosis, plasma exosomal-miR30e and miR-92a are considered to be potential diagnostic markers. For AS therapy, adipose mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes protect endothelial cells from AS aggravation, via inhibiting miR-342-5p. Exosome-mediated cross-talk between different cells within the vasculature exerts crucial roles in regulating endothelial function, proliferation and differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and platelet activation as well as macrophage activation, collectively leading to the development and progression of AS. Exosomes can potentially be used as diagnostic biomarkers and constitute as a new therapeutic strategy for AS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Wang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yuling Xie
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ane M Salvador
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02214, USA
| | - Zhongrong Zhang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Kaichuan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02214, USA
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tran TT, Tran PH. Lead Compounds in the Context of Extracellular Vesicle Research. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E716. [PMID: 32751565 PMCID: PMC7463631 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), known as exosomes, have been flourishing in the last decade with several achievements, from advancing biochemical knowledge to use in biomedical applications. Physiological changes of sEVs due to the variety of cargos they carry undoubtedly leave an impression that affects the understanding of the mechanism underlying disease and the development of sEV-based shuttles used for treatments and non-invasive diagnostic tools. Indeed, the remarkable properties of sEVs are based on their nature, which helps shield them from recognition by the immune system, protects their payload from biochemical degradation, and contributes to their ability to translocate and convey information between cells and their inherent ability to target disease sites such as tumors that is valid for sEVs derived from cancer cells. However, their transport, biogenesis, and secretion mechanisms are still not thoroughly clear, and many ongoing investigations seek to determine how these processes occur. On the other hand, lead compounds have been playing critical roles in the drug discovery process and have been recently employed in studies of the biogenesis and secretion of sEVs as external agents, affecting sEV release and serving as drug payloads in sEV drug delivery systems. This article gives readers an overview of the roles of lead compounds in these two research areas of sEVs, the rising star in studies of nanoscale medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thao T.D. Tran
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam;
- The Faculty of Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Phuong H.L. Tran
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, IMPACT, Institute for innovation in Physical and Mental health and Clinical Translation, Geelong, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
MicroRNAs as sentinels and protagonists of carotid artery thromboembolism. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:169-192. [PMID: 31971230 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of serious disability in the world and a large number of ischemic strokes are due to thromboembolism from unstable carotid artery atherosclerotic plaque. As it is difficult to predict plaque rupture and surgical treatment of asymptomatic disease carries a risk of stroke, carotid disease continues to present major challenges with regard to clinical decision-making and revascularization. There is therefore an imminent need to better understand the molecular mechanisms governing plaque instability and rupture, as this would allow for the development of biomarkers to identify at-risk asymptomatic carotid plaque prior to disease progression and stroke. Further, it would aid in creation of therapeutics to stabilize carotid plaque. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated as key protagonists in various stages of atherosclerotic plaque initiation, development and rupture. Notably, they appear to play a crucial role in carotid artery thromboembolism. As the molecular pathways governing the role of miRNAs are being uncovered, we are learning that their involvement is complex, tissue- and stage-specific, and highly selective. Notably, miRNAs can be packaged and secreted in extracellular vesicles (EVs), where they participate in cell-cell communication. The measurement of EV-encapsulated miRNAs in the circulation may inform disease mechanisms occurring in the plaque itself, and therefore may serve as sentinels of unstable plaque as well as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Exosomes are small, single-membrane, secreted organelles of ∼30 to ∼200 nm in diameter that have the same topology as the cell and are enriched in selected proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and glycoconjugates. Exosomes contain an array of membrane-associated, high-order oligomeric protein complexes, display pronounced molecular heterogeneity, and are created by budding at both plasma and endosome membranes. Exosome biogenesis is a mechanism of protein quality control, and once released, exosomes have activities as diverse as remodeling the extracellular matrix and transmitting signals and molecules to other cells. This pathway of intercellular vesicle traffic plays important roles in many aspects of human health and disease, including development, immunity, tissue homeostasis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, viruses co-opt exosome biogenesis pathways both for assembling infectious particles and for establishing host permissiveness. On the basis of these and other properties, exosomes are being developed as therapeutic agents in multiple disease models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Michiel Pegtel
