1
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Chokshi CR, Shaikh MV, Brakel B, Rossotti MA, Tieu D, Maich W, Anand A, Chafe SC, Zhai K, Suk Y, Kieliszek AM, Miletic P, Mikolajewicz N, Chen D, McNicol JD, Chan K, Tong AHY, Kuhlmann L, Liu L, Alizada Z, Mobilio D, Tatari N, Savage N, Aghaei N, Grewal S, Puri A, Subapanditha M, McKenna D, Ignatchenko V, Salamoun JM, Kwiecien JM, Wipf P, Sharlow ER, Provias JP, Lu JQ, Lazo JS, Kislinger T, Lu Y, Brown KR, Venugopal C, Henry KA, Moffat J, Singh SK. Targeting axonal guidance dependencies in glioblastoma with ROBO1 CAR T cells. Nat Med 2024:10.1038/s41591-024-03138-9. [PMID: 39095594 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-03138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to genotoxic therapies and tumor recurrence are hallmarks of glioblastoma (GBM), an aggressive brain tumor. In this study, we investigated functional drivers of post-treatment recurrent GBM through integrative genomic analyses, genome-wide genetic perturbation screens in patient-derived GBM models and independent lines of validation. Specific genetic dependencies were found consistent across recurrent tumor models, accompanied by increased mutational burden and differential transcript and protein expression compared to its primary GBM predecessor. Our observations suggest a multi-layered genetic response to drive tumor recurrence and implicate PTP4A2 (protein tyrosine phosphatase 4A2) as a modulator of self-renewal, proliferation and tumorigenicity in recurrent GBM. Genetic perturbation or small-molecule inhibition of PTP4A2 acts through a dephosphorylation axis with roundabout guidance receptor 1 (ROBO1) and its downstream molecular players, exploiting a functional dependency on ROBO signaling. Because a pan-PTP4A inhibitor was limited by poor penetrance across the blood-brain barrier in vivo, we engineered a second-generation chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy against ROBO1, a cell surface receptor enriched across recurrent GBM specimens. A single dose of ROBO1-targeted CAR T cells doubled median survival in cell-line-derived xenograft (CDX) models of recurrent GBM. Moreover, in CDX models of adult lung-to-brain metastases and pediatric relapsed medulloblastoma, ROBO1 CAR T cells eradicated tumors in 50-100% of mice. Our study identifies a promising multi-targetable PTP4A-ROBO1 signaling axis that drives tumorigenicity in recurrent GBM, with potential in other malignant brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirayu R Chokshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Muhammad Vaseem Shaikh
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin Brakel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Martin A Rossotti
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, Life Sciences Division, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David Tieu
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - William Maich
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alisha Anand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn C Chafe
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kui Zhai
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yujin Suk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Agata M Kieliszek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Petar Miletic
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas Mikolajewicz
- Program for Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research & Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Chen
- Program for Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research & Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie D McNicol
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Katherine Chan
- Program for Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research & Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amy H Y Tong
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laura Kuhlmann
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lina Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Zahra Alizada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Mobilio
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nazanin Tatari
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Neil Savage
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nikoo Aghaei
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Shan Grewal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Anish Puri
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Dillon McKenna
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Joseph M Salamoun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacek M Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Sharlow
- Department of Pharmacology, Fiske Drug Discovery Laboratory, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - John P Provias
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jian-Qiang Lu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John S Lazo
- Department of Pharmacology, Fiske Drug Discovery Laboratory, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yu Lu
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin R Brown
- Program for Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research & Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin A Henry
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, Life Sciences Division, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Program for Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research & Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Sheila K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Xiao S, Chen H, Bai Y, Zhang ZY, Liu Y. Targeting PRL phosphatases in hematological malignancies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2024; 28:259-271. [PMID: 38653737 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2024.2344695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) family proteins, also known as protein tyrosine phosphatase 4A (PTP4A), have been implicated in many types of cancers. The PRL family of phosphatases consists of three members, PRL1, PRL2, and PRL3. PRLs have been shown to harbor oncogenic potentials and are highly expressed in a variety of cancers. Given their roles in cancer progression and metastasis, PRLs are potential targets for anticancer therapies. However, additional studies are needed to be performed to fully understand the roles of PRLs in blood cancers. AREAS COVERED In this review, we will summarize recent studies of PRLs in normal and malignant hematopoiesis, the role of PRLs in regulating various signaling pathways, and the therapeutic potentials of targeting PRLs in hematological malignancies. We will also discuss how to improve current PRL inhibitors for cancer treatment. EXPERT OPINION Although PRL inhibitors show promising therapeutic effects in preclinical studies of different types of cancers, moving PRL inhibitors from bench to bedside is still challenging. More potent and selective PRL inhibitors are needed to target PRLs in hematological malignancies and improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hongxia Chen
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Hematology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunpeng Bai
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute for Cancer Research, and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute for Cancer Research, and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Nguele Meke F, Bai Y, Ruiz-Avila D, Carlock C, Ayub J, Miao J, Hu Y, Li Q, Zhang ZY. Inhibition of PRL2 Upregulates PTEN and Attenuates Tumor Growth in Tp53-deficient Sarcoma and Lymphoma Mouse Models. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:5-17. [PMID: 38047587 PMCID: PMC10764713 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRL) are oncogenic when overexpressed. We previously found that PRL2 deletion increases PTEN, decreases Akt activity, and suppresses tumor development in a partial Pten-deficient mouse model. The current study aims to further establish the mechanism of PTEN regulation by PRL2 and expand the therapeutic potential for PTEN augmentation mediated by PRL2 inhibition in cancers initiated without PTEN alteration. The TP53 gene is the most mutated tumor suppressor in human cancers, and heterozygous or complete deletion of Tp53 in mice leads to the development of sarcomas and thymic lymphomas, respectively. There remains a lack of adequate therapies for the treatment of cancers driven by Tp53 deficiency or mutations. We show that Prl2 deletion leads to PTEN elevation and attenuation of Akt signaling in sarcomas and lymphomas developed in Tp53 deficiency mouse models. This results in increased survival and reduced tumor incidence because of impaired tumor cell proliferation. In addition, inhibition of PRL2 with a small-molecule inhibitor phenocopies the effect of genetic deletion of Prl2 and reduces Tp53 deficiency-induced tumor growth. Taken together, the results further establish PRL2 as a negative regulator of PTEN and highlight the potential of PRL2 inhibition for PTEN augmentation therapy in cancers with wild-type PTEN expression. SIGNIFICANCE Prl2 deletion attenuates Tp53 deficiency-induced tumor growth by increasing PTEN and reducing Akt activity. Targeting Tp53-null lymphoma with PRL inhibitors lead to reduced tumor burden, providing a therapeutic approach via PTEN augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Nguele Meke
