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Sinha RA, Yen PM. Metabolic Messengers: Thyroid Hormones. Nat Metab 2024; 6:639-650. [PMID: 38671149 PMCID: PMC7615975 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-00986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are key hormones that regulate development and metabolism in mammals. In man, the major target tissues for TH action are the brain, liver, muscle, heart, and adipose tissue. Defects in TH synthesis, transport, metabolism, and nuclear action have been associated with genetic and endocrine diseases in man. Over the past few years, there has been renewed interest in TH action and the therapeutic potential of THs and thyromimetics to treat several metabolic disorders such as hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidaemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and TH transporter defects. Recent advances in the development of tissue and TH receptor isoform-targeted thyromimetics have kindled new hope for translating our fundamental understanding of TH action into an effective therapy. This review provides a concise overview of the historical development of our understanding of TH action, its physiological and pathophysiological effects on metabolism, and future therapeutic applications to treat metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit A Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
| | - Paul M Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Div. Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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2
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Ragupathi A, Kim C, Jacinto E. The mTORC2 signaling network: targets and cross-talks. Biochem J 2024; 481:45-91. [PMID: 38270460 PMCID: PMC10903481 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin, mTOR, controls cell metabolism in response to growth signals and stress stimuli. The cellular functions of mTOR are mediated by two distinct protein complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2. Rapamycin and its analogs are currently used in the clinic to treat a variety of diseases and have been instrumental in delineating the functions of its direct target, mTORC1. Despite the lack of a specific mTORC2 inhibitor, genetic studies that disrupt mTORC2 expression unravel the functions of this more elusive mTOR complex. Like mTORC1 which responds to growth signals, mTORC2 is also activated by anabolic signals but is additionally triggered by stress. mTORC2 mediates signals from growth factor receptors and G-protein coupled receptors. How stress conditions such as nutrient limitation modulate mTORC2 activation to allow metabolic reprogramming and ensure cell survival remains poorly understood. A variety of downstream effectors of mTORC2 have been identified but the most well-characterized mTORC2 substrates include Akt, PKC, and SGK, which are members of the AGC protein kinase family. Here, we review how mTORC2 is regulated by cellular stimuli including how compartmentalization and modulation of complex components affect mTORC2 signaling. We elaborate on how phosphorylation of its substrates, particularly the AGC kinases, mediates its diverse functions in growth, proliferation, survival, and differentiation. We discuss other signaling and metabolic components that cross-talk with mTORC2 and the cellular output of these signals. Lastly, we consider how to more effectively target the mTORC2 pathway to treat diseases that have deregulated mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Ragupathi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Christian Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Estela Jacinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
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3
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Anjum S, Srivastava S, Panigrahi L, Ansari UA, Trivedi AK, Ahmed S. TORC1 mediated regulation of mitochondrial integrity and calcium ion homeostasis by Wat1/mLst8 in S. pombe. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126907. [PMID: 37717872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The mTOR complexes play a fundamental role in mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular homeostasis. Wat1, an ortholog of mammalian Lst8 is an important component of TOR complex and is essential for the regulation of downstream signaling. Earlier we reported the role of Wat1 in oxidative stress response. Here, we have shown that the abrogation of wat1 causes respiratory defects and mitochondrial depolarization that leads to a decrease in ATP production. The confocal and electron microscopy in wat1Δ cells revealed the fragmented mitochondrial morphology implying its role in mitochondrial fission. Furthermore, we also showed its role in autophagy and the maintenance of calcium ion homeostasis. Additionally, tor2-287 mutant cells also exhibit defects in mitochondrial integrity indicating the TORC1-dependent involvement of Wat1 in the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis. The interaction studies of Wat1 and Tor2 with Por1 and Mmm1 proteins revealed a plausible cross-talk between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum through the Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM) and endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria encounter structure (ERMES) complex, involving TORC1. Taken together, this study demonstrates the involvement of Wat1/mLst8 in harmonizing various mitochondrial functions, redox status, and Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simmi Anjum
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Swati Srivastava
- Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Lalita Panigrahi
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Uzair Ahmad Ansari
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicological Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Arun Kumar Trivedi
- Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shakil Ahmed
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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4
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Marino L, Kim A, Ni B, Celi FS. Thyroid hormone action and liver disease, a complex interplay. Hepatology 2023:01515467-990000000-00521. [PMID: 37535802 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone action is involved in virtually all physiological processes. It is well known that the liver and thyroid are intimately linked, with thyroid hormone playing important roles in de novo lipogenesis, beta-oxidation (fatty acid oxidation), cholesterol metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. Clinical and mechanistic research studies have shown that thyroid hormone can be involved in chronic liver diseases, including alcohol-associated or NAFLD and HCC. Thyroid hormone action and synthetic thyroid hormone analogs can exert beneficial actions in terms of lowering lipids, preventing chronic liver disease and as liver anticancer agents. More recently, preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that some analogs of thyroid hormone could also play a role in the treatment of liver disease. These synthetic molecules, thyromimetics, can modulate lipid metabolism, particularly in NAFLD/NASH. In this review, we first summarize the thyroid hormone signaling axis in the context of liver biology, then we describe the changes in thyroid hormone signaling in liver disease and how liver diseases affect the thyroid hormone homeostasis, and finally we discuss the use of thyroid hormone-analog for the treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Marino
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Adam Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, UConn Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bin Ni
- Alliance Pharma, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Francesco S Celi
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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5
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Peluso T, Nittoli V, Reale C, Porreca I, Russo F, Roberto L, Giacco A, Silvestri E, Mallardo M, De Felice M, Ambrosino C. Chronic Exposure to Chlorpyrifos Damages Thyroid Activity and Imbalances Hepatic Thyroid Hormones Signaling and Glucose Metabolism: Dependency of T3-FOXO1 Axis by Hyperglycemia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119582. [PMID: 37298533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life exposure to Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals (EDCs), such as the organophosphate pesticide Chlorpyrifos (CPF), affects the thyroid activity and dependent process, including the glucose metabolism. The damage of thyroid hormones (THs) as a mechanism of action of CPF is underestimated because the studies rarely consider that TH levels and signaling are customized peripherally. Here, we investigated the impairment of metabolism/signaling of THs and lipid/glucose metabolism in the livers of 6-month-old mice, developmentally and lifelong exposed to 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg/die CPF (F1) and their offspring similarly exposed (F2), analyzing the levels of transcripts of the enzymes involved in the metabolism of T3 (Dio1), lipids (Fasn, Acc1), and glucose (G6pase, Pck1). Both processes were altered only in F2 males, affected by hypothyroidism and by a systemic hyperglycemia linked to the activation of gluconeogenesis in mice exposed to 1 and 10 mg/kg/die CPF. Interestingly, we observed an increase in active FOXO1 protein due to a decrease in AKT phosphorylation, despite insulin signaling activation. Experiments in vitro revealed that chronic exposure to CPF affected glucose metabolism via the direct modulation of FOXO1 activity and T3 levels in hepatic cells. In conclusion, we described different sex and intergenerational effects of CPF exposure on the hepatic homeostasis of THs, their signaling, and, finally, glucose metabolism. The data points to FOXO1-T3-glucose signaling as a target of CPF in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Peluso
