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Yousof TR, Bouchard CC, Alb M, Lynn EG, Lhoták S, Jiang H, MacDonald M, Li H, Byun JH, Makda Y, Athanasopoulos M, Maclean KN, Cherrington NJ, Naqvi A, Igdoura SA, Krepinsky JC, Steinberg GR, Austin RC. Restoration of the ER stress response protein TDAG51 in hepatocytes mitigates NAFLD in mice. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105655. [PMID: 38237682 PMCID: PMC10875272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress is associated with insulin resistance and the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Deficiency of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response T-cell death-associated gene 51 (TDAG51) (TDAG51-/-) in mice promotes the development of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, fatty liver, and hepatic insulin resistance. However, whether this effect is due specifically to hepatic TDAG51 deficiency is unknown. Here, we report that hepatic TDAG51 protein levels are consistently reduced in multiple mouse models of liver steatosis and injury as well as in liver biopsies from patients with liver disease compared to normal controls. Delivery of a liver-specific adeno-associated virus (AAV) increased hepatic expression of a TDAG51-GFP fusion protein in WT, TDAG51-/-, and leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice. Restoration of hepatic TDAG51 protein was sufficient to increase insulin sensitivity while reducing body weight and fatty liver in HFD fed TDAG51-/- mice and in ob/ob mice. TDAG51-/- mice expressing ectopic TDAG51 display improved Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation, post-insulin stimulation. HFD-fed TDAG51-/- mice treated with AAV-TDAG51-GFP displayed reduced lipogenic gene expression, increased beta-oxidation and lowered hepatic and serum triglycerides, findings consistent with reduced liver weight. Further, AAV-TDAG51-GFP-treated TDAG51-/- mice exhibited reduced hepatic precursor and cleaved sterol regulatory-element binding proteins (SREBP-1 and SREBP-2). In vitro studies confirmed the lipid-lowering effect of TDAG51 overexpression in oleic acid-treated Huh7 cells. These studies suggest that maintaining hepatic TDAG51 protein levels represents a viable therapeutic approach for the treatment of obesity and insulin resistance associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamana R Yousof
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Celeste C Bouchard
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mihnea Alb
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward G Lynn
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sárka Lhoták
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Melissa MacDonald
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jae H Byun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yumna Makda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kenneth N Maclean
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Asghar Naqvi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suleiman A Igdoura
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan C Krepinsky
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard C Austin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Elhage R, Kelly M, Goudin N, Megret J, Legrand A, Nemazanyy I, Patitucci C, Quellec V, Wai T, Hamaï A, Ezine S. Mitochondrial dynamics and metabolic regulation control T cell fate in the thymus. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1270268. [PMID: 38288115 PMCID: PMC10822881 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1270268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Several studies demonstrated that mitochondrial dynamics and metabolic pathways control T cell fate in the periphery. However, little is known about their implication in thymocyte development. Our results showed that thymic progenitors (CD3-CD4-CD8- triple negative, TN), in active division, have essentially a fused mitochondrial morphology and rely on high glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). As TN cells differentiate to double positive (DP, CD4+CD8+) and single positive (SP, CD4+ and CD8+) stages, they became more quiescent, their mitochondria fragment and they downregulate glycolysis and OXPHOS. Accordingly, in vitro inhibition of the mitochondrial fission during progenitor differentiation on OP9-DL4 stroma, affected the TN to DP thymocyte transition by enhancing the percentage of TN and reducing that of DP, leading to a decrease in the total number of thymic cells including SP T cells. We demonstrated that the stage 3 triple negative pre-T (TN3) and the stage 4 triple negative pre-T (TN4) have different metabolic and functional behaviors. While their mitochondrial morphologies are both essentially fused, the LC-MS based analysis of their metabolome showed that they are distinct: TN3 rely more on OXPHOS whereas TN4 are more glycolytic. In line with this, TN4 display an increased Hexokinase II expression in comparison to TN3, associated with high proliferation and glycolysis. The in vivo inhibition of glycolysis using 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) and the absence of IL-7 signaling, led to a decline in glucose metabolism and mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, the glucose/IL-7R connection affects the TN3 to TN4 transition (also called β-selection transition), by enhancing the percentage of TN3, leading to a decrease in the total number of thymocytes. Thus, we identified additional components, essential during β-selection transition and playing a major role in thymic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Elhage
- Institut Necker Enfant-Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mairead Kelly
- Institut Necker Enfant-Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Goudin
- Platform for Image Analysis Center, SFR Necker, INSERM US 24 - CNRS UMS 3633, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Megret
- Platform for Cytometry, SFR Necker, INSERM US 24 - CNRS UMS 3633, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Legrand
- Institut Necker Enfant-Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Nemazanyy
- Platform for Metabolic Analyses, SFR Necker, INSERM US 24 - CNRS UMS 3633, Paris, France
| | - Cécilia Patitucci
- Mitochondrial Biology Group, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3691, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Quellec
- Institut Necker Enfant-Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Timothy Wai
- Mitochondrial Biology Group, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3691, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Hamaï
- Institut Necker Enfant-Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Ezine
- Institut Necker Enfant-Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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Chen H, Li K, Qin Y, Zhou J, Li T, Qian L, Yang C, Ji X, Wu D. Recent advances in the role of endogenous hydrogen sulphide in cancer cells. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13449. [PMID: 36929586 PMCID: PMC10472536 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) is a gaseous neurotransmitter that can be self-synthesized by living organisms. With the deepening of research, the pathophysiological mechanisms of endogenous H2 S in cancer have been increasingly elucidated: (1) promote angiogenesis, (2) stimulate cell bioenergetics, (3) promote migration and proliferation thereby invasion, (4) inhibit apoptosis and (5) activate abnormal cell cycle. However, the increasing H2 S levels via exogenous sources show the opposite trend. This phenomenon can be explained by the bell-shaped pharmacological model of H2 S, that is, the production of endogenous (low concentration) H2 S promotes tumour growth while the exogenous (high concentration) H2 S inhibits tumour growth. Here, we review the impact of endogenous H2 S synthesis and metabolism on tumour progression, summarize the mechanism of action of H2 S in tumour growth, and discuss the possibility of H2 S as a potential target for tumour treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao‐Jie Chen
- School of Basic Medical SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein RegulationHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
| | - Ke Li
- School of Basic Medical SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein RegulationHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
| | - Yang‐Zhe Qin
- School of Basic Medical SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein RegulationHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
| | - Jing‐Jing Zhou
- School of Basic Medical SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein RegulationHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Basic Medical SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein RegulationHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
| | - Lei Qian
- School of Basic Medical SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein RegulationHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
| | - Chang‐Yong Yang
- School of Nursing and HealthHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
| | - Xin‐Ying Ji
- School of Basic Medical SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein RegulationHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infection and Biological Safety, School of Basic Medical SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
| | - Dong‐Dong Wu
- School of Basic Medical SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein RegulationHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
- School of StomatologyHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
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Gruner HN, Zhang Y, Shariati K, Yiv N, Hu Z, Wang Y, Hejtmancik JF, McManus MT, Tharp K, Ku G. SARS-CoV-2 ORF3A interacts with the Clic-like chloride channel-1 ( CLCC1) and triggers an unfolded protein response. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15077. [PMID: 37033725 PMCID: PMC10078464 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and host cell machinery may reveal new targets to treat COVID-19. We focused on an interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 ORF3A accessory protein and the CLIC-like chloride channel-1 (CLCC1). We found that ORF3A partially co-localized with CLCC1 and that ORF3A and CLCC1 could be co-immunoprecipitated. Since CLCC1 plays a role in the unfolded protein response (UPR), we hypothesized that ORF3A may also play a role in the UPR. Indeed, ORF3A expression triggered a transcriptional UPR that was similar to knockdown of CLCC1. ORF3A expression in 293T cells induced cell death and this was rescued by the chemical chaperone taurodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). Cells with CLCC1 knockdown were partially protected from ORF3A-mediated cell death. CLCC1 knockdown upregulated several of the homeostatic UPR targets induced by ORF3A expression, including HSPA6 and spliced XBP1, and these were not further upregulated by ORF3A. Our data suggest a model where CLCC1 silencing triggers a homeostatic UPR that prevents cell death due to ORF3A expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah N. Gruner
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Yaohuan Zhang
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Metabolic Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Kaavian Shariati
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Yiv
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Zicheng Hu
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Yuhao Wang
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Michael T. McManus
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Kevin Tharp
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Gregory Ku
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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Tripathi M, Singh BK, Zhou J, Tikno K, Widjaja A, Sandireddy R, Arul K, Abdul Ghani SAB, Bee GGB, Wong KA, Pei HJ, Shekeran SG, Sinha RA, Singh MK, Cook SA, Suzuki A, Lim TR, Cheah CC, Wang J, Xiao RP, Zhang X, Chow PKH, Yen PM. Vitamin B 12 and folate decrease inflammation and fibrosis in NASH by preventing syntaxin 17 homocysteinylation. J Hepatol 2022; 77:1246-1255. [PMID: 35820507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Several recent clinical studies have shown that serum homocysteine (Hcy) levels are positively correlated, while vitamin B12 (B12) and folate levels are negative correlated, with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) severity. However, it is not known whether hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) plays a pathogenic role in NASH. METHODS We examined the effects of HHcy on NASH progression, metabolism, and autophagy in dietary and genetic mouse models, patients, and primates. We employed vitamin B12 (B12) and folate (Fol) to reverse NASH features in mice and cell culture. RESULTS Serum Hcy correlated with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in NASH. Elevated hepatic Hcy induced and exacerbated NASH. Gene expression of hepatic Hcy-metabolizing enzymes was downregulated in NASH. Surprisingly, we found increased homocysteinylation (Hcy-lation) and ubiquitination of multiple hepatic proteins in NASH including the key autophagosome/lysosome fusion protein, Syntaxin 17 (Stx17). This protein was Hcy-lated and ubiquitinated, and its degradation led to a block in autophagy. Genetic manipulation of Stx17 revealed its critical role in regulating autophagy, inflammation and fibrosis during HHcy. Remarkably, dietary B12/Fol, which promotes enzymatic conversion of Hcy to methionine, decreased HHcy and hepatic Hcy-lated protein levels, restored Stx17 expression and autophagy, stimulated β -oxidation of fatty acids, and improved hepatic histology in mice with pre-established NASH. CONCLUSIONS HHcy plays a key role in the pathogenesis of NASH via Stx17 homocysteinylation. B12/folate also may represent a novel first-line therapy for NASH. LAY SUMMARY The incidence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, for which there are no approved pharmacological therapies, is increasing, posing a significant healthcare challenge. Herein, based on studies in mice, primates and humans, we found that dietary supplementation with vitamin B12 and folate could have therapeutic potential for the prevention or treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhulika Tripathi
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857.
| | - Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Jin Zhou
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Keziah Tikno
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Anissa Widjaja
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Reddemma Sandireddy
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Kabilesh Arul
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Siti Aishah Binte Abdul Ghani
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - George Goh Boon Bee
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608
| | - Kiraely Adam Wong
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Ho Jia Pei
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | | | - Rohit Anthony Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh 226014, Lucknow, India
| | - Manvendra K Singh
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Stuart Alexander Cook
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857; Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh 226014, Lucknow, India
| | - Ayako Suzuki
- Duke Gastroenterology Clinic, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Suite 03107, DUMC 3913 Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Teegan Reina Lim
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608
| | - Chang-Chuen Cheah
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608
| | - Jue Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, China 100871
| | - Rui-Ping Xiao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, China 100871
| | - Xiuqing Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, China 100871
| | - Pierce Kah Hoe Chow
- Department of Surgery, Singapore General Hospital and Dept. of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169608
| | - Paul Michael Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857; Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, 300 N Duke St, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, 30 Duke Medicine Circle Clinic 1A, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Glycogen Storage Disease Phenotypes Accompanying the Perturbation of the Methionine Cycle in NDRG3-Deficient Mouse Livers. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091536. [PMID: 35563842 PMCID: PMC9103136 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Myc downstream regulated gene 3 (NDRG3) is a unique pro-tumorigenic member among NDRG family genes, mediating growth signals. Here, we investigated the pathophysiological roles of NDRG3 in relation to cell metabolism by disrupting its functions in liver. Mice with liver-specific KO of NDRG3 (Ndrg3 LKO) exhibited glycogen storage disease (GSD) phenotypes including excessive hepatic glycogen accumulation, hypoglycemia, elevated liver triglyceride content, and several signs of liver injury. They suffered from impaired hepatic glucose homeostasis, due to the suppression of fasting-associated glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Consistently, the expression of glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL) and glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT) was significantly down-regulated in an Ndrg3 LKO-dependent manner. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that NDRG3 depletion significantly perturbed the methionine cycle, redirecting its flux towards branch pathways to upregulate several metabolites known to have hepatoprotective functions. Mechanistically, Ndrg3 LKO-dependent downregulation of glycine N-methyltransferase in the methionine cycle and the resultant elevation of the S-adenosylmethionine level appears to play a critical role in the restructuring of the methionine metabolism, eventually leading to the manifestation of GSD phenotypes in Ndrg3 LKO mice. Our results indicate that NDRG3 is required for the homeostasis of liver cell metabolism upstream of the glucose–glycogen flux and methionine cycle and suggest therapeutic values for regulating NDRG3 in disorders with malfunctions in these pathways.
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Tumor innervation is triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Oncogene 2022; 41:586-599. [PMID: 34785777 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nerve infiltration in the tumor microenvironment is emerging as a promoter of cancer progression that could be targeted in therapies, but the mechanisms initiating tumor innervation remain to be elucidated. Here we report that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cancer cells is transmitted to neuronal cells, resulting in neurite outgrowth and tumor innervation. In vitro, the induction of ER stress in various human cancer cells resulted in the synthesis and release of the precursor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF) through a mechanism dependent on the transcription factor X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1). Cancer cell-released proBDNF was found to mediate the transmission of ER stress to neurons, resulting in the stimulation of neurite outgrowth. Next-generation sequencing indicated the increased expression of the Egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 3 (EGLN3) that was mediated by c-MYC and necessary to neurite outgrowth induced by proBDNF. In orthotopic tumor xenograft, ER stress stimulated XBP1 and proBDNF expression as well as tumor innervation. Anti-proBDNF antibody inhibited both tumor innervation and cancer progression induced by ER stress. Interestingly, the chemotherapeutic drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) was found to induce ER stress and tumor innervation, and this effect was inhibited by anti-proBDNF antibody. Finally, in human tumors, cancer tissues with nerve infiltration expressed high XBP1 and proBDNF while EGLN3 was upregulated in infiltrated nerves. This study reveals that ER stress participates in tumor innervation through the release of proBDNF and that targeting this pathway could be used in future therapies.
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Detoxification, Hydrogen Sulphide Metabolism and Wound Healing Are the Main Functions That Differentiate Caecum Protein Expression from Ileum of Week-Old Chicken. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113155. [PMID: 34827887 PMCID: PMC8614574 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although the ileum and caecum represent adjacent parts of the gastrointestinal tract, both compartments differ by function as well as inner environment parameters such as oxygen availability or density of colonising microbiota. As the function of a particular tissue is generally reflected by protein expression, mass spectrometry proteomics was used to characterise expressed proteins of both segments of the gastrointestinal tract. Differentially expressed proteins were identified and grouped according to biological processes specific to both gut compartments. Abstract Sections of chicken gut differ in many aspects, e.g., the passage of digesta (continuous vs. discontinuous), the concentration of oxygen, and the density of colonising microbiota. Using an unbiased LC-MS/MS protocol, we compared protein expression in 18 ileal and 57 caecal tissue samples that originated from 7-day old ISA brown chickens. We found that proteins specific to the ileum were either structural (e.g., 3 actin isoforms, villin, or myosin 1A), or those required for nutrient digestion (e.g., sucrose isomaltase, maltase–glucoamylase, peptidase D) and absorption (e.g., fatty acid-binding protein 2 and 6 or bile acid–CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase). On the other hand, proteins characteristic of the caecum were involved in sensing and limiting the consequences of oxidative stress (e.g., thioredoxin, peroxiredoxin 6), cell adhesion, and motility associated with wound healing (e.g., fibronectin 1, desmoyokin). These mechanisms are coupled with the activation of mechanisms suppressing the inflammatory response (galectin 1). Rather prominent were also expressions of proteins linked to hydrogen sulphide metabolism in caecum represented by cystathionin beta synthase, selenium-binding protein 1, mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase, and thiosulphate sulphurtransferase. Higher mRNA expression of nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2, the main oxidative stress transcriptional factor in caecum, further supported our observations.
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Polymyxin-Induced Metabolic Perturbations in Human Lung Epithelial Cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0083521. [PMID: 34228550 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00835-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhaled polymyxins are associated with toxicity in human lung epithelial cells that involves multiple apoptotic pathways. However, the mechanism of polymyxin-induced pulmonary toxicity remains unclear. This study aims to investigate polymyxin-induced metabolomic perturbations in human lung epithelial A549 cells. A549 cells were treated with 0.5 or 1.0 mM polymyxin B or colistin for 1, 4, and 24 h. Cellular metabolites were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and significantly perturbed metabolites (log2 fold change [log2FC] ≥ 1; false-discovery rate [FDR] ≤ 0.2) and key pathways were identified relative to untreated control samples. At 1 and 4 h, very few significant changes in metabolites were observed relative to the untreated control cells. At 24 h, taurine (log2FC = -1.34 ± 0.64) and hypotaurine (log2FC = -1.20 ± 0.27) were significantly decreased by 1.0 mM polymyxin B. The reduced form of glutathione (GSH) was significantly depleted by 1.0 mM polymyxin B at 24 h (log2FC = -1.80 ± 0.42). Conversely, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was significantly increased by 1.0 mM both polymyxin B (log2FC = 1.38 ± 0.13 at 4 h and 2.09 ± 0.20 at 24 h) and colistin (log2FC = 1.33 ± 0.24 at 24 h). l-Carnitine was significantly decreased by 1.0 mM of both polymyxins at 24 h, as were several key metabolites involved in biosynthesis and degradation of choline and ethanolamine (log2FC ≤ -1); several phosphatidylserines were also increased (log2FC ≥ 1). Polymyxins perturbed key metabolic pathways that maintain cellular redox balance, mitochondrial β-oxidation, and membrane lipid biogenesis. These mechanistic findings may assist in developing new pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic strategies to attenuate the pulmonary toxicities of inhaled polymyxins and in the discovery of new-generation polymyxins.
