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Fang Y, Xiang W, Cui J, Jiao B, Su X. Anti-Inflammatory Properties of the Citrus Flavonoid Diosmetin: An Updated Review of Experimental Models. Molecules 2024; 29:1521. [PMID: 38611801 PMCID: PMC11013832 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an essential contributor to various human diseases. Diosmetin (3',5,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone), a citrus flavonoid, can be used as an anti-inflammatory agent. All the information in this article was collected from various research papers from online scientific databases such as PubMed and Web of Science. These studies have demonstrated that diosmetin can slow down the progression of inflammation by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators through modulating related pathways, predominantly the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss the anti-inflammatory properties of diosmetin in cellular and animal models of various inflammatory diseases for the first time. We have identified some deficiencies in current research and offer suggestions for further advancement. In conclusion, accumulating evidence so far suggests a very important role for diosmetin in the treatment of various inflammatory disorders and suggests it is a candidate worthy of in-depth investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Fang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.F.); (W.X.); (J.C.)
| | - Wei Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.F.); (W.X.); (J.C.)
| | - Jinwei Cui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.F.); (W.X.); (J.C.)
| | - Bining Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China;
| | - Xuesu Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.F.); (W.X.); (J.C.)
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2
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Ahmed D, Al-Daraawi M, Cassol E. Innate sensing and cellular metabolism: role in fine tuning antiviral immune responses. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:164-190. [PMID: 36822175 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies over the last decade have identified intimate links between cellular metabolism and macrophage function. Metabolism has been shown to both drive and regulate macrophage function by producing bioenergetic and biosynthetic precursors as well as metabolites (and other bioactive molecules) that regulate gene expression and signal transduction. Many studies have focused on lipopolysaccharide-induced reprogramming, assuming that it is representative of most inflammatory responses. However, emerging evidence suggests that diverse pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are associated with unique metabolic profiles, which may drive pathogen specific immune responses. Further, these metabolic pathways and processes may act as a rheostat to regulate the magnitude of an inflammatory response based on the biochemical features of the local microenvironment. In this review, we will discuss recent work examining the relationship between cellular metabolism and macrophage responses to viral PAMPs and describe how these processes differ from lipopolysaccharide-associated responses. We will also discuss how an improved understanding of the specificity of these processes may offer new insights to fine-tune macrophage function during viral infections or when using viral PAMPs as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duale Ahmed
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Malak Al-Daraawi
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Sharma S, Carlson S, Gregory-Flores A, Hinojo-Perez A, Olson A, Thippeswamy T. Mechanisms of disease-modifying effect of saracatinib (AZD0530), a Src/Fyn tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in the rat kainate model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 156:105410. [PMID: 34087381 PMCID: PMC8325782 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated the role of the Fyn-PKCδ signaling pathway in status epilepticus (SE)-induced neuroinflammation and epileptogenesis in experimental models of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). In this study, we show a significant disease-modifying effect and the mechanisms of a Fyn/Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor, saracatinib (SAR, also known as AZD0530), in the rat kainate (KA) model of TLE. SAR treatment for a week, starting the first dose (25 mg/kg, oral) 4 h after the onset of SE, significantly reduced spontaneously recurring seizures and epileptiform spikes during the four months of continuous video-EEG monitoring. Immunohistochemistry of brain sections and Western blot analyses of hippocampal lysates at 8-day (8d) and 4-month post-SE revealed a significant reduction of SE-induced astrogliosis, microgliosis, neurodegeneration, phosphorylated Fyn/Src-419 and PKCδ-tyr311, in SAR-treated group when compared with the vehicle control. We also found the suppression of nitroxidative stress markers such as iNOS, 3-NT, 4-HNE, and gp91phox in the hippocampus, and nitrite and ROS levels in the serum of the SAR-treated group at 8d post-SE. The qRT-PCR (hippocampus) and ELISA (serum) revealed a significant reduction of key proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β mRNA in the hippocampus and their protein levels in serum, in addition to IL-6 and IL-12, in the SAR-treated group at 8d in contrast to the vehicle-treated group. These findings suggest that SAR targets some of the key biomarkers of epileptogenesis and modulates neuroinflammatory and nitroxidative pathways that mediate the development of epilepsy. Therefore, SAR can be developed as a potential disease-modifying agent to prevent the development and progression of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaunik Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
| | - Steven Carlson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
| | - Adriana Gregory-Flores
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
| | - Andy Hinojo-Perez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
| | - Ashley Olson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
| | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA.