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Via de Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy
- Biogem Scarl, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics Research, Via Camporeale, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Valeria Nittoli
- Biogem Scarl, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics Research, Via Camporeale, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Carla Reale
- Biogem Scarl, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics Research, Via Camporeale, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Immacolata Porreca
- Biogem Scarl, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics Research, Via Camporeale, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Filomena Russo
- Biogem Scarl, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics Research, Via Camporeale, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Luca Roberto
- Biogem Scarl, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics Research, Via Camporeale, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Antonia Giacco
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Via de Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Elena Silvestri
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Via de Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Massimo Mallardo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario De Felice
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), CNR, Via Pansini 6, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Ambrosino
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Via de Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy
- Biogem Scarl, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics Research, Via Camporeale, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), CNR, Via Pansini 6, 80131 Naples, Italy
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6
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Hepatic Energy Metabolism under the Local Control of the Thyroid Hormone System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054861. [PMID: 36902289 PMCID: PMC10002997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The energy homeostasis of the organism is orchestrated by a complex interplay of energy substrate shuttling, breakdown, storage, and distribution. Many of these processes are interconnected via the liver. Thyroid hormones (TH) are well known to provide signals for the regulation of energy homeostasis through direct gene regulation via their nuclear receptors acting as transcription factors. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the effects of nutritional intervention like fasting and diets on the TH system. In parallel, we detail direct effects of TH in liver metabolic pathways with regards to glucose, lipid, and cholesterol metabolism. This overview on hepatic effects of TH provides the basis for understanding the complex regulatory network and its translational potential with regards to currently discussed treatment options of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) involving TH mimetics.
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7
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Fritsche K, Ziková-Kloas A, Marx-Stoelting P, Braeuning A. Metabolism-Disrupting Chemicals Affecting the Liver: Screening, Testing, and Molecular Pathway Identification. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032686. [PMID: 36769005 PMCID: PMC9916672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the central metabolic organ of the body. The plethora of anabolic and catabolic pathways in the liver is tightly regulated by physiological signaling but may become imbalanced as a consequence of malnutrition or exposure to certain chemicals, so-called metabolic endocrine disrupters, or metabolism-disrupting chemicals (MDCs). Among different metabolism-related diseases, obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) constitute a growing health problem, which has been associated with a western lifestyle combining excessive caloric intake and reduced physical activity. In the past years, awareness of chemical exposure as an underlying cause of metabolic endocrine effects has continuously increased. Within this review, we have collected and summarized evidence that certain environmental MDCs are capable of contributing to metabolic diseases such as liver steatosis and cholestasis by different molecular mechanisms, thereby contributing to the metabolic syndrome. Despite the high relevance of metabolism-related diseases, standardized mechanistic assays for the identification and characterization of MDCs are missing. Therefore, the current state of candidate test systems to identify MDCs is presented, and their possible implementation into a testing strategy for MDCs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Fritsche
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Ziková-Kloas
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)30-18412-25100
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8
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H’ng CH, Khaladkar A, Rosello-Diez A. Look who's TORking: mTOR-mediated integration of cell status and external signals during limb development and endochondral bone growth. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1153473. [PMID: 37152288 PMCID: PMC10154674 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1153473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance of cell proliferation and size is key for the control of organ development and repair. Moreover, this balance has to be coordinated within tissues and between tissues to achieve robustness in the organ's pattern and size. The tetrapod limb has been used to study these topics during development and repair, and several conserved pathways have emerged. Among them, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, despite being active in several cell types and developmental stages, is one of the least understood in limb development, perhaps because of its multiple potential roles and interactions with other pathways. In the body of this review, we have collated and integrated what is known about the role of mTOR signaling in three aspects of tetrapod limb development: 1) limb outgrowth; 2) chondrocyte differentiation after mesenchymal condensation and 3) endochondral ossification-driven longitudinal bone growth. We conclude that, given its ability to interact with the most common signaling pathways, its presence in multiple cell types, and its ability to influence cell proliferation, size and differentiation, the mTOR pathway is a critical integrator of external stimuli and internal status, coordinating developmental transitions as complex as those taking place during limb development. This suggests that the study of the signaling pathways and transcription factors involved in limb patterning, morphogenesis and growth could benefit from probing the interaction of these pathways with mTOR components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Ho H’ng
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashwini Khaladkar
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Alberto Rosello-Diez
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Alberto Rosello-Diez, ,
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Important Hormones Regulating Lipid Metabolism. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207052. [PMID: 36296646 PMCID: PMC9607181 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a wide variety of kinds of lipids, and complex structures which determine the diversity and complexity of their functions. With the basic characteristic of water insolubility, lipid molecules are independent of the genetic information composed by genes to proteins, which determine the particularity of lipids in the human body, with water as the basic environment and genes to proteins as the genetic system. In this review, we have summarized the current landscape on hormone regulation of lipid metabolism. After the well-studied PI3K-AKT pathway, insulin affects fat synthesis by controlling the activity and production of various transcription factors. New mechanisms of thyroid hormone regulation are discussed, receptor α and β may mediate different procedures, the effect of thyroid hormone on mitochondria provides a new insight for hormones regulating lipid metabolism. Physiological concentration of adrenaline induces the expression of extrapituitary prolactin in adipose tissue macrophages, which promotes fat weight loss. Manipulation of hormonal action has the potential to offer a new therapeutic horizon for the global burden of obesity and its associated complications such as morbidity and mortality.