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Stephen J Gould
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Giannecchini S. Evidence of the Mechanism by Which Polyomaviruses Exploit the Extracellular Vesicle Delivery System during Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060585. [PMID: 32471033 PMCID: PMC7354590 DOI: 10.3390/v12060585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that human viruses can hijack extracellular vesicles (EVs) to deliver proteins, mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) and whole viral particles during viral persistence in the host. Human polyomavirus (PyV) miRNAs, which downregulate large T-antigen expression and target host factors, help the virus escape immune elimination and may have roles in the success of viral persistence/replication and the development of diseases. In this context, several investigations have detected PyV miRNAs in EVs obtained from cell culture supernatants after viral infection, demonstrating the ability of these vesicles to deliver miRNAs to uninfected cells, potentially counteracting new viral infection. Additionally, PyV miRNAs have been identified in EVs derived from the biological fluids of clinical samples obtained from patients with or at risk of severe PyV-associated diseases and from asymptomatic control healthy subjects. Interestingly, PyV miRNAs were found to be circulating in blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva samples from patients despite their PyV DNA status. Recently, the association between EVs and PyV viral particles was reported, demonstrating the ability of PyV viral particles to enter the cell without natural receptor-mediated entry and evade antibody-mediated neutralization or to be neutralized at a step different from that of the neutralization of naked whole viral particles. All these data point toward a potential role of the association between PyVs with EVs in viral persistence, suggesting that further work to define the implication of this interaction in viral reactivation is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Giannecchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, I-50134 Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Huang S, Wang L, Bruce TF, Marcus RK. Evaluation of exosome loading characteristics in their purification via a glycerol-assisted hydrophobic interaction chromatography method on a polyester, capillary-channeled polymer fiber phase. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e2998. [PMID: 32246744 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-secreted vesicles, with sizes ranging from 30 to 150 nm, which play key roles in intercellular communication. There is intense interest in developing methods to isolate and quantify exosomes toward clinical diagnostics, fundamental studies of intercellular processes, and use of exosomes as delivery vehicles for therapeutic agents. Current methods for exosomes isolation and quantification are time consuming and have operational high costs; few combine isolation and quantification into a singular operation unit. This report describes the use of hydrophobic interaction chromatography on a polyester capillary-channeled polymer fiber column, employing a step gradient for exosome elution, including use of glycerol as a solvent modifier. The entire procedure is completed in 8 min, while maintaining the structural integrity and biological activity of the isolated exosomes. Electron microscopy was used to verify the size and structural fidelity of single exosomes. Absorbance response curves for a commercial exosome sample were used for exosome quantification in the chromatographic separations. In order to determine the dynamic loading capacity for exosomes, different volumes of Dictyostelium discoideum cell culture milieu supernatant were loaded at different column lengths (5-30 cm) and loading flow rates (0.2-0.5 ml/min). A loading capacity of 5.4 × 1012 exosomes derived from D. discoideum milieu was obtained on a 0.8 × 300 mm column; yielding recoveries of over 80%. It is believed that this isolation and purification strategy holds many advantages toward the use of exosomes across a wide breadth of medical and biotechnology applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Terri F Bruce
- Department of Bioengineering, Life Sciences Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sung BH, von Lersner A, Guerrero J, Krystofiak ES, Inman D, Pelletier R, Zijlstra A, Ponik SM, Weaver AM. A live cell reporter of exosome secretion and uptake reveals pathfinding behavior of migrating cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2092. [PMID: 32350252 PMCID: PMC7190671 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles called exosomes affect multiple autocrine and paracrine cellular phenotypes. Understanding the function of exosomes requires a variety of tools, including live imaging. Our previous live-cell reporter, pHluorin-CD63, allows dynamic subcellular monitoring of exosome secretion in migrating and spreading cells. However, dim fluorescence and the inability to make stably-expressing cell lines limit its use. We incorporated a stabilizing mutation in the pHluorin moiety, M153R, which now exhibits higher, stable expression in cells and superior monitoring of exosome secretion. Using this improved construct, we visualize secreted exosomes in 3D culture and in vivo and identify a role for exosomes in promoting leader-follower behavior in 2D and 3D migration. Incorporating an additional non-pH-sensitive red fluorescent tag allows visualization of the exosome lifecycle, including multivesicular body (MVB) trafficking, MVB fusion, exosome uptake and endosome acidification. This reporter will be a useful tool for understanding both autocrine and paracrine roles of exosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bong Hwan Sung