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10
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Gupta S, Wang L, Slifker MJ, Cai KQ, Maclean KN, Wasek B, Bottiglieri T, Kruger WD. Analysis of differential neonatal lethality in cystathionine β-synthase deficient mouse models using metabolic profiling. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21629. [PMID: 33949005 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100302r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) is a key enzyme of the trans-sulfuration pathway that converts homocysteine to cystathionine. Loss of CBS activity due to mutation results in CBS deficiency, an inborn error of metabolism characterized by extreme elevation of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy). C57BL6 mice containing either a homozygous null mutation in the cystathionine β-synthase (Cbs-/- ) gene or an inactive human CBS protein (Tg-G307S Cbs-/- ) are born in mendelian numbers, but the vast majority die between 18 and 21 days of age due to liver failure. However, adult Cbs null mice that express a hypomorphic allele of human CBS as a transgene (Tg-I278T Cbs-/- ) show almost no neonatal lethality despite having serum tHcy levels similar to mice with no CBS activity. Here, we characterize liver and serum metabolites in neonatal Cbs+/- , Tg-G307S Cbs-/- , and Tg-I278T Cbs-/- mice at 6, 10, and 17 days of age to understand this difference. In serum, we observe similar elevations in tHcy in both Tg-G307S Cbs-/- and Tg-I278T Cbs-/- compared to control animals, but methionine is much more severely elevated in Tg-G307S Cbs-/- mice. Large scale metabolomic analysis of liver tissue confirms that both methionine and methionine-sulfoxide are significantly more elevated in Tg-G307S Cbs-/- animals, along with significant differences in several other metabolites including hexoses, amino acids, other amines, lipids, and carboxylic acids. Our data are consistent with a model that the neonatal lethality observed in CBS-null mice is driven by excess methionine resulting in increased stress on a variety of related pathways including the urea cycle, TCA cycle, gluconeogenesis, and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Gupta
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Liqun Wang
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Slifker
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth N Maclean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brandi Wasek
- Center of Metabolomics, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Center of Metabolomics, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Warren D Kruger
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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11
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Gao W, Fang Z, Lei L, Ju L, Jin B, Loor JJ, Liang Y, Shi Z, Shen T, Yu H, Chen M, Ouyang H, Song Y, Wang Z, Liu G, Li X, Du X. Propionate alleviates palmitic acid-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress by enhancing autophagy in calf hepatic cells. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9316-9326. [PMID: 34001357 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Negative energy balance-induced high blood concentrations of free fatty acids during the early postpartum period in dairy cows is a major cause of liver injury. Cows in severe negative energy balance often have suboptimal intakes of feed, which contributes to shortfalls in production of ruminal propionate and circulating glucose. Although increasing propionate production by the rumen through feed additives such as propylene glycol is effective in helping cows alleviate the shortfall in dietary energy supply, mechanisms whereby propionate affects liver function beyond gluconeogenesis are unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate whether propionate could protect calf hepatic cells from palmitic acid (PA)-induced lipotoxicity and the underlying mechanisms. Calf hepatic cells were isolated from 5 healthy calves (1 d old, female, 30-40 kg, fasting) and treated with various concentrations of PA (0, 100, 200, or 400 μM) and propionate (0, 1, 2, or 4 mM) after being administered with or without autophagic inhibitor. Propionate enhanced autophagic activity in calf hepatic cells, as indicated by elevated expression of autophagy markers LC3-II (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II, encoded by MAP1LC3) and decreased expression of SQSTM1 (sequestosome-1, also called p62). Conversely, PA suppressed autophagic activity and decreased cell viability, which was improved by propionate in calf hepatic cells. In addition, propionate decreased the phosphorylation of proteins EIF2AK3 (kinase R/PKR like ER kinase) and ERN1 (inositol-requiring enzyme 1α) and cleaved ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6) in PA-treated calf hepatic cells, indicating the suppression effect of propionate on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, inhibition of autophagic activity by chloroquine or bafilomycin A1 impede the beneficial effects of propionate on ER stress and cell viability. These results demonstrated that propionate alleviates ER stress and elevates cell viability in PA-treated calf hepatic cells by enhancing autophagy, which implies that autophagy may be a promising target in improving liver injury of dairy cows during transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Lin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Lingxue Ju
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Bo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Yusheng Liang
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Zhen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Taiyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yuxiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Guowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xiliang Du
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China.
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12
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Hao Z, Xu L, Zhao L, He J, Li G, Li J. Transcriptome analysis of the liver of Eospalax fontanierii under hypoxia. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11166. [PMID: 33981491 PMCID: PMC8071069 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia can induce cell damage, inflammation, carcinogenesis, and inhibit liver regeneration in non-adapted species. Because of their excellent hypoxia adaptation features, subterranean rodents have been widely studied to clarify the mechanism of hypoxia adaptation. Eospalax fontanierii, which is a subterranean rodent found in China, can survive for more than 10 h under 4% O2 without observable injury, while Sprague-Dawley rats can survive for less than 6 h under the same conditions. To explore the potential mechanism of hypoxia responses in E. fontanierii, we performed RNA-seq analysis of the liver in E. fontanierii exposed to different oxygen levels (6.5% 6h, 10.5% 44h, and 21%). Based on the bioinformatics analysis, 39,439 unigenes were assembled, and 56.78% unigenes were annotated using public databases (Nr, GO, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, and Pfam). In total, 725 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the response to hypoxia; six with important functions were validated by qPCR. Those DEGs were mainly involved in processes related to lipid metabolism, steroid catabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and the AMPK and PPAR signaling pathway. By analyzing the expression patterns of important genes related to energy associated metabolism under hypoxia, we found that fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis were increased, while protein synthesis and fatty acid synthesis were decreased. Furthermore, the upregulated expression of specific genes with anti-apoptosis or anti-oxidation functions under hypoxia may contribute to the mechanism by which E. fontanierii tolerates hypoxia. Our results provide an understanding of the response to hypoxia in E. fontanierii, and have potential value for biomedical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Hao
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lulu Xu
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Zhao
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianping He
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guanglin Li
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingang Li
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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13
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Kang G, Lee H, Shin M, Kim J, Lee S, Park Y. The Efficacy of Pilates on Urinary Incontinence in Korean Women: A Metabolomics Approach. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11020118. [PMID: 33669564 PMCID: PMC7922627 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pilates has been known as exercise intervention that improves the function of pelvic floor muscle (PFM) associated with impacting urinary incontinence (UI). This study investigated the effect of Pilates on UI in Korean women by determining the change in functional movement of PFM (FMP) and metabolic profiles. UI group with Pilates (UIP, n = 13) participated in 8-weeks Oov Pilates program, and 8 subjects were assigned to Control and UI group with no Pilates (UINP), respectively. Before and after 8 weeks, plasma samples were collected from all participants, and ultrasonography was used to measure the functional change of PFM for calculating FMP ratio. Plasma samples were analyzed by mass spectrometry to identify the change of metabolic features. After 8-weeks intervention, FMP ratio was remarkably decreased in UIP (48.1% ↓, p < 0.001), but not in Control and UINP (p > 0.05). In metabolic features, L-Glutamine (m/z: 147.07 [M + H]+), L-Cystathionine (m/z: 240.09 [M + NH4]+), L-Arginine (m/z: 197.1 [M + Na]+), and L-1-Pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate (m/z: 147.07 [M + NH4]+) were significantly elevated solely in UIP (p < 0.001). Our study elucidated that Pilates can ameliorate the FMP and enhance the specific metabolic characteristics, which was potentially associated with invigorated PFM contractility to effectively control the bladder base and continence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyumin Kang
- School of Bio-Medical Science, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea;
| | - Haelim Lee
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Science, CHA University, 120 Haeryong-ro, Donggyo-dong, Pocheon 11160, Korea;
| | - Malsoon Shin
- School of Global Sport Studies, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea;
| | - Jaekwan Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea;
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sungki Lee
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Science, CHA University, 120 Haeryong-ro, Donggyo-dong, Pocheon 11160, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (Y.P.)
| | - Youngja Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea;
- Omics Research Center, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (Y.P.)