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10
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Ohba K, Iwaki T. Role of thyroid hormone in an experimental model of atherosclerosis: the potential mediating role of immune response and autophagy. Endocr J 2022; 69:1043-1052. [PMID: 35871569 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej22-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has revealed that several conditions related to abnormal thyroid hormone status, such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, or hypercoagulable state, can exacerbate atherosclerotic vascular disease. Thyroid hormone effects on vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells have also been studied extensively. However, only limited information is available on thyroid hormone-mediated immune response in current review articles on the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. This report thus presents an overview of the recent advances in the understanding of the dynamic interactions taking place between thyroid hormone status and immune response in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In particular, we focus on macrophages and T-lymphocytes, which have been recognized as important determinants for the initiation and development of atherosclerosis. Numerous studies have revealed the role of autophagy in immune cells produced in atherosclerosis. In addition, thyroid hormones induce autophagy in several cells and tissues, such as liver, skeletal muscles, lungs, and brown adipose tissue. Our research group, among others, have reported different targets of thyroid hormone-mediated autophagy, including lipid droplets (lipophagy), mitochondria (mitophagy), and aggregated proteins (aggrephagy). Based on these findings, thyroid hormone-mediated autophagy could serve as a novel therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis. We also consider the limitations of the current murine models for studies on atherosclerosis, especially in relation to low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol driven atherosclerotic plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ohba
- Medical Education Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Iwaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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11
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Tripathi M, Singh BK, Liehn EA, Lim SY, Tikno K, Castano-Mayan D, Rattanasopa C, Nilcham P, Abdul Ghani SAB, Wu Z, Azhar SH, Zhou J, Hernández-Resèndiz S, Crespo-Avilan GE, Sinha RA, Farah BL, Moe KT, De Silva DA, Angeli V, Singh MK, Singaraja RR, Hausenloy DJ, Yen PM. Caffeine prevents restenosis and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through the induction of autophagy. Autophagy 2022; 18:2150-2160. [PMID: 35012409 PMCID: PMC9466618 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.2021494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is among the most highly consumed substances worldwide, and it has been associated with decreased cardiovascular risk. Although caffeine has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), the mechanism underlying this effect is unknown. Here, we demonstrated that caffeine decreased VSMC proliferation and induced macroautophagy/autophagy in an in vivo vascular injury model of restenosis. Furthermore, we studied the effects of caffeine in primary human and mouse aortic VSMCs and immortalized mouse aortic VSMCs. Caffeine decreased cell proliferation, and induced autophagy flux via inhibition of MTOR signaling in these cells. Genetic deletion of the key autophagy gene Atg5, and the Sqstm1/p62 gene encoding a receptor protein, showed that the anti-proliferative effect by caffeine was dependent upon autophagy. Interestingly, caffeine also decreased WNT-signaling and the expression of two WNT target genes, Axin2 and Ccnd1 (cyclin D1). This effect was mediated by autophagic degradation of a key member of the WNT signaling cascade, DVL2, by caffeine to decrease WNT signaling and cell proliferation. SQSTM1/p62, MAP1LC3B-II and DVL2 were also shown to interact with each other, and the overexpression of DVL2 counteracted the inhibition of cell proliferation by caffeine. Taken together, our in vivo and in vitro findings demonstrated that caffeine reduced VSMC proliferation by inhibiting WNT signaling via stimulation of autophagy, thus reducing the vascular restenosis. Our findings suggest that caffeine and other autophagy-inducing drugs may represent novel cardiovascular therapeutic tools to protect against restenosis after angioplasty and/or stent placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhulika Tripathi
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore,Contact Madhulika Tripathi Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore169857
| | - Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Elisa A. Liehn
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center, Singapore, Singapore-,Insitute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, J.B. Winsløws Vej 25, 5230, Odense, Denmark,Department for Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sheau Yng Lim
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Singapore- 117456
| | - Keziah Tikno
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - David Castano-Mayan
- Translational Laboratories in Genetic Medicine, A*star Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chutima Rattanasopa
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore,Translational Laboratories in Genetic Medicine, A*star Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pakhwan Nilcham
- Department for Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Zihao Wu
- Translational Laboratories in Genetic Medicine, A*star Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Syaza Hazwany Azhar
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Singapore- 117456
| | - Jin Zhou
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Sauri Hernández-Resèndiz
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center, Singapore, Singapore-
| | - Gustavo E. Crespo-Avilan
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center, Singapore, Singapore-
| | - Rohit Anthony Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Benjamin Livingston Farah
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kyaw Thu Moe
- Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia, Newcastle University, 79200 Gelang Patah, Johor,Malaysia
| | - Deidre Anne De Silva
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608
| | - Veronique Angeli
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Singapore- 117456
| | - Manvendra K. Singh
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center, Singapore, Singapore-
| | - Roshni R. Singaraja
- Translational Laboratories in Genetic Medicine, A*star Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University, Singapore-117597
| | - Derek J. Hausenloy
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center, Singapore, Singapore-,The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 7 Chenies Mews, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 6HX, United Kingdom,Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, 500 Liufeng Road, Wufeng District, Taichung City, Taiwan,Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Paul Michael Yen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore,Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism Division, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA,Paul M. Yen Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857
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12