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ariana von Lersner
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jorge Guerrero
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Evan S Krystofiak
- Vanderbilt University Cell Imaging Shared Resource, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David Inman
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Roxanne Pelletier
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andries Zijlstra
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Suzanne M Ponik
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alissa M Weaver
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Vechetti IJ, Valentino T, Mobley CB, McCarthy JJ. The role of extracellular vesicles in skeletal muscle and systematic adaptation to exercise. J Physiol 2020; 599:845-861. [PMID: 31944292 DOI: 10.1113/jp278929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise has a central role in human health by reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes, obesity, stroke and cancer. How exercise is able to promote such systemic benefits has remained somewhat of a mystery but has been thought to be in part mediated by the release of myokines, skeletal muscle-specific cytokines, in response to exercise. Recent studies have revealed skeletal muscle can also release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into circulation following a bout of exercise. EVs are small membrane-bound vesicles capable of delivering biomolecules to recipient cells and subsequently altering their metabolism. The notion that EVs may have a role in both skeletal muscle and systemic adaptation to exercise has generated a great deal of excitement within a number of different fields including exercise physiology, neuroscience and metabolism. The purpose of this review is to provide an introduction to EV biology and what is currently known about skeletal muscle EVs and their potential role in the response of muscle and other tissues to exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan J Vechetti
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Taylor Valentino
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - C Brooks Mobley
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhang N, Sun N, Deng C. A hydrophilic magnetic MOF for the consecutive enrichment of exosomes and exosomal phosphopeptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13999-14002. [PMID: 33094757 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06147f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fe3O4@PDA@UIO-66-NH2 is a biocompatible material that can be applied to enrich exosomes and phosphopeptides from urinary exosomes consecutively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Nianrong Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
- Zhongshan Hospital
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Chunhui Deng
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Thippabhotla S, Zhong C, He M. 3D cell culture stimulates the secretion of in vivo like extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13012. [PMID: 31506601 PMCID: PMC6736862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For studying cellular communications ex-vivo, a two-dimensional (2D) cell culture model is currently used as the “gold standard”. 2D culture models are also widely used in the study of RNA expression profiles from tumor cells secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) for tumor biomarker discovery. Although the 2D culture system is simple and easily accessible, the culture environment is unable to represent in vivo extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment. Our study observed that 2D- culture derived EVs showed significantly different profiles in terms of secretion dynamics and essential signaling molecular contents (RNAs and DNAs), when compared to the three-dimensional (3D) culture derived EVs. By performing small RNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of cervical cancer cells and their EVs compared with cervical cancer patient plasma EV-derived small RNAs, we observed that 3D- culture derived EV small RNAs differ from their parent cell small RNA profile which may indicate a specific sorting process. Most importantly, the 3D- culture derived EV small RNA profile exhibited a much higher similarity (~96%) to in vivo circulating EVs derived from cervical cancer patient plasma. However, 2D- culture derived EV small RNA profile correlated better with only their parent cells cultured in 2D. On the other hand, DNA sequencing analysis suggests that culture and growth conditions do not affect the genomic information carried by EV secretion. This work also suggests that tackling EV molecular alterations secreted into interstitial fluids can provide an alternative, non-invasive approach for investigating 3D tissue behaviors at the molecular precision. This work could serve as a foundation for building precise models employed in mimicking in vivo tissue system with EVs as the molecular indicators or transporters. Such models could be used for investigating tumor biomarkers, drug screening, and understanding tumor progression and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirisha Thippabhotla
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
| | - Cuncong Zhong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA.,Bioengineering Research Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
| | - Mei He
