1
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Mishra A, Tavasoli M, Sokolenko S, McMaster CR, Pasumarthi KB. Atrial natriuretic peptide signaling co-regulates lipid metabolism and ventricular conduction system gene expression in the embryonic heart. iScience 2024; 27:108748. [PMID: 38235330 PMCID: PMC10792247 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and its high affinity receptor (NPRA) are involved in the formation of ventricular conduction system (VCS). Inherited genetic variants in fatty acid oxidation (FAO) genes are known to cause conduction abnormalities in newborn children. Although the effect of ANP on energy metabolism in noncardiac cell types is well documented, the role of lipid metabolism in VCS cell differentiation via ANP/NPRA signaling is not known. In this study, histological sections and primary cultures obtained from E11.5 mouse ventricles were analyzed to determine the role of metabolic adaptations in VCS cell fate determination and maturation. Exogenous treatment of E11.5 ventricular cells with ANP revealed a significant increase in lipid droplet accumulation, FAO and higher expression of VCS marker Cx40. Using specific inhibitors, we further identified PPARγ and FAO as critical downstream regulators of ANP-mediated regulation of metabolism and VCS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Mahtab Tavasoli
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Stanislav Sokolenko
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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2
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Wang Y, Yu C, Pei G, Jia W, Li T, Li P. Dissolution of oncofusion transcription factor condensates for cancer therapy. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:1223-1234. [PMID: 37400539 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated chromosomal rearrangements can result in the expression of numerous pathogenic fusion proteins. The mechanisms by which fusion proteins contribute to oncogenesis are largely unknown, and effective therapies for fusion-associated cancers are lacking. Here we comprehensively scrutinized fusion proteins found in various cancers. We found that many fusion proteins are composed of phase separation-prone domains (PSs) and DNA-binding domains (DBDs), and these fusions have strong correlations with aberrant gene expression patterns. Furthermore, we established a high-throughput screening method, named DropScan, to screen drugs capable of modulating aberrant condensates. One of the drugs identified via DropScan, LY2835219, effectively dissolved condensates in reporter cell lines expressing Ewing sarcoma fusions and partially rescued the abnormal expression of target genes. Our results indicate that aberrant phase separation is likely a common mechanism for these PS-DBD fusion-related cancers and suggest that modulating aberrant phase separation is a potential route to treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Centre for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Yu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gaofeng Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Centre for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Centre for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission of China, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Pilong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Centre for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.
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3
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Shih HY, Chen HY, Huang YC, Yeh TH, Chen YC, Cheng YC. Etv5a Suppresses Neural Progenitor Cell Proliferation by Inhibiting sox2 Transcription. Stem Cells Dev 2023; 32:524-538. [PMID: 37358404 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2023.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells are self-renewable, proliferative, and multipotent cell populations that generate diverse types of neurons and glia to build the nervous system. Transcription factors play critical roles in regulating various cellular processes; however, the transcription factors that regulate the development of neural progenitors are yet to be identified. In the present study, we demonstrated that zebrafish etv5a is expressed in the neural progenitor cells of the neuroectoderm. Downregulation of endogenous Etv5a function by etv5a morpholino or an etv5a dominant-negative variant increased the proliferation of sox2-positive neural progenitor cells, accompanied by inhibition of neurogenesis and gliogenesis. These phenotypes in Etv5a-depleted embryos could be rescued by a co-injection with etv5a cRNA. Etv5a overexpression reduced sox2 expression. Direct binding of Etv5a to the regulatory elements of sox2 was affirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. These data revealed that Etv5a directly suppressed sox2 expression to reduce the proliferation of neural progenitor cells. In addition, the expression of foxm1, a putative target gene of Etv5a and a direct upstream transcription factor of sox2, was upregulated in Etv5a-deficient embryos. Moreover, the suppression of Foxm1 function by the foxm1 dominant-negative construct nullified the phenotype of upregulated sox2 expression caused by Etv5a deficiency. Overall, our results indicated that Etv5a regulates the expression of sox2 via direct binding to the sox2 promoter and indirect regulation by inhibiting foxm1 expression. Hence, we revealed the role of Etv5a in the transcriptional hierarchy that regulates the proliferation of neural progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Shih
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Technology, Utah Tech University, St. George, Utah, USA
| | - Hao-Yuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Cheng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tu-Hsueh Yeh
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chieh Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chuan Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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4
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Song E, Smalley K, Oyelakin A, Horeth E, Che M, Wrynn T, Osinski J, Romano R, Sinha S. Genetic Study of Elf5 and Ehf in the Mouse Salivary Gland. J Dent Res 2023; 102:340-348. [PMID: 36348499 PMCID: PMC9947810 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221130258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland (SG) development, maturation, and homeostasis require coordinated roles of transcription factors (TFs) that dictate specific cell identities and fate. The ETS family of proteins are important transcriptional drivers of diverse cell lineages, tissue development, and differentiation programs and hence are also likely to play an important role in the SG. Here we have leveraged genomic and epigenomic data of the SG to examine the expression profile of ETS genes and identified 2 closely related paralogs, Elf5 and Ehf, that are highly expressed in distinct epithelial subpopulations. By using a well-defined mouse knockout model of Elf5, we show that Elf5, despite its enriched expression in the acinar cells, is functionally dispensable for maintaining the homeostatic state of the adult SG epithelium. The lack of a discernible phenotype of the Elf5-null SG might be due to possible functional redundancy with Ehf or other ETS factors. To probe this possibility and to examine the specific consequences of Ehf loss in the SG, we used CRISPR-Cas9 to generate mice in which the DNA-binding ETS domain of Ehf is disrupted due to an insertion mutation. We demonstrate that the Ehf mutant (EhfMut) mice exhibit a distinct cellular phenotype with decreased granular convoluted tubules that are accompanied by an increased accumulation of the intercalated Sox9-positive ductal cell population. Interestingly, the ductal phenotype of the EhfMut animals is highly pronounced in males, reaffirming the established sexual dimorphism of the SG that exists in rodents. Our results show that unlike Elf5, Ehf plays a nonredundant role in directing ductal cell differentiation of the SG and highlights the phenotypic subtlety in mutant mice of closely related TFs and the importance of careful consideration of cell type-specific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.A.C. Song