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Post A, Garcia E, Gruppen EG, Kremer D, Connelly MA, Bakker SJL, Dullaart RPF. Higher Free Triiodothyronine Is Associated With Higher HDL Particle Concentration and Smaller HDL Particle Size. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e1807-e1815. [PMID: 35106588 PMCID: PMC9016450 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid function status has effects on the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease by affecting lipid metabolism, but associations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle concentrations and subfractions with thyroid hormone levels within the reference range remain elusive. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to determine the associations of free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels with HDL particle characteristics in euthyroid individuals. METHODS This cross-sectional study on the associations of thyroid hormones with HDL particle concentrations, HDL subfractions, and HDL particle size included 5844 euthyroid individuals (FT3, FT4, and TSH levels within the reference range and no medication use affecting thyroid function), participating in the Prevention of REnal and Vascular ENd-stage Disease (PREVEND) study. HDL particles and subfractions were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance using an optimized version of the NMR LipoProfile Test (LP4). RESULTS In multivariable linear regression analyses, FT3 was positively associated with total HDL particle concentration (std.β = 0.14; P < 0.001) and with small (std.β = 0.13; P < 0.001) and medium-sized HDL particles (std.β = 0.05; P = 0.001). Conversely, FT3 was inversely associated with large HDL particles (std.β = -0.07; P < 0.001) and with HDL particle size (std.β = -0.08; P < 0.001). Such associations with FT4 or reciprocally with TSH were less pronounced or nonsignificant. CONCLUSION In euthyroid individuals, higher FT3 is cross-sectionally associated with higher total HDL particle concentration and with lower HDL particle size. These associations may be relevant to better understand the role of HDL in thyroid function-associated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Post
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Garcia
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (Labcorp), Morrisville, NC 27560, USA
| | - Eke G Gruppen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daan Kremer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Margery A Connelly
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (Labcorp), Morrisville, NC 27560, USA
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin P F Dullaart
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Zhu S, Pang Y, Xu J, Chen X, Zhang C, Wu B, Gao J. Endocrine Regulation on Bone by Thyroid. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:873820. [PMID: 35464058 PMCID: PMC9020229 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.873820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an endocrine organ, the thyroid acts on the entire body by secreting a series of hormones, and bone is one of the main target organs of the thyroid. SUMMARY This review highlights the roles of thyroid hormones and thyroid diseases in bone homeostasis. CONCLUSION Thyroid hormones play significant roles in the growth and development of bone, and imbalance of thyroid hormones can impair bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yidan Pang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Junjie Gao, ; Bo Wu, ; Changqing Zhang,
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Junjie Gao, ; Bo Wu, ; Changqing Zhang,
| | - Junjie Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Junjie Gao, ; Bo Wu, ; Changqing Zhang,
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14
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Wang H, Ma Z, Gao F, Jiang W, Li Y, Li S. Effects of Forkhead box O1 on lipopolysaccharide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in human cervical squamous carcinoma SiHa cells. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:848. [PMID: 34733366 PMCID: PMC8561622 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection and chronic inflammation play important roles in the development of cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) is a notable regulator of mitochondrial metabolism, which is involved in the occurrence and development of tumors. The present study explored the effects of FOXO1 in human cervical squamous carcinoma SiHa cells. The expression of FOXO1 was examined using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. SiHa cell migration and proliferation were detected using Transwell and 3H-TdR assays. Mitochondrial functions were assessed based on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). The present study revealed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation significantly inhibited the expression of FOXO1 in cervical squamous carcinoma SiHa cells; while silencing FOXO1 resulted in the accumulation of mitochondrial ROS, a decrease in the ΔΨm and abnormal morphology of mitochondria. Accordingly, enhancing FOXO1 expression or treatment with metformin, which protects mitochondrial function, reversed LPS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, cell pyroptosis, migration and proliferation of cervical squamous carcinoma SiHa cells. Overall, the current study indicated that treatment with FOXO1 could potentially be used as therapeutic strategy to prevent LPS-induced cervical squamous cell carcinoma-related dysfunction in a mitochondria-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Ma
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157000, P.R. China
| | - Fanshu Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157000, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157000, P.R. China
| | - Shuping Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157000, P.R. China
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15
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Bruinstroop E, Zhou J, Tripathi M, Yau WW, Boelen A, Singh BK, Yen PM. Early induction of hepatic deiodinase type 1 inhibits hepatosteatosis during NAFLD progression. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101266. [PMID: 34098145 PMCID: PMC8237360 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a spectrum ranging from hepatosteatosis to progressive nonalcoholic steatohepatitis that can lead to cirrhosis. Humans with low levels of prohormone thyroxine (T4) have a higher incidence of NAFLD, and thyroid hormone treatment is very promising in all patients with NAFLD. Deiodinase type 1 (Dio1) is a hepatic enzyme that converts T4 to the bioactive T3 and therefore regulates thyroid hormone availability within hepatocytes. We investigated the role of this intrahepatic regulation during the progression of NAFLD. METHODS We investigated hepatic thyroid hormone metabolism in two NAFLD models: wild-type mice fed a Western diet with fructose and Leprdb mice fed a methionine- and choline-deficient diet. AAV8-mediated liver-specific Dio1 knockdown was employed to investigate the role of Dio1 during the progression of NAFLD. Intrahepatic thyroid hormone levels, deiodinase activity, and metabolic parameters were measured. RESULTS Dio1 expression and activity were increased in the early stages of NAFLD and were associated with an increased T3/T4 ratio. Prevention of this increase by AAV8-mediated liver-specific Dio1 knockdown increased hepatic triglycerides and cholesterol and decreased the pACC/ACC ratio and acylcarnitine levels, suggesting there was lower β-oxidation. Dio1 siRNA KD in hepatic cells treated with fatty acids showed increased lipid accumulation and decreased oxidative phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Hepatic Dio1 gene expression was modulated by dietary conditions, was increased during hepatosteatosis and early NASH, and regulated hepatic triglyceride content. These early adaptations likely represent compensatory mechanisms that reduce hepatosteatosis and prevent NASH progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Bruinstroop
