1
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Makasewicz K, Linse S, Sparr E. Interplay of α-synuclein with Lipid Membranes: Cooperative Adsorption, Membrane Remodeling and Coaggregation. JACS AU 2024; 4:1250-1262. [PMID: 38665673 PMCID: PMC11040681 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a small neuronal protein enriched at presynaptic termini. It is hypothesized to play a role in neurotransmitter release and synaptic vesicle cycling, while the formation of α-synuclein amyloid fibrils is associated with several neurodegenerative diseases, most notably Parkinson's Disease. The molecular mechanisms of both the physiological and pathological functions of α-synuclein remain to be fully understood, but in both cases, interactions with membranes play an important role. In this Perspective, we discuss several aspects of α-synuclein interactions with lipid membranes including cooperative adsorption, membrane remodeling and α-synuclein amyloid fibril formation in the presence of lipid membranes. We highlight the coupling between the different phenomena and their interplay in the context of physiological and pathological functions of α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Makasewicz
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Linse
- Biochemistry
and Structural Biology, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Sparr
- Department
of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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2
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Galvagnion C, Barclay A, Makasewicz K, Marlet FR, Moulin M, Devos JM, Linse S, Martel A, Porcar L, Sparr E, Pedersen MC, Roosen-Runge F, Arleth L, Buell AK. Structural characterisation of α-synuclein-membrane interactions and the resulting aggregation using small angle scattering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:10998-11013. [PMID: 38526443 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05928f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The presence of amyloid fibrils is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases. Some amyloidogenic proteins, such as α-synuclein and amyloid β, interact with lipids, and this interaction can strongly favour the formation of amyloid fibrils. In particular the primary nucleation step, i.e. the de novo formation of amyloid fibrils, has been shown to be accelerated by lipids. However, the exact mechanism of this acceleration is still mostly unclear. Here we use a range of scattering methods, such as dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS) to obtain structural information on the binding of α-synuclein to model membranes formed from negatively charged lipids and their co-assembly into amyloid fibrils. We find that the model membranes take an active role in the reaction. The binding of α synuclein to the model membranes immediately induces a major structural change in the lipid assembly, which leads to a break-up into small and mostly disc- or rod-like lipid-protein particles. This transition can be reversed by temperature changes or proteolytic protein removal. Incubation of the small lipid-α-synuclein particles for several hours, however, leads to amyloid fibril formation, whereby the lipids are incorporated into the amyloid fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Galvagnion
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Abigail Barclay
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katarzyna Makasewicz
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Martine Moulin
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Juliette M Devos
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Sara Linse
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, SE22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anne Martel
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Lionel Porcar
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Emma Sparr
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Felix Roosen-Runge
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lise Arleth
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander K Buell
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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3
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Ferreira AR, Ferreira M, Nunes C, Reis S, Teixeira C, Gomes P, Gameiro P. The Unusual Aggregation and Fusion Activity of the Antimicrobial Peptide W-BP100 in Anionic Vesicles. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:138. [PMID: 36837642 PMCID: PMC9966869 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) offer a promising strategy to counteract bacterial resistance, mostly due to their membrane-targeting activity. W-BP100 is a potent broad-spectrum cecropin-melittin CAMP bearing a single N-terminal Trp, which was previously found to improve its antibacterial activity. W-BP100 has high affinity toward anionic membranes, inducing membrane saturation at low peptide-to-lipid (P/L) ratios and membrane permeabilization, with the unique property of promoting the aggregation of anionic vesicles only at specific P/L ratios. Herein, we aimed to investigate this unusual behavior of W-BP100 by studying its aggregation and fusion properties with negatively-charged large (LUVs) or giant (GUVs) unilamellar vesicles using biophysical tools. Circular dichroism (CD) showed that W-BP100 adopted an α-helical conformation in anionic LUVs, neutralizing its surface charge at the aggregation P/L ratio. Its fusion activity, assessed by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) using steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, occurred mainly at the membrane saturation/aggregation P/L ratio. Confocal microscopy studies confirmed that W-BP100 displays aggregation and detergent-like effects at a critical P/L ratio, above which it induces the formation of new lipid aggregates. Our data suggest that W-BP100 promotes the aggregation and fusion of anionic vesicles at specific P/L ratios, being able to reshape the morphology of GUVs into new lipid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Ferreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE (Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde—Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Ferreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE (Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde—Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia Teixeira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE (Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde—Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- LAQV/REQUIMTE (Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde—Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Gameiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE (Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde—Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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4
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Kozlov MM, Taraska JW. Generation of nanoscopic membrane curvature for membrane trafficking. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:63-78. [PMID: 35918535 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Curved membranes are key features of intracellular organelles, and their generation involves dynamic protein complexes. Here we describe the fundamental mechanisms such as the hydrophobic insertion, scaffolding and crowding mechanisms these proteins use to produce membrane curvatures and complex shapes required to form intracellular organelles and vesicular structures involved in endocytosis and secretion. For each mechanism, we discuss its cellular functions as well as the underlying physical principles and the specific membrane properties required for the mechanism to be feasible. We propose that the integration of individual mechanisms into a highly controlled, robust process of curvature generation often relies on the assembly of proteins into coats. How cells unify and organize the curvature-generating factors at the nanoscale is presented for three ubiquitous coats central for membrane trafficking in eukaryotes: clathrin-coated pits, caveolae, and COPI and COPII coats. The emerging theme is that these coats arrange and coordinate curvature-generating factors in time and space to dynamically shape membranes to accomplish membrane trafficking within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Kozlov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Justin W Taraska
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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5
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Dubackic M, Liu Y, Kelley EG, Hetherington C, Haertlein M, Devos JM, Linse S, Sparr E, Olsson U. α-Synuclein Interaction with Lipid Bilayer Discs. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:10216-10224. [PMID: 35952001 PMCID: PMC9404543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (aSyn) is a 140 residue long protein present in presynaptic termini of nerve cells. The protein is associated with Parkinson's disease, in which case it has been found to self-assemble into long amyloid fibrils forming intracellular inclusions that are also rich in lipids. Furthermore, its synaptic function is proposed to involve interaction with lipid membranes, and hence, it is of interest to understand aSyn-lipid membrane interactions in detail. In this paper we report on the interaction of aSyn with model membranes in the form of lipid bilayer discs. Using a combination of cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and small-angle neutron scattering, we show that circular discs undergo a significant shape transition after the adsorption of aSyn. When aSyn self-assembles into fibrils, aSyn molecules desorb from the bilayer discs, allowing them to recover to their original shape. Interestingly, the desorption process has an all-or-none character, resulting in a binary coexistence of circular bilayer discs with no adsorbed aSyn and deformed bilayer discs having a maximum amount of adsorbed protein. The observed coexistence is consistent with the recent finding of cooperative aSyn adsorption to anionic lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Dubackic
- Physical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund
University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yun Liu
- Center
for Neutron Research, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Elizabeth G. Kelley
- Center
for Neutron Research, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Crispin Hetherington
- National
Center for High Resolution Electron Microscopy, Centre for Analysis
and Synthesis, Chemistry Centre, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Sara Linse
- Biochemistry
and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Sparr
- Physical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund
University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Olsson
- Physical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund
University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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6
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Rajasekaran S, Patel D, Witt SN. α-synuclein and phosphoinositide-binding proteins: α-synuclein inhibits the association of PX- but not FYVE-containing proteins with vesicles in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 603:7-12. [PMID: 35263697 PMCID: PMC8967794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
By an unknown mechanism, alpha-synuclein (α-syn) inhibits autophagy in yeast and human cells. Herein, using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we tested the hypothesis that α-syn disrupts autophagy by inhibiting the required association of sorting nexin 4 (Snx4) with phagophores. Snx4 contains a phox (PX) homology domain that selectively binds membranes enriched in phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P). Using fluorescence microscopy, we show that upon nitrogen starvation, 70% of the cells exhibited green puncta (phagophores); whereas identically treated cells expressing α-syn exhibited a significantly lower percentage of cells (30%) with such puncta. Our interpretation is that α-syn outcompetes Snx4 for binding to membranes enriched in PI3P, resulting in fewer phagophores and consequently inefficient induction of autophagy. As a control, we tested whether α-syn disrupts the binding of Vps27-GFP to late endosomes/multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Vps27 contains a PI3P-binding domain called FYVE. α-Syn did not disrupt the binding of Vps27-GFP to late endosomes. α-Syn likely inhibits the binding of PX- but not FYVE-containing proteins to PI3P because FYVE domains bind more than two-orders of magnitude tighter than PX domains. We propose that in all cells, whether yeast or human, α-syn has the potential to inhibit protein trafficking pathways that are dependent on PX-domain proteins such as sorting nexins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhanasabapathy Rajasekaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Dhaval Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Stephan N Witt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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7