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Yunpeng Bai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Diego Ruiz-Avila
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Colin Carlock
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Jinan Ayub
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Jinmin Miao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Yanyang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Qinglin Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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4
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Ozawa M, Mori H, Endo T, Ishikawa-Yamauchi Y, Motooka D, Emori C, Ikawa M. Age-related decline in spermatogenic activity accompanied with endothelial cell senescence in male mice. iScience 2023; 26:108456. [PMID: 38077127 PMCID: PMC10700819 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Male fertility decreases with aging, with spermatogenic decline being one of its causes. Altered testis environment is suggested as a cause of the phenotype; however, the associated mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, we investigated the age-related changes in testicular somatic cells on spermatogenic activity. The number and proliferation of spermatogonia significantly reduced with aging in mice. Interestingly, senescence-associated β-galactosidase-positive cells appeared in testicular endothelial cell (EC) populations, but not in germ cell populations, with aging. Transcriptome analysis of ECs indicated that senescence occurred in the ECs of aged mice. Furthermore, the support capacity of ECs for spermatogonial proliferation significantly decreased with aging; however, the senolytic-induced removal of senescent cells from aged ECs restored their supporting capacity to a comparable level as that of young ECs. Our results suggest that the accumulation of senescent ECs in the testis is a potential factor contributing to the age-related decline in spermatogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Ozawa
- Laboratory of Reproductive Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hideto Mori
- Laboratory of Reproductive Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Endo
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu Ishikawa-Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Reproductive Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chihiro Emori
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ikawa
- Laboratory of Reproductive Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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5
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Carlock C, Bai Y, Paige-Hood A, Li Q, Nguele Meke F, Zhang ZY. PRL2 inhibition elevates PTEN protein and ameliorates progression of acute myeloid leukemia. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e170065. [PMID: 37665633 PMCID: PMC10619439 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.170065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of phosphatases of regenerating liver 2 (PRL2), detected in numerous diverse cancers, is often associated with increased severity and poor patient prognosis. PRL2-catalyzed tyrosine dephosphorylation of the tumor suppressor PTEN results in increased PTEN degradation and has been identified as a mechanism underlying PRL2 oncogenic activity. Overexpression of PRL2, coincident with reduced PTEN protein, is frequently observed in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In the current study, a PTEN-knockdown AML animal model was generated to assess the effect of conditional PRL2 inhibition on the level of PTEN protein and the development and progression of AML. Inhibition of PRL2 resulted in a significant increase in median animal survival, from 40 weeks to greater than 60 weeks. The prolonged survival reflected delayed expansion of aberrantly differentiated hematopoietic stem cells into leukemia blasts, resulting in extended time required for clinically relevant leukemia blast accumulation in the BM niche. Leukemia blast suppression following PRL2 inhibition was correlated with an increase in PTEN and downregulation of AKT/mTOR-regulated pathways. These observations directly established, in a disease model, the viability of PRL2 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for improving clinical outcomes in AML and potentially other PTEN-deficient cancers by slowing cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunpeng Bai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology
| | | | - Qinglin Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology
| | | | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Cancer Research, and
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Chen SF, Hsien HL, Wang TF, Lin MD. Drosophila Phosphatase of Regenerating Liver Is Critical for Photoreceptor Cell Polarity and Survival during Retinal Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11501. [PMID: 37511262 PMCID: PMC10380645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing apicobasal polarity, involving intricate interactions among polarity regulators, is key for epithelial cell function. Though phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) proteins are implicated in diverse biological processes, including cancer, their developmental role remains unclear. In this study, we explore the role of Drosophila PRL (dPRL) in photoreceptor cell development. We reveal that dPRL, requiring a C-terminal prenylation motif, is highly enriched in the apical membrane of developing photoreceptor cells. Moreover, dPRL knockdown during retinal development results in adult Drosophila retinal degeneration, caused by hid-induced apoptosis. dPRL depletion also mislocalizes cell adhesion and polarity proteins like Armadillo, Crumbs, and DaPKC and relocates the basolateral protein, alpha subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase, to the presumed apical membrane. Importantly, this polarity disruption is not secondary to apoptosis, as suppressing hid expression does not rescue the polarity defect in dPRL-depleted photoreceptor cells. These findings underscore dPRL's crucial role in photoreceptor cell polarity and emphasize PRL's importance in establishing epithelial polarity and maintaining cell survival during retinal development, offering new insights into PRL's role in normal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fen Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, 701 Zhongyang Rd., Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lun Hsien
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, 701 Zhongyang Rd., Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, 701 Zhongyang Rd., Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Fang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, 701 Zhongyang Rd., Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, 701 Zhongyang Rd., Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, 701 Zhongyang Rd., Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, 701 Zhongyang Rd., Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