- Department of Oral Biology, School of
Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - K. Smalley
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs
School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo,
Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - A. Oyelakin
- Department of Oral Biology, School of
Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - E. Horeth
- Department of Oral Biology, School of
Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - M. Che
- Department of Oral Biology, School of
Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - T. Wrynn
- Department of Oral Biology, School of
Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - J. Osinski
- Department of Oral Biology, School of
Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - R.A. Romano
- Department of Oral Biology, School of
Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs
School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo,
Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - S. Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs
School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo,
Buffalo, NY, USA
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5
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Bowling GC, Rands MG, Dobi A, Eldhose B. Emerging Developments in ETS-Positive Prostate Cancer Therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:168-178. [PMID: 36511830 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a global health concern, which has a low survival rate in its advanced stages. Even though second-generation androgen receptor-axis inhibitors serve as the mainstay treatment options, utmost of the metastatic cases progress into castration-resistant prostate cancer after their initial treatment response with poor prognostic outcomes. Hence, there is a dire need to develop effective inhibitors that aim the causal oncogenes tangled in the prostate cancer initiation and progression. Molecular-targeted therapy against E-26 transformation-specific (ETS) transcription factors, particularly ETS-related gene, has gained wide attention as a potential treatment strategy. ETS rearrangements with the male hormone responsive transmembrane protease serine 2 promoter defines a significant number of prostate cancer cases and is responsible for cancer initiation and progression. Notably, inhibition of ETS activity has shown to reduce tumorigenesis, thus highlighting its potential as a clinical therapeutic target. In this review, we recapitulate the various targeted drug approaches, including small molecules, peptidomimetics, nucleic acids, and many others, aimed to suppress ETS activity. Several inhibitors have demonstrated ERG antagonist activity in prostate cancer, but further investigations into their molecular mechanisms and impacts on nontumor ETS-containing tissues is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gartrell C Bowling
- School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,Center for Prostate Disease Research, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mitchell G Rands
- School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Albert Dobi
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Binil Eldhose
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland
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6
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Zheng C, Liu M, Ge Y, Qian Y, Fan H. HBx increases chromatin accessibility and ETV4 expression to regulate dishevelled-2 and promote HCC progression. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:116. [PMID: 35121725 PMCID: PMC8816937 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the predominant causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV X protein (HBx), as the most frequently integrated viral gene sequence following HBV infection, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of HCC. H3K27ac is a characteristic marker for identifying active enhancers and even indicates chromatin accessibility associated with super-enhancers (SEs). In this study, H3K27ac ChIP-seq was applied for high-quality SE annotation of HBx-induced SEs and chromatin accessibility evaluation. The results indicated that HBx preferentially affects enrichment of H3K27ac in transcription factor signaling pathway genes, including ETV4. RNA-seq indicated that ETV4 is upregulated by HBx and that upregulated ETV4 promotes HCC progression. Interestingly, ETV4 was also included in the 568 cancer driver gene pool obtained by the Integrative OncoGenomics pipeline. However, the biological function and mechanism of ETV4 remain incompletely understood. In vivo and in vitro, we found that increased ETV4 expression promotes HCC cell migration and invasion by upregulating DVL2 and activating Wnt/β-catenin. The mRNA and protein levels of ETV4 are higher in tumor tissues compared with adjacent tissues, and high expression of ETV4 is associated with poor prognosis in HCC patients. In summary, we first confirm that ETV4 is significantly upregulated by HBx and involved in SE-associated chromatin accessibility. Increased expression of ETV4 promotes HCC cell invasion and metastasis by upregulating DVL2. The present study provides insight into the ETV4-DVL2-β-catenin axis in HBV-related HCC, which will be helpful for treating patients with aggressive HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqian Zheng
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanping Ge
- School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyan Qian
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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7