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4
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Lv Y, Deng H, Liu Y, Chang K, Du H, Zhou P, Mao H, Hu C. The tyrosine kinase SRC of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) up-regulates the expression of IFN I by activating TANK binding kinase 1. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103834. [PMID: 32827605 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In response to viral infections, various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are activated for the production of type I interferon (IFN I). As a center of these receptor responses, TANK binding kinase-1 (TBK1) activates interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). SRC is a member of Src family kinases (SFK) which participates in TBK1-mediated IFN I signaling pathway. In mammals, the immunological function of SRC is depended on its interaction with TBK1. To date, SRC has not been studied in fish. In this paper, we cloned the ORF of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) SRC (CiSRC). CiSRC has a closer relationship with Sinocyclocheilus rhinocerous SRC (SrSRC). The expression level of CiSRC was significantly up-regulated following poly (I:C) stimulation in grass carp tissues and cells. Subcellular localization results showed that CiSRC is located both in the cytoplasm and nucleus, while CiTBK1 is only located in the cytoplasm of CIK cells. When GFP-CiSRC and FLAG-CiTBK1 were co-transfected into CIK cells, we found that they were co-localized in the cytoplasm. GST-pulldown and Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that CiSRC and CiSRC tyrosine kinase domain deletion mutant (SRC-ΔTyrkc) can interact with CiTBK1, respectively. CiSRC promotes the phosphorylation of CiTBK1. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of TBK1 is more strongly under poly (I:C) stimulation. We also demonstrated that SRC can up-regulate IFN I expression. These results above unraveled that CiSRC initiates innate immune response by binding to and then up-regulating the phosphorylation of TBK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfeng Lv
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Hang Deng
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yapeng Liu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Kaile Chang
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Hailing Du
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Huiling Mao
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Chengyu Hu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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Jiang Y, Liu J, Zhou Z, Liu K, Liu C. Diosmetin Attenuates Akt Signaling Pathway by Modulating Nuclear Factor Kappa-Light-Chain-Enhancer of Activated B Cells (NF-κB)/Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) in Streptozotocin (STZ)-Induced Diabetic Nephropathy Mice. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:7007-7014. [PMID: 30278036 PMCID: PMC6354632 DOI: 10.12659/msm.910764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We evaluated the nephroprotective effect of diosmetin in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) mice. Material/Methods Diabetes was induced by injecting STZ (50 mg/kg) i.p. for 5 days. Biochemical parameters, such as fasting blood glucose, creatinine, BUN in the serum, and albumin in the urine, were determined in STZ-induced DN mice after the 8th week of STZ administration. The level of inflammatory mediators in the serum and oxidative stress parameters in the tissue homogenate was estimated in STZ-induced DN mice. Expressions of Akt, NF-κB, and iNOS in the tissue homogenate were assessed by Western blot analysis. Results Our data reveal that treatment with diosmetin significantly reduces the fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in the serum and albumin in urine compared to the negative control group. Treatment with diosmetin attenuated the altered level of oxidative stress parameters and inflammatory cytokines in the STZ-induced DN mice. Expression of Akt and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) was significantly reduced and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was enhanced in the tissue homogenate of diosmetin-treated mice compared to the negative control group. Data from immunohistochemical analysis suggest that the expressions of NF-κB was significantly reduced in tissues of the diosmetin-treated group compared to the negative control group. Conclusions Our study shows that diosmetin protects against renal injury in STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy mice by modulating the Akt/NF-κB/iNOS signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingsong Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Jiguo Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Zemei Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Chun Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China (mainland)