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Bai Y, Yu G, Zhou HM, Amarasinghe O, Zhou Y, Zhu P, Li Q, Zhang L, Nguele Meke F, Miao Y, Chapman E, Tao WA, Zhang ZY. PTP4A2 promotes lysophagy by dephosphorylation of VCP/p97 at Tyr805. Autophagy 2023; 19:1562-1581. [PMID: 36300783 PMCID: PMC10240998 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2140558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of PTP4A phosphatases are associated with advanced cancers, but their biological functions are far from fully understood due to limited knowledge about their physiological substrates. VCP is implicated in lysophagy via collaboration with specific cofactors in the ELDR complex. However, how the ELDR complex assembly is regulated has not been determined. Moreover, the functional significance of the penultimate and conserved Tyr805 phosphorylation in VCP has not been established. Here, we use an unbiased substrate trapping and mass spectrometry approach and identify VCP/p97 as a bona fide substrate of PTP4A2. Biochemical studies show that PTP4A2 dephosphorylates VCP at Tyr805, enabling the association of VCP with its C-terminal cofactors UBXN6/UBXD1 and PLAA, which are components of the ELDR complex responsible for lysophagy, the autophagic clearance of damaged lysosomes. Functionally, PTP4A2 is required for cellular homeostasis by promoting lysophagy through facilitating ELDR-mediated K48-linked ubiquitin conjugate removal and autophagosome formation on the damaged lysosomes. Deletion of Ptp4a2 in vivo compromises the recovery of glycerol-injection induced acute kidney injury due to impaired lysophagy and sustained lysosomal damage. Taken together, our data establish PTP4A2 as a critical regulator of VCP and uncover an important role for PTP4A2 in maintaining lysosomal homeostasis through dephosphorylation of VCP at Tyr805. Our study suggests that PTP4A2 targeting could be a potential therapeutic approach to treat cancers and other degenerative diseases by modulating lysosomal homeostasis and macroautophagy/autophagy.Abbreviations: AAA+: ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities; AKI: acute kidney injury; CBB: Coomassie Brilliant Blue; CRISPR: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; ELDR: endo-lysosomal damage response; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GST: glutathione S-transferase; IHC: immunohistochemistry; IP: immunoprecipitation; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LC-MS: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; LGALS3/Gal3: galectin 3; LLOMe: L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; PLAA: phospholipase A2, activating protein; PTP4A2: protein tyrosine phosphatase 4a2; PUB: NGLY1/PNGase/UBA- or UBX-containing protein; PUL: PLAP, Ufd3, and Lub1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; UBXN6/UBXD1: UBX domain protein 6; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system; VCP/p97: valosin containing protein; VCPIP1: valosin containing protein interacting protein 1; YOD1: YOD1 deubiquitinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Bai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Guimei Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Hong-Ming Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Peipei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Qinglin Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Lujuan Zhang
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Frederick Nguele Meke
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Yiming Miao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Eli Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, A, USA
| | - W. Andy Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
- Center for Cancer Research
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
- Center for Cancer Research
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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8
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Lohani S, Funato Y, Akieda Y, Mizutani K, Takai Y, Ishitani T, Miki H. A novel role of PRL in regulating epithelial cell density by inducing apoptosis at confluence. J Cell Sci 2021; 135:273809. [PMID: 34931244 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining proper epithelial cell density is essential for the survival of multicellular organisms. While regulation of cell density through apoptosis is well known, its mechanistic details remain elusive. Here, we report the involvement of membrane-anchored phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL), originally known for its role in cancer malignancy, in this process. In epithelial MDCK cells, upon confluence, doxycycline-induced expression of PRL upregulated apoptosis, reducing the cell density. This could be circumvented by artificially reducing the cell density via stretching the cell-seeded silicon chamber. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous PRL blocked apoptosis, leading to greater cell density. Mechanistically, PRL promoted apoptosis by upregulating the translation of E-cadherin and activating TGF-β pathway. Morpholino-mediated inhibition of PRL expression in zebrafish embryos caused developmental defect with reduced apoptosis and increased epithelial cell density during convergent extension. This study revealed a novel role of PRL in regulating density-dependent apoptosis in vertebrate epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweksha Lohani
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yosuke Funato
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Akieda
- Department of Homeostatic Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Mizutani
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tohru Ishitani
- Department of Homeostatic Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miki
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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9
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Gehring K, Kozlov G, Yang M, Fakih R. The double lives of phosphatases of regenerating liver: A structural view of their catalytic and noncatalytic activities. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101471. [PMID: 34890645 PMCID: PMC8728433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRLs) are protein phosphatases involved in the control of cell growth and migration. They are known to promote cancer metastasis but, despite over 20 years of study, there is still no consensus about their mechanism of action. Recent work has revealed that PRLs lead double lives, acting both as catalytically active enzymes and as pseudophosphatases. The three known PRLs belong to the large family of cysteine phosphatases that form a phosphocysteine intermediate during catalysis. Uniquely to PRLs, this intermediate is stable, with a lifetime measured in hours. As a consequence, PRLs have very little phosphatase activity. Independently, PRLs also act as pseudophosphatases by binding CNNM membrane proteins to regulate magnesium homeostasis. In this function, an aspartic acid from CNNM inserts into the phosphatase catalytic site of PRLs, mimicking a substrate–enzyme interaction. The delineation of PRL pseudophosphatase and phosphatase activities in vivo was impossible until the recent identification of PRL mutants defective in one activity or the other. These mutants showed that CNNM binding was sufficient for PRL oncogenicity in one model of metastasis, but left unresolved its role in other contexts. As the presence of phosphocysteine prevents CNNM binding and CNNM-binding blocks catalytic activity, these two activities are inherently linked. Additional studies are needed to untangle the intertwined catalytic and noncatalytic functions of PRLs. Here, we review the current understanding of the structure and biophysical properties of PRL phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalle Gehring
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Guennadi Kozlov
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rayan Fakih
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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10
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Mechanism of PRL2 phosphatase-mediated PTEN degradation and tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20538-20548. [PMID: 32788364 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002964117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) levels are frequently found reduced in human cancers, but how PTEN is down-regulated is not fully understood. In addition, although a compelling connection exists between PRL (phosphatase of regenerating liver) 2 and cancer, how this phosphatase induces oncogenesis has been an enigma. Here, we discovered that PRL2 ablation inhibits PTEN heterozygosity-induced tumorigenesis. PRL2 deficiency elevates PTEN and attenuates AKT signaling, leading to decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis in tumors. We also found that high PRL2 expression is correlated with low PTEN level with reduced overall patient survival. Mechanistically, we identified PTEN as a putative PRL2 substrate and demonstrated that PRL2 down-regulates PTEN by dephosphorylating PTEN at Y336, thereby augmenting NEDD4-mediated PTEN ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Given the strong cancer susceptibility to subtle reductions in PTEN, the ability of PRL2 to down-regulate PTEN provides a biochemical basis for its oncogenic propensity. The results also suggest that pharmacological targeting of PRL2 could provide a novel therapeutic strategy to restore PTEN, thereby obliterating PTEN deficiency-induced malignancies.