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Kachappilly N, Srivastava J, Swain BP, Thakur P. Interaction of alpha-synuclein with lipids. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 169:43-66. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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8
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Bell R, Vendruscolo M. Modulation of the Interactions Between α-Synuclein and Lipid Membranes by Post-translational Modifications. Front Neurol 2021; 12:661117. [PMID: 34335440 PMCID: PMC8319954 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.661117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterised by the presence in brain tissue of aberrant inclusions known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, which are deposits composed by α-synuclein and a variety of other cellular components, including in particular lipid membranes. The dysregulation of the balance between lipid homeostasis and α-synuclein homeostasis is therefore likely to be closely involved in the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies. As our understanding of this balance is increasing, we describe recent advances in the characterisation of the role of post-translational modifications in modulating the interactions of α-synuclein with lipid membranes. We then discuss the impact of these advances on the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Disease, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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9
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Oganesyan I, Lento C, Tandon A, Wilson DJ. Conformational Dynamics of α-Synuclein during the Interaction with Phospholipid Nanodiscs by Millisecond Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1169-1179. [PMID: 33784451 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Both normal and pathological functions of α-synuclein (αSN), an abundant protein in the central and peripheral nervous system, have been linked to its interaction with membrane lipid bilayers. The ability to characterize structural transitions of αSN upon membrane complexation will clarify molecular mechanisms associated with αSN-linked pathologies, including Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple systems atrophy, and other synucleinopathies. In this work, time-resolved electrospray ionization hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (TRESI-HDX-MS) was employed to acquire a detailed picture of αSN's conformational transitions as it undergoes complexation with nanodisc membrane mimics with different headgroup charges (zwitterionic DMPC and negative POPG). Using this approach, αSN interactions with DMPC nanodiscs were shown to be rapid exchanging and to have little impact on the αSN conformational ensemble. Interactions with nanodiscs containing lipids known to promote amyloidogenesis (e.g., POPG), on the other hand, were observed to induce substantial and specific changes in the αSN conformational ensemble. Ultimately, we identify a region corresponding residues 19-28 and 45-57 of the αSN sequence that is uniquely impacted by interactions with "amyloidogenic" lipid membranes, supporting the existing "broken-helix" model for α-synuclein/membrane interactions, but do not detect a "helical extension" that is also thought to play a role in αSN aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Oganesyan
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Cristina Lento
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Anurag Tandon
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Derek J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada
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10
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Runwal G, Edwards RH. The Membrane Interactions of Synuclein: Physiology and Pathology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2021; 16:465-485. [PMID: 33497259 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-031920-092547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Specific proteins accumulate in neurodegenerative disease, and human genetics has indicated a causative role for many. In most cases, however, the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Degeneration is thought to involve a gain of abnormal function, although we do not know the normal function of many proteins implicated. The protein α-synuclein accumulates in the Lewy pathology of Parkinson's disease and related disorders, and mutations in α-synuclein cause degeneration, but we have not known its normal function or how it triggers disease. α-Synuclein localizes to presynaptic boutons and interacts with membranes in vitro. Overexpression slows synaptic vesicle exocytosis, and recent data suggest a normal role for the endogenous synucleins in dilation of the exocytic fusion pore. Disrupted membranes also appear surprisingly prominent in Lewy pathology. Synuclein thus interacts with membranes under both physiological and pathological conditions, suggesting that the normal function of synuclein may illuminate its role in degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Runwal
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, Graduate Programs in Cell Biology, Biomedical Sciences and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA;
| | - Robert H Edwards
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, Graduate Programs in Cell Biology, Biomedical Sciences and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA;
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11
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Hoover BM, Shen Z, Gahan CG, Lynn DM, Van Lehn RC, Murphy RM. Membrane Remodeling and Stimulation of Aggregation Following α-Synuclein Adsorption to Phosphotidylserine Vesicles. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:1582-1594. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M. Hoover
- Biophysics Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Zhizhang Shen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Curran G. Gahan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - David M. Lynn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Reid C. Van Lehn
- Biophysics Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Regina M. Murphy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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12
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Wang N, Clark LD, Gao Y, Kozlov MM, Shemesh T, Rapoport TA. Mechanism of membrane-curvature generation by ER-tubule shaping proteins. Nat Commun 2021; 12:568. [PMID: 33495454 PMCID: PMC7835363 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network consists of tubules with high membrane curvature in cross-section, generated by the reticulons and REEPs. These proteins have two pairs of trans-membrane (TM) segments, followed by an amphipathic helix (APH), but how they induce curvature is poorly understood. Here, we show that REEPs form homodimers by interaction within the membrane. When overexpressed or reconstituted at high concentrations with phospholipids, REEPs cause extreme curvature through their TMs, generating lipoprotein particles instead of vesicles. The APH facilitates curvature generation, as its mutation prevents ER network formation of reconstituted proteoliposomes, and synthetic L- or D-amino acid peptides abolish ER network formation in Xenopus egg extracts. In Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, the APH is required for reticulon’s exclusive ER-tubule localization and restricted mobility. Thus, the TMs and APH cooperate to generate high membrane curvature. We propose that the formation of splayed REEP/reticulon dimers is responsible for ER tubule formation. The endoplasmic reticulum network consists of tubules with high membrane curvature in cross-section, generated by the reticulons and REEPs, but how they introduce curvature is poorly understood. Here authors show that REEPs form homodimers and use their amphipathic helix and trans-membrane segments to introduce high membrane curvature that can even lead to the formation of lipoprotein particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lindsay D Clark
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yuan Gao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael M Kozlov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Tom Shemesh
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Tom A Rapoport
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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13
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Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) is a key protein in the etiology of Parkinson's disease. In a disease state, α-syn accumulates as insoluble amyloid fibrils enriched in β-sheet structure. However, in its functional state, α-syn adopts an amphipathic helix upon membrane association and plays a role in synaptic vesicle docking, fusion, and clustering. In this Account, we describe our contributions made in the past decade toward developing a molecular understanding of α-syn membrane interactions, which are crucial for function and have pathological implications. Three topics are covered: α-syn membrane binding probed by neutron reflectometry (NR), the effects of membrane on α-syn amyloid formation, and interactions of α-syn with cellular membranes.NR offers a unique perspective by providing direct measurements of protein penetration depth. By the use of segmentally deuterated α-syn generated through native chemical ligation, the spatial resolution of specific membrane-bound polypeptide regions was determined by NR. Additionally, we used NR to characterize the membrane-bound complex of α-syn and glucocerebrosidase, a lysosomal hydrolase whose mutations are a common genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Although phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the most abundant lipid species in mammalian cells, interactions of PC with α-syn have been largely ignored because they are substantially weaker compared with the electrostatically driven binding of negatively charged lipids. We discovered that α-syn tubulates zwitterionic PC membranes, which is likely related to its involvement in synaptic vesicle fusion by stabilization of membrane curvature. Interestingly, PC lipid tubules inhibit amyloid formation, in contrast to anionic phosphatidylglycerol lipid tubules, which stimulate protein aggregation. We also found that membrane fluidity influences the propensity of α-synuclein amyloid formation. Most recently, we obtained direct evidence of binding of α-syn to exocytic sites on intact cellular membranes using a method called cellular unroofing. This method provides direct access to the cytosolic plasma membrane. Importantly, measurements of fluorescence lifetime distributions revealed that α-syn is more conformationally dynamic at the membrane interface than previously appreciated. This exquisite responsiveness to specific lipid composition and membrane topology is important for both its physiological and pathological functions. Collectively, our work has provided insights into the effects of the chemical nature of phospholipid headgroups on the interplay among membrane remodeling, protein structure, and α-syn amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upneet Kaur
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jennifer C. Lee
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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14
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Musteikytė G, Jayaram AK, Xu CK, Vendruscolo M, Krainer G, Knowles TPJ. Interactions of α-synuclein oligomers with lipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1863:183536. [PMID: 33373595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is an increasingly prevalent and currently incurable neurodegenerative disorder. At the molecular level, this disease is characterized by the formation of aberrant intracellular protein deposits known as Lewy bodies. Oligomeric forms of the protein α-synuclein (αS), which are believed to be both intermediates and by-products of Lewy body formation, are considered to be the main pathogenic species. Interactions of such oligomers with lipid membranes are increasingly emerging as a major molecular pathway underpinning their toxicity. Here we review recent progress in our understanding of the interactions of αS oligomers with lipid membranes. We highlight key structural and biophysical features of αS oligomers, the effects of these features on αS oligomer membrane binding properties, and resultant implications for understanding the etiology of Parkinson's disease. We discuss mechanistic modes of αS oligomer-lipid membrane interactions and the effects of environmental factors to such modes. Finally, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the main molecular determinants of αS oligomer toxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Musteikytė
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Akhila K Jayaram
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine K Xu
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Georg Krainer
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom.