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Rachakonda S, Hoheisel JD, Kumar R. Occurrence, functionality and abundance of the TERT promoter mutations. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:1852-1862. [PMID: 34313327 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Telomere shortening at chromosomal ends due to the constraints of the DNA replication process acts as a tumor suppressor by restricting the replicative potential in primary cells. Cancers evade that limitation primarily through the reactivation of telomerase via different mechanisms. Mutations within the promoter of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene represent a definite mechanism for the ribonucleic enzyme regeneration predominantly in cancers that arise from tissues with low rates of self-renewal. The promoter mutations cause a moderate increase in TERT transcription and consequent telomerase upregulation to the levels sufficient to delay replicative senescence but not prevent bulk telomere shortening and genomic instability. Since the discovery, a staggering number of studies have resolved the discrete aspects, effects and clinical relevance of the TERT promoter mutations. The promoter mutations link transcription of TERT with oncogenic pathways, associate with markers of poor outcome and define patients with reduced survivals in several cancers. In this review, we discuss the occurrence and impact of the promoter mutations and highlight the mechanism of TERT activation. We further deliberate on the foundational question of the abundance of the TERT promoter mutations and a general dearth of functional mutations within noncoding sequences, as evident from pan-cancer analysis of the whole-genomes. We posit that the favorable genomic constellation within the TERT promoter may be less than a common occurrence in other noncoding functional elements. Besides, the evolutionary constraints limit the functional fraction within the human genome, hence the lack of abundant mutations outside the coding sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jörg D Hoheisel
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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8
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Hou C, Mandal A, Rohr J, Tsodikov OV. Allosteric interference in oncogenic FLI1 and ERG transactions by mithramycins. Structure 2020; 29:404-412.e4. [PMID: 33275876 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ETS family transcription factors of ERG and FLI1 play a key role in oncogenesis of prostate cancer and Ewing sarcoma by binding regulatory DNA sites and interfering with function of other factors. Mithramycin (MTM) is an anti-cancer, DNA binding natural product that functions as a potent antagonist of ERG and FLI1 by an unknown mechanism. We present a series of crystal structures of the DNA binding domain (DBD) of ERG/FLI1 culminating in a structure of a high-order complex of the ERG/FLI1 DBD, transcription factor Runx2, core-binding factor beta (Cbfβ), and MTM on a DNA enhancer site, along with supporting DNA binding studies using MTM and its analogues. Taken together, these data provide insight into allosteric mechanisms underlying ERG and FLI1 transactions and their disruption by MTM analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Abhisek Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jürgen Rohr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Oleg V Tsodikov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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9
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Context-dependent monoclonal antibodies against protein carbamidomethyl-cysteine. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242376. [PMID: 33232360 PMCID: PMC7685443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein sulfhydryl residues participate in key structural and biochemical functions. Alterations in sulfhydryl status, regulated by either reversible redox reactions or by permanent covalent capping, may be challenging to identify. To advance the detection of protein sulfhydryl groups, we describe the production of new Rabbit monoclonal antibodies that react with carbamidomethyl-cysteine (CAM-cys), a product of iodoacetamide (IAM) labeling of protein sulfhydryl residues. These antibodies bind to proteins labeled with IAM (but not N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) or acrylamide) and identify multiple protein bands when applied to Western blots of cell lysates treated with IAM. The monoclonal antibodies label a subset of CAM-cys modified peptide sequences and purified proteins (human von Willebrand Factor (gene:vWF), Jagged 1 (gene:JAG1), Laminin subunit alpha 2 (gene:LAMA2), Thrombospondin-2 (gene:TSP2), and Collagen IV (gene:COL4)) but do not recognize specific proteins such as Bovine serum albumin (gene:BSA) and human Thrombospondin-1 (gene:TSP1), Biglycan (gene:BGN) and Decorin (gene:DCN). Scanning mutants of the peptide sequence used to generate the CAM-cys antibodies elucidated residues required for context dependent reactivity. In addition to recognition of in vitro labeled proteins, the antibodies were used to identify selected sulfhydryl-containing proteins from living cells that were pulse labeled with IAM. Further development of novel CAM-cys monoclonal antibodies in conjunction with other biochemical tools may complement current methods for sulfhydryl detection within specific proteins. Moreover, CAM-cys reactive reagents may be useful when there is a need to label subpopulations of proteins.
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10
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Hou C, McCown C, Ivanov DN, Tsodikov OV. Structural Insight into the DNA Binding Function of Transcription Factor ERF. Biochemistry 2020; 59:10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00774. [PMID: 33175491 PMCID: PMC8110599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ETS family transcription factors control development of different cell types in humans, whereas deregulation of these proteins leads to severe developmental syndromes and cancers. One of a few members of the ETS family that are known to act solely as repressors, ERF, is required for normal osteogenesis and hematopoiesis. Another important function of ERF is acting as a tumor suppressor by antagonizing oncogenic fusions involving other ETS family factors. The structure of ERF and the DNA binding properties specific to this protein have not been elucidated. In this study, we determined two crystal structures of the complexes of the DNA binding domain of ERF with DNA. In one, ERF is in a distinct dimeric form, with Cys72 in a reduced state. In the other, two dimers of ERF are assembled into a tetramer that is additionally locked by two Cys72-Cys72 disulfide bonds across the dimers. In the tetramer, the ERF molecules are bound to a pseudocontinuous DNA on the same DNA face at two GGAA binding sites on opposite strands. Sedimentation velocity analysis showed that this tetrameric assembly forms on continuous DNA containing such tandem sites spaced by 7 bp. Our bioinformatic analysis of three previously reported sets of ERF binding loci across entire genomes showed that these loci were enriched in such 7 bp spaced tandem sites. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that the observed tetrameric assembly is a functional state of ERF in the human cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Claudia McCown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Dmitri N. Ivanov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Oleg V. Tsodikov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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11
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Qi T, Qu Q, Li G, Wang J, Zhu H, Yang Z, Sun Y, Lu Q, Qu J. Function and regulation of the PEA3 subfamily of ETS transcription factors in cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:3083-3105. [PMID: 33163259 PMCID: PMC7642666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The PEA3 subfamily is a subgroup of the E26 transformation-specific (ETS) family. Its members, ETV1, ETV4, and ETV5, have been found to be overexpressed in multiple cancers. The deregulation of ETV1, ETV4, and ETV5 induces cell growth, invasion, and migration in various tumor cells, leading to tumor progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Therefore, exploring drugs or therapeutic targets that target the PEA3 subfamily may contribute to the clinical treatment of tumor patients. In this review, we introduce the structures and functions of the PEA3 subfamily members, systematically review their main roles in various tumor cells, analyze their prognostic and diagnostic value, and, finally, introduce several molecular targets and therapeutic drugs targeting ETV1, ETV4, and ETV5. We conclude that targeting a series of upstream regulators and downstream target genes of the PEA3 subfamily may be an effective strategy for the treatment of ETV1/ETV4/ETV5-overexpressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, PR China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, PR China