- Bioengineering Research Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Cancer-initiating cells (CIC) are the driving force in tumor progression. There is strong evidence that CIC fulfill this task via exosomes (TEX), which modulate and reprogram stroma, nontransformed cells, and non-CIC. Characterization of CIC, besides others, builds on expression of CIC markers, many of which are known as metastasis-associated molecules. We here discuss that the linkage between CIC/CIC-TEX and metastasis-associated molecules is not fortuitously, but relies on the contribution of these markers to TEX biogenesis including loading and TEX target interactions. In addition, CIC markers contribute to TEX binding- and uptake-promoted activation of signaling cascades, transcription initiation, and translational control. Our point of view will be outlined for pancreas and colon CIC highly expressing CD44v6, Tspan8, EPCAM, claudin7, and LGR5, which distinctly but coordinately contribute to tumor progression. Despite overwhelming progress in unraveling the metastatic cascade and the multiple tasks taken over by CIC-TEX, there remains a considerable gap in linking CIC biomarkers, TEX, and TEX-initiated target modulation with metastasis. We will try to outline possible bridges, which could allow depicting pathways for new and expectedly powerful therapeutic interference with tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Margot Zöller
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Pancreas Section, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Giacomini E, Alleva E, Fornelli G, Quartucci A, Privitera L, Vanni VS, Viganò P. Embryonic extracellular vesicles as informers to the immune cells at the maternal-fetal interface. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 198:15-23. [PMID: 31009068 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV) exchange is emerging as a novel method of communication at the maternal-fetal interface. The presence of the EVs has been demonstrated in the preimplantation embryo culture medium from different species, such as bovines, porcines and humans. Preimplantation embryo-derived EVs have been shown to carry molecules potentially able to modulate the local endometrial immune system. The non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-G, the immunomodulatory molecule progesterone-induced blocking factor and some regulatory miRNAs species are contained in embryo-derived EV cargo. The implanted syncytiotrophoblasts are also well known to secrete EVs, with microvesicles exerting a mainly proinflammatory effect while exosomes in general mediate local immunotolerance. This review focuses on the current knowledge on the potential role of EVs released by the embryo in the first weeks of pregnancy on the maternal immune cells. Collectively, the data warrant further exploration of the dialogue between the mother and the embryo via EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Giacomini
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - E Alleva
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - G Fornelli
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - A Quartucci
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - L Privitera
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - V S Vanni
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - P Viganò
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Xie X, Wu H, Li M, Chen X, Xu X, Ni W, Lu C, Ni R, Bao B, Xiao M. Progress in the application of exosomes as therapeutic vectors in tumor-targeted therapy. Cytotherapy 2019; 21:509-524. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
46
|
McAndrews KM, Kalluri R. Mechanisms associated with biogenesis of exosomes in cancer. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:52. [PMID: 30925917 PMCID: PMC6441149 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0963-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication between cellular compartments within the tumor and at distant sites is critical for the development and progression of cancer. Exosomes have emerged as potential regulators of intracellular communication in cancer. Exosomes are nanovesicles released by cells that contain biomolecules and are exchanged between cells. Exchange of exosomes between cells has been implicated in a number of processes critical for tumor progression and consequently altering exosome release is an attractive therapeutic target. Here, we review current understanding as well as gaps in knowledge regarding regulators of exosome release in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1906, 1881 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1906, 1881 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mu W, Wang Z, Zöller M. Ping-Pong-Tumor and Host in Pancreatic Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1359. [PMID: 31921628 PMCID: PMC6927459 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of high pancreatic cancer (PaCa) mortality and trials dampening PaCa mortality rates are not satisfying. Tumor progression is driven by the crosstalk between tumor cells, predominantly cancer-initiating cells (CIC), and surrounding cells and tissues as well as distant organs, where tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEX) are of major importance. A strong stroma reaction, recruitment of immunosuppressive leukocytes, perineural invasion, and early spread toward the peritoneal cavity, liver, and lung are shared with several epithelial cell-derived cancer, but are most prominent in PaCa. Here, we report on the state of knowledge on the PaCIC markers Tspan8, alpha6beta4, CD44v6, CXCR4, LRP5/6, LRG5, claudin7, EpCAM, and CD133, which all, but at different steps, are engaged in the metastatic cascade, frequently via PaCIC-TEX. This includes the contribution of PaCIC markers to TEX biogenesis, targeting, and uptake. We then discuss