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15
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Wu K, Li D, Xiu P, Ji B, Diao J. O-GlcNAcylation inhibits the oligomerization of alpha-synuclein by declining intermolecular hydrogen bonds through a steric effect. Phys Biol 2020; 18:016002. [DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/abb6dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Adão R, Cruz PF, Vaz DC, Fonseca F, Pedersen JN, Ferreira-da-Silva F, Brito RM, Ramos CH, Otzen D, Keller S, Bastos M. DIBMA nanodiscs keep α-synuclein folded. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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17
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Vane EW, He S, Maibaum L, Nath A. Rapid Formation of Peptide/Lipid Coaggregates by the Amyloidogenic Seminal Peptide PAP 248-286. Biophys J 2020; 119:924-938. [PMID: 32814060 PMCID: PMC7474197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein/lipid coassembly is an understudied phenomenon that is important to the function of antimicrobial peptides as well as the pathological effects of amyloid. Here, we study the coassembly process of PAP248-286, a seminal peptide that displays both amyloid-forming and antimicrobial activity. PAP248-286 is a peptide fragment of prostatic acid phosphatase and has been reported to form amyloid fibrils, known as semen-derived enhancer of viral infection (SEVI), that enhance the viral infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus. We find that in addition to forming amyloid, PAP248-286 much more readily assembles with lipid vesicles into peptide/lipid coaggregates that resemble amyloid fibrils in some important ways but are a distinct species. The formation of these PAP248-286/lipid coaggregates, which we term "messicles," is controlled by the peptide:lipid (P:L) ratio and by the lipid composition. The optimal P:L ratio is around 1:10, and at least 70% anionic lipid is required for coaggregate formation. Once formed, messicles are not disrupted by subsequent changes in P:L ratio. We propose that messicles form through a polyvalent assembly mechanism, in which a critical surface density of PAP248-286 on liposomes enables peptide-mediated particle bridging into larger species. Even at ∼50-fold lower PAP248-286 concentrations, messicles form at least 10-fold faster than amyloid fibrils. It is therefore possible that some or all of the biological activities assigned to SEVI, the amyloid form of PAP248-286, could instead be attributed to a PAP248-286/lipid coaggregate. More broadly speaking, this work could provide a potential framework for the discovery and characterization of nonamyloid peptide/lipid coaggregates by other amyloid-forming proteins and antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor W Vane
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Biological Physics, Structure and Design Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Shushan He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lutz Maibaum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Abhinav Nath
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Biological Physics, Structure and Design Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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18
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McClain SM, Ojoawo AM, Lin W, Rienstra CM, Murphy CJ. Interaction of Alpha-Synuclein and Its Mutants with Rigid Lipid Vesicle Mimics of Varying Surface Curvature. ACS NANO 2020; 14:10153-10167. [PMID: 32672441 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn), an intrinsically disordered neuronal protein, is strongly implicated in the development of Parkinson's disease. Efforts to better understand α-syn's native function and its pathogenic role in neurodegeneration have revealed that the protein interacts with anionic lipid vesicles via adoption of an amphipathic α-helical structure; however, the ability of α-syn to remodel lipid membranes has made it difficult to decipher the role of vesicle surface curvature in protein binding behavior. In this study, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-coated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which mimic bilayer vesicle architecture, were synthesized in order to conduct a systematic investigation into the binding interaction of α-syn and two of its mutants (A30P and E46K) with rigid lipid vesicle mimics of defined surface curvature. By incorporating a rigid AuNP core (∼10-100 nm), the ability of α-syn to remodel the vesicle mimics was removed and their surface curvature could be fixed. Proteomics studies showed that, upon binding of free α-syn to the surface of SDS-AuNPs, the N-terminus of α-syn became less solvent accessible, whereas its C-terminus became more accessible. Interestingly, α-syn's non-amyloid-β component (NAC) region also exhibited increased solvent accessibility, suggesting that α-syn bound to rigid vesicle-like structures could possess heightened aggregation propensity and therefore pathogenicity. Additionally, both the A30P and E46K mutations were found to adopt distinct binding modes on the mimics' surface. In contrast with previous reports, similar binding affinities were observed for WT, A30P, and E46K α-syn toward SDS-AuNPs of all sizes, indicating the potential importance of vesicle deformability in determining α-syn binding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M McClain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Adedolapo M Ojoawo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Wayne Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chad M Rienstra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61820, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Catherine J Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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19
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Abstract
α-Synuclein is a neuronal protein with an ill-defined biological function that is central to Parkinson’s disease etiology. While considered to be involved in exocytosis, how α-synuclein facilitates synaptic vesicle fusion and release remains an open question. To address this, we investigated α-synuclein–lipid interactions at the plasma membrane through the technique of cellular unroofing, which uncovers an intact basal membrane. We conclusively show that α-synuclein is recruited to exocytic sites, preferring liquid-ordered lipid domains. Importantly, heterogeneous populations of α-synuclein conformers are revealed by measurements of fluorescence lifetime distributions, which are not adequately described by current models of α-synuclein structures. Membrane-bound α-synuclein is conformationally dynamic, exquisitely sensitive to lipid/protein composition, enabling the protein to carry out its function. Parkinson’s disease is associated with α-synuclein (α-syn), a cytosolic protein enriched in presynaptic terminals. The biological function of α-syn remains elusive; however, increasing evidence suggests that the protein is involved in the regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion, signifying the importance of α-syn–lipid interactions. We show that α-syn preferentially binds to GM1-rich, liquid-ordered lipid domains on cytoplasmic membranes by using unroofed cells, which encapsulates lipid complexity and cellular topology. Moreover, proteins (Rab3a, syntaxin-1A, and VAMP2) involved in exocytosis also localize with α-syn, supporting its proposed functional role in exocytosis. To investigate how these lipid/protein interactions influence α-syn at the residue level, α-syn was derivatized with an environmentally sensitive fluorophore (7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl [NBD]) at different N- and C-terminal sites. Measurements of NBD fluorescence lifetime distributions reveal that α-syn adopts a multitude of membrane-bound conformations, which were not recapitulated in simple micelle or vesicle models, indicating an exquisite sensitivity of the protein to the complex lipid environment. Interestingly, these data also suggest the participation of the C terminus in membrane localization, which is generally overlooked and thus emphasize the need to use cellularly derived and biologically relevant membranes for biophysical characterization. Collectively, our results demonstrate that α-syn is more conformationally dynamic at the membrane interface than previously appreciated, which may be important for both its physiological and pathological functions.
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20
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Galesic A, Pratt MR. Investigating the Effects of O-GlcNAc Modifications in Parkinson's Disease Using Semisynthetic α-Synuclein. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2133:313-326. [PMID: 32144674 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0434-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a small aggregation-prone protein associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). The protein's biochemical and biophysical properties can be heavily influenced by various types of posttranslational modification (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and glycosylation. To understand the site-specific effects of various PTMs have on the protein and its aggregation, obtaining a homogeneous sample of the protein of interest with the specific modification of interest is key. Expressed protein ligation (EPL) has emerged as robust tool for building synthetic proteins bearing site-specific modifications. Here, we outline our approach for building α-synuclein with site specific O-GlcNAc modifications, an intracellular subtype of glycosylation that has been linked to the inhibition of protein aggregation. More specifically, we provide specific protocols for the synthesis of α-synuclein bearing an O-GlcNAc modification at threonine 72, termed α-synuclein(gT72). However, this general approach utilizing two recombinant fragments and one synthetic peptide is applicable to other sites and types of modifications and should be transferable to various other protein targets, including aggregation prone proteins like tau and TDP-43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Galesic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew R Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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21
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Moon SP, Balana AT, Galesic A, Rakshit A, Pratt MR. Ubiquitination Can Change the Structure of the α-Synuclein Amyloid Fiber in a Site Selective Fashion. J Org Chem 2019; 85:1548-1555. [PMID: 31809571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Toxic amyloid aggregates are a feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. A number of biochemical and structural studies have demonstrated that not all amyloids of a given protein are equivalent but rather that an aggregating protein can form different amyloid structures or polymorphisms. Different polymorphisms can also induce different amounts of pathology and toxicity in cells and in mice, suggesting that the structural differences may play important roles in disease. However, the features that cause the formation of polymorphisms in vivo are still being uncovered. Posttranslational modifications on several amyloid forming proteins, including the Parkinson's disease causing protein α-synuclein, may be one such cause. Here, we explore whether ubiquitination can induce structural changes in α-synuclein aggregates in vitro. We used protein chemistry to first synthesize ubiquitinated analogues at three different positions using disulfide linkages. After aggregation, these linkages can be reversed, allowing us to make relative comparisons between the structures using a proteinase K assay. We find that, while ubiquitination at residue 6, 23, or 96 inhibits α-synuclein aggregation, only modification at residue 96 causes an alteration in the aggregate structure, providing further evidence that posttranslational modifications may be an important feature in amyloid polymorphism formation.