| | - Qiang Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410007, PR China
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, PR China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, PR China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, PR China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, PR China
| | - Haihong Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, PR China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, PR China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410007, PR China
| | - Yuesheng Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou People’s HospitalWenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Qiong Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, PR China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, PR China
| | - Jian Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, PR China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, PR China
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12
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Nath A, Nair AS. Fingerprint-based similarity search identified p-anisidine as an anticancer agent in HeLa and a prospective phytochemical ETV1 transcription factor inhibitor. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:4973-4980. [PMID: 32580654 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1783364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of E26 transformation-specific (ETS) PEA3 subfamily transcription factor (TF) ETV1 is reportedly oncogenic and metastatic in several cancers. Albeit, a few synthetic small molecule inhibitors of ETV1 have been identified to date. In this context, we hereby proposed a phytochemical lead development scheme to gather inhibitor scaffolds for ETV1. A fingerprint-based similarity search was conducted to screen plant compounds structurally similar to known ETV1 perturbagens. At default cutoffs, 20 compounds were retrieved whose pharmacokinetic, docking, and scaffold analysis rendered eight compounds for final evaluation in HeLa cells by MTT assay. CID7732 (p-anisidine) belonging to the subclass aminophenyl ethers was emerged as a promising anticancer agent with an IC50 of 27.769 µg/mL. This is the first natural product-based chemical hunt carried out for ETV1 repressors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambily Nath
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Achuthsankar S Nair
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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13
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Zhang F, Wang S, Zhu J. ETS variant transcription factor 5 and c-Myc cooperate in derepressing the human telomerase gene promoter via composite ETS/E-box motifs. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10062-10075. [PMID: 32518154 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human telomerase gene (hTERT) is repressed in most somatic cells. How transcription factors activate the hTERT promoter in its repressive chromatin environment is unknown. Here, we report that the ETS family protein ETS variant transcription factor 5 (ETV5) mediates epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced hTERT expression in MCF10A cells. This activation required MYC proto-oncogene bHLH transcription factor (c-Myc) and depended on the chromatin state of the hTERT promoter. Using chromatinized bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) reporters in human fibroblasts, we found that ETV5 and c-Myc/MYC-associated factor X (MAX) synergistically activate the hTERT promoter via two identical, but inverted, composite Ets/E-box motifs enclosing the core promoter. Mutations of Ets or E-box sites in either DNA motif abolished the activation and reduced or eliminated the synergism. ETV5 and c-Myc facilitated each other's binding to the hTERT promoter. ETV5 bound to the hTERT promoter in both telomerase-negative and -positive cells, but it activated the repressed hTERT promoter and altered histone modifications only in telomerase-negative cells. The synergistic ETV5/c-Myc activation disappeared when hTERT promoter repression became relieved because of the loss of distal regulatory elements in chimeric human/mouse BAC reporters. Our results suggest that the binding of c-Myc and ETS family proteins to the Ets/E-box motifs derepresses the hTERT promoter by inducing an active promoter configuration, providing a mechanistic insight into hTERT activation during tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Shuwen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Jiyue Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, Washington, USA
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14
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Modulation of androgen receptor DNA binding activity through direct interaction with the ETS transcription factor ERG. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8584-8592. [PMID: 32220959 PMCID: PMC7165421 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922159117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in studying the androgen receptor (AR), the primary drug target in prostate cancer, has been hampered by challenges in expressing and purifying active multidomain AR for use in cell-free biochemical reconstitution assays. Here we successfully express full-length and truncated AR variants and demonstrate that the oncogenic ETS protein ERG, responsible for half of all prostate cancers, enhances the ability of AR to bind DNA through direct interaction with AR. In addition to providing a biochemical system to evaluate AR activity on different DNA templates, our findings provide insight into why ERG-positive prostate cancers have an expanded AR cistrome. The androgen receptor (AR) is a type I nuclear hormone receptor and the primary drug target in prostate cancer due to its role as a lineage survival factor in prostate luminal epithelium. In prostate cancer, the AR cistrome is reprogrammed relative to normal prostate epithelium and particularly in cancers driven by oncogenic ETS fusion genes. The molecular basis for this change has remained elusive. Using purified proteins, we report a minimal cell-free system that demonstrates interdomain cooperativity between the ligand (LBD) and DNA binding domains (DBD) of AR, and its autoinhibition by the N terminus of AR. Furthermore, we identify ERG as a cofactor that activates AR’s ability to bind DNA in both high and lower affinity contexts through direct interaction within a newly identified AR-interacting motif (AIM) in the ETS domain, independent of ERG’s own DNA binding ability. Finally, we present evidence that this interaction is conserved among ETS factors whose expression is altered in prostate cancer. Our work highlights, at a biochemical level, how tumor-initiating ETS translocations result in reprogramming of the AR cistrome.