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jin Zhou
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Madhulika Tripathi
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Winifred W Yau
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Anita Boelen
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Paul M Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, 300 N Duke St, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism Division, Duke University School of Medicine, 300 N Duke St, Durham, NC 27701, USA
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16
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Abstract
Cells metabolize nutrients for biosynthetic and bioenergetic needs to fuel growth and proliferation. The uptake of nutrients from the environment and their intracellular metabolism is a highly controlled process that involves cross talk between growth signaling and metabolic pathways. Despite constant fluctuations in nutrient availability and environmental signals, normal cells restore metabolic homeostasis to maintain cellular functions and prevent disease. A central signaling molecule that integrates growth with metabolism is the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). mTOR is a protein kinase that responds to levels of nutrients and growth signals. mTOR forms two protein complexes, mTORC1, which is sensitive to rapamycin, and mTORC2, which is not directly inhibited by this drug. Rapamycin has facilitated the discovery of the various functions of mTORC1 in metabolism. Genetic models that disrupt either mTORC1 or mTORC2 have expanded our knowledge of their cellular, tissue, as well as systemic functions in metabolism. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the regulation and functions of mTORC2, particularly in metabolism, has lagged behind. Since mTOR is an important target for cancer, aging, and other metabolism-related pathologies, understanding the distinct and overlapping regulation and functions of the two mTOR complexes is vital for the development of more effective therapeutic strategies. This review discusses the key discoveries and recent findings on the regulation and metabolic functions of the mTOR complexes. We highlight findings from cancer models but also discuss other examples of the mTOR-mediated metabolic reprogramming occurring in stem and immune cells, type 2 diabetes/obesity, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelia Szwed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Eugene Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Estela Jacinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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17
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Singh BK, Tripathi M, Sandireddy R, Tikno K, Zhou J, Yen PM. Decreased autophagy and fuel switching occur in a senescent hepatic cell model system. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:13958-13978. [PMID: 32712601 PMCID: PMC7425478 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although aging in the liver contributes to the development of chronic liver diseases such as NAFLD and insulin resistance, little is known about the molecular and metabolic details of aging in hepatic cells. To examine these issues, we used sequential oxidative stress with hydrogen peroxide to induce premature senescence in AML12 hepatic cells. The senescent cells exhibited molecular and metabolic signatures, increased SA-βGal and γH2A.X staining, and elevated senescence and pro-inflammatory gene expression that resembled livers from aged mice. Metabolic phenotyping showed fuel switching towards glycolysis and mitochondrial glutamine oxidation as well as impaired energy production. The senescent AML12 cells also had increased mTOR signaling and decreased autophagy which likely contributed to the fuel switching from β-oxidation that occurred in normal AML12 cells. Additionally, senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) proteins from conditioned media of senescent cells sensitized normal AML12 cells to palmitate-induced toxicity, a known pathological effect of hepatic aging. In summary, we have generated senescent AML12 cells which displayed the molecular hallmarks of aging and also exhibited the aberrant metabolic phenotype, mitochondrial function, and cell signaling that occur in the aged liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Madhulika Tripathi
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Reddemma Sandireddy
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Keziah Tikno
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jin Zhou
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Paul Michael Yen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.,Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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18
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Ferdous A, Wang ZV, Luo Y, Li DL, Luo X, Schiattarella GG, Altamirano F, May HI, Battiprolu PK, Nguyen A, Rothermel BA, Lavandero S, Gillette TG, Hill JA. FoxO1-Dio2 signaling axis governs cardiomyocyte thyroid hormone metabolism and hypertrophic growth. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2551. [PMID: 32439985 PMCID: PMC7242347 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16345-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box O (FoxO) proteins and thyroid hormone (TH) have well established roles in cardiovascular morphogenesis and remodeling. However, specific role(s) of individual FoxO family members in stress-induced growth and remodeling of cardiomyocytes remains unknown. Here, we report that FoxO1, but not FoxO3, activity is essential for reciprocal regulation of types II and III iodothyronine deiodinases (Dio2 and Dio3, respectively), key enzymes involved in intracellular TH metabolism. We further show that Dio2 is a direct transcriptional target of FoxO1, and the FoxO1-Dio2 axis governs TH-induced hypertrophic growth of neonatal cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo. Utilizing transverse aortic constriction as a model of hemodynamic stress in wild-type and cardiomyocyte-restricted FoxO1 knockout mice, we unveil an essential role for the FoxO1-Dio2 axis in afterload-induced pathological cardiac remodeling and activation of TRα1. These findings demonstrate a previously unrecognized FoxO1-Dio2 signaling axis in stress-induced cardiomyocyte growth and remodeling and intracellular TH homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwarul Ferdous
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Zhao V Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Yuxuan Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Dan L Li
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Xiang Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Gabriele G Schiattarella
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Francisco Altamirano
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Herman I May
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Pavan K Battiprolu
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Annie Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Beverly A Rothermel
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) and Corporacion Centro de Estudios Cientificos de las Enfermedades Cronicas (CECEC), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8380492, Chile
| | - Thomas G Gillette
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Joseph A Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA.