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11
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Abstract
KIT is a receptor tyrosine kinase that after binding to its ligand stem cell factor activates signaling cascades linked to biological processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration and cell survival. Based on studies performed on SCF and/or KIT mutant animals that presented anemia, sterility, and/or pigmentation disorders, KIT signaling was mainly considered to be involved in the regulation of hematopoiesis, gametogenesis, and melanogenesis. More recently, novel animal models and ameliorated cellular and molecular techniques have led to the discovery of a widen repertoire of tissue compartments and functions that are being modulated by KIT. This is the case for the lung, heart, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, kidney, liver, and bone. For this reason, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors that were originally developed for the treatment of hemato-oncological diseases are being currently investigated for the treatment of non-oncological disorders such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and alzheimer's disease, among others. The beneficial effects of some of these tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been proven to depend on KIT inhibition. This review will focus on KIT expression and regulation in healthy and pathologic conditions other than cancer. Moreover, advances in the development of anti-KIT therapies, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and their application will be discussed.
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12
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Yin C, Wu C, Du X, Fang Y, Pu J, Wu J, Tang L, Zhao W, Weng Y, Guo X, Chen G, Wang Z. PRL2 Controls Phagocyte Bactericidal Activity by Sensing and Regulating ROS. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2609. [PMID: 30483267 PMCID: PMC6244668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is well-recognized that inflammation enhances leukocyte bactericidal activity, the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Here we report that PRL2 is sensitive to oxidative stress at inflamed sites. Reduced PRL2 in phagocytes causes increased respiratory burst activity and enhances phagocyte bactericidal activity. PRL2 (Phosphatase Regenerating Liver 2) is highly expressed in resting immune cells, but is markedly downregulated by inflammation. in vitro experiments showed that PRL2 was sensitive to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a common damage signal at inflamed sites. In response to infection, PRL2 knockout (KO) phagocytes were hyper activated, produced more reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exhibited enhanced bactericidal activity. Mice with PRL2 deficiency in the myeloid cell compartment were resistant to lethal listeria infection and cleared the bacteria more rapidly and effectively. Moreover, in vitro experiments demonstrated that PRL2 binds to GTPase Rac and regulates ROS production. Rac GTPases were more active in PRL2 (KO) phagocytes than in wild type cells after bacterium infection. Our findings indicate that PRL2 senses ROS at inflamed sites and regulates ROS production in phagocytes. This positive feedback mechanism promotes bactericidal activity of phagocytes and may play an important role in innate anti-bacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cennan Yin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyun Wu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Du
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juebiao Pu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongqiang Weng
- Department of General Surgery, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaokui Guo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangjie Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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13
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Catalano-Iniesta L, Sánchez-Robledo V, Iglesias-Osma MC, García-Barrado MJ, Carretero-Hernández M, Blanco EJ, Vicente-García T, Burks DJ, Carretero J. Sequential testicular atrophy involves changes in cellular proliferation and apoptosis associated with variations in aromatase P450 expression levels in Irs-2-deficient mice. J Anat 2018; 234:227-243. [PMID: 30474117 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptor substrate 2 (Irs-2) is an intracellular protein susceptible to phosphorylation after activation of the insulin receptor. Its suppression affects testis development and its absence induces peripheral resistance to insulin. The aim of this study was to identify changes induced by the deletion of Irs-2 in the testicular structure and by the altered expression of cytochrome P450 aromatase, a protein necessary for the development and maturation of germ cells. Adult knockout (KO) mice (Irs-2-/- , 6 and 12 weeks old) and age-matched wild-type (WT) mice were used in this study. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses were performed to study proliferation (PCNA), apoptosis (active caspase-3) and P450 aromatase expression in testicular histological sections. Deletion of Irs-2 decreased the number of epithelial cells in the seminiferous tubule and rete testis. Aberrant cells were frequently detected in the epithelia of Irs-2-/- mice, accompanied by variations in spermatogonia, which were shown to exhibit small hyperchromatic nuclei as well as polynuclear and anuclear structures. The amount of cell proliferation was significantly lower in Irs-2-/- mice than in WT mice, whereas apoptotic processes were more common in Irs-2-/- mice. Aromatase P450 reactivity was higher in 6-week-old KO mice than in WT mice of the same age and was even higher at 12 weeks. Our results suggest that Irs-2 is a key element in spermatogenesis because silencing Irs-2 induces the sequential development of testicular atrophy. The effects are observed mainly in germ cells present in the seminiferous tubule, which may be due to changes in cytochrome P450 aromatase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Catalano-Iniesta
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity of the Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Virginia Sánchez-Robledo
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity of the Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Iglesias-Osma
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity of the Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria José García-Barrado
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity of the Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Carretero-Hernández
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity of the Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Enrique J Blanco
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity of the Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Teresa Vicente-García
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity of the Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Deborah Jane Burks
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Carretero
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity of the Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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14
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Senoo M, Takijiri T, Yoshida N, Ozawa M, Ikawa M. PTBP1 contributes to spermatogenesis through regulation of proliferation in spermatogonia. J Reprod Dev 2018; 65:37-46. [PMID: 30416150 PMCID: PMC6379764 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2018-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) is a highly conserved RNA-binding protein that is a well-known regulator of alternative splicing. Testicular tissue is one of the richest
tissues with respect to the number of alternative splicing mRNA isoforms, but the molecular role(s) of PTBP1 in the regulation of these isoforms during spermatogenesis is still unclear.