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15
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Nicholas TR, Strittmatter BG, Hollenhorst PC. Oncogenic ETS Factors in Prostate Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1210:409-436. [PMID: 31900919 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is unique among carcinomas in that a fusion gene created by a chromosomal rearrangement is a common driver of the disease. The TMPRSS2/ERG rearrangement drives aberrant expression of the ETS family transcription factor ERG in 50% of prostate tumors. Similar rearrangements promote aberrant expression of the ETS family transcription factors ETV1 and ETV4 in another 10% of cases. Together, these three ETS factors are thought to promote tumorigenesis in the majority of prostate cancers. A goal of precision medicine is to be able to apply targeted therapeutics that are specific to disease subtypes. ETS gene rearrangement positive tumors represent the largest molecular subtype of prostate cancer, but to date there is no treatment specific to this marker. In this chapter we will review the latest findings regarding the molecular mechanisms of ETS factor function in the prostate. These molecular details may provide a path towards new therapeutic targets for this subtype of prostate cancer. Further, we will describe efforts to target the oncogenic functions of ETS family transcription factors directly as well as indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brady G Strittmatter
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Peter C Hollenhorst
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, USA.
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16
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Lea AJ, Vockley CM, Johnston RA, Del Carpio CA, Barreiro LB, Reddy TE, Tung J. Genome-wide quantification of the effects of DNA methylation on human gene regulation. eLife 2018; 7:e37513. [PMID: 30575519 PMCID: PMC6303109 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in DNA methylation are involved in development, disease, and the response to environmental conditions. However, not all regulatory elements are functionally methylation-dependent (MD). Here, we report a method, mSTARR-seq, that assesses the causal effects of DNA methylation on regulatory activity at hundreds of thousands of fragments (millions of CpG sites) simultaneously. Using mSTARR-seq, we identify thousands of MD regulatory elements in the human genome. MD activity is partially predictable using sequence and chromatin state information, and distinct transcription factors are associated with higher activity in unmethylated versus methylated DNA. Further, pioneer TFs linked to higher activity in the methylated state appear to drive demethylation of experimentally methylated sites. MD regulatory elements also predict methylation-gene expression relationships across individuals, where they are 1.6x enriched among sites with strong negative correlations. mSTARR-seq thus provides a map of MD regulatory activity in the human genome and facilitates interpretation of differential methylation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Lea
- Department of BiologyDuke UniversityNorth CarolinaUnited States
| | - Christopher M Vockley
- Center for Genomic and Computational BiologyDuke University Medical SchoolNorth CarolinaUnited States
- Department of Biostatistics and BioinformaticsDuke University Medical SchoolNorth CarolinaUnited States
| | - Rachel A Johnston
- Department of Evolutionary AnthropologyDuke UniversityNorth CarolinaUnited States
| | | | - Luis B Barreiro
- Department of PediatricsSainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, University of MontrealMontrealCanada
| | - Timothy E Reddy
- Center for Genomic and Computational BiologyDuke University Medical SchoolNorth CarolinaUnited States
- Department of Biostatistics and BioinformaticsDuke University Medical SchoolNorth CarolinaUnited States
- Program in Computational Biology and BioinformaticsDuke UniversityNorth CarolinaUnited States
| | - Jenny Tung
- Department of BiologyDuke UniversityNorth CarolinaUnited States
- Department of Evolutionary AnthropologyDuke UniversityNorth CarolinaUnited States
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of KenyaNairobiKenya
- Duke University Population Research InstituteDuke UniversityNorth CarolinaUnited States
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17
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Sharma R, Gangwar SP, Saxena AK. Comparative structure analysis of the ETSi domain of ERG3 and its complex with the E74 promoter DNA sequence. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2018; 74:656-663. [PMID: 30279318 PMCID: PMC6168766 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x1801110x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
ERG3 (ETS-related gene) is a member of the ETS (erythroblast transformation-specific) family of transcription factors, which contain a highly conserved DNA-binding domain. The ETS family of transcription factors differ in their binding to promoter DNA sequences, and the mechanism of their DNA-sequence discrimination is little known. In the current study, crystals of the ETSi domain (the ETS domain of ERG3 containing a CID motif) in space group P41212 and of its complex with the E74 DNA sequence (DNA9) in space group C2221 were obtained and their structures were determined. Comparative structure analysis of the ETSi domain and its complex with DNA9 with previously determined structures of the ERGi domain (the ETS domain of ERG containing inhibitory motifs) in space group P65212 and of the ERGi-DNA12 complex in space group P41212 were performed. The ETSi domain is observed as a homodimer in solution as well as in the crystallographic asymmetric unit. Superposition of the structure of the ETSi domain on that of the ERGi domain showed a major conformational change at the C-terminal DNA-binding autoinhibitory (CID) motif, while minor changes are observed in the loop regions of the ETSi-domain structure. The ETSi-DNA9 complex in space group C2221 forms a structure that is quite similar to that of the ERG-DNA12 complex in space group P41212. Upon superposition of the complexes, major conformational changes are observed at the 5' and 3' ends of DNA9, while the conformation of the core GGA nucleotides was quite conserved. Comparison of the ETSi-DNA9 structure with known structures of ETS class 1 protein-DNA complexes shows the similarities and differences in the promoter DNA binding and specificity of the class 1 ETS proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Sharma
- Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Shanti P. Gangwar
- Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Ajay K. Saxena
- Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
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18