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14
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Guerra DD, Bok R, Breen K, Vyas V, Jiang H, MacLean KN, Hurt KJ. Estrogen Regulates Local Cysteine Metabolism in Mouse Myometrium. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:79-90. [PMID: 32820455 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur amino acid metabolism influences reproductive physiology, and transsulfuration in particular may be critical for normal cellular function. The sex hormone estrogen (E2) modulates gene expression and redox balance in some tissues by inducing the transsulfuration enzymes cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE). The role of sex hormones in sulfur amino acid metabolism by uterine smooth muscle is not known. Here, we show that CBS and CSE proteins increase in the mouse myometrium during estrus and diestrus, respectively, suggesting that E2 reciprocally regulates myometrial CBS and CSE expression. In ovariectomized mice, exogenous E2 upregulates CBS and downregulates CSE levels. E2 promotes CBS mRNA and protein expression but attenuates CSE protein expression without affecting CSE mRNA. This pattern of E2-stimulated changes in transsulfuration enzyme expression is specific to the uterine smooth muscle. E2 does not change vaginal or cervical expression of CBS or CSE significantly, and E2 decreases expression of CSE in the liver without affecting CBS. E2 also downregulates myometrial cysteinesulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD) and decreases myometrial biochemical synthesis of the gaso-transmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These findings suggest that myometrial sulfur amino acid metabolism may regulate uterine redox homeostasis, with implications for the source and metabolism of myometrial cysteine in high E2 states such as estrus and pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian D Guerra
- Department of Biology , University of Louisville , 2301 South 3rd Street, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292, USA
| | - Rachael Bok
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kelsey Breen
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Vibhuti Vyas
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Hua Jiang
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kenneth N MacLean
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - K Joseph Hurt
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Mail Stop 8613, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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15
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Stabler SP. Alterations in Sulfur Amino Acids as Biomarkers of Disease. J Nutr 2020; 150:2532S-2537S. [PMID: 33000156 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is methylated by methionine synthase to form methionine with methyl-cobalamin as a cofactor. The reaction demethylates 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate, which is required for DNA and RNA synthesis. Deficiency of either of the cobalamin (Cbl) and/or folate cofactors results in elevated Hcy and megaloblastic anemia. Elevated Hcy is a sensitive biomarker of Cbl and/or folate status and more specific than serum vitamin assays. Elevated Hcy normalizes when the correct vitamin is given. Elevated Hcy is associated with alcohol use disorder and drugs that target folate or Cbl metabolism, and is a risk factor for thrombotic vascular disease. Elevated methionine and cystathionine are associated with liver disease. Elevated Hcy, cystathionine, and cysteine, but not methionine, are common in patients with chronic renal failure. Higher cysteine predicts obesity and future weight gain. Serum S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) is elevated in Cbl deficiency and chronic renal failure. Drugs that require methylation for catabolism may deplete liver S-adenosylmethionine and raise AdoHcy and Hcy. Deficiency of Cbl or folate or perturbations of their metabolism cause major changes in sulfur amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally P Stabler
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
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16
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Nlandu-Khodo S, Osaki Y, Scarfe L, Yang H, Phillips-Mignemi M, Tonello J, Saito-Diaz K, Neelisetty S, Ivanova A, Huffstater T, McMahon R, Taketo MM, deCaestecker M, Kasinath B, Harris RC, Lee E, Gewin LS. Tubular β-catenin and FoxO3 interactions protect in chronic kidney disease. JCI Insight 2020; 5:135454. [PMID: 32369448 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in renal development and is reexpressed in the injured kidney and other organs. β-Catenin signaling is protective in acute kidney injury (AKI) through actions on the proximal tubule, but the current dogma is that Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes fibrosis and development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). As the role of proximal tubular β-catenin signaling in CKD remains unclear, we genetically stabilized (i.e., activated) β-catenin specifically in murine proximal tubules. Mice with increased tubular β-catenin signaling were protected in 2 murine models of AKI to CKD progression. Oxidative stress, a common feature of CKD, reduced the conventional T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor-dependent β-catenin signaling and augmented FoxO3-dependent activity in proximal tubule cells in vitro and in vivo. The protective effect of proximal tubular β-catenin in renal injury required the presence of FoxO3 in vivo. Furthermore, we identified cystathionine γ-lyase as a potentially novel transcriptional target of β-catenin/FoxO3 interactions in the proximal tubule. Thus, our studies overturned the conventional dogma about β-catenin signaling and CKD by showing a protective effect of proximal tubule β-catenin in CKD and identified a potentially new transcriptional target of β-catenin/FoxO3 signaling that has therapeutic potential for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stellor Nlandu-Khodo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yosuke Osaki
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lauren Scarfe
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Haichun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, VUMC, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Melanie Phillips-Mignemi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jane Tonello
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Surekha Neelisetty
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alla Ivanova
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tessa Huffstater
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robert McMahon
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - M Mark Taketo
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mark deCaestecker
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Balakuntalam Kasinath
- Department of Medicine, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ethan Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and
| | - Leslie S Gewin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and.,Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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17
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Sun HJ, Wu ZY, Nie XW, Wang XY, Bian JS. Implications of hydrogen sulfide in liver pathophysiology: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential. J Adv Res 2020; 27:127-135. [PMID: 33318872 PMCID: PMC7728580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Over the last several decades, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been found to exert multiple physiological functions in mammal systems. The endogenous production of H2S is primarily mediated by cystathione β-synthase (CBS), cystathione γ-lyase (CSE), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST). These enzymes are widely expressed in the liver tissues and regulate hepatic functions by acting on various molecular targets. Aim of Review In the present review, we will highlight the recent advancements in the cellular events triggered by H2S under liver diseases. The therapeutic effects of H2S donors on hepatic diseases will also be discussed. Key Scientific Concepts of Review As a critical regulator of liver functions, H2S is critically involved in the etiology of various liver disorders, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hepatic fibrosis, hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury, and liver cancer. Targeting H2S-producing enzymes may be a promising strategy for managing hepatic disorders.
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Key Words
- 3-MP, 3-mercaptopyruvate
- 3-MST, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase
- AGTR1, angiotensin II type 1 receptor
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- Akt, protein kinase B
- CAT, cysteine aminotransferase
- CBS, cystathione β-synthase
- CO, carbon monoxide
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- CSE, cystathione γ-lyase
- CX3CR1, chemokine CX3C motif receptor 1
- Cancer
- DAO, D-amino acid oxidase
- DATS, Diallyl trisulfide
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinases
- FAS, fatty acid synthase
- Fibrosis
- H2S, hydrogen sulfide
- HFD, high fat diet
- HO-1, heme oxygenase 1
- Hydrogen sulfide
- IR, ischemia/reperfusion
- Liver disease
- MMP-2, matrix metalloproteinase 2
- NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B
- NaHS, sodium hydrosulfide
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PLP, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate
- PPG, propargylglycine
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten
- SAC, S-allyl-cysteine
- SPRC, S-propargyl-cysteine
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Steatosis
- VLDL, very low density lipoprotein
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jian Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Xiao-Wei Nie
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Xin-Yu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Shenzhen Second People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518037, China
| | - Jin-Song Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore.,National University of Singapore Research Institute, Suzhou 215000, China
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18
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Brisdelli F, Di Francesco L, Giorgi A, Lizzi AR, Luzi C, Mignogna G, Bozzi A, Schininà ME. Proteomic Analysis of Quercetin-Treated K562 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010032. [PMID: 31861640 PMCID: PMC6981597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Among natural products under investigation for their additive potential in cancer prevention and treatment, the flavonoid quercetin has received attention for its effects on the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In the past, we addressed this issue in K562 cells, a cellular model of the human chronic myeloid leukemia. Here, we applied stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) proteomics with the aim to increase knowledge on the regulative and metabolic pathways modulated by quercetin in these cells. After 24 h of quercetin treatment, we observed that apoptosis was not completely established, thus we selected this time range to capture quantitative data. As a result, we were able to achieve a robust identification of 1703 proteins, and to measure fold changes between quercetin-treated and untreated cells for 1206 proteins. Through a bioinformatics functional analysis on a subset of 112 proteins, we propose that the apoptotic phenotype of K562 cells entails a significant modulation of the translational machinery, RNA metabolism, antioxidant defense systems, and enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. Finally, we selected eight differentially expressed proteins, validated their modulated expression in quercetin-treated K562 cells, and discussed their possible role in flavonoid cytotoxicity. This quantitative profiling, performed for the first time on this type of tumor cells upon treatment with a flavonoid, will contribute to revealing the molecular basis of the multiplicity of the effects selectively exerted by quercetin on K562 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizia Brisdelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.B.); (A.R.L.); (C.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Laura Di Francesco
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.D.F.); (A.G.); (G.M.)
| | - Alessandra Giorgi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.D.F.); (A.G.); (G.M.)
| | - Anna Rita Lizzi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.B.); (A.R.L.); (C.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Carla Luzi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.B.); (A.R.L.); (C.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Giuseppina Mignogna
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.D.F.); (A.G.); (G.M.)
| | - Argante Bozzi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.B.); (A.R.L.); (C.L.); (A.B.)
| | - M. Eugenia Schininà
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.D.F.); (A.G.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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L-Cystathionine Protects against Homocysteine-Induced Mitochondria-Dependent Apoptosis of Vascular Endothelial Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1253289. [PMID: 31885769 PMCID: PMC6899331 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1253289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The study was aimed at investigating the effects of L-cystathionine on vascular endothelial cell apoptosis and its mechanisms. Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used in the study. Apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells was induced by homocysteine. Apoptosis, mitochondrial superoxide anion, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening, and caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities were examined. Expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3 was tested and BTSA1, a Bax agonist, and HUVEC Bax overexpression was used in the study. Results showed that homocysteine obviously induced the apoptosis of HUVECs, and this effect was significantly attenuated by the pretreatment with L-cystathionine. Furthermore, L-cystathionine decreased the production of mitochondrial superoxide anion and the expression of Bax and restrained its translocation to mitochondria, increased mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibited mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening, suppressed the leakage of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytoplasm, and downregulated activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3. However, BTSA1, a Bax agonist, or Bax overexpression successfully abolished the inhibitory effect of L-cystathionine on Hcy-induced MPTP opening, caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation, and HUVEC apoptosis. Taken together, our results indicated that L-cystathionine could protect against homocysteine-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of HUVECs.