PaCa-selective features, where feedback loops between stromal elements and tumor cells, including distorted transcription, signal transduction, and metabolic shifts, establish vicious circles. For the latter particularly pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) are responsible, furnishing PaCa to cope with poor angiogenesis-promoted hypoxia by metabolic shifts and direct nutrient transfer via vesicles. Furthermore, nerves including Schwann cells deliver a large range of tumor cell attracting factors and Schwann cells additionally support PaCa cell survival by signaling receptor binding. PSC, tumor-associated macrophages, and components of the dysplastic stroma contribute to perineural invasion with signaling pathway activation including the cholinergic system. Last, PaCa aggressiveness is strongly assisted by the immune system. Although rich in immune cells, only immunosuppressive cells and factors are recovered in proximity to tumor cells and hamper effector immune cells entering the tumor stroma. Besides a paucity of immunostimulatory factors and receptors, immunosuppressive cytokines, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T-cells, and M2 macrophages as well as PSC actively inhibit effector cell activation. This accounts for NK cells of the non-adaptive and cytotoxic T-cells of the adaptive immune system. We anticipate further deciphering the molecular background of these recently unraveled intermingled phenomena may turn most lethal PaCa into a curatively treatable disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Mu
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong, Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Margot Zöller
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong, Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Haggadone MD, Peters-Golden M. Microenvironmental Influences on Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Communication in the Lung. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:963-975. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
49
|
Pollet H, Conrard L, Cloos AS, Tyteca D. Plasma Membrane Lipid Domains as Platforms for Vesicle Biogenesis and Shedding? Biomolecules 2018; 8:E94. [PMID: 30223513 PMCID: PMC6164003 DOI: 10.3390/biom8030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to several pathophysiological processes and appear as emerging targets for disease diagnosis and therapy. However, successful translation from bench to bedside requires deeper understanding of EVs, in particular their diversity, composition, biogenesis and shedding mechanisms. In this review, we focus on plasma membrane-derived microvesicles (MVs), far less appreciated than exosomes. We integrate documented mechanisms involved in MV biogenesis and shedding, focusing on the red blood cell as a model. We then provide a perspective for the relevance of plasma membrane lipid composition and biophysical properties in microvesiculation on red blood cells but also platelets, immune and nervous cells as well as tumor cells. Although only a few data are available in this respect, most of them appear to converge to the idea that modulation of plasma membrane lipid content, transversal asymmetry and lateral heterogeneity in lipid domains may play a significant role in the vesiculation process. We suggest that lipid domains may represent platforms for inclusion/exclusion of membrane lipids and proteins into MVs and that MVs could originate from distinct domains during physiological processes and disease evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Pollet
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute & Université Catholique de Louvain, UCL B1.75.05, Avenue Hippocrate, 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Louise Conrard
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute & Université Catholique de Louvain, UCL B1.75.05, Avenue Hippocrate, 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Anne-Sophie Cloos
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute & Université Catholique de Louvain, UCL B1.75.05, Avenue Hippocrate, 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Donatienne Tyteca
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute & Université Catholique de Louvain, UCL B1.75.05, Avenue Hippocrate, 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zöller M. Janus-Faced Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Exosomes for the Good and the Bad in Cancer and Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:137. [PMID: 29456536 PMCID: PMC5801414 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells originally described to hamper immune responses in chronic infections. Meanwhile, they are known to be a major obstacle in cancer immunotherapy. On the other hand, MDSC can interfere with allogeneic transplant rejection and may dampen autoreactive T cell activity. Whether MDSC-Exosomes (Exo) can cope with the dangerous and potentially therapeutic activities of MDSC is not yet fully explored. After introducing MDSC and Exo, it will be discussed, whether a blockade of MDSC-Exo could foster the efficacy of immunotherapy in cancer and mitigate tumor progression supporting activities of MDSC. It also will be outlined, whether application of native or tailored MDSC-Exo might prohibit autoimmune disease progression. These considerations are based on the steadily increasing knowledge on Exo composition, their capacity to distribute throughout the organism combined with selectivity of targeting, and the ease to tailor Exo and includes open questions that answers will facilitate optimizing protocols for a MDSC-Exo blockade in cancer as well as for strengthening their therapeutic efficacy in autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margot Zöller
- Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|