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22
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Ganjam GK, Bolte K, Matschke LA, Neitemeier S, Dolga AM, Höllerhage M, Höglinger GU, Adamczyk A, Decher N, Oertel WH, Culmsee C. Mitochondrial damage by α-synuclein causes cell death in human dopaminergic neurons. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:865. [PMID: 31727879 PMCID: PMC6856124 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Evolving concepts on Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathology suggest that α-synuclein (aSYN) promote dopaminergic neuron dysfunction and death through accumulating in the mitochondria. However, the consequence of mitochondrial aSYN localisation on mitochondrial structure and bioenergetic functions in neuronal cells are poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated deleterious effects of mitochondria-targeted aSYN in differentiated human dopaminergic neurons in comparison with wild-type (WT) aSYN overexpression and corresponding EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein)-expressing controls. Mitochondria-targeted aSYN enhanced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, reduced ATP levels and showed severely disrupted structure and function of the dendritic neural network, preceding neuronal death. Transmission electron microscopy illustrated distorted cristae and many fragmented mitochondria in response to WT-aSYN overexpression, and a complete loss of cristae structure and massively swollen mitochondria in neurons expressing mitochondria-targeted aSYN. Further, the analysis of mitochondrial bioenergetics in differentiated dopaminergic neurons, expressing WT or mitochondria-targeted aSYN, elicited a pronounced impairment of mitochondrial respiration. In a pharmacological compound screening, we found that the pan-caspase inhibitors QVD and zVAD-FMK, and a specific caspase-1 inhibitor significantly prevented aSYN-induced cell death. In addition, the caspase inhibitor QVD preserved mitochondrial function and neuronal network activity in the human dopaminergic neurons overexpressing aSYN. Overall, our findings indicated therapeutic effects by caspase-1 inhibition despite aSYN-mediated alterations in mitochondrial morphology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutham K Ganjam
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany. .,Center for Mind, Brain and Behaviour - CMBB, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Bolte
- Laboratory for Cell Biology I, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lina A Matschke
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Neitemeier
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Agata Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Niels Decher
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Oertel
- Department of Neurology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behaviour - CMBB, Marburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Culmsee
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behaviour - CMBB, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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23
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Perissinotto F, Rondelli V, Parisse P, Tormena N, Zunino A, Almásy L, Merkel DG, Bottyán L, Sajti S, Casalis L. GM1 Ganglioside role in the interaction of Alpha-synuclein with lipid membranes: Morphology and structure. Biophys Chem 2019; 255:106272. [PMID: 31698188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2019.106272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-Synuclein (AS) is the protein playing the major role in Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurological disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and the accumulation of AS into amyloid plaques. The aggregation of AS into intermediate aggregates, called oligomers, and their pathological relation with biological membranes are considered key steps in the development and progression of the disease. Here we propose a multi-technique approach to study the effects of AS in its monomeric and oligomeric forms on artificial lipid membranes containing GM1 ganglioside. GM1 is a component of functional membrane micro-domains, called lipid rafts, and has been demonstrated to bind AS in neurons. With the aim to understand the relation between gangliosides and AS, here we exploit the complementarity of microscopy (Atomic Force Microscopy) and neutron scattering (Small Angle Neutron Scattering and Neutron Reflectometry) techniques to analyze the structural changes of two different membranes (Phosphatidylcholine and Phosphatidylcholine/GM1) upon binding with AS. We observe the monomer- and oligomer-interactions are both limited to the external membrane leaflet and that the presence of ganglioside leads to a stronger interaction of the membranes and AS in its monomeric and oligomeric forms with a stronger aggressiveness in the latter. These results support the hypothesis of the critical role of lipid rafts not only in the biofunctioning of the protein, but even in the development and the progression of the Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V Rondelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - P Parisse
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy.
| | - N Tormena
- Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - A Zunino
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - L Almásy
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - D G Merkel
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - L Bottyán
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sz Sajti
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - L Casalis
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy
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24
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Mesa-Herrera F, Taoro-González L, Valdés-Baizabal C, Diaz M, Marín R. Lipid and Lipid Raft Alteration in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Window for the Development of New Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3810. [PMID: 31382686 PMCID: PMC6696273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids in the brain are major components playing structural functions as well as physiological roles in nerve cells, such as neural communication, neurogenesis, synaptic transmission, signal transduction, membrane compartmentalization, and regulation of gene expression. Determination of brain lipid composition may provide not only essential information about normal brain functioning, but also about changes with aging and diseases. Indeed, deregulations of specific lipid classes and lipid homeostasis have been demonstrated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Furthermore, recent studies have shown that membrane microdomains, named lipid rafts, may change their composition in correlation with neuronal impairment. Lipid rafts are key factors for signaling processes for cellular responses. Lipid alteration in these signaling platforms may correlate with abnormal protein distribution and aggregation, toxic cell signaling, and other neuropathological events related with these diseases. This review highlights the manner lipid changes in lipid rafts may participate in the modulation of neuropathological events related to AD and PD. Understanding and characterizing these changes may contribute to the development of novel and specific diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in routinely clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Mesa-Herrera
- Laboratory of Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology
| | - Lucas Taoro-González
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Section of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of La Laguna, Sta. Cruz de Tenerife 38200, Spain
| | - Catalina Valdés-Baizabal
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Section of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of La Laguna, Sta. Cruz de Tenerife 38200, Spain
| | - Mario Diaz
- Laboratory of Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology
- Associate Research Unit ULL-CSIC "Membrane Physiology and Biophysics in Neurodegenerative and Cancer Diseases", University of La Laguna, Sta. Cruz de Tenerife 38200, Spain
| | - Raquel Marín
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Section of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of La Laguna, Sta. Cruz de Tenerife 38200, Spain.
- Associate Research Unit ULL-CSIC "Membrane Physiology and Biophysics in Neurodegenerative and Cancer Diseases", University of La Laguna, Sta. Cruz de Tenerife 38200, Spain.
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25
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Alam P, Bousset L, Melki R, Otzen DE. α-synuclein oligomers and fibrils: a spectrum of species, a spectrum of toxicities. J Neurochem 2019; 150:522-534. [PMID: 31254394 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides an overview of the different species that α-synuclein aggregates can populate. It also attempts to reconcile conflicting views regarding the cytotoxic roles of oligomers versus fibrils. α-synuclein, while highly dynamic in the monomeric state, can access a large number of different assembly states. Depending on assembly conditions, these states can interconvert over different timescales. The fibrillar state is the most thermodynamically favored due to the many stabilizing interactions formed between each monomeric unit, but different fibrillar types form at different rates. The end distribution is likely to reflect kinetic partitioning as much as thermodynamic equilibra. In addition, metastable oligomeric species, some of which are on-pathway and others off-pathway, can be populated for remarkably long periods of time. Chemical modifications (phosphorylation, oxidation, covalent links to ligands, etc.) perturb these physical interconversions and invariably destabilize the fibrillar state, leading to small prefibrillar assemblies which can coalesce into amorphous states. Both oligomeric and fibrillar species have been shown to be cytotoxic although firm conclusions require very careful evaluation of particle concentrations and is complicated by the great variety and heterogeneity of different experimentally observed states. The mechanistic relationship between oligomers and fibrils remains to be clarified, both in terms of assembly of oligomers into fibrils and potential dissolution of fibrils into oligomers. While oligomers are possibly implicated in the collapse of neuronal homeostasis, the fibrillar state(s) appears to be the most efficient at propagating itself both in vitro and in vivo, pointing to critical roles for multiple different aggregate species in the progression of Parkinson's disease (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/14714159/homepage/virtual_issues.htm). This article is part of the Special Issue "Synuclein".