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Hao J, Li P, Tian Y, Wang Y, Li S, Wang L, Li S. Crosstalk between Toll-like receptor 3 and Notch signaling contributes to CD14 + monocytes activity in enterovirus 71 infected hand, foot, and mouth disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 60:26-33. [PMID: 29702280 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Interaction between Toll-like receptor (TLR) and Notch signaling contributes to inflammatory response in nephropathy and fungicidal infection, however, the role of this crosstalk remains not fully elucidated in enterovirus 71 (EV71)-induced hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). The aim of this study was to investigate the crosstalk between TLR and Notch in inflammatory regulation in EV71 infection. Thirty-seven EV-71-indcued HFMD (16 mild and 21 severe cases) and eleven normal control (NC) were enrolled. CD14+ monocytes were purified, and were stimulated with either TLR3/4 agonists [poly(I: C) or LPS] or Notch signaling inhibitor. TLRs and Notch receptors expression, proinflammatory cytokines production, and important molecules in signaling pathways were measured by real-time PCR, ELISA, and Western blot. TLR3 and TLR4 was significantly elevated in CD14+ monocytes from HFMD patients than NC. Notch1 and Notch2 mRNA was also remarkably increased in CD14+ monocytes from severe HFMD. Poly(I: C) stimulation resulted in robust increase of IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α by CD14+ monocytes in severe HFMD compared to NC. Activation of Notch1, Notch2, and target genes, Hes1 and Hes5 was also enhanced upon ploy(I: C) treatment. Although inhibition of Notch signaling did not affect TLR3 expression, poly(I: C)-induced inflammatory response was robustly attenuated, which was accompanied by silencing Src phosphorylation in CD14+ monocytes from severe HFMD patients. The current data indicated that crosstalk between TLR3 and Notch signaling modulated CD14+ monocytes function and inflammatory responses in the progression of EV71-induced HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Peiling Li
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yunjiao Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Suqing Li
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Lina Wang
- Quality control office, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Shujun Li
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China.
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7
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Tu Y, Zhang L, Tong L, Wang Y, Zhang S, Wang R, Li L, Wang Z. EFhd2/swiprosin-1 regulates LPS-induced macrophage recruitment via enhancing actin polymerization and cell migration. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 55:263-271. [PMID: 29288926 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage motility is vital in innate immunity, which contributes strategically to the defensive inflammation process. During bacterial infection, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) potently activates the migration of macrophages via the NF-κB/iNOS/c-Src signaling pathway. However, the downstream region of c-Src that participates in macrophage migration is unclear. EFhd2, a novel actin bundling protein, was evaluated for its role in LPS-stimulated macrophage migration in this study. We found that LPS stimulated the up-regulation, tyrosine phosphorylation and membrane translocation of EFhd2 in macrophages. The absence of EFhd2 inhibited the recruitment of macrophages in the lungs of LPS-induced septic mice. LPS-induced macrophage migration was neutralized by the deletion of EFhd2. EFhd2-mediated up-regulation of NFPs (including Rac1/Cdc42, N-WASP/WAVE2 and Arp2/3 complex) induced by LPS could be used to explain the role of EFhd2 in promoting actin polymerization. Furthermore, the purified EFhd2 could directly promote actin polymerization in vitro. Dasatinib, a c-Src specific inhibitor, inhibited the up-regulation of EFhd2 stimulated by LPS. Therefore, our study demonstrated that EFhd2 might be involved in LPS-stimulated macrophage migration, which provides a potential target for LPS-activated c-Src during macrophage mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Department of Medical Department, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lichao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingchang Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Su Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongmei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Zhou Y, He C, Wang L, Ge B. Post-translational regulation of antiviral innate signaling. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1414-1426. [PMID: 28744851 PMCID: PMC7163624 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system initiates immune responses by pattern‐recognition receptors (PRR). Virus‐derived nucleic acids are sensed by the retinoic acid‐inducible gene I (RIG‐I)‐like receptor (RLR) family and the toll‐like receptor (TLR) family as well as the DNA sensor cyclic GMP‐AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS). These receptors activate IRF3/7 and NF‐κB signaling pathways to induce the expression of type I interferons (IFNs) and other cytokines firing antiviral responses within the cell. However, to achieve a favorable outcome for the host, a balanced production of IFNs and activation of antiviral responses is required. Post‐translational modifications (PTMs), such as the covalent linkage of functional groups to amino acid chains, are crucial for this immune homeostasis in antiviral responses. Canonical PTMs including phosphorylation and ubiquitination have been extensively studied and other PTMs such as methylation, acetylation, SUMOylation, ADP‐ribosylation and glutamylation are being increasingly implicated in antiviral innate immunity. Here we summarize our recent understanding of the most important PTMs regulating the antiviral innate immune response, and their role in virus‐related immune pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Zhou
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxi He
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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9