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Currie SL, Lau DKW, Doane JJ, Whitby FG, Okon M, McIntosh LP, Graves BJ. Structured and disordered regions cooperatively mediate DNA-binding autoinhibition of ETS factors ETV1, ETV4 and ETV5. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:2223-2241. [PMID: 28161714 PMCID: PMC5389675 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoinhibition enables spatial and temporal regulation of cellular processes by coupling protein activity to surrounding conditions, often via protein partnerships or signaling pathways. We report the molecular basis of DNA-binding autoinhibition of ETS transcription factors ETV1, ETV4 and ETV5, which are often overexpressed in prostate cancer. Inhibitory elements that cooperate to repress DNA binding were identified in regions N- and C-terminal of the ETS domain. Crystal structures of these three factors revealed an α-helix in the C-terminal inhibitory domain that packs against the ETS domain and perturbs the conformation of its DNA-recognition helix. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrated that the N-terminal inhibitory domain (NID) is intrinsically disordered, yet utilizes transient intramolecular interactions with the DNA-recognition helix of the ETS domain to mediate autoinhibition. Acetylation of selected lysines within the NID activates DNA binding. This investigation revealed a distinctive mechanism for DNA-binding autoinhibition in the ETV1/4/5 subfamily involving a network of intramolecular interactions not present in other ETS factors. These distinguishing inhibitory elements provide a platform through which cellular triggers, such as protein–protein interactions or post-translational modifications, may specifically regulate the function of these oncogenic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon L Currie
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA
| | - Desmond K W Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jedediah J Doane
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA
| | - Frank G Whitby
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5650, USA
| | - Mark Okon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lawrence P McIntosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Barbara J Graves
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA
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19
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Currie SL, Doane JJ, Evans KS, Bhachech N, Madison BJ, Lau DKW, McIntosh LP, Skalicky JJ, Clark KA, Graves BJ. ETV4 and AP1 Transcription Factors Form Multivalent Interactions with three Sites on the MED25 Activator-Interacting Domain. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2975-2995. [PMID: 28728983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The recruitment of transcriptional cofactors by sequence-specific transcription factors challenges the basis of high affinity and selective interactions. Extending previous studies that the N-terminal activation domain (AD) of ETV5 interacts with Mediator subunit 25 (MED25), we establish that similar, aromatic-rich motifs located both in the AD and in the DNA-binding domain (DBD) of the related ETS factor ETV4 interact with MED25. These ETV4 regions bind MED25 independently, display distinct kinetics, and combine to contribute to a high-affinity interaction of full-length ETV4 with MED25. High-affinity interactions with MED25 are specific for the ETV1/4/5 subfamily as other ETS factors display weaker binding. The AD binds to a single site on MED25 and the DBD interacts with three MED25 sites, allowing for simultaneous binding of both domains in full-length ETV4. MED25 also stimulates the in vitro DNA binding activity of ETV4 by relieving autoinhibition. ETV1/4/5 factors are often overexpressed in prostate cancer and genome-wide studies in a prostate cancer cell line indicate that ETV4 and MED25 occupy enhancers that are enriched for ETS-binding sequences and are both functionally important for the transcription of genes regulated by these enhancers. AP1-motifs, which bind JUN and FOS transcription factor families, were observed in MED25-occupied regions and JUN/FOS also contact MED25; FOS strongly binds to the same MED25 site as ETV4 AD and JUN interacts with the other two MED25 sites. In summary, we describe features of the multivalent ETV4- and AP1-MED25 interactions, thereby implicating these factors in the recruitment of MED25 to transcriptional control elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon L Currie
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA
| | - Jedediah J Doane
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA
| | - Kathryn S Evans
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA
| | - Niraja Bhachech
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA
| | - Bethany J Madison
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA
| | - Desmond K W Lau
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lawrence P McIntosh
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jack J Skalicky
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5650, USA
| | - Kathleen A Clark
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA
| | - Barbara J Graves
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815-6789, USA.
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20
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Do C, Shearer A, Suzuki M, Terry MB, Gelernter J, Greally JM, Tycko B. Genetic-epigenetic interactions in cis: a major focus in the post-GWAS era. Genome Biol 2017. [PMID: 28629478 PMCID: PMC5477265 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on genetic-epigenetic interactions, including the mapping of methylation quantitative trait loci (mQTLs) and haplotype-dependent allele-specific DNA methylation (hap-ASM), have become a major focus in the post-genome-wide-association-study (GWAS) era. Such maps can nominate regulatory sequence variants that underlie GWAS signals for common diseases, ranging from neuropsychiatric disorders to cancers. Conversely, mQTLs need to be filtered out when searching for non-genetic effects in epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS). Sequence variants in CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) and transcription factor binding sites have been mechanistically linked to mQTLs and hap-ASM. Identifying these sites can point to disease-associated transcriptional pathways, with implications for targeted treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Do
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Alyssa Shearer
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Masako Suzuki
- Center for Epigenomics, Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Mary Beth Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Departments of Psychiatry, Genetics, and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - John M Greally
- Center for Epigenomics, Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Benjamin Tycko
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's disease and the Aging Brain, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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21
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Wilson KA, Wetmore SD. Combining crystallographic and quantum chemical data to understand DNA-protein π-interactions in nature. Struct Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-017-0954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Taniguchi N, Kizuka Y, Takamatsu S, Miyoshi E, Gao C, Suzuki K, Kitazume S, Ohtsubo K. Glyco-redox, a link between oxidative stress and changes of glycans: Lessons from research on glutathione, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species to glycobiology. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 595:72-80. [PMID: 27095220 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Reduction-oxidation (redox) response is one of the most important biological phenomena. The concept introduced by Helmut Sies encouraged many researchers to examine oxidative stress under pathophysiological conditions. Our group has been interested in redox regulation under oxidative stress as well as glycobiology in relation to disease. Current studies by our group and other groups indicate that functional and structural changes of glycans are regulated by redox responses resulting from the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in various diseases including cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disease such as Parkinson disease, Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), even though very few investigators appear to be aware of these facts. Here we propose that the field "glyco-redox" will open the door to a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism associated with diseases in relation to glycan changes under oxidative stress. A tight link between structural and functional changes of glycans and redox system under oxidative stress will lead to the recognition and interest of these aspects by many scientists. Helmut's contribution in this field facilitated our future perspectives in glycobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Taniguchi