Here, we developed a germ cell–specific Ptbp1 conditional knockout (cKO) mouse model by using the Cre-loxP system to investigate the role of PTBP1 in spermatogenesis. Testis
weight in Ptbp1 cKO mice was comparable to that in age-matched controls until 3 weeks of age; at ≥ 2 months old, testis weight was significantly lighter in cKO mice than in
age-matched controls. Sperm count in Ptbp1 cKO mice at 2 months old was comparable to that in controls, whereas sperm count significantly decreased at 6 months old.
Seminiferous tubules that exhibited degeneration in spermatogenic function were more evident in the 2-month-old Ptbp1 cKO mice than in controls. In addition, the early
neonatal proliferation of spermatogonia, during postnatal days 1–5, was significantly retarded in Ptbp1 cKO mice compared with that in controls. An in vitro
spermatogonia culture model (germline stem cells) revealed that hydroxytamoxifen-induced deletion of PTBP1 from germline stem cells caused severe proliferation arrest accompanied by an
increase of apoptotic cell death. These data suggest that PTBP1 contributes to spermatogenesis through regulation of spermatogonia proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manami Senoo
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Laboratory of Reproductive Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takashi Takijiri
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Yoshida
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Manabu Ozawa
- Laboratory of Reproductive Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Laboratory of Reproductive Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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15
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Hardy S, Kostantin E, Hatzihristidis T, Zolotarov Y, Uetani N, Tremblay ML. Physiological and oncogenic roles of thePRLphosphatases. FEBS J 2018; 285:3886-3908. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Hardy
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre Montréal Canada
| | - Elie Kostantin
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre Montréal Canada
- Department of Biochemistry McGill University Montréal Canada
| | - Teri Hatzihristidis
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre Montréal Canada
- Department of Medicine Division of Experimental Medicine McGill University Montreal Canada
| | - Yevgen Zolotarov
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre Montréal Canada
- Department of Biochemistry McGill University Montréal Canada
| | - Noriko Uetani
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre Montréal Canada
| | - Michel L. Tremblay
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre Montréal Canada
- Department of Biochemistry McGill University Montréal Canada
- Department of Medicine Division of Experimental Medicine McGill University Montreal Canada
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16
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Yu ZH, Zhang ZY. Regulatory Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Targeting Strategies for Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1069-1091. [PMID: 28541680 PMCID: PMC5812791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An appropriate level of protein phosphorylation on tyrosine is essential for cells to react to extracellular stimuli and maintain cellular homeostasis. Faulty operation of signal pathways mediated by protein tyrosine phosphorylation causes numerous human diseases, which presents enormous opportunities for therapeutic intervention. While the importance of protein tyrosine kinases in orchestrating the tyrosine phosphorylation networks and in target-based drug discovery has long been recognized, the significance of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in cellular signaling and disease biology has historically been underappreciated, due to a large extent to an erroneous assumption that they are largely constitutive and housekeeping enzymes. Here, we provide a comprehensive examination of a number of regulatory mechanisms, including redox modulation, allosteric regulation, and protein oligomerization, that control PTP activity. These regulatory mechanisms are integral to the myriad PTP-mediated biochemical events and reinforce the concept that PTPs are indispensable and specific modulators of cellular signaling. We also discuss how disruption of these PTP regulatory mechanisms can cause human diseases and how these diverse regulatory mechanisms can be exploited for novel therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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17
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Abstract
Notch is commonly activated in lymphoid malignancies through ligand-independent and ligand-dependent mechanisms. In T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL), ligand-independent activation predominates. Negative Regulatory Region (NRR) mutations trigger supraphysiological Notch1 activation by exposing the S2 site to proteolytic cleavage in the absence of ligand. Subsequently, cleavage at the S3 site generates the activated form of Notch, intracellular Notch (ICN). In contrast to T-ALL, in mature lymphoid neoplasms such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the S2 cleavage site is exposed through ligand-receptor interactions. Thus, agents that disrupt ligand-receptor interactions might be useful for treating these malignancies. Notch activation can be enhanced by mutations that delete the C-terminal proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S), and threonine (T) (PEST) domain. These mutations do not activate the Notch pathway per se, but rather impair degradation of ICN. In this chapter, we review the mechanisms of Notch activation and the importance of Notch for the genesis and maintenance of lymphoid malignancies. Unfortunately, targeting the Notch pathway with pan-Notch inhibitors in clinical trials has proven challenging. These clinical trials have encountered dose-limiting on-target toxicities and primary resistance. Strategies to overcome these challenges have emerged from the identification and improved understanding of direct oncogenic Notch target genes. Other strategies have arisen from new insights into the "nuclear context" that selectively directs Notch functions in lymphoid cancers. This nuclear context is created by factors that co-bind ICN at cell-type specific transcriptional regulatory elements. Disrupting the functions of these proteins or inhibiting downstream oncogenic pathways might combat cancer without the intolerable side effects of pan-Notch inhibition.