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20
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Combs JA, DeNicola GM. The Non-Essential Amino Acid Cysteine Becomes Essential for Tumor Proliferation and Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050678. [PMID: 31100816 PMCID: PMC6562400 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-essential amino acid cysteine is used within cells for multiple processes that rely on the chemistry of its thiol group. Under physiological conditions, many non-transformed tissues rely on glutathione, circulating cysteine, and the de novo cysteine synthesis (transsulfuration) pathway as sources of intracellular cysteine to support cellular processes. In contrast, many cancers require exogeneous cystine for proliferation and viability. Herein, we review how the cystine transporter, xCT, and exogenous cystine fuel cancer cell proliferation and the mechanisms that regulate xCT expression and activity. Further, we discuss the potential contribution of additional sources of cysteine to the cysteine pool and what is known about the essentiality of these processes in cancer cells. Finally, we discuss whether cyst(e)ine dependency and associated metabolic alterations represent therapeutically targetable metabolic vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Combs
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Gina M DeNicola
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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21
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Jakubowski H. Homocysteine Modification in Protein Structure/Function and Human Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:555-604. [PMID: 30427275 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies established that elevated homocysteine, an important intermediate in folate, vitamin B12, and one carbon metabolism, is associated with poor health, including heart and brain diseases. Earlier studies show that patients with severe hyperhomocysteinemia, first identified in the 1960s, exhibit neurological and cardiovascular abnormalities and premature death due to vascular complications. Although homocysteine is considered to be a nonprotein amino acid, studies over the past 2 decades have led to discoveries of protein-related homocysteine metabolism and mechanisms by which homocysteine can become a component of proteins. Homocysteine-containing proteins lose their biological function and acquire cytotoxic, proinflammatory, proatherothrombotic, and proneuropathic properties, which can account for the various disease phenotypes associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. This review describes mechanisms by which hyperhomocysteinemia affects cellular proteostasis, provides a comprehensive account of the biological chemistry of homocysteine-containing proteins, and discusses pathophysiological consequences and clinical implications of their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health , Newark, New Jersey ; and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland
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22
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Loiselle JJ, Yang G, Wu L. Hydrogen sulfide and hepatic lipid metabolism - a critical pairing for liver health. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 177:757-768. [PMID: 30499137 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is the most recently recognized gasotransmitter, influencing a wide range of physiological processes. As a critical regulator of metabolism, H2 S has been suggested to be involved in the pathology of many diseases, particularly obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. Its involvement in liver health has been brought to light more recently, particularly through knockout animal models, which show severe hepatic lipid accumulation upon ablation of H2 S metabolic pathways. A complex relationship between H2 S and lipid metabolism in the liver is emerging, which has significant implications for liver disease establishment and/or progression, regardless of the disease-causing agent. In this review, we discuss the critical importance of H2 S in hepatic lipid metabolism. We then describe the animal models so far related with H2 S and lipid-associated liver disease, as well as H2 S-based treatments available. Finally, we highlight important considerations for future studies and identify areas in which much still remains to be determined. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Hydrogen Sulfide in Biology & Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie J Loiselle
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada.,Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Guangdong Yang
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Lingyun Wu
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada.,Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, Canada
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23
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Patel D, Rathinam M, Jarvis C, Mahimainathan L, Henderson G, Narasimhan M. Role for Cystathionine γ Lyase (CSE) in an Ethanol (E)-Induced Lesion in Fetal Brain GSH Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051537. [PMID: 29786653 PMCID: PMC5983808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier, we reported that gestational ethanol (E) can dysregulate neuron glutathione (GSH) homeostasis partially via impairing the EAAC1-mediated inward transport of Cysteine (Cys) and this can affect fetal brain development. In this study, we investigated if there is a role for the transulfuration pathway (TSP), a critical bio-synthetic point to supply Cys in E-induced dysregulation of GSH homeostasis. These studies utilized an in utero E binge model where the pregnant Sprague⁻Dawley (SD) rat dams received five doses of E at 3.5 g/kg by gastric intubation beginning embryonic day (ED) 17 until ED19 separated by 12 h. The postnatal day 7 (PN7) alcohol model employed an oral dosing of 4 g/kg body weight split into 2 feedings at 2 h interval and an iso-caloric and iso-volumic equivalent maltose-dextrin milk solution served as controls. The in vitro model consisted of cerebral cortical neuron cultures from embryonic day (ED) 16⁻17 fetus from SD rats and differentiated neurons from ED18 rat cerebral cortical neuroblasts. E concentrations were 4 mg/mL. E induced an accumulation of cystathionine in primary cortical neurons (PCNs), 2nd trimester equivalent in utero binge, and 3rd trimester equivalent PN7 model suggesting that breakdown of cystathionine, a required process for Cys supply is impaired. This was associated with a significant reduction in cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) protein expression in PCN (p < 0.05) and in fetal cerebral cortex in utero (53%, p < 0.05) without a change in the expression of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). Concomitantly, E decreased Cse mRNA expression in PCNs (by 32% within 6 h of exposure, p < 0.05) and in fetal brain (33%, p < 0.05). In parallel, knock down of CSE in differentiated rat cortical neuroblasts exaggerated the E-induced ROS, GSH loss with a pronounced caspase-3 activation and cell death. These studies illustrate the importance of TSP in CSE-related maintenance of GSH and the downstream events via Cys synthesis in neurons and fetal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhyanesh Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Marylatha Rathinam
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Courtney Jarvis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Lenin Mahimainathan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - George Henderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Madhusudhanan Narasimhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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24
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Maclean KN, Jiang H, Aivazidis S, Kim E, Shearn CT, Harris PS, Petersen DR, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Roede JR. Taurine treatment prevents derangement of the hepatic γ-glutamyl cycle and methylglyoxal metabolism in a mouse model of classical homocystinuria: regulatory crosstalk between thiol and sulfinic acid metabolism. FASEB J 2018; 32:1265-1280. [PMID: 29101223 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700586r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase-deficient homocystinuria (HCU) is a poorly understood, life-threatening inborn error of sulfur metabolism. Analysis of hepatic glutathione (GSH) metabolism in a mouse model of HCU demonstrated significant depletion of cysteine, GSH, and GSH disulfide independent of the block in trans-sulfuration compared with wild-type controls. HCU induced the expression of the catalytic and regulatory subunits of γ-glutamyl ligase, GSH synthase (GS), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase 1, 5-oxoprolinase (OPLAH), and the GSH-dependent methylglyoxal detoxification enzyme, glyoxalase-1. Multiple components of the transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant-response regulatory axis were induced without any detectable activation of Nrf2. Metabolomic analysis revealed the accumulation of multiple γ-glutamyl amino acids and that plasma ophthalmate levels could serve as a noninvasive marker for hepatic redox stress. Neither cysteine, nor betaine treatment was able to reverse the observed enzyme inductions. Taurine treatment normalized the expression levels of γ-glutamyl ligase C/M, GS, OPLAH, and glyoxalase-1, and reversed HCU-induced deficits in protein glutathionylation by acting to double GSH levels relative to controls. Collectively, our data indicate that the perturbation of the γ-glutamyl cycle could contribute to multiple sequelae in HCU and that taurine has significant therapeutic potential for both HCU and other diseases for which GSH depletion is a critical pathogenic factor.-Maclean, K. N., Jiang, H., Aivazidis, S., Kim, E., Shearn, C. T., Harris, P. S., Petersen, D. R., Allen, R. H., Stabler, S. P., Roede, J. R. Taurine treatment prevents derangement of the hepatic γ-glutamyl cycle and methylglyoxal metabolism in a mouse model of classical homocystinuria: regulatory crosstalk between thiol and sulfinic acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth N Maclean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stefanos Aivazidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eugene Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Colin T Shearn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Peter S Harris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Dennis R Petersen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert H Allen
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sally P Stabler
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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25
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Majtan T, Park I, Bublil EM, Kraus JP. Enzyme replacement therapy prevents loss of bone and fat mass in murine homocystinuria. Hum Mutat 2017; 39:210-218. [PMID: 29044829 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal and connective tissue defects are the most striking symptoms in patients suffering from classical homocystinuria (HCU). Here, we determined body composition and bone mass in three mouse models of HCU and assessed whether a long-term administration of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) corrected the phenotype. The mouse models of HCU were analyzed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and the data were complemented by plasma biochemical profiles. Both the mouse model lacking CBS (KO) and the one expressing human CBS mutant transgene on a mouse CBS null background (I278T) showed marked bone loss and decreased weight mostly due to a lower fat content compared with negative controls. In contrast, the HO mouse expressing the human CBS WT transgene on a mouse CBS null background showed no such phenotype despite similar plasma biochemical profile to the KO and I278T mice. More importantly, administration of ERT rescued bone mass and changes in body composition in the KO mice treated since birth and reversed bone loss and improved fat content in the I278T mice injected after the development of clinical symptoms. Our study suggests that ERT for HCU may represent an effective way of preventing the skeletal problems in patients without a restricted dietary regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Majtan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Insun Park
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Jan P Kraus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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26
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Kruger WD. Cystathionine β-synthase deficiency: Of mice and men. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 121:199-205. [PMID: 28583326 PMCID: PMC5526210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man [OMIM] 236,200) is an autosomal recessive disorder that is caused by mutations in the CBS gene. It is the most common inborn error of sulfur metabolism and is the cause of classical homocystinuria, a condition characterized by very high levels of plasma total homocysteine and methionine. Although recognized as an inborn error of metabolism over 60years ago, these is still much we do not understand related to how this specific metabolic defect gives rise to its distinct phenotypes. To try and answer these questions, several groups have developed mouse models on CBS deficiency. In this article, we will review various mouse models of CBS deficiency and discuss how these mouse models compare to human CBS deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren D Kruger
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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27
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Jacobs RL, Jiang H, Kennelly JP, Orlicky DJ, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Maclean KN. Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency alters hepatic phospholipid and choline metabolism: Post-translational repression of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase is a consequence rather than a cause of liver injury in homocystinuria. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 120:325-336. [PMID: 28291718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Classical homocystinuria (HCU) due to inactivating mutation of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is a poorly understood life-threatening inborn error of sulfur metabolism. A previously described cbs-/- mouse model exhibits a semi-lethal phenotype due to neonatal liver failure. The transgenic HO mouse model of HCU exhibits only mild liver injury and recapitulates multiple aspects of the disease as it occurs in humans. Disruption of the methionine cycle in HCU has the potential to impact multiple aspect of phospholipid (PL) metabolism by disruption of both the Kennedy pathway and phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) mediated synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC). Comparative metabolomic analysis of HO mouse liver revealed decreased levels of choline, and choline phosphate indicating disruption of the Kennedy pathway. Alterations in the relative levels of multiple species of PL included significant increases in PL degradation products consistent with enhanced membrane PL turnover. A significant decrease in PC containing 20:4n6 which primarily formed by the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to PC was consistent with decreased flux through PEMT. Hepatic expression of PEMT in both the cbs-/- and HO models is post-translationally repressed with decreased levels of PEMT protein and activity that inversely-correlates with the scale of liver injury. Failure to induce further repression of PEMT in HO mice by increased homocysteine, methionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine or depletion of glutathione combined with examination of multiple homocysteine-independent models of liver injury indicated that repression of PEMT in HCU is a consequence rather than a cause of liver injury. Collectively, our data show significant alteration of a broad range of hepatic PL and choline metabolism in HCU with the potential to contribute to multiple aspects of pathogenesis in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- René L Jacobs
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G2E1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G2E1, Canada
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - John P Kennelly
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G2E1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G2E1, Canada
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Robert H Allen
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sally P Stabler
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kenneth N Maclean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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28
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Richard E, Brasil S, Leal F, Navarrete R, Vega A, Ecay MJ, Desviat LR, Pérez-Cerda C, Ugarte M, Merinero B, Pérez B. Isolated and Combined Remethylation Disorders. JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2326409816685732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Richard
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Brasil
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima Leal
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Navarrete
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Vega
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Ecay
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes R. Desviat
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Pérez-Cerda
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Magdalena Ugarte
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Merinero
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Divergent synthesis and identification of the cellular targets of deoxyelephantopins. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12470. [PMID: 27539788 PMCID: PMC4992173 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal extracts containing sesquiterpene lactones have been extensively used in traditional medicine and are known to be rich in α,β-unsaturated functionalities that can covalently engage target proteins. Here we report synthetic methodologies to access analogues of deoxyelephantopin, a sesquiterpene lactone with anticancer properties. Using alkyne-tagged cellular probes and quantitative proteomics analysis, we identified several cellular targets of deoxyelephantopin. We further demonstrate that deoxyelephantopin antagonizes PPARγ activity in situ via covalent engagement of a cysteine residue in the zinc-finger motif of this nuclear receptor. Deoxyelephantopin is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone with known anticancer properties. Here, the authors synthesize deoxyelephantopins and a range of analogues including alkyne-tagged probes, using them to identify its cellular targets.