- Systems Glycobiology Research Group, Max-Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, Wako, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiko Kizuka
- Systems Glycobiology Research Group, Max-Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Shinji Takamatsu
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Congxiao Gao
- Systems Glycobiology Research Group, Max-Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shinobu Kitazume
- Systems Glycobiology Research Group, Max-Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ohtsubo
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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23
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Tong D, Yang S, Lu L. Accurate optimization of amino acid form factors for computing small-angle X-ray scattering intensity of atomistic protein structures. J Appl Crystallogr 2016; 49:1148-1161. [PMID: 28074088 PMCID: PMC5223287 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576716007962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Structure modelling via small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data generally requires intensive computations of scattering intensity from any given biomolecular structure, where the accurate evaluation of SAXS profiles using coarse-grained (CG) methods is vital to improve computational efficiency. To date, most CG SAXS computing methods have been based on a single-bead-per-residue approximation but have neglected structural correlations between amino acids. To improve the accuracy of scattering calculations, accurate CG form factors of amino acids are now derived using a rigorous optimization strategy, termed electron-density matching (EDM), to best fit electron-density distributions of protein structures. This EDM method is compared with and tested against other CG SAXS computing methods, and the resulting CG SAXS profiles from EDM agree better with all-atom theoretical SAXS data. By including the protein hydration shell represented by explicit CG water molecules and the correction of protein excluded volume, the developed CG form factors also reproduce the selected experimental SAXS profiles with very small deviations. Taken together, these EDM-derived CG form factors present an accurate and efficient computational approach for SAXS computing, especially when higher molecular details (represented by the q range of the SAXS data) become necessary for effective structure modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dudu Tong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Sichun Yang
- Center for Proteomics and Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, BRB 929, Cleveland, OH 44106-4988, USA
| | - Lanyuan Lu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
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24
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Stephens DC, Poon GMK. Differential sensitivity to methylated DNA by ETS-family transcription factors is intrinsically encoded in their DNA-binding domains. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:8671-8681. [PMID: 27270080 PMCID: PMC5062964 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Transactivation by the ETS family of transcription factors, whose members share structurally conserved DNA-binding domains, is variably sensitive to methylation of their target genes. The mechanism by which DNA methylation controls ETS proteins remains poorly understood. Uncertainly also pervades the effects of hemi-methylated DNA, which occurs following DNA replication and in response to hypomethylating agents, on site recognition by ETS proteins. To address these questions, we measured the affinities of two sequence-divergent ETS homologs, PU.1 and Ets-1, to DNA sites harboring a hemi- and fully methylated CpG dinucleotide. While the two proteins bound unmethylated DNA with indistinguishable affinity, their affinities to methylated DNA are markedly heterogeneous and exhibit major energetic coupling between the two CpG methylcytosines. Analysis of simulated DNA and existing co-crystal structures revealed that hemi-methylation induced non-local backbone and groove geometries that were not conserved in the fully methylated state. Indirect readout of these perturbations was differentially achieved by the two ETS homologs, with the distinctive interfacial hydration in PU.1/DNA binding moderating the inhibitory effects of DNA methylation on binding. This data established a biophysical basis for the pioneering properties associated with PU.1, which robustly bound fully methylated DNA, but not Ets-1, which was substantially inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory M K Poon
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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25
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Chen L, Zhang YH, Zou Q, Chu C, Ji Z. Analysis of the chemical toxicity effects using the enrichment of Gene Ontology terms and KEGG pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2619-26. [PMID: 27208425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical toxicity is one of the major barriers for designing and detecting new chemical entities during drug discovery. Unexpected toxicity of an approved drug may lead to withdrawal from the market and significant loss of the associated costs. Better understanding of the mechanisms underlying various toxicity effects can help eliminate unqualified candidate drugs in early stages, allowing researchers to focus their attention on other more viable candidates. METHODS In this study, we aimed to understand the mechanisms underlying several toxicity effects using Gene Ontology (GO) terms and KEGG pathways. GO term and KEGG pathway enrichment theories were adopted to encode each chemical, and the minimum redundancy maximum relevance (mRMR) was used to analyze the GO terms and the KEGG pathways. Based on the feature list obtained by the mRMR method, the most related GO terms and KEGG pathways were extracted. RESULTS Some important GO terms and KEGG pathways were uncovered, which were concluded to be significant for determining chemical toxicity effects. CONCLUSIONS Several GO terms and KEGG pathways are highly related to all investigated toxicity effects, while some are specific to a certain toxicity effect. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The findings in this study have the potential to further our understanding of different chemical toxicity mechanisms and to assist scientists in developing new chemical toxicity prediction algorithms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "System Genetics" Guest Editor: Dr. Yudong Cai and Dr. Tao Huang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Hang Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Quan Zou
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chen Chu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiliang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China.