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18
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Frankson R, Yu ZH, Bai Y, Li Q, Zhang RY, Zhang ZY. Therapeutic Targeting of Oncogenic Tyrosine Phosphatases. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5701-5705. [PMID: 28855209 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) are exciting and novel targets for cancer drug discovery that work in concert with protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) in controlling cellular homeostasis. Given the activating role that some PTKs play in initiating growth factor-mediated cellular processes, PTPs are usually perceived as the negative regulators of these events and therefore tumor suppressive in nature. However, mounting evidence indicate that PTPs do not always antagonize the activity of PTKs in regulating tyrosine phosphorylation, but can also play dominant roles in the initiation and progression of signaling cascades that regulate cell functions. It follows, therefore, that PTP malfunction can actively contribute to a host of human disorders, in particular, cancer, metabolic syndromes, and autoimmune diseases. The Src homology domain containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2) and the three-membered family of phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRL) are infamously oncogenic members of the PTP superfamily. Both are established regulators of major cancer pathways such as Ras/ERK1/2, Src, JAK/STAT, JNK, NF-κB, and PTEN/PI3K/AKT. Furthermore, upregulation, mutation, or other dysregulation of these PTPs has been positively correlated with cancer initiation and progression. This review will provide topical coverage of target validation and drug discovery efforts made in targeting these oncogenic PTPs as compelling candidates for cancer therapy. Cancer Res; 77(21); 5701-5. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Frankson
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Zhi-Hong Yu
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Yunpeng Bai
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Qinglin Li
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Ruo-Yu Zhang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
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19
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Moghadam HK, Johnsen H, Robinson N, Andersen Ø, H Jørgensen E, Johnsen HK, Bæhr VJ, Tveiten H. Impacts of Early Life Stress on the Methylome and Transcriptome of Atlantic Salmon. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5023. [PMID: 28694447 PMCID: PMC5504078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental stressors during early-life stages can change the rate and timing of various developmental processes. Epigenetic marks affecting transcriptional regulation can be altered by such environmental stimuli. To assess how stress might affect the methylome and transcriptome in salmon, fish were treated using cold-shock and air-exposure from the eye-stage until start-feeding. The fish were either stressed prior to hatching (E), post-hatching (PH), pre- and post-hatching (EPH) or not stressed (CO). Assessing transcriptional abundances just prior to start feeding, E and PH individuals were found to have modified the expression of thousands of genes, many with important functions in developmental processes. The EPH individuals however, showed expression similar to those of CO, suggesting an adaptive response to extended periods of stress. The methylome of stressed individuals differed from that of the CO, suggesting the importance of environment in shaping methylation signatures. Through integration of methylation with transcription, we identified bases with potential regulatory functions, some 10s of kb away from the targeted genes. We then followed fish growth for an additional year. Individuals in EPH showed superior growth compared to other treatment groups, highlighting how stress can potentially have long-lasting effects on an organism's ability to adapt to environmental perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanne Johnsen
- Nofima AS, Muninbakken 9-13, NO-9291, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nicholas Robinson
- Nofima AS, Osloveien 1, NO-1433, Ås, Norway.,Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - Øivind Andersen
- Nofima AS, Osloveien 1, NO-1433, Ås, Norway.,Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1430, Ås, Norway
| | - Even H Jørgensen
- Department of Arctic & Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, NO-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Helge K Johnsen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, BFE, University of Tromsø, NO-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Vegar J Bæhr
- Department of Arctic & Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, NO-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Helge Tveiten
- Nofima AS, Muninbakken 9-13, NO-9291, Tromsø, Norway
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20
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Uetani N, Hardy S, Gravel SP, Kiessling S, Pietrobon A, Wong NN, Chénard V, Cermakian N, St-Pierre J, Tremblay ML. PRL2 links magnesium flux and sex-dependent circadian metabolic rhythms. JCI Insight 2017; 2:91722. [PMID: 28679948 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) plays pleiotropic roles in cellular biology, and it is essentially required for all living organisms. Although previous studies demonstrated intracellular Mg2+ levels were regulated by the complex of phosphatase of regenerating liver 2 (PRL2) and Mg2+ transporter of cyclin M (CNNMs), physiological functions of PRL2 in whole animals remain unclear. Interestingly, Mg2+ was recently identified as a regulator of circadian rhythm-dependent metabolism; however, no mechanism was found to explain the clock-dependent Mg2+ oscillation. Herein, we report PRL2 as a missing link between sex and metabolism, as well as clock genes and daily cycles of Mg2+ fluxes. Our results unveil that PRL2-null animals displayed sex-dependent alterations in body composition, and expression of PRLs and CNNMs were sex- and circadian time-dependently regulated in brown adipose tissues. Consistently, PRL2-KO mice showed sex-dependent alterations in thermogenesis and in circadian energy metabolism. These physiological changes were associated with an increased rate of uncoupled respiration with lower intracellular Mg2+ in PRL2-KO cells. Moreover, PRL2 deficiency causes inhibition of the ATP citrate lyase axis, which is involved in fatty acid synthesis. Overall, our findings support that sex- and circadian-dependent PRL2 expression alter intracellular Mg2+ levels, which accordingly controls energy metabolism status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serge Hardy
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre
| | | | - Silke Kiessling
- Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, and
| | | | - Nau Nau Wong
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre
| | | | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, and
| | - Julie St-Pierre
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre.,Department of Biochemistry
| | - Michel L Tremblay
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre.,Department of Biochemistry.,Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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21