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Kabil O, Yadav V, Banerjee R. Heme-dependent Metabolite Switching Regulates H2S Synthesis in Response to Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16418-16423. [PMID: 27365395 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c116.742213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Substrate ambiguity and relaxed reaction specificity underlie the diversity of reactions catalyzed by the transsulfuration pathway enzymes, cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and γ-cystathionase (CSE). These enzymes either commit sulfur metabolism to cysteine synthesis from homocysteine or utilize cysteine and/or homocysteine for synthesis of H2S, a signaling molecule. We demonstrate that a kinetically controlled heme-dependent metabolite switch in CBS regulates these competing reactions where by cystathionine, the product of CBS, inhibits H2S synthesis by the second enzyme, CSE. Under endoplasmic reticulum stress conditions, induction of CSE and up-regulation of the CBS inhibitor, CO, a product of heme oxygenase-1, flip the operating preference of CSE from cystathionine to cysteine, transiently stimulating H2S production. In contrast, genetic deficiency of CBS leads to chronic stimulation of H2S production. This metabolite switch from cystathionine to cysteine and/or homocysteine renders H2S synthesis by CSE responsive to the known modulators of CBS: S-adenosylmethionine, NO, and CO. Used acutely, it regulates H2S synthesis; used chronically, it might contribute to disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Kabil
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Vinita Yadav
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Cystathionine: A novel oncometabolite in human breast cancer. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 604:95-102. [PMID: 27311614 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have identified cystathionine (CTH), a sulfur containing metabolite, to be selectively enriched in human breast cancer (HBC) tissues (∼50-100 pmoles/mg protein) compared with undetectable levels in normal breast tissues. The accumulation of CTH, specifically in HBC, was attributed to the overexpression of cystathionine beta synthase (CBS), its synthesizing enzyme, and the undetectable levels of its downstream metabolizing enzyme, cystathionine gamma lyase (CGL). Interestingly both CBS and CGL could not be detected in normal breast tissues. We further observed that CTH protected HBC cells against excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis. Moreover, CTH promoted both mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis in HBC cells. As both the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum are key organelles regulating the onset of apoptosis, we reasoned that endogenous CTH could be contributing towards increasing the apoptotic threshold in HBC cells. An increased apoptotic threshold is a hallmark of all cancer types, including HBC, and is primarily responsible for drug resistance. Hence this study unravels one of the possible pathways that may contribute towards drug resistance in HBC.
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Role of Cystathionine Gamma-Lyase in Immediate Renal Impairment and Inflammatory Response in Acute Ischemic Kidney Injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27517. [PMID: 27273292 PMCID: PMC4897642 DOI: 10.1038/srep27517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is known to act protectively during renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). However, the role of the endogenous H2S in acute kidney injury (AKI) is largely unclear. Here, we analyzed the role of cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH) in acute renal IRI using CTH-deficient (Cth−/−) mice whose renal H2S levels were approximately 50% of control (wild-type) mice. Although levels of serum creatinine and renal expression of AKI marker proteins were equivalent between Cth−/− and control mice, histological analysis revealed that IRI caused less renal tubular damage in Cth−/− mice. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that renal population of infiltrated granulocytes/macrophages was equivalent in these mice. However, renal expression levels of certain inflammatory cytokines/adhesion molecules believed to play a role in IRI were found to be lower after IRI only in Cth−/− mice. Our results indicate that the systemic CTH loss does not deteriorate but rather ameliorates the immediate AKI outcome probably due to reduced inflammatory responses in the kidney. The renal expression of CTH and other H2S-producing enzymes was markedly suppressed after IRI, which could be an integrated adaptive response for renal cell protection.
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Bublil EM, Majtan T, Park I, Carrillo RS, Hůlková H, Krijt J, Kožich V, Kraus JP. Enzyme replacement with PEGylated cystathionine β-synthase ameliorates homocystinuria in murine model. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2372-84. [PMID: 27183385 DOI: 10.1172/jci85396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Homocystinuria, which typically results from cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency, is the most common defect of sulfur amino acid metabolism. CBS condenses homocysteine and serine to cystathionine that is then converted to cysteine. Individuals with homocystinuria have markedly elevated plasma levels of homocysteine and methionine and reduced concentrations of cystathionine and cysteine. Clinical disease manifestations include thromboembolism and neuropsychiatric, ocular, and skeletal complications. Here, we have shown that administration of PEGylated CBS into the circulation of homocystinuria model mice alters the extra- and intracellular equilibrium of sulfur amino acids, resulting in a decrease of approximately 75% in plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) and normalization of cysteine concentrations. Moreover, the decrease in homocysteine and the normalization of cysteine in PEGylated CBS-treated model mice were accompanied by improvement of histopathological liver symptoms and increased survival. Together, these data suggest that CBS enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is a promising approach for the treatment of homocystinuria and that ERT for metabolic diseases may not necessitate introduction of the deficient enzyme into its natural intracellular compartment.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy in Homocystinuria Patients with Remethylation Defects. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150357. [PMID: 26959487 PMCID: PMC4784912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper function of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria is crucial for cellular homeostasis, and dysfunction at either site as well as perturbation of mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs) have been linked to neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. Previously, we have observed an increase in ROS and apoptosis levels in patient-derived fibroblasts with remethylation disorders causing homocystinuria. Here we show increased mRNA and protein levels of Herp, Grp78, IP3R1, pPERK, ATF4, CHOP, asparagine synthase and GADD45 in patient-derived fibroblasts suggesting ER stress and calcium perturbations in homocystinuria. In addition, overexpressed MAM-associated proteins (Grp75, σ-1R and Mfn2) were found in these cells that could result in mitochondrial calcium overload and oxidative stress increase. Our results also show an activation of autophagy process and a substantial degradation of altered mitochondria by mitophagy in patient-derived fibroblasts. Moreover, we have observed that autophagy was partially abolished by antioxidants suggesting that ROS participate in this process that may have a protective role. Our findings argue that alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis and autophagy may contribute to the development of this metabolic disorder and suggest a therapeutic potential in homocystinuria for agents that stabilize calcium homeostasis and/or restore the proper function of ER-mitochondria communications.