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Li X, Yang M, Yu Z, Tang S, Wang L, Cao X, Chen T. The tyrosine kinase Src promotes phosphorylation of the kinase TBK1 to facilitate type I interferon production after viral infection. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/460/eaae0435. [PMID: 28049762 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aae0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are activated in response to viral infection to stimulate the production of type I interferons (IFNs). However, central to the responses of all of these receptors is their activation of the kinase TBK1, which stimulates transcription by IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). We investigated the mechanism by which the kinase activity of TBK1 is stimulated in response to viral infection. We found that the tyrosine kinase Src promoted the phosphorylation of TBK1 on Tyr179 upon viral infection of RAW264.7 macrophages. Mutation of Tyr179 to alanine resulted in impaired autophosphorylation of TBK1 at Ser172, which is required for TBK1 activation. The TBK1 Y179A mutant failed to rescue type I IFN production by virally infected RAW264.7 macrophages deficient in TBK1. Pharmacological inhibition of Src with AZD0530 and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9-mediated knockout of Src demonstrated that Src was critical for activating the TBK1-IRF3 pathway and stimulating type I IFN production. However, Src did not directly bind to recombinant TBK1 in vitro but instead bound to the proline-X-X-proline motifs within key PRR adaptor proteins, such as TRIF, MAVS, and STING, which formed complexes with TBK1 after PRR engagement. Together, our data suggest that Src is the major tyrosine kinase that primes TBK1 for autophosphorylation and activation, thus providing mechanistic insights into the regulation of TBK1 activity by various PRRs as part of the innate antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingjin Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhou Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Songqing Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Taoyong Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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10
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Maa MC, Leu TH. Src is required for migration, phagocytosis, and interferon beta production in Toll-like receptor-engaged macrophages. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2016; 6:14. [PMID: 27514533 PMCID: PMC4980824 DOI: 10.7603/s40681-016-0014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As an evolutionarily conserved mechanism, innate immunity controls self-nonself
discrimination to protect a host from invasive pathogens. Macrophages are major
participants of the innate immune system. Through the activation of diverse
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), macrophages are triggered to initiate a variety of
functions including locomotion, phagocytosis, and secretion of cytokines that
requires the participation of tyrosine kinases. Fgr, Hck, and Lyn are
myeloid-specific Src family kinases. Despite their constitutively high expression in
macrophages, their absence does not impair LPS responsiveness. In contrast, Src, a
barely detectable tyrosine kinase in resting macrophages, becomes greatly inducible
in response to TLR engagement, implicating its role in macrophage activation.
Indeed, silencing Src suppresses the activated TLR-mediated migration, phagocytosis,
and interferon-beta (IFN-β) secretion in macrophages. And these physiological
defects can be restored by the introduction of siRNA-resistant Src. Notably, the
elevated expression and activity of Src is inducible nitric oxide synthase
(iNOS)-dependent. Due to (1) iNOS being a NF-κB target, which can be induced by
various TLR ligands, (2) Src can mediate NF-κB activation, therefore, there ought to
exist a loop of signal amplification that regulates macrophage physiology in
response to the engagement of TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chei Maa
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, 404, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Tzeng-Horng Leu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, 404, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, 404, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Tainan, Taiwan
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11
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Zhang L, Xiang W, Wang G, Yan Z, Zhu Z, Guo Z, Sengupta R, Chen AF, Loughran PA, Lu B, Wang Q, Billiar TR. Interferon β (IFN-β) Production during the Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) Response in Hepatocytes Involves Coordinated and Feedforward Signaling through Toll-like Receptor 3 (TLR3), RNA-dependent Protein Kinase (PKR), Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), and Src Protein. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15093-107. [PMID: 27226571 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.717942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensing of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in the liver is important for antiviral defenses but can also contribute to sterile inflammation during liver injury. Hepatocytes are often the target of viral infection and are easily injured by inflammatory insults. Here we sought to establish the pathways involved in the production of type I interferons (IFN-I) in response to extracellular poly(I:C), a dsRNA mimetic, in hepatocytes. This was of interest because hepatocytes are long-lived and, unlike most immune cells that readily die after activation with dsRNA, are not viewed as cells with robust antimicrobial capacity. We found that poly(I:C) leads to rapid