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvez Alam
- iNANO and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Luc Bousset
- Institute Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-Aux-Roses cedex, France
| | - Ronald Melki
- Institute Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-Aux-Roses cedex, France
| | - Daniel E Otzen
- iNANO and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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26
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Shahmoradian SH, Lewis AJ, Genoud C, Hench J, Moors TE, Navarro PP, Castaño-Díez D, Schweighauser G, Graff-Meyer A, Goldie KN, Sütterlin R, Huisman E, Ingrassia A, Gier YD, Rozemuller AJM, Wang J, Paepe AD, Erny J, Staempfli A, Hoernschemeyer J, Großerüschkamp F, Niedieker D, El-Mashtoly SF, Quadri M, Van IJcken WFJ, Bonifati V, Gerwert K, Bohrmann B, Frank S, Britschgi M, Stahlberg H, Van de Berg WDJ, Lauer ME. Lewy pathology in Parkinson's disease consists of crowded organelles and lipid membranes. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1099-1109. [PMID: 31235907 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease, the most common age-related movement disorder, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with unclear etiology. Key neuropathological hallmarks are Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites: neuronal inclusions immunopositive for the protein α-synuclein. In-depth ultrastructural analysis of Lewy pathology is crucial to understanding pathogenesis of this disease. Using correlative light and electron microscopy and tomography on postmortem human brain tissue from Parkinson's disease brain donors, we identified α-synuclein immunopositive Lewy pathology and show a crowded environment of membranes therein, including vesicular structures and dysmorphic organelles. Filaments interspersed between the membranes and organelles were identifiable in many but not all α-synuclein inclusions. Crowding of organellar components was confirmed by stimulated emission depletion (STED)-based super-resolution microscopy, and high lipid content within α-synuclein immunopositive inclusions was corroborated by confocal imaging, Fourier-transform coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering infrared imaging and lipidomics. Applying such correlative high-resolution imaging and biophysical approaches, we discovered an aggregated protein-lipid compartmentalization not previously described in the Parkinsons' disease brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Shahmoradian
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Amanda J Lewis
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christel Genoud
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Hench
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tim E Moors
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paula P Navarro
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Castaño-Díez
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Schweighauser
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Kenneth N Goldie
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rosmarie Sütterlin
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Evelien Huisman
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Ingrassia
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne de Gier
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jing Wang
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne De Paepe
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Lead Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Erny
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Preclinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Staempfli
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Preclinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Hoernschemeyer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Preclinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Marialuisa Quadri
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Gerwert
- Department of Biophysics, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bernd Bohrmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area/Neuroscience Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Frank
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Britschgi
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area/Neuroscience Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henning Stahlberg
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Wilma D J Van de Berg
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Matthias E Lauer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Lead Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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27
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Rovere M, Powers AE, Jiang H, Pitino JC, Fonseca-Ornelas L, Patel DS, Achille A, Langen R, Varkey J, Bartels T. E46K-like α-synuclein mutants increase lipid interactions and disrupt membrane selectivity. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:9799-9812. [PMID: 31048377 PMCID: PMC6597829 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, and both genetic and histopathological evidence have implicated the ubiquitous presynaptic protein α-synuclein (αSyn) in its pathogenesis. Recent work has investigated how disrupting αSyn's interaction with membranes triggers trafficking defects, cellular stress, and apoptosis. Special interest has been devoted to a series of mutants exacerbating the effects of the E46K mutation (associated with autosomal dominant PD) through homologous Glu-to-Lys substitutions in αSyn's N-terminal region (i.e. E35K and E61K). Such E46K-like mutants have been shown to cause dopaminergic neuron loss and severe but L-DOPA-responsive motor defects in mouse overexpression models, presenting enormous translational potential for PD and other "synucleinopathies." In this work, using a variety of biophysical techniques, we characterize the molecular pathology of E46K-like αSyn mutants by studying their structure and membrane-binding and remodeling abilities. We find that, although a slight increase in the mutants' avidity for synaptic vesicle-like membranes can be detected, most of their deleterious effects are connected to their complete disruption of αSyn's curvature selectivity. Indiscriminate binding can shift αSyn's subcellular localization away from its physiological interactants at the synaptic bouton toward trafficking vesicles and organelles, as observed in E46K-like cellular and murine models, as well as in human pathology. In conclusion, our findings suggest that a loss of curvature selectivity, rather than increased membrane affinity, could be the critical dyshomeostasis in synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Rovere
- From the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Alex E Powers
- From the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- From the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Julia C Pitino
- From the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Luis Fonseca-Ornelas
- From the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Dushyant S Patel
- From the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Alessandro Achille
- the Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Ralf Langen
- the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, and
| | - Jobin Varkey
- the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, and
| | - Tim Bartels
- From the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
- the Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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28
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Devanand T, Krishnaswamy S, Vemparala S. Interdigitation of Lipids Induced by Membrane–Active Proteins. J Membr Biol 2019; 252:331-342. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Ferree AW. Cathepsin Oxidation Alters Alpha-Synuclein Processing. Front Neurol 2019; 10:530. [PMID: 31191432 PMCID: PMC6540588 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Ferree
- Neurology Department, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
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30
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O'Leary EI, Lee JC. Interplay between α-synuclein amyloid formation and membrane structure. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:483-491. [PMID: 30287222 PMCID: PMC6445794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid formation is a pathological hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's. While it is unknown how these disorders are initiated, in vitro and cellular experiments confirm the importance of membranes. Ubiquitous in vivo, membranes induce conformational changes in amyloidogenic proteins and in some cases, facilitate aggregation. Reciprocally, perturbations in the bilayer structure can be induced by amyloid formation. Here, we review studies in the last 10 years describing α-synuclein (α-syn) and its interactions with membranes, detailing the roles of anionic and zwitterionic lipids in aggregation, and their contribution to Parkinson's disease. We summarize the impact of α-syn - comparing monomeric, oligomeric, and fibrillar forms - on membrane structure, and the effect of membrane remodeling on amyloid formation. Finally, perspective on future studies investigating the interplay between α-syn aggregation and membranes is discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Amyloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma I O'Leary
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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31
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Paul A, Zhang BD, Mohapatra S, Li G, Li YM, Gazit E, Segal D. Novel Mannitol-Based Small Molecules for Inhibiting Aggregation of α-Synuclein Amyloids in Parkinson's Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:16. [PMID: 30968030 PMCID: PMC6438916 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of the amyloidogenic protein α-synuclein (α-Syn) into toxic oligomers and mature fibrils is the major pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Small molecules that inhibit α-Syn aggregation thus may be useful therapeutics for PD. Mannitol and naphthoquinone-tryptophan (NQTrp) have been shown in the past to inhibit α-Syn aggregation by different mechanisms. Herein, we tested whether the conjugation of Mannitol and NQTrp may result in enhance efficacy toward α-Syn. The molecules were conjugated either by a click linker or via a PEG linker. The effect of the conjugate molecules on α-Syn aggregation in vitro was monitored using Thioflavin T fluorescence assay, circular dichroism, transmission electron microscopy, and Congo red birefringence assay. One of the conjugate molecules was found to be more effective than the two parent molecules and as effective as a mixture of the two. The conjugate molecules attenuated the disruptive effect of α-Syn on artificial membrane of Large Unilamellar Vesicles as monitored by dye leakage assay. The conjugates were found to be have low cytotoxicity and reduced toxicity of α-Syn toward SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. These novel designed entities can be attractive scaffold for the development of therapeutic agents for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Paul
- School of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Bo-Dou Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Satabdee Mohapatra
- School of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Parkinson Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ehud Gazit
- School of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Segal
- School of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol Interdisciplinary School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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32
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Abstract
The past few years have resulted in an increased awareness and recognition of the prevalence and roles of intrinsically disordered proteins and protein regions (IDPs and IDRs, respectively) in synaptic vesicle trafficking and exocytosis and in overall synaptic organization. IDPs and IDRs constitute a class of proteins and protein regions that lack stable tertiary structure, but nevertheless retain biological function. Their significance in processes such as cell signaling is now well accepted, but their pervasiveness and importance in other areas of biology are not as widely appreciated. Here, we review the prevalence and functional roles of IDPs and IDRs associated with the release and recycling of synaptic vesicles at nerve terminals, as well as with the architecture of these terminals. We hope to promote awareness, especially among neuroscientists, of the importance of this class of proteins in these critical pathways and structures. The examples discussed illustrate some of the ways in which the structural flexibility conferred by intrinsic protein disorder can be functionally advantageous in the context of cellular trafficking and synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Snead
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021
| | - David Eliezer
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021
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33
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Falke M, Victor J, Wördehoff MM, Peduzzo A, Zhang T, Schröder GF, Buell AK, Hoyer W, Etzkorn M. α-Synuclein-derived lipoparticles in the study of α-Synuclein amyloid fibril formation. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 220:57-65. [PMID: 30826264 PMCID: PMC6451039 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of the protein α-Synuclein (αSyn) is of great interest due to its involvement in the pathology of Parkinson’s disease. However, under in vitro conditions αSyn is very soluble and kinetically stable for extended time periods. As a result, most αSyn aggregation assays rely on conditions that artificially induce or enhance aggregation, often by introducing rather non-native conditions. It has been shown that αSyn interacts with membranes and conditions have been identified in which membranes can promote as well as inhibit αSyn aggregation. It has also been shown that αSyn has the intrinsic capability to assemble lipid-protein-particles, in a similar way as apolipoproteins can form lipid-bilayer nanodiscs. Here we show that these αSyn-lipid particles (αSyn-LiPs) can also effectively induce, accelerate or inhibit αSyn aggregation, depending on the applied conditions. αSyn-LiPs therefore provide a general platform and additional tool, complementary to other setups, to study various aspects of αSyn amyloid fibril formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Falke
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julian Victor
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael M Wördehoff
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alessia Peduzzo
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gunnar F Schröder
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexander K Buell
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoyer
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manuel Etzkorn
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany.