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Holbrook LM, Kwong LS, Metcalfe CL, Fenouillet E, Jones IM, Barclay AN. OX133, a monoclonal antibody recognizing protein-bound N-ethylmaleimide for the identification of reduced disulfide bonds in proteins. MAbs 2016; 8:672-7. [PMID: 26986548 PMCID: PMC5037987 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1152443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo, enzymatic reduction of some protein disulfide bonds, allosteric disulfide bonds, provides an important level of structural and functional regulation. The free cysteine residues generated can be labeled by maleimide reagents, including biotin derivatives, allowing the reduced protein to be detected or purified. During the screening of monoclonal antibodies for those specific for the reduced forms of proteins, we isolated OX133, a unique antibody that recognizes polypeptide resident, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM)-modified cysteine residues in a sequence-independent manner. OX133 offers an alternative to biotin-maleimide reagents for labeling reduced/alkylated antigens and capturing reduced/alkylated proteins with the advantage that NEM-modified proteins are more easily detected in mass spectrometry, and may be more easily recovered than is the case following capture with biotin based reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Marie Holbrook
- a Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK.,c School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading , UK
| | - Lai-Shan Kwong
- a Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Clive L Metcalfe
- a Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | | | - Ian M Jones
- c School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading , UK
| | - A Neil Barclay
- a Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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27
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Beuerle MG, Dufton NP, Randi AM, Gould IR. Molecular dynamics studies on the DNA-binding process of ERG. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:3600-3610. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00506c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics study elucidating the mechanistic background of the DNA-binding process and the sequence specificity of the transcription factor ERG. Along with the biological findings the capabilities of unbiased DNA-binding simulations in combination with various means of analysis in the field of protein DNA-interactions are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias G. Beuerle
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology
- Imperial College London
- South Kensington SW7 2AZ
- UK
| | - Neil P. Dufton
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) Vascular Sciences
- Hammersmith Hospital
- Imperial College London
- London W12 0NN
- UK
| | - Anna M. Randi
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) Vascular Sciences
- Hammersmith Hospital
- Imperial College London
- London W12 0NN
- UK
| | - Ian R. Gould
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology
- Imperial College London
- South Kensington SW7 2AZ
- UK
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28
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Hou C, Tsodikov OV. Structural Basis for Dimerization and DNA Binding of Transcription Factor FLI1. Biochemistry 2015; 54:7365-74. [PMID: 26618620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
FLI1 (Friend leukemia integration 1) is a metazoan transcription factor that is upregulated in a number of cancers. In addition, rearrangements of the fli1 gene cause sarcomas, leukemias, and lymphomas. These rearrangements encode oncogenic transcription factors, in which the DNA binding domain (DBD or ETS domain) of FLI1 on the C-terminal side is fused to a part of an another protein on the N-terminal side. Such abnormal cancer cell-specific fusions retain the DNA binding properties of FLI1 and acquire non-native protein-protein or protein-nucleic acid interactions of the substituted region. As a result, these fusions trigger oncogenic transcriptional reprogramming of the host cell. Interactions of FLI1 fusions with other proteins and with itself play a critical role in the oncogenic regulatory functions, and they are currently under intense scrutiny, mechanistically and as potential novel anticancer drug targets. We report elusive crystal structures of the FLI1 DBD, alone and in complex with cognate DNA containing a GGAA recognition sequence. Both structures reveal a previously unrecognized dimer of this domain, consistent with its dimerization in solution. The homodimerization interface is helix-swapped and dominated by hydrophobic interactions, including those between two interlocking Phe362 residues. A mutation of Phe362 to an alanine disrupted the propensity of this domain to dimerize without perturbing its structure or the DNA binding function, consistent with the structural observations. We propose that FLI1 DBD dimerization plays a role in transcriptional activation and repression by FLI1 and its fusions at promoters containing multiple FLI1 binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky , 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Oleg V Tsodikov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky , 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
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Yang JJ, Tao H, Deng ZY, Lu C, Li J. Non-coding RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of liver fibrosis. Metabolism 2015; 64:1386-94. [PMID: 26362725 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) activation plays a key role in liver fibrosis. Numerous studies have indicated that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) control liver fibrosis and fibroblasts proliferation. Greater knowledge of the role of the ncRNAs-mediated epigenetic mechanism in liver fibrosis could improve understanding of the liver fibrosis pathogenesis. The aim of this review is to describe the present knowledge about the ncRNAs significantly participating in liver fibrosis and HSC activation, and look ahead on new perspectives of ncRNAs-mediated epigenetic mechanism research. Moreover, we will discuss examples of non-coding RNAs that interact with histone modification or DNA methylation to regulate gene expression in liver fibrosis. Diverse classes of ncRNAs, ranging from microRNAs (miRs) to long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs), have emerged as key regulators of several important aspects of function, including cell proliferation, activation, etc. In addition, recent advances suggest the important role of ncRNAs transcripts in epigenetic gene regulation. Targeting the miRs and LncRNAs can be a promising direction in liver fibrosis treatment. We discuss new perspectives of miRs and LncRNAs in liver fibrosis and HSC activation, mainly including interaction with histone modification or DNA methylation to regulate gene expression. These epigenetic mechanisms form powerful ncRNAs surveillance systems that may represent new targets for liver fibrosis therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China, 230601
| | - Hui Tao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China, 230601
| | - Zi-Yu Deng
- Department of Scientific and Educational, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China, 230601.
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Scientific and Educational, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China, 230601
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China, 230032.
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