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Sarna LK, Siow YL, O K. The CBS/CSE system: a potential therapeutic target in NAFLD? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 93:1-11. [PMID: 25493326 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a broad spectrum liver disorder diagnosed in patients without a history of alcohol abuse. NAFLD is growing at alarming rates worldwide. Its pathogenesis is complex and incompletely understood. The cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) system regulates homocysteine and cysteine metabolism and contributes to endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) biosynthesis. This review summarizes our current understanding of the hepatic CBS/CSE system, and for the first time, positions this system as a potential therapeutic target in NAFLD. As will be discussed, the CBS/CSE system is highly expressed and active in the liver. Its dysregulation, presenting as alterations in circulating homocysteine and (or) H2S levels, has been reported in NAFLD patients and in NAFLD-associated co-morbidities such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Intricate links between the CBS/CSE system and a number of metabolic and stress related molecular mediators have also emerged. Various dysfunctions in the hepatic CBS/CSE system have been reported in animal models representative of each NAFLD spectrum. It is anticipated that a newfound appreciation for the hepatic CBS/CSE system will emerge that will improve our understanding of NAFLD pathogenesis, and give rise to new prospective targets for management of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsei K Sarna
- a Laboratory of Integrative Biology, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
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Xiao W, Fan Y, Wang N, Chuang PY, Lee K, He JC. Knockdown of RTN1A attenuates ER stress and kidney injury in albumin overload-induced nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F409-15. [PMID: 26739891 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00485.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have suggested a critical role of reticulon (RTN)1A in mediating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in kidney cells of animal models and humans with kidney diseases. A large body of evidence suggests that proteinuria itself can cause tubular cell injury leading to the progression of kidney disease. In the present study, we determined whether RTN1A mediates proteinuria-induced tubular cell injury through increased ER stress. We found that incubation of HK2 cells with human serum albumin induced the expression of RTN1A and ER stress markers, whereas knockdown of RTN1A expression attenuated human serum albumin-induced ER stress and tubular cell apoptosis in vitro. In vivo, we found that tubular cell-specific RTN1 knockdown resulted in a significant attenuation of tubular cell ER stress, apoptosis, and renal fibrosis in a model of albumin overload nephropathy. Based on these findings, we conclude that RTN1A is a key mediator for proteinuria-induced tubular cell toxicity and renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhen Xiao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Six Municipal Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Fan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Six Municipal Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Niansong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Six Municipal Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter Y Chuang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and
| | - Kyung Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and
| | - John Cijiang He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and
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Jiang H, Hurt KJ, Breen K, Stabler SP, Allen RH, Orlicky DJ, Maclean KN. Sex-specific dysregulation of cysteine oxidation and the methionine and folate cycles in female cystathionine gamma-lyase null mice: a serendipitous model of the methylfolate trap. Biol Open 2015; 4:1154-62. [PMID: 26276101 PMCID: PMC4582125 DOI: 10.1242/bio.013433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its role in the endogenous synthesis of cysteine, cystathionine gamma-lyase (CGL) is a major physiological source of the vasorelaxant hydrogen sulfide. Cgl null mice are potentially useful for studying the influence of this compound upon vascular tone and endothelial function. Here, we confirm a previous report that female Cgl null mice exhibit an approximate 45-fold increase in plasma total homocysteine compared to wild type controls. This level of homocysteine is approximately 3.5-fold higher than that observed in male Cgl null mice and is essentially equivalent to that observed in mouse models of cystathionine beta synthase deficient homocystinuria. Cgl null mice of both sexes exhibited decreased expression of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and cysteinesulfinate decarboxylase compared to WT controls. Female Cgl null mice exhibited a sex-specific induction of betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase and methionine adenosyltransferase 1, alpha and a 70% decrease in methionine synthase expression accompanied by significantly decreased plasma methionine. Decreased plasma cysteine levels in female Cgl null mice were associated with sex-specific dysregulation of cysteine dioxygenase expression. Comparative histological assessment between cystathionine beta-synthase and Cgl null mice indicated that the therapeutic potential of cystathionine against liver injury merits possible further investigation. Collectively, our data demonstrates the importance of considering sex when investigating mouse models of inborn errors of metabolism and indicate that while female Cgl null mice are of questionable utility for studying the physiological role of hydrogen sulfide, they could serve as a useful model for studying the consequences of methionine synthase deficiency and the methylfolate trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - K Joseph Hurt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kelsey Breen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sally P Stabler
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Robert H Allen
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kenneth N Maclean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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L-cystathionine inhibits oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced THP-1-derived macrophage inflammatory cytokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 generation via the NF-κB pathway. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10453. [PMID: 26020416 PMCID: PMC4447071 DOI: 10.1038/srep10453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore whether and how L-cystathionine had any regulatory effect on the inflammatory response in THP-1-derived macrophages cultured in vitro under oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) stimulation. The human monocyte line THP-1 cell was cultured in vitro and differentiated into macrophages after 24 hours of PMA induction. Macrophages were pretreated with L-cystathionine and then treated with ox-LDL. The results showed that compared with the controls, ox-LDL stimulation significantly upregulated the expression of THP-1-derived macrophage MCP-1 by enhancing NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and DNA binding with the MCP-1 promoter. Compared with the ox-LDL group, 0.3 mmol/L and 1.0 mmol/L L-cystathionine significantly inhibited the expression of THP-1-derived macrophage MCP-1. Mechanistically, 0.3 mmol/L and 1.0 mmol/L L-cystathionine suppressed phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 protein, as well as the DNA binding activity and DNA binding level of NF-κB with the MCP-1 promoter, which resulted in a reduced THP-1-derived macrophage MCP-1 generation. This study suggests that L-cystathionine could inhibit the expression of MCP-1 in THP-1-derived macrophages induced by ox-LDL via inhibition of NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and binding of the MCP-1 promoter sequence after entry into the nucleus.
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Homocysteine thiolactone and N-homocysteinylated protein induce pro-atherogenic changes in gene expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1319-39. [PMID: 25802182 PMCID: PMC4458266 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1956-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genetic or nutritional deficiencies in homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism lead to hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) and cause endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark of atherosclerosis. In addition to Hcy, related metabolites accumulate in HHcy but their role in endothelial dysfunction is unknown. Here, we examine how Hcy-thiolactone, N-Hcy-protein, and Hcy affect gene expression and molecular pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We used microarray technology, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and bioinformatic analysis with PANTHER, DAVID, and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) resources. We identified 47, 113, and 30 mRNAs regulated by N-Hcy-protein, Hcy-thiolactone, and Hcy, respectively, and found that each metabolite induced a unique pattern of gene expression. Top molecular pathways affected by Hcy-thiolactone were chromatin organization, one-carbon metabolism, and lipid-related processes [−log(P value) = 20–31]. Top pathways affected by N-Hcy-protein and Hcy were blood coagulation, sulfur amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism [−log(P value)] = 4–11; also affected by Hcy-thiolactone, [−log(P value) = 8–14]. Top disease related to Hcy-thiolactone, N-Hcy-protein, and Hcy was ‘atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease’ [−log(P value) = 9–16]. Top-scored biological networks affected by Hcy-thiolactone (score = 34–40) were cardiovascular disease and function; those affected by N-Hcy-protein (score = 24–35) were ‘small molecule biochemistry, neurological disease,’ and ‘cardiovascular system development and function’; and those affected by Hcy (score = 25–37) were ‘amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism,’ ‘cellular movement, and cardiovascular and nervous system development and function.’ These results indicate that each Hcy metabolite uniquely modulates gene expression in pathways important for vascular homeostasis and identify new genes and pathways that are linked to HHcy-induced endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease.
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Kobayashi S, Sato M, Kasakoshi T, Tsutsui T, Sugimoto M, Osaki M, Okada F, Igarashi K, Hiratake J, Homma T, Conrad M, Fujii J, Soga T, Bannai S, Sato H. Cystathionine is a novel substrate of cystine/glutamate transporter: implications for immune function. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8778-88. [PMID: 25713140 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.625053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The cystine/glutamate transporter, designated as system xc(-), is important for maintaining intracellular glutathione levels and extracellular redox balance. The substrate-specific component of system xc(-), xCT, is strongly induced by various stimuli, including oxidative stress, whereas it is constitutively expressed only in specific brain regions and immune tissues, such as the thymus and spleen. Although cystine and glutamate are the well established substrates of system xc(-) and the knockout of xCT leads to alterations of extracellular redox balance, nothing is known about other potential substrates. We thus performed a comparative metabolite analysis of tissues from xCT-deficient and wild-type mice using capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Although most of the analyzed metabolites did not show significant alterations between xCT-deficient and wild-type mice, cystathionine emerged as being absent specifically in the thymus and spleen of xCT-deficient mice. No expression of either cystathionine β-synthase or cystathionine γ-lyase was observed in the thymus and spleen of mice. In embryonic fibroblasts derived from wild-type embryos, cystine uptake was significantly inhibited by cystathionine in a concentration-dependent manner. Wild-type cells showed an intracellular accumulation of cystathionine when incubated in cystathionine-containing buffer, which concomitantly stimulated an increased release of glutamate into the extracellular space. By contrast, none of these effects could be observed in xCT-deficient cells. Remarkably, unlike knock-out cells, wild-type cells could be rescued from cystine deprivation-induced cell death by cystathionine supplementation. We thus conclude that cystathionine is a novel physiological substrate of system xc(-) and that the accumulation of cystathionine in immune tissues is exclusively mediated by system xc(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Kobayashi
- From the Department of Food and Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan, the Department of Functional Genomics and Biotechnology, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan, the Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mami Sato
- From the Department of Food and Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kasakoshi
- From the Department of Food and Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Takumi Tsutsui
- From the Department of Food and Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugimoto
- the Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Osaki
- the Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan, the Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Futoshi Okada
- the Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan, the Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kiharu Igarashi
- From the Department of Food and Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Jun Hiratake
- the Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takujiro Homma
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan, and
| | - Marcus Conrad
- the Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Junichi Fujii
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan, and
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- the Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Shiro Bannai
- From the Department of Food and Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Hideyo Sato
- From the Department of Food and Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan, the Department of Functional Genomics and Biotechnology, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan, the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8518, Japan
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L-cystathionine inhibits the mitochondria-mediated macrophage apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23059-73. [PMID: 25514411 PMCID: PMC4284754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the regulatory role of l-cystathionine in human macrophage apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and its possible mechanisms. THP-1 cells were induced with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and differentiated into macrophages. Macrophages were incubated with ox-LDL after pretreatment with l-cystathionine. Superoxide anion, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening were examined. Caspase-9 activities and expression of cleaved caspase-3 were measured. The results showed that compared with control group, ox-LDL treatment significantly promoted superoxide anion generation, release of cytochrome c (cytc) from mitochondrion into cytoplasm, caspase-9 activities, cleavage of caspase-3, and cell apoptosis, in addition to reduced mitochondrial membrane potential as well as increased MPTP opening. However, 0.3 and 1.0 mmol/L l-cystathionine significantly reduced superoxide anion generation, increased mitochondrial membrane potential, and markedly decreased MPTP opening in ox-LDL + l-cystathionine macrophages. Moreover, compared to ox-LDL treated-cells, release of cytc from mitochondrion into cytoplasm, caspase-9 activities, cleavage of caspase-3, and apoptosis levels in l-cystathionine pretreated cells were profoundly attenuated. Taken together, our results suggested that l-cystathionine could antagonize mitochondria-mediated human macrophage apoptosis induced by ox-LDL via inhibition of cytc release and caspase activation.