up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), and Src. The production of IFN-β was dependent on iNOS, PKR, and Src and partially dependent on TLR3/Trif. iNOS and Src up-regulation was partially dependent on TLR3/Trif but entirely dependent on PKR. The phosphorylation of TLR3 on tyrosine 759 was shown to increase in parallel to IFN-β production in an iNOS- and Src-dependent manner, and Src was found to directly interact with TLR3 in the endosomal compartment of poly(I:C)-treated cells. Furthermore, we identified a robust NO/cGMP/PKG-dependent feedforward pathway for the amplification of iNOS expression. These data identify iNOS/NO as an integral component of IFN-β production in response to dsRNA in hepatocytes in a pathway that involves the coordinated activities of TLR3/Trif and PKR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Zhang
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Wenpei Xiang
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, the Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoliang Wang
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Zhengzheng Yan
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Zhaowei Zhu
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Zhong Guo
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Rajib Sengupta
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Alex F Chen
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Patricia A Loughran
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, the Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and
| | - Ben Lu
- the Xiangya Third Hospital and Central South University School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Qingde Wang
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213,
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12
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Hasan M, Gruber E, Cameron J, Leifer CA. TLR9 stability and signaling are regulated by phosphorylation and cell stress. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:525-33. [PMID: 26957214 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0815-337r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate sensing of pathogens elicits protective immune responses through pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors. Although signaling by Toll-like receptors is regulated at multiple steps, including localization, trafficking, proteolytic cleavage, and phosphorylation, the significance of post-translational modifications and cellular stress response on Toll-like receptor stability and signaling is still largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the role of cytoplasmic tyrosine motifs in Toll-like receptor-9 stability, proteolytic cleavage, and signaling. We demonstrated that tyrosine phosphorylation is essential for mouse Toll-like receptor-9 protein stability and signaling. Upon inhibition of tyrosine kinases with piceatannol, Toll-like receptor-9 tyrosine phosphorylation induced by CpG deoxyribonucleic acid was inhibited, which correlated with decreased signaling. Furthermore, inhibition of Src kinases with 1-tert-Butyl-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine also inhibited response to CpG deoxyribonucleic acid. Toll-like receptor-9 protein stability was also sensitive to autophagy, the cellular stress response pathway, and infection by a deoxyribonucleic acid virus. Whereas autophagy induced by rapamycin or low serum levels caused a preferential loss of the mature p80 proteolytic cleavage product, infection with herpes simplex virus-1 and induction of cell stress with tunicamycin caused preferential loss of full-length Toll-like receptor-9, which is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. Our data reveal new information about the stability and signaling of Toll-like receptor-9 and suggest that immune evasion mechanisms may involve targeted loss of innate sensing receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroof Hasan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Erika Gruber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jody Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Cynthia A Leifer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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13
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Novel Types of Small RNA Exhibit Sequence- and Target-dependent Angiogenesis Suppression Without Activation of Toll-like Receptor 3 in an Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Mouse Model. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2015; 4:e258. [PMID: 26484944 PMCID: PMC4881762 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2015.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has become a powerful tool for suppressing gene expression in vitro and in vivo. A great deal of evidence has demonstrated the potential for the use of synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) as therapeutic agents. However, the application of siRNA to clinical medicine is still limited, mainly due to sequence-independent suppression of angiogenesis mediated by Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). Here, we describe novel types of synthetic RNA, named nkRNA and PnkRNA, that exhibit sequence-specific gene silencing through RNAi without activating TLRs or RIG-I–like receptor signaling. In addition, we confirmed the therapeutic effect for the novel types of RNA in an animal model of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) without retinal degeneration. These data indicate that nkRNA and PnkRNA are of great potential utility as therapies against blinding choroidal neovascularization due to AMD.