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Kobayashi M, Nabinger SC, Bai Y, Yoshimoto M, Gao R, Chen S, Yao C, Dong Y, Zhang L, Rodriguez S, Yashiro-Ohtani Y, Pear WS, Carlesso N, Yoder MC, Kapur R, Kaplan MH, Daniel Lacorazza H, Zhang ZY, Liu Y. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase PRL2 Mediates Notch and Kit Signals in Early T Cell Progenitors. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1053-1064. [PMID: 28009085 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The molecular pathways regulating lymphoid priming, fate, and development of multipotent bone marrow hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) that continuously feed thymic progenitors remain largely unknown. While Notch signal is indispensable for T cell specification and differentiation, the downstream effectors are not well understood. PRL2, a protein tyrosine phosphatase that regulates hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and self-renewal, is highly expressed in murine thymocyte progenitors. Here we demonstrate that protein tyrosine phosphatase PRL2 and receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit are critical downstream targets and effectors of the canonical Notch/RBPJ pathway in early T cell progenitors. While PRL2 deficiency resulted in moderate defects of thymopoiesis in the steady state, de novo generation of T cells from Prl2 null hematopoietic stem cells was significantly reduced following transplantation. Prl2 null HSPCs also showed impaired T cell differentiation in vitro. We found that Notch/RBPJ signaling upregulated PRL2 as well as c-Kit expression in T cell progenitors. Further, PRL2 sustains Notch-mediated c-Kit expression and enhances stem cell factor/c-Kit signaling in T cell progenitors, promoting effective DN1-DN2 transition. Thus, we have identified a critical role for PRL2 phosphatase in mediating Notch and c-Kit signals in early T cell progenitors. Stem Cells 2017;35:1053-1064.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah C Nabinger
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research
| | - Yunpeng Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Momoko Yoshimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research
| | - Sisi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Chonghua Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research
| | - Yuanshu Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Lujuan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sonia Rodriguez
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research
| | - Yumi Yashiro-Ohtani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Warren S Pear
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nadia Carlesso
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research
| | - Mervin C Yoder
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research
| | - Reuben Kapur
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research
| | - Hugo Daniel Lacorazza
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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22
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Role of phosphatase of regenerating liver 1 (PRL1) in spermatogenesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34211. [PMID: 27666520 PMCID: PMC5035919 DOI: 10.1038/srep34211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The PRL phosphatases are oncogenic when overexpressed but their in vivo biological function is less well understood. Previous gene deletion study revealed a role for PRL2 in spermatogenesis. We report here the first knockout mice lacking PRL1, the most related homolog of PRL2. We found that loss of PRL1 does not affect spermatogenesis and reproductive ability of male mice, likely due to functional compensation by the relatively higher expression of PRL2 in the testes. However, PRL1-/-/PRL2+/- male mice show testicular atrophy phenotype similar to PRL2-/- mice. More strikingly, deletion of one PRL1 allele in PRL2-/- male mice causes complete infertility. Mechanistically, the total level of PRL1 and PRL2 is negatively correlated with the PTEN protein level in the testis and PRL1+/-/PRL2-/- mice have the highest level of PTEN, leading to attenuated Akt activation and increased germ cell apoptosis, effectively halting spermatozoa production. These results provide the first evidence that in addition to PRL2, PRL1 is also required for spermatogenesis by downregulating PTEN and promoting Akt signaling. The ability of the PRLs to suppress PTEN expression underscores the biochemical basis for their oncogenic potential.
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23
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Bai Y, Yu ZH, Liu S, Zhang L, Zhang RY, Zeng LF, Zhang S, Zhang ZY. Novel Anticancer Agents Based on Targeting the Trimer Interface of the PRL Phosphatase. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4805-15. [PMID: 27325652 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) oncoproteins are phosphatases overexpressed in numerous types of human cancer. Elevated levels of PRL associate with metastasis and poor clinical outcomes. In principle, PRL phosphatases offer appealing therapeutic targets, but they remain underexplored due to the lack of specific chemical probes. In this study, we address this issue by exploiting a unique property of PRL phosphatases, namely, that they may function as homotrimers. Starting from a sequential structure-based virtual screening and medicinal chemistry strategy, we identified Cmpd-43 and several analogs that disrupt PRL1 trimerization. Biochemical and structural analyses demonstrate that Cmpd-43 and its close analogs directly bind the PRL1 trimer interface and obstruct PRL1 trimerization. Cmpd-43 also specifically blocks the PRL1-induced cell proliferation and migration through attenuation of both ERK1/2 and Akt activity. Importantly, Cmpd-43 exerted potent anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo in a murine xenograft model of melanoma. Our results validate a trimerization-dependent signaling mechanism for PRL and offer proof of concept for trimerization inhibitors as candidate therapeutics to treat PRL-driven cancers. Cancer Res; 76(16); 4805-15. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Bai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, and Purdue Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Zhi-Hong Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, and Purdue Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Sijiu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lujuan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ruo-Yu Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, and Purdue Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Li-Fan Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, and Purdue Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, and Purdue Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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24
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Brill JA, Yildirim S, Fabian L. Phosphoinositide signaling in sperm development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 59:2-9. [PMID: 27321976 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs)1 are membrane lipids with crucial roles during cell morphogenesis, including the establishment of cytoskeletal organization, membrane trafficking, cell polarity, cell-cycle control and signaling. Recent studies in mice (Mus musculus), fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) and other organisms have defined germ cell intrinsic requirements for these lipids and their regulatory enzymes in multiple aspects of sperm development. In particular, PIP levels are crucial in germline stem cell maintenance, spermatogonial proliferation and survival, spermatocyte cytokinesis, spermatid polarization, sperm tail formation, nuclear shaping, and production of mature, motile sperm. Here, we briefly review the stages of spermatogenesis and discuss the roles of PIPs and their regulatory enzymes in male germ cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Brill
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G OA4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Sukriye Yildirim
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G OA4, Canada.
| | - Lacramioara Fabian
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G OA4, Canada.