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34
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Elías-Wolff F, Lindén M, Lyubartsev AP, Brandt EG. Curvature sensing by cardiolipin in simulated buckled membranes. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:792-802. [PMID: 30644502 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02133c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin is a non-bilayer phospholipid with a unique dimeric structure. It localizes to negative curvature regions in bacteria and is believed to stabilize respiratory chain complexes in the highly curved mitochondrial membrane. Cardiolipin's localization mechanism remains unresolved, because important aspects such as the structural basis and strength for lipid curvature preferences are difficult to determine, partly due to the lack of efficient simulation methods. Here, we report a computational approach to study curvature preferences of cardiolipin by simulated membrane buckling and quantitative modeling. We combine coarse-grained molecular dynamics with simulated buckling to determine the curvature preferences in three-component bilayer membranes with varying concentrations of cardiolipin, and extract curvature-dependent concentrations and lipid acyl chain order parameter profiles. Cardiolipin shows a strong preference for negative curvatures, with a highly asymmetric chain order parameter profile. The concentration profiles are consistent with an elastic model for lipid curvature sensing that relates lipid segregation to local curvature via the material constants of the bilayers. These computations constitute new steps to unravel the molecular mechanism by which cardiolipin senses curvature in lipid membranes, and the method can be generalized to other lipids and membrane components as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Elías-Wolff
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden and Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Martin Lindén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexander P Lyubartsev
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Erik G Brandt
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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35
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α-Synuclein O-GlcNAcylation alters aggregation and toxicity, revealing certain residues as potential inhibitors of Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1511-1519. [PMID: 30651314 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808845116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A compelling link is emerging between the posttranslational modification O-GlcNAc and protein aggregation. A prime example is α-synuclein, which forms toxic aggregates that are associated with neurodegeneration in Parkinson's and related diseases. α-Synuclein has been shown to be O-GlcNAcylated at nine different positions in in vivo proteomics experiments from mouse and human tissues. This raises the possibility that O-GlcNAc may alter the aggregation of this protein and could be both an important biological mediator of neurodegeneration and also a therapeutic target. Here, we expand upon our previous research in this area through the chemical synthesis of six site-specifically O-GlcNAcylated variants of α-synuclein. We then use a variety of biochemical experiments to show that O-GlcNAc in general inhibits the aggregation of α-synuclein but can also alter the structure of α-synuclein aggregates in site-specific ways. Additionally, an α-synuclein protein bearing three O-GlcNAc modifications can inhibit the aggregation of unmodified protein. Primary cell culture experiments also show that several of the O-GlcNAc sites inhibit the toxicity of extracellular α-synuclein fibers that are likely culprits in the spread of Parkinson's disease. We also demonstrate that O-GlcNAcylation can inhibit the aggregation of an aggressive mutant of α-synuclein, indicating that therapies currently in development that increase this modification might be applied in animal models that rely on this mutant. Finally, we also show that the pan-selective antibody for O-GlcNAc does not generally recognize this modification on α-synuclein, potentially explaining why it remains understudied. These results support further development of O-GlcNAcylation tools and therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases.
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36
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Melki R. Alpha-synuclein and the prion hypothesis in Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2018; 174:644-652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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37
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Pan J, Dalzini A, Khadka NK, Aryal CM, Song L. Lipid Extraction by α-Synuclein Generates Semi-Transmembrane Defects and Lipoprotein Nanoparticles. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:9586-9597. [PMID: 30198000 PMCID: PMC6120733 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Modulations of synaptic membranes play an essential role in the physiological and pathological functions of the presynaptic protein α-synuclein (αSyn). Here we used solution atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to investigate membrane modulations caused by αSyn. We used several lipid bilayers to explore how different lipid species may regulate αSyn-membrane interactions. We found that at a protein-to-lipid ratio of ∼1/9, αSyn perturbed lipid bilayers by generating semi-transmembrane defects that only span one leaflet. In addition, αSyn coaggregates with lipid molecules to produce ∼10 nm-sized lipoprotein nanoparticles. The obtained AFM data are consistent with the apolipoprotein characteristic of αSyn. The role of anionic lipids was elucidated by comparing results from zwitterionic and anionic lipid bilayers. Specifically, our AFM measurements showed that anionic bilayers had a larger tendency of forming bilayer defects; similarly, our EPR measurements revealed that anionic bilayers exhibited more substantial changes in lipid chain mobility and bilayer polarity. We also studied the effect of cholesterol. We found that cholesterol increased the capability of αSyn in inducing bilayer defects and altering lipid chain mobility and bilayer polarity. These data can be explained by an increase in the lipid headgroup-headgroup spacing and/or specific cholesterol-αSyn interactions. Interestingly, we found an inhibitory effect of the cone-shaped phosphatidylethanolamine lipids on αSyn-induced bilayer remodeling. We explained our data by considering interlipid hydrogen-bonding that can stabilize bilayer organization and suppress lipid extraction. Our results of lipid-dependent membrane modulations are likely relevant to αSyn functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Pan
- Department
of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
- E-mail: (J.P.)
| | - Annalisa Dalzini
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Nawal K. Khadka
- Department
of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Chinta M. Aryal
- Department
of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Likai Song
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- E-mail: (L.S.)