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14
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Chen HC, Chien WC, Chang MY, Hsieh MY, Lai MD, Maa MC, Leu TH. The iNOS/Src/FAK axis contributes to lithium chloride-mediated macrophage migration. Nitric Oxide 2015; 47:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Cheng WE, Ying Chang M, Wei JY, Chen YJ, Maa MC, Leu TH. Berberine reduces Toll-like receptor-mediated macrophage migration by suppression of Src enhancement. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 757:1-10. [PMID: 25796198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Berberine is an isoquinoline with anti-inflammatory activity. We previously demonstrated that there was a loop of signal amplification between nuclear factor kappa B and Src for macrophage mobility triggered by the engagement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The simultaneous suppression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase 2, and cell mobility in berberine-treated macrophages suggested Src might be a target of berberine. Indeed, th reduced migration, greatly suppressed Src induction in both protein and RNA transcript by berberine were observed in macrophages exposed to LPS, peptidoglycan, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, and CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides. In addition to Src induction, berberine also inhibited LPS-mediated Src activation in Src overexpressing macrophages and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (a nitric oxide donor) could partly restore it. Moreover, berberine suppressed Src activity in fibronectin-stimulated macrophages and in v-Src transformed cells. These results implied that by effectively reducing Src expression and activity, berberine inhibited TLR-mediated cell motility in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Erh Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Miao Ying Chang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jyun-Yan Wei
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biomedicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Jen Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Chei Maa
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biomedicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Tzeng-Horng Leu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
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16
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Palchetti S, Starace D, De Cesaris P, Filippini A, Ziparo E, Riccioli A. Transfected poly(I:C) activates different dsRNA receptors, leading to apoptosis or immunoadjuvant response in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5470-83. [PMID: 25568326 PMCID: PMC4342463 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.601625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the effectiveness of surgery or radiation therapy for the treatment of early-stage prostate cancer (PCa), there is currently no effective strategy for late-stage disease. New therapeutic targets are emerging; in particular, dsRNA receptors Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and cytosolic helicases expressed by cancer cells, once activated, exert a pro-apoptotic effect in different tumors. We previously demonstrated that the synthetic analog of dsRNA poly(I:C) induces apoptosis in the androgen-dependent PCa cell line LNCaP in a TLR3-dependent fashion, whereas only a weak apoptotic effect is observed in the more aggressive and androgen-independent PCa cells PC3 and DU145. In this paper, we characterize the receptors and the signaling pathways involved in the remarkable apoptosis induced by poly(I:C) transfected by Lipofectamine (in-poly(I:C)) compared with the 12-fold higher free poly(I:C) concentration in PC3 and DU145 cells. By using genetic inhibition of different poly(I:C) receptors, we demonstrate the crucial role of TLR3 and Src in in-poly(I:C)-induced apoptosis. Therefore, we show that the increased in-poly(I:C) apoptotic efficacy is due to a higher binding of endosomal TLR3. On the other hand, we show that in-poly(I:C) binding to cytosolic receptors MDA5 and RIG-I triggers IRF3-mediated signaling, leading uniquely to the up-regulation of IFN-β, which likely in turn induces increased TLR3, MDA5, and RIG-I proteins. In summary, in-poly(I:C) activates two distinct antitumor pathways in PC3 and DU145 cells: one mediated by the TLR3/Src/STAT1 axis, leading to apoptosis, and the other one mediated by MDA5/RIG-I/IRF3, leading to immunoadjuvant IFN-β expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Palchetti
- From the Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedics, Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy and
| | - Donatella Starace
- From the Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedics, Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy and
| | - Paola De Cesaris
- the Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonio Filippini
- From the Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedics, Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy and
| | - Elio Ziparo
- From the Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedics, Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy and
| | - Anna Riccioli
- From the Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedics, Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy and
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17
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Tyrosine phosphorylation in Toll-like receptor signaling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:533-41. [PMID: 25022196 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a wealth of knowledge about how different Ser/Thr protein kinases participate in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. In many cases, we know the identities of the Ser/Thr residues of various components of the TLR-signaling pathways that are phosphorylated, the functional consequences of the phosphorylation and the responsible protein kinases. In contrast, the analysis of Tyr-phosphorylation of TLRs and their signaling proteins is currently incomplete, because several existing analyses are not systematic or they do not rely on robust experimental data. Nevertheless, it is clear that many TLRs require, for signaling, ligand-dependent phosphorylation of specific Tyr residues in their cytoplasmic domains; the list includes TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR8 and TLR9. In this article, we discuss the current status of knowledge of the effect of Tyr-phosphorylation of TLRs and their signaling proteins on their biochemical and biological functions, the possible identities of the relevant protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and the nature of regulations of PTK-mediated activation of TLR signaling pathways.
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