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19
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Ochsner SA, McKenna NJ. No Dataset Left Behind: Mechanistic Insights into Thyroid Receptor Signaling Through Transcriptomic Consensome Meta-Analysis. Thyroid 2020; 30:621-639. [PMID: 31910096 PMCID: PMC7187985 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Discovery-scale omics datasets relevant to thyroid receptors (TRs) and their physiological and synthetic bioactive small-molecule ligands allow for genome-wide interrogation of TR-regulated genes. These datasets have considerable collective value as a reference resource to allow researchers to routinely generate hypotheses addressing the mechanisms underlying the cell biology and physiology of TR signaling in normal and disease states. Methods: Here, we searched the Gene Expression Omnibus database to identify a population of publicly archived transcriptomic datasets involving genetic or pharmacological manipulation of either TR isoform in a mouse tissue or cell line. After initial quality control, samples were organized into contrasts (experiments), and transcript differential expression values and associated measures of significance were generated and committed to a consensome (for consensus omics) meta-analysis pipeline. To gain insight into tissue-selective functions of TRs, we generated liver- and central nervous system (CNS)-specific consensomes and identified evidence for genes that were selectively responsive to TR signaling in each organ. Results: The TR transcriptomic consensome ranks genes based on the frequency of their significant differential expression over the entire group of experiments. The TR consensome assigns elevated rankings both to known TR-regulated genes and to genes previously uncharacterized as TR-regulated, which shed mechanistic light on known cellular and physiological roles of TR signaling in different organs. We identify evidence for unreported genomic targets of TR signaling for which it exhibits strikingly distinct regulatory preferences in the liver and CNS. Moreover, the intersection of the TR consensome with consensomes for other cellular receptors sheds light on transcripts potentially mediating crosstalk between TRs and these other signaling paradigms. Conclusions: The mouse TR datasets and consensomes are freely available in the Signaling Pathways Project website for hypothesis generation, data validation, and modeling of novel mechanisms of TR regulation of gene expression. Our results demonstrate the insights into the mechanistic basis of thyroid hormone action that can arise from an ongoing commitment on the part of the research community to the deposition of discovery-scale datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Ochsner
- The Signaling Pathways Project, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Neil J. McKenna
- The Signaling Pathways Project, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Address correspondence to: Neil J. McKenna, PhD, The Signaling Pathways Project, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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20
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Gnocchi D, Ellis ECS, Johansson H, Eriksson M, Bruscalupi G, Steffensen KR, Parini P. Diiodothyronines regulate metabolic homeostasis in primary human hepatocytes by modulating mTORC1 and mTORC2 activity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 499:110604. [PMID: 31580898 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Until three decades, ago 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) and 3,3'-diiodothyronine (3,3'-T2) were considered products of thyroid hormone catabolism without biological activity. Some metabolic effects have been described in rodents, but the physiological relevance in humans and the mechanisms of action are unknown. Aim of this work was to investigate the role and the mechanisms of action of 3,5-T2 and 3,3'-T2 in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis in human liver. We used primary human hepatocytes freshly isolated from donors and grown on Matrigel as the golden standard in vitro model to study human hepatic metabolism. Results show that diiodothyronines in the range of plasma physiological concentrations reduced hepatic lipid accumulation, by modulating the activity of the mTORC1/Raptor complex through an AMPK-mediated mechanism, and stimulated the mTORC2/Rictor complex-activated pathway, leading to the down regulation of the expression of key gluconeogenic genes. Hence, we propose that diiodothyronines act as key regulators of hepatic metabolic homeostasis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gnocchi
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, S-141 52, Sweden
| | - Ewa C S Ellis
- Unit for Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, CLINTEC, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, S-141 86, Sweden
| | - Helene Johansson
- Unit for Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, CLINTEC, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, S-141 86, Sweden
| | - Mats Eriksson
- Metabolism Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, S-141 86, Sweden
| | - Giovannella Bruscalupi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Knut R Steffensen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, S-141 52, Sweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, S-141 52, Sweden; Metabolism Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, S-141 86, Sweden; Patient Area Endocrinology and Nephrology, Inflammation and Infection Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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21
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Knudsen JR, Fritzen AM, James DE, Jensen TE, Kleinert M, Richter EA. Growth Factor-Dependent and -Independent Activation of mTORC2. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:13-24. [PMID: 31699566 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The target of rapamycin complex 2 (TORC2) was discovered in 2002 in budding yeast. Its mammalian counterpart, mTORC2, was first described in 2004. Soon thereafter it was demonstrated that mTORC2 directly phosphorylates Akt on Ser473, ending a long search for the elusive 'second' insulin-responsive Akt kinase. In this review we discuss key evidence pertaining to the subcellular localization of mTORC2, highlighting a spatial heterogeneity that relates to mTORC2 activation. We summarize current models for how growth factors (GFs), such as insulin, trigger mTORC2 activation, and we provide a comprehensive discussion focusing on a new exciting frontier, the molecular mechanisms underpinning GF-independent activation of mTORC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas R Knudsen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas M Fritzen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David E James
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas E Jensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen & German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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22