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38
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Rasouli S, Abdolvahabi A, Croom CM, Plewman DL, Shi Y, Shaw BF. Glycerolipid Headgroups Control Rate and Mechanism of Superoxide Dismutase-1 Aggregation and Accelerate Fibrillization of Slowly Aggregating Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Mutants. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1743-1756. [PMID: 29649360 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) and lipid membranes might be directly involved in the toxicity and intercellular propagation of aggregated SOD1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but the chemical details of lipid-SOD1 interactions and their effects on SOD1 aggregation remain unclear. This paper determined the rate and mechanism of nucleation of fibrillar apo-SOD1 catalyzed by liposomal surfaces with identical hydrophobic chains (RCH2(O2C18H33)2), but headgroups of different net charge and hydrophobicity (i.e., R(CH2)N+(CH3)3, RPO4-(CH2)2N+(CH3)3, and RPO4-). Under semiquiescent conditions (within a 96 well microplate, without a gyrating bead), the aggregation of apo-SOD1 into thioflavin-T-positive (ThT(+)) amyloid fibrils did not occur over 120 h in the absence of liposomal surfaces. Anionic liposomes triggered aggregation of apo-SOD1 into ThT(+) amyloid fibrils; cationic liposomes catalyzed fibrillization but at slower rates and across a narrower lipid concentration; zwitterionic liposomes produced nonfibrillar (amorphous) aggregates. The inability of zwitterionic liposomes to catalyze fibrillization and the dependence of fibrillization rate on anionic lipid concentration suggests that membranes catalyze SOD1 fibrillization by a primary nucleation mechanism. Membrane-catalyzed fibrillization was also examined for eight ALS variants of apo-SOD1, including G37R, G93R, D90A, and E100G apo-SOD1 that nucleate slower than or equal to WT SOD1 in lipid-free, nonquiescent amyloid assays. All ALS variants (with one exception) nucleated faster than WT SOD1 in the presence of anionic liposomes, wherein the greatest acceleratory effects were observed among variants with lower net negative surface charge (G37R, G93R, D90A, E100G). The exception was H46R apo-SOD1, which did not form ThT(+) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Rasouli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
| | - Alireza Abdolvahabi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
| | - Corbin M. Croom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
| | - Devon L. Plewman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
| | - Yunhua Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
| | - Bryan F. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
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39
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George G, Singh S, Lokappa SB, Varkey J. Gene co-expression network analysis for identifying genetic markers in Parkinson's disease - a three-way comparative approach. Genomics 2018; 111:819-830. [PMID: 29852216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder involving progressive deterioration of dopaminergic neurons. Although few genetic markers for familial PD are known, the etiology of sporadic PD remains poorly understood. Microarray data was analysed for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from PD patients and mature neuronal cells (mDA) differentiated from these iPSCs. Combining expression and semantic similarity, a highly-correlated PD interactome was constructed that included interactions of established Parkinson's disease marker genes. A novel three-way comparative approach was employed, delineating topologically and functionally important genes. These genes showed involvement in pathways like Parkin-ubiquitin proteosomal system (UPS), immune associated biological processes and apoptosis. Of interest are three genes, eEF1A1, CASK, and PSMD6 that are linked to PARK2 activity in the cell and thereby form attractive candidate genes for understanding PD. Network biology approach delineated in this study can be applied to other neurodegenerative disorders for identification of important genetic regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gincy George
- Department of Bioinformatics, Karunya University, Karunya Nagar, Tamil Nadu 641114, India
| | - Sachidanand Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Karunya University, Karunya Nagar, Tamil Nadu 641114, India; Institute of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Deva Road, Uttar Pradesh 225003, India
| | - Sowmya Bekshe Lokappa
- Department of Bioinformatics, Karunya University, Karunya Nagar, Tamil Nadu 641114, India; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Jobin Varkey
- Department of Bioinformatics, Karunya University, Karunya Nagar, Tamil Nadu 641114, India; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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40
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Impact of membrane curvature on amyloid aggregation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1741-1764. [PMID: 29709613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The misfolding, amyloid aggregation, and fibril formation of intrinsically disordered proteins/peptides (or amyloid proteins) have been shown to cause a number of disorders. The underlying mechanisms of amyloid fibrillation and structural properties of amyloidogenic precursors, intermediates, and amyloid fibrils have been elucidated in detail; however, in-depth examinations on physiologically relevant contributing factors that induce amyloidogenesis and lead to cell death remain challenging. A large number of studies have attempted to characterize the roles of biomembranes on protein aggregation and membrane-mediated cell death by designing various membrane components, such as gangliosides, cholesterol, and other lipid compositions, and by using various membrane mimetics, including liposomes, bicelles, and different types of lipid-nanodiscs. We herein review the dynamic effects of membrane curvature on amyloid generation and the inhibition of amyloidogenic proteins and peptides, and also discuss how amyloid formation affects membrane curvature and integrity, which are key for understanding relationships with cell death. Small unilamellar vesicles with high curvature and large unilamellar vesicles with low curvature have been demonstrated to exhibit different capabilities to induce the nucleation, amyloid formation, and inhibition of amyloid-β peptides and α-synuclein. Polymorphic amyloidogenesis in small unilamellar vesicles was revealed and may be viewed as one of the generic properties of interprotein interaction-dominated amyloid formation. Several mechanical models and phase diagrams are comprehensively shown to better explain experimental findings. The negative membrane curvature-mediated mechanisms responsible for the toxicity of pancreatic β cells by the amyloid aggregation of human islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) and binding of the precursors of the semen-derived enhancer of viral infection (SEVI) are also described. The curvature-dependent binding modes of several types of islet amyloid polypeptides with high-resolution NMR structures are also discussed.
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41
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Peelaerts W, Bousset L, Baekelandt V, Melki R. ɑ-Synuclein strains and seeding in Parkinson's disease, incidental Lewy body disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy: similarities and differences. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 373:195-212. [PMID: 29704213 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2839-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several age-related neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the deposition of aberrantly folded endogenous proteins. These proteins have prion-like propagation and amplification properties but so far appear nontransmissible between individuals. Because of the features they share with the prion protein, PrP, the characteristics of pathogenic protein aggregates in several progressive brain disorders, including different types of Lewy body diseases (LBDs), such as Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), have been actively investigated. Even though the pleomorphic nature of these syndromes might suggest different underlying causes, ɑ-synuclein (ɑSyn) appears to play an important role in this heterogeneous group of diseases (the synucleinopathies). An attractive hypothesis is that different types of ɑSyn protein assemblies have a unique and causative role in distinct synucleinopathies. We will discuss the recent research progress on ɑSyn assemblies involved in PD, MSA and DLB; their behavior as strains; current spreading hypotheses; their ability to seed centrally and peripherally; and their implication for disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Peelaerts
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - L Bousset
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - V Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - R Melki
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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42
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Rawat A, Langen R, Varkey J. Membranes as modulators of amyloid protein misfolding and target of toxicity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1863-1875. [PMID: 29702073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal protein aggregation is a hallmark of various human diseases. α-Synuclein, a protein implicated in Parkinson's disease, is found in aggregated form within Lewy bodies that are characteristically observed in the brains of PD patients. Similarly, deposits of aggregated human islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) are found in the pancreatic islets in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Significant number of studies have focused on how monomeric, disaggregated proteins transition into various amyloid structures leading to identification of a vast number of aggregation promoting molecules and processes over the years. Inasmuch as these factors likely enhance the formation of toxic, misfolded species, they might act as risk factors in disease. Cellular membranes, and particularly certain lipids, are considered to be among the major players for aggregation of α-synuclein and IAPP, and membranes might also be the target of toxicity. Past studies have utilized an array of biophysical tools, both in vitro and in vivo, to expound the membrane-mediated aggregation. Here, we focus on membrane interaction of α-synuclein and IAPP, and how various kinds of membranes catalyze or modulate the aggregation of these proteins and how, in turn, these proteins disrupt membrane integrity, both in vitro and in vivo. The membrane interaction and subsequent aggregation has been briefly contrasted to aggregation of α-synuclein and IAPP in solution. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Aggregation and Misfolding at the Cell Membrane Interface edited by Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Rawat
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Ralf Langen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
| | - Jobin Varkey
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
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43
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Jiang Z, Flynn JD, Teague WE, Gawrisch K, Lee JC. Stimulation of α-synuclein amyloid formation by phosphatidylglycerol micellar tubules. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1840-1847. [PMID: 29501608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is a presynaptic protein that is accumulated in its amyloid form in the brains of Parkinson's patients. Although its biological function remains unclear, α-syn has been suggested to bind to synaptic vesicles and facilitate neurotransmitter release. Recently, studies have found that α-syn induces membrane tubulation, highlighting a potential mechanism for α-syn to stabilize highly curved membrane structures which could have both functional and dysfunctional consequences. To understand how membrane remodeling by α-syn affects amyloid formation, we have studied the α-syn aggregation process in the presence of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) micellar tubules, which were the first reported example of membrane tubulation by α-syn. Aggregation kinetics, β-sheet content, and macroscopic protein-lipid structures were observed by Thioflavin T fluorescence, circular dichroism spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Collectively, the presence of PG micellar tubules formed at a stochiometric (L/P = 1) ratio was found to stimulate α-syn fibril formation. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed the co-assembly of PG and α-syn into fibril structures. However, isolated micellar tubules do not form fibrils by themselves, suggesting an important role of free α-syn monomers during amyloid formation. In contrast, fibrils did not form in the presence of excess PG lipids (≥L/P = 50), where most of the α-syn molecules are in a membrane-bound α-helical form. Our results provide new mechanistic insights into how membrane tubules modulate α-syn amyloid formation and support a pivotal role of protein-lipid interaction in the dysfunction of α-syn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Jiang
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jessica D Flynn
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Walter E Teague
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Klaus Gawrisch
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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44