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25
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Gungabeesoon J, Tremblay ML, Uetani N. Localizing PRL-2 expression and determining the effects of dietary Mg(2+) on expression levels. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:99-111. [PMID: 27015884 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) is a group of protein tyrosine phosphatases that play a key role in cancer progression and metastasis. We previously showed that PRL-2 modulates intracellular Mg(2+) levels and sustains cancer phenotypes by binding to the Mg(2+) transporter CNNM3. However, the physiological functions of PRL-2 in animals remain largely unknown. To better understand which cell types are associated with PRL-2 function, we characterized its expression in mouse tissues using a PRL-2 β-galactosidase reporter mouse model. Our results demonstrated that PRL-2 was ubiquitously expressed, with the highest expression levels observed in the hippocampal pyramidal neurons, ependymal cells, cone and rod photoreceptor cells, endocardium, vascular and bronchial smooth muscle, and collecting ducts in the kidney. On the other hand, PRL-2 expression was undetectable or very low in the parenchymal cells of the liver and pancreas. Our results also indicated that PRL-2 is involved in cell-type-specific Mg(2+) homeostasis and that PRL-2 expression is potentially inversely regulated by dietary Mg(2+) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Gungabeesoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Michel L Tremblay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Cancer Research Building, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 618, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Noriko Uetani
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Cancer Research Building, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 618, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
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Fontanillo M, Köhn M. Phosphatases: Their Roles in Cancer and Their Chemical Modulators. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 917:209-40. [PMID: 27236558 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32805-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatases are involved in basically all cellular processes by dephosphorylating cellular components such as proteins, phospholipids and second messengers. They counteract kinases of which many are established oncogenes, and therefore kinases are one of the most important drug targets for targeted cancer therapy. Due to this relationship between kinases and phosphatases, phosphatases are traditionally assumed to be tumour suppressors. However, research findings over the last years prove that this simplification is incorrect, as bona-fide and putative phosphatase oncogenes have been identified. We describe here the role of phosphatases in cancer, tumour suppressors and oncogenes, and their chemical modulators, and discuss new approaches and opportunities for phosphatases as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Fontanillo
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maja Köhn
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
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27
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Kobayashi M, Chen S, Gao R, Bai Y, Zhang ZY, Liu Y. Phosphatase of regenerating liver in hematopoietic stem cells and hematological malignancies. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:2827-35. [PMID: 25486470 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.954448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRLs), consisting PRL1, PRL2 and PRL3, are dual-specificity protein phosphatases that have been implicated as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in several solid tumors. However, their roles in hematological malignancies are largely unknown. Recent findings demonstrate that PRL2 is important for hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and proliferation. In addition, both PRL2 and PRL3 are highly expressed in some hematological malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), multiple myeloma (MM) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Moreover, PRL deficiency impairs the proliferation and survival of leukemia cells through regulating oncogenic signaling pathways. While PRLs are potential novel therapeutic targets in hematological malignancies, their exact biological function and cellular substrates remain unclear. This review will discuss how PRLs regulate hematopoietic stem cell behavior, what signaling pathways are regulated by PRLs, and how to target PRLs in hematological malignancies. An improved understanding of how PRLs function and how they are regulated may facilitate the development of PRL inhibitors that are effective in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Kobayashi
- a Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine ; Indianapolis , IN USA
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28
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Chirumbolo S. Resveratrol in spermatogenesis. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:775-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Medicine; University of Verona; LURM Est Policlinico GB Rossi; Piazzale L. A. Scuro 10 37134 Verona Italy
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29
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He RJ, Yu ZH, Zhang RY, Zhang ZY. Protein tyrosine phosphatases as potential therapeutic targets. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1227-46. [PMID: 25220640 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a key regulatory process in virtually all aspects of cellular functions. Dysregulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a major cause of human diseases, such as cancers, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and neurological diseases. Indeed, protein tyrosine phosphorylation-mediated signaling events offer ample therapeutic targets, and drug discovery efforts to date have brought over two dozen kinase inhibitors to the clinic. Accordingly, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are considered next-generation drug targets. For instance, PTP1B is a well-known targets of type 2 diabetes and obesity, and recent studies indicate that it is also a promising target for breast cancer. SHP2 is a bona-fide oncoprotein, mutations of which cause juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and solid tumors. In addition, LYP is strongly associated with type 1 diabetes and many other autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes recent findings on several highly recognized PTP family drug targets, including PTP1B, Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase 2(SHP2), lymphoid-specific tyrosine phosphatase (LYP), CD45, Fas associated phosphatase-1 (FAP-1), striatal enriched tyrosine phosphatases (STEP), mitogen-activated protein kinase/dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (MKP-1), phosphatases of regenerating liver-1 (PRL), low molecular weight PTPs (LMWPTP), and CDC25. Given that there are over 100 family members, we hope this review will serve as a road map for innovative drug discovery targeting PTPs.
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Campbell AM, Zhang ZY. Phosphatase of regenerating liver: a novel target for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:555-69. [PMID: 24579927 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.892926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phosphatases of regenerating livers (PRLs) are novel oncogenes that interact with many well-established cell signaling pathways that are misregulated in cancer, and are known to drive cancer metastasis when overexpressed. AREAS COVERED This review covers basic information of the discovery and characteristics of the PRL family. We also report findings on the role of PRL in cancer, cell functions and cell signaling. Furthermore, PRL's suitability as a novel drug target is discussed along with current methods being developed to facilitate PRL inhibition. EXPERT OPINION PRLs show great potential as novel drug targets for anticancer therapeutics. Studies indicate that PRL can perturb major cancer pathways such as Src/ERK1/2 and PTEN/PI3K/Akt. Upregulation of PRLs has also been shown to drive cancer metastasis. However, in order to fully realize its therapeutic potential, a deeper understanding of the function of PRL in normal tissue and in cancer must be obtained. Novel and integrated biochemical, chemical, biological, and genetic approaches will be needed to identify PRL substrate(s) and to provide proof-of-concept data on the druggability of the PRL phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Campbell
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , John D. Van Nuys Medical Science Building, Room 4053A, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5126 , USA
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