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Huang PS, Wang CS, Yeh CT, Lin KH. Roles of Thyroid Hormone-Associated microRNAs Affecting Oxidative Stress in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205220. [PMID: 31640265 PMCID: PMC6834183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress occurs as a result of imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant genes in cells, causing damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. Accumulating damage of cellular components can trigger various diseases, including metabolic syndrome and cancer. Over the past few years, the physiological significance of microRNAs (miRNA) in cancer has been a focus of comprehensive research. In view of the extensive level of miRNA interference in biological processes, the roles of miRNAs in oxidative stress and their relevance in physiological processes have recently become a subject of interest. In-depth research is underway to specifically address the direct or indirect relationships of oxidative stress-induced miRNAs in liver cancer and the potential involvement of the thyroid hormone in these processes. While studies on thyroid hormone in liver cancer are abundantly documented, no conclusive information on the potential relationships among thyroid hormone, specific miRNAs, and oxidative stress in liver cancer is available. In this review, we discuss the effects of thyroid hormone on oxidative stress-related miRNAs that potentially have a positive or negative impact on liver cancer. Additionally, supporting evidence from clinical and animal experiments is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Shuan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Siu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
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Chi HC, Tsai CY, Tsai MM, Yeh CT, Lin KH. Molecular functions and clinical impact of thyroid hormone-triggered autophagy in liver-related diseases. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:24. [PMID: 30849993 PMCID: PMC6407245 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is controlled by several metabolic hormones, including thyroid hormone, and characteristically displays high lysosomal activity as well as metabolic stress-triggered autophagy, which is stringently regulated by the levels of hormones and metabolites. Hepatic autophagy provides energy through catabolism of glucose, amino acids and free fatty acids for starved cells, facilitating the generation of new macromolecules and maintenance of the quantity and quality of cellular organelles, such as mitochondria. Dysregulation of autophagy and defective mitochondrial homeostasis contribute to hepatocyte injury and liver-related diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver cancer. Thyroid hormones (TH) mediate several critical physiological processes including organ development, cell differentiation, metabolism and cell growth and maintenance. Accumulating evidence has revealed dysregulation of cellular TH activity as the underlying cause of several liver-related diseases, including alcoholic or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver cancer. Data from epidemiologic, animal and clinical studies collectively support preventive functions of THs in liver-related diseases, highlighting the therapeutic potential of TH analogs. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms and downstream targets of TH should thus facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies for a number of major public health issues. Here, we have reviewed recent studies focusing on the involvement of THs in hepatic homeostasis through induction of autophagy and their implications in liver-related diseases. Additionally, the potential underlying molecular pathways and therapeutic applications of THs in NAFLD and HCC are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Cheng Chi
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ying Tsai
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ming Tsai
- Department of Nursing, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan, 333.,Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan, 613.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology , Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan, 333
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan, 333. .,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology , Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Zhang Y, Xiang Y, Wang X, Zhu L, Li H, Wang S, Pan X, Zhao H. Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor protects microglia by combining with AKT and by regulating FoxO1/mTOR signaling during neuroinflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109:2278-2284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Singh BK, Sinha RA, Yen PM. Novel Transcriptional Mechanisms for Regulating Metabolism by Thyroid Hormone. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3284. [PMID: 30360449 PMCID: PMC6214012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid hormone plays a key role in energy and nutrient metabolisms in many tissues and regulates the transcription of key genes in metabolic pathways. It has long been believed that thyroid hormones (THs) exerted their effects primarily by binding to nuclear TH receptors (THRs) that are associated with conserved thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) located on the promoters of target genes. However, recent transcriptome and ChIP-Seq studies have challenged this conventional view as discordance was observed between TH-responsive genes and THR binding to DNA. While THR association with other transcription factors bound to DNA, TH activation of THRs to mediate effects that do not involve DNA-binding, or TH binding to proteins other than THRs have been invoked as potential mechanisms to explain this discrepancy, it appears that additional novel mechanisms may enable TH to regulate the mRNA expression. These include activation of transcription factors by SIRT1 via metabolic actions by TH, the post-translational modification of THR, the THR co-regulation of transcription with other nuclear receptors and transcription factors, and the microRNA (miR) control of RNA transcript expression to encode proteins involved in the cellular metabolism. Together, these novel mechanisms enlarge and diversify the panoply of metabolic genes that can be regulated by TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Rohit Anthony Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Paul Michael Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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26
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Yau WW, Singh BK, Lesmana R, Zhou J, Sinha RA, Wong KA, Wu Y, Bay BH, Sugii S, Sun L, Yen PM. Thyroid hormone (T 3) stimulates brown adipose tissue activation via mitochondrial biogenesis and MTOR-mediated mitophagy. Autophagy 2018; 15:131-150. [PMID: 30209975 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1511263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) activates thermogenesis by uncoupling electron transport from ATP synthesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) mitochondria. Although T3 can induce thermogenesis by sympathetic innervation, little is known about its cell autonomous effects on BAT mitochondria. We thus examined effects of T3 on mitochondrial activity, autophagy, and metabolism in primary brown adipocytes and BAT and found that T3 increased fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial respiration as well as autophagic flux, mitophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Interestingly, there was no significant induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) despite high mitochondrial respiration and UCP1 induction by T3. However, when cells were treated with Atg5 siRNA to block autophagy, induction of mitochondrial respiration by T3 decreased, and was accompanied by ROS accumulation, demonstrating a critical role for autophagic mitochondrial turnover. We next generated an Atg5 conditional knockout mouse model (Atg5 cKO) by injecting Ucp1 promoter-driven Cre-expressing adenovirus into Atg5Flox/Flox mice to examine effects of BAT-specific autophagy on thermogenesis in vivo. Hyperthyroid Atg5 cKO mice exhibited lower body temperature than hyperthyroid or euthyroid control mice. Metabolomic analysis showed that T3 increased short and long chain acylcarnitines in BAT, consistent with increased β-oxidation. T3 also decreased amino acid levels, and in conjunction with SIRT1 activation, decreased MTOR activity to stimulate autophagy. In summary, T3 has direct effects on mitochondrial autophagy, activity, and turnover in BAT that are essential for thermogenesis. Stimulation of BAT activity by thyroid hormone or its analogs may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for obesity and metabolic diseases. Abbreviations: ACACA: acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase alpha; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; Acsl1: acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATG7: autophagy related 7; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; BAT: brown adipose tissue; cKO: conditional knockout; COX4I1: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4I1; Cpt1b: carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, muscle; CQ: chloroquine; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DIO2: deiodinase, iodothyronine, type 2; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; EIF4EBP1: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1; Fabp4: fatty acid binding protein 4, adipocyte; FBS: fetal bovine serum; FCCP: carbonyl cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; FOXO1: forkhead box O1; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GFP: green fluorescent protein; Gpx1: glutathione peroxidase 1; Lipe: lipase, hormone sensitive; MAP1LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; mRNA: messenger RNA; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; Nrf1: nuclear respiratory factor 1; OCR: oxygen consumption rate; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PPARGC1A: peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha; Pnpla2: patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2; Prdm16: PR domain containing 16; PRKA: protein kinase, AMP-activated; RPS6KB: ribosomal protein S6 kinase; RFP: red fluorescent protein; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SD: standard deviation; SEM: standard error of the mean; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SIRT1: sirtuin 1; Sod1: superoxide dismutase 1, soluble; Sod2: superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; T3: 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; UCP1: uncoupling protein 1 (mitochondrial, proton carrier); ULK1: unc-51 like kinase 1; VDAC1: voltage-dependent anion channel 1; WAT: white adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winifred W Yau
- a Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation , Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore
| | - Brijesh K Singh
- a Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation , Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore
| | - Ronny Lesmana
- a Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation , Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore.,b Physiology Division, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biology Cell, Faculty of Medicine , Universitas Padjadjaran , Bandung , Indonesia.,c Central laboratory , Universitas Padjadjaran , Bandung , Indonesia
| | - Jin Zhou
- a Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation , Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore
| | - Rohit A Sinha
- a Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation , Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore.,d Department of Endocrinology , Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences , Lucknow , India
| | - Kiraely A Wong
- a Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation , Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore
| | - Yajun Wu
- e Department of Anatomy , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Boon-Huat Bay
- e Department of Anatomy , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Shigeki Sugii
- a Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation , Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore.,f Fat Metabolism and Stem Cell Group , Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR , Singapore
| | - Lei Sun
- a Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation , Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore
| | - Paul M Yen
- a Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation , Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore.,g Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
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Singh BK, Sinha RA, Tripathi M, Mendoza A, Ohba K, Sy JAC, Xie SY, Zhou J, Ho JP, Chang CY, Wu Y, Giguère V, Bay BH, Vanacker JM, Ghosh S, Gauthier K, Hollenberg AN, McDonnell DP, Yen PM. Thyroid hormone receptor and ERRα coordinately regulate mitochondrial fission, mitophagy, biogenesis, and function. Sci Signal 2018; 11:eaam5855. [PMID: 29945885 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aam5855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptor β1 (THRB1) and estrogen-related receptor α (ESRRA; also known as ERRα) both play important roles in mitochondrial activity. To understand their potential interactions, we performed transcriptome and ChIP-seq analyses and found that many genes that were co-regulated by both THRB1 and ESRRA were involved in mitochondrial metabolic pathways. These included oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and β-oxidation of fatty acids. TH increased ESRRA expression and activity in a THRB1-dependent manner through the induction of the transcriptional coactivator PPARGC1A (also known as PGC1α). Moreover, TH induced mitochondrial biogenesis, fission, and mitophagy in an ESRRA-dependent manner. TH also induced the expression of the autophagy-regulating kinase ULK1 through ESRRA, which then promoted DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission. In addition, ULK1 activated the docking receptor protein FUNDC1 and its interaction with the autophagosomal protein MAP1LC3B-II to induce mitophagy. siRNA knockdown of ESRRA, ULK1, DRP1, or FUNDC1 inhibited TH-induced autophagic clearance of mitochondria through mitophagy and decreased OXPHOS. These findings show that many of the mitochondrial actions of TH are mediated through stimulation of ESRRA expression and activity, and co-regulation of mitochondrial turnover through the PPARGC1A-ESRRA-ULK1 pathway is mediated by their regulation of mitochondrial fission and mitophagy. Hormonal or pharmacologic induction of ESRRA expression or activity could improve mitochondrial quality in metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh K Singh
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Rohit A Sinha
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhulika Tripathi
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Arturo Mendoza
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kenji Ohba
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 430-0929, Japan
| | - Jann A C Sy
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Sherwin Y Xie
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jin Zhou
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jia Pei Ho
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yi Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, C238A Levine Science Research Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yajun Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore
| | - Vincent Giguère
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Boon-Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore
| | - Jean-Marc Vanacker
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Karine Gauthier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Donald P McDonnell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 