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Progesterone production is affected by unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling during the luteal phase in mice. Life Sci 2014; 113:60-7. [PMID: 25108065 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We examined whether the three unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways, which are activated in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress, are involved in progesterone production in the luteal cells of the corpus luteum (CL) during the mouse estrous cycle. MAIN METHODS The luteal phase of C57BL/6 female mice (8 weeks old) was divided into two stages: the functional stage (16, 24, and 48 h) and the regression stage (72 and 96 h). Western blotting and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR were performed to analyze UPR protein/gene expression levels in each stage. We investigated whether ER stress affects the progesterone production by using Tm (0.5 μg/g BW) or TUDCA (0.5 μg/g BW) through intra-peritoneal injection. KEY FINDINGS Our results indicate that expressions of Grp78/Bip, p-eIF2α/ATF4, p50ATF6, and p-IRE1/sXBP1 induced by UPR activation were predominantly maintained in functional and early regression stages of the CL. Furthermore, the expression of p-JNK, CHOP, and cleaved caspase3 as ER-stress mediated apoptotic factors increased during the regression stage. Cleaved caspase3 levels increased in the late-regression stage after p-JNK and CHOP expression in the early-regression stage. Additionally, although progesterone secretion and levels of steroidogenic enzymes decreased following intra-peritoneal injection of Tunicamycin, an ER stress inducer, the expression of Grp78/Bip, p50ATF6, and CHOP dramatically increased. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that the UPR signaling pathways activated in response to ER stress may play important roles in the regulation of the CL function. Furthermore, our findings enhance the understanding of the basic mechanisms affecting the CL life span.
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Sulfur amino acids in diet-induced fatty liver: a new perspective based on recent findings. Molecules 2014; 19:8334-49. [PMID: 24950438 PMCID: PMC6270715 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19068334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship of sulfur amino acids to diet-induced fatty liver was established 80 years ago, with cystine promoting the condition and methionine preventing it. This relationship has renewed importance today because diet-induced fatty liver is relevant to the current epidemics of obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Two recent papers provide the first evidence linking sulfane sulfur to diet-induced fatty liver opening a new perspective on the problem. This review summarizes the early data on sulfur amino acids in fatty liver and correlates that data with current knowledge of sulfur metabolism. Evidence is reviewed showing that the lipotropic effect of methionine may be mediated by sulfane sulfur and that the hepatosteatogenic effect of cystine may be related to the removal of sulfane sulfur by cysteine catabolites. Possible preventive and therapeutic strategies are discussed.
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Akahoshi N, Kamata S, Kubota M, Hishiki T, Nagahata Y, Matsuura T, Yamazaki C, Yoshida Y, Yamada H, Ishizaki Y, Suematsu M, Kasahara T, Ishii I. Neutral aminoaciduria in cystathionine β-synthase-deficient mice, an animal model of homocystinuria. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F1462-76. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00623.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is one of the major loci for the expression of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH). While CBS-deficient ( Cbs−/−) mice display homocysteinemia/methioninemia and severe growth retardation, and rarely survive beyond the first 4 wk, CTH-deficient ( Cth−/−) mice show homocysteinemia/cystathioninemia but develop with no apparent abnormality. This study examined renal amino acid reabsorption in those mice. Although both 2-wk-old Cbs−/− and Cth−/− mice had normal renal architecture, their serum/urinary amino acid profiles largely differed from wild-type mice. The most striking feature was marked accumulation of Met and cystathionine in serum/urine/kidney samples of Cbs−/− and Cth−/− mice, respectively. Levels of some neutral amino acids (Val, Leu, Ile, and Tyr) that were not elevated in Cbs−/− serum were highly elevated in Cbs−/− urine, and urinary excretion of other neutral amino acids (except Met) was much higher than expected from their serum levels, demonstrating neutral aminoaciduria in Cbs−/− (not Cth−/−) mice. Because the bulk of neutral amino acids is absorbed via a B0AT1 transporter and Met has the highest substrate affinity for B0AT1 than other neutral amino acids, hypermethioninemia may cause hyperexcretion of neutral amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Akahoshi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Suematsu Gas Biology Project, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan; and
| | - Shotaro Kamata
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takako Hishiki
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Suematsu Gas Biology Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nagahata
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Suematsu Gas Biology Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Matsuura
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Suematsu Gas Biology Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiho Yamazaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yuka Yoshida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hidenori Yamada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yasuki Ishizaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Suematsu Gas Biology Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kasahara
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Ishii
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Jiang H, Stabler SP, Allen RH, Abman SH, Maclean KN. Altered hepatic sulfur metabolism in cystathionine β-synthase-deficient homocystinuria: regulatory role of taurine on competing cysteine oxidation pathways. FASEB J 2014; 28:4044-54. [PMID: 24891521 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-253633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase-deficient homocystinuria (HCU) is a serious life-threatening inborn error of sulfur metabolism with poorly understood pathogenic mechanisms. We investigated the effect of HCU on hepatic cysteine oxidation in a transgenic mouse model of the disease. Cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) protein levels were 90% repressed without any change in mRNA levels. Cysteinesulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD) was induced at both the mRNA (8-fold) and protein (15-fold) levels. Cysteine supplementation normalized CDO protein levels without reversing the induction of CSAD. Regulatory changes in CDO and CSAD expression were proportional to homocysteine elevation, indicating a possible threshold effect. Hepatic and blood taurine levels in HCU animals were decreased by 21 and 35%, respectively, and normalized by cysteine supplementation. Expression of the cytoplasmic (GOT1) and mitochondrial (GOT2) isoforms of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase were repressed in HCU animals by 86 and 30%, respectively. HCU induced regulatory changes in CSAD, CDO, and GOT1 expression were normalized by taurine supplementation, indicating that cysteine is not the only sulfur compound that regulates hepatic cysteine oxidation. Collectively, our results indicate that HCU induces significant alterations of sulfur metabolism with the potential to contribute to pathogenesis and that cysteine and taurine have the potential to serve as adjunctive treatments in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sally P Stabler
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert H Allen
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Gupta S, Melnyk SB, Kruger WD. Cystathionine β-synthase-deficient mice thrive on a low-methionine diet. FASEB J 2013; 28:781-90. [PMID: 24189943 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-240770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency is a recessive inborn error of metabolism characterized by elevated serum total homocysteine (tHcy). Previously, our laboratory developed a mouse model of CBS deficiency, TgI278T Cbs(-)/(-) (abbreviated as Cbs(-/-)), characterized by low weight, low adiposity, decreased Scd-1 expression, facial alopecia, and osteoporosis. To determine the potential benefit of a methionine-restricted diet (MRD), we fed Cbs(-/-) and Cbs(+/-) control mice either an MRD or a regular diet (RD) from weaning till 240 d of age. Cbs(-/-) mice fed the MRD had a 77% decrease in tHcy, 28% increase in weight, 130% increase in fat mass, 82% increase in Scd-1 expression, and 10.6% increase in bone density and entirely lacked the alopecia phenotype observed in age-matched Cbs(-/-) mice fed the RD. At the end of the study, Cbs(-/-) mice fed the MRD were phenotypically indistinguishable from Cbs(+/-) mice fed the RD. Notably, whereas the MRD diet was highly beneficial to Cbs(-/-) mice, it had nearly opposite effect on Cbs(+/-) mice. These studies show that a low-methionine diet can correct the phenotypic consequences of loss of CBS and provide a striking example of how genotype and diet can interact to influence phenotype in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Gupta
- 1Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress leads to lipid accumulation through upregulation of SREBP-1c in normal hepatic and hepatoma cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 381:127-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1694-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Using natural variation in Drosophila to discover previously unknown endoplasmic reticulum stress genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:9013-8. [PMID: 23667151 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307125110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural genetic variation is a rich resource for identifying novel elements of cellular pathways such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ER stress occurs when misfolded proteins accumulate in the ER and cells respond with the conserved unfolded protein response (UPR), which includes large-scale gene expression changes. Although ER stress can be a cause or a modifying factor of human disease, little is known of the amount of variation in the response to ER stress and the genes contributing to such variation. To study natural variation in ER stress response in a model system, we measured the survival time in response to tunicamycin-induced ER stress in flies from 114 lines from the sequenced Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel of wild-derived inbred strains. These lines showed high heterogeneity in survival time under ER stress conditions. To identify the genes that may be driving this phenotypic variation, we profiled ER stress-induced gene expression and performed an association study. Microarray analysis identified variation in transcript levels of numerous known and previously unknown ER stress-responsive genes. Survival time was significantly associated with polymorphisms in candidate genes with known (i.e., Xbp1) and unknown roles in ER stress. Functional testing found that 17 of 25 tested candidate genes from the association study have putative roles in ER stress. In both approaches, one-third of ER stress genes had human orthologs that contribute to human disease. This study establishes Drosophila as a useful model for studying variation in ER stress and identifying ER stress genes that may contribute to human disease.
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