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Elías-Wolff F, Lindén M, Lyubartsev AP, Brandt EG. Computing Curvature Sensitivity of Biomolecules in Membranes by Simulated Buckling. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:1643-1655. [PMID: 29350922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Membrane curvature sensing, where the binding free energies of membrane-associated molecules depend on the local membrane curvature, is a key factor to modulate and maintain the shape and organization of cell membranes. However, the microscopic mechanisms are not well understood, partly due to absence of efficient simulation methods. Here, we describe a method to compute the curvature dependence of the binding free energy of a membrane-associated probe molecule that interacts with a buckled membrane, which has been created by lateral compression of a flat bilayer patch. This buckling approach samples a wide range of curvatures in a single simulation, and anisotropic effects can be extracted from the orientation statistics. We develop an efficient and robust algorithm to extract the motion of the probe along the buckled membrane surface, and evaluate its numerical properties by extensive sampling of three coarse-grained model systems: local lipid density in a curved environment for single-component bilayers, curvature preferences of individual lipids in two-component membranes, and curvature sensing by a homotrimeric transmembrane protein. The method can be used to complement experimental data from curvature partition assays and provides additional insight into mesoscopic theories and molecular mechanisms for curvature sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Elías-Wolff
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden.,Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Martin Lindén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University , SE-751 05 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Alexander P Lyubartsev
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Erik G Brandt
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
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45
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Varkey J, Langen R. Membrane remodeling by amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic proteins studied by EPR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 280:127-139. [PMID: 28579098 PMCID: PMC5461824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The advancement in site-directed spin labeling of proteins has enabled EPR studies to expand into newer research areas within the umbrella of protein-membrane interactions. Recently, membrane remodeling by amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic proteins has gained a substantial interest in relation to driving and controlling vital cellular processes such as endocytosis, exocytosis, shaping of organelles like endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi and mitochondria, intracellular vesicular trafficking, formation of filopedia and multivesicular bodies, mitochondrial fusion and fission, and synaptic vesicle fusion and recycling in neurotransmission. Misregulation in any of these processes due to an aberrant protein (mutation or misfolding) or alteration of lipid metabolism can be detrimental to the cell and cause disease. Dissection of the structural basis of membrane remodeling by proteins is thus quite necessary for an understanding of the underlying mechanisms, but it remains a formidable task due to the difficulties of various common biophysical tools in monitoring the dynamic process of membrane binding and bending by proteins. This is largely since membranes generally complicate protein structure analysis and this problem is amplified for structural analysis in the presence of different types of membrane curvatures. Recent EPR studies on membrane remodeling by proteins show that a significant structural information can be generated to delineate the role of different protein modules, domains and individual amino acids in the generation of membrane curvature. These studies also show how EPR can complement the data obtained by high resolution techniques such as X-ray and NMR. This perspective covers the application of EPR in recent studies for understanding membrane remodeling by amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic proteins that is useful for researchers interested in using or complimenting EPR to gain better understanding of membrane remodeling. We also discuss how a single protein can generate different type of membrane curvatures using specific conformations for specific membrane structures and how EPR is a versatile tool well-suited to analyze subtle alterations in structures under such modifying conditions which otherwise would have been difficult using other biophysical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobin Varkey
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
| | - Ralf Langen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
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46
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De Leon CA, Levine PM, Craven TW, Pratt MR. The Sulfur-Linked Analogue of O-GlcNAc (S-GlcNAc) Is an Enzymatically Stable and Reasonable Structural Surrogate for O-GlcNAc at the Peptide and Protein Levels. Biochemistry 2017. [PMID: 28627871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic proteins bearing site-specific posttranslational modifications have revolutionized our understanding of their biological functions in vitro and in vivo. One such modification, O-GlcNAcylation, is the dynamic addition of β-N-acetyl glucosamine to the side chains of serine and threonine residues of proteins, yet our understanding of the site-specific impact of O-GlcNAcylation remains difficult to evaluate in vivo because of the potential for enzymatic removal by endogenous O-GlcNAcase (OGA). Thioglycosides are generally perceived to be enzymatically stable structural mimics of O-GlcNAc; however, in vitro experiments with small-molecule GlcNAc thioglycosides have demonstrated that OGA can hydrolyze these linkages, indicating that S-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (S-GlcNAc) on peptides or proteins may not be completely stable. Here, we first develop a robust synthetic route to access an S-GlcNAcylated cysteine building block for peptide and protein synthesis. Using this modified amino acid, we establish that S-GlcNAc is an enzymatically stable surrogate for O-GlcNAcylation in its native protein setting. We also applied nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and computational modeling to find that S-GlcNAc is an good structural mimic of O-GlcNAc. Finally, we demonstrate that site-specific S-GlcNAcylation results in biophysical characteristics that are the same as those of O-GlcNAc within the context of the protein α-synuclein. While this study is limited in focus to two model systems, these data suggest that S-GlcNAc broadly resembles O-GlcNAc and that it is indeed a stable analogue in the context of peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timothy W Craven
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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47
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Ruzafa D, Hernandez-Gomez YS, Bisello G, Broersen K, Morel B, Conejero-Lara F. The influence of N-terminal acetylation on micelle-induced conformational changes and aggregation of α-Synuclein. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178576. [PMID: 28562630 PMCID: PMC5451137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological function of α-Synuclein has been related to binding to lipids and membranes but these interactions can also mediate α-Synuclein aggregation, which is associated to Parkinson’s disease and other neuropathologies. In brain tissue α-Synuclein is constitutively N-acetylated, a modification that plays an important role in its conformational propensity, lipid and membrane binding, and aggregation propensity. We studied the interactions of the lipid-mimetic SDS with N-acetylated and non-acetylated α-Synuclein, as well as their early-onset Parkinson’s disease variants A30P, E46K and A53T. At low SDS/protein ratios α-Synuclein forms oligomeric complexes with SDS micelles with relatively low α-helical structure. These micellar oligomers can efficiently nucleate aggregation of monomeric α-Synuclein, with successive formation of oligomers, protofibrils, curly fibrils and mature amyloid fibrils. N-acetylation reduces considerably the rate of aggregation of WT α-Synuclein. However, in presence of any of the early-onset Parkinson’s disease mutations the protective effect of N-acetylation against micelle-induced aggregation becomes impaired. At higher SDS/protein ratios, N-acetylation favors another conformational transition, in which a second type of α-helix-rich, non-aggregating oligomers become stabilized. Once again, the Parkinson’s disease mutations disconnect the influence of N-acetylation in promoting this transition. These results suggest a cooperative link between the N-terminus and the region of the mutations that may be important for α-Synuclein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ruzafa
- Departamento de Química Física e Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Yuriko S. Hernandez-Gomez
- Departamento de Química Física e Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Giovanni Bisello
- Departamento de Química Física e Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Kerensa Broersen
- Nanobiophysics Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bertrand Morel
- Departamento de Química Física e Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Conejero-Lara
- Departamento de Química Física e Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
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48
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Lázaro DF, Pavlou MAS, Outeiro TF. Cellular models as tools for the study of the role of alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2017; 298:162-171. [PMID: 28526239 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are highly debilitating conditions characterised primarily by progressive neuronal loss and impairment of the nervous system. Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common of these disorders, affecting 1-2% of the population above the age of 65. Although the underlying mechanisms of PD have been extensively studied, we still lack a full understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the disease. Thus, the in vitro and in vivo models currently used are able to only partially recapitulate the typical phenotypes of the disease. Here, we review various cell culture models currently used to study the molecular basis of PD, with a focus on alpha-synuclein-associated molecular pathologies. We also discuss how different cell models may constitute powerful tools for high-throughput screening of molecules capable of modulating alpha-synuclein toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana F Lázaro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria Angeliki S Pavlou
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany.
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49
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Environmentally sensitive probes for monitoring protein-membrane interactions at nanomolar concentrations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:852-859. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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50
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Levine PM, De Leon CA, Galesic A, Balana A, Marotta NP, Lewis YE, Pratt MR. O-GlcNAc modification inhibits the calpain-mediated cleavage of α-synuclein. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4977-4982. [PMID: 28487126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The major protein associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) is α-synuclein, as it can form toxic amyloid-aggregates that are a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases. α-Synuclein is a substrate for several different posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that have the potential to affect its biological functions and/or aggregation. However, the biophysical effects of many of these modifications remain to be established. One such modification is the addition of the monosaccharide N-acetyl-glucosamine, O-GlcNAc, which has been found on several α-synuclein serine and threonine residues in vivo. We have previously used synthetic protein chemistry to generate α-synuclein bearing two of these physiologically relevant O-GlcNAcylation events at threonine 72 and serine 87 and demonstrated that both of these modifications inhibit α-synuclein aggregation. Here, we use the same synthetic protein methodology to demonstrate that these same O-GlcNAc modifications also inhibit the cleavage of α-synuclein by the protease calpain. This further supports a role for O-GlcNAcylation in the modulation of α-synuclein biology, as proteolysis has been shown to potentially affect both protein aggregation and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Levine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Cesar A De Leon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Ana Galesic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Aaron Balana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Nicholas P Marotta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Yuka E Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Matthew R Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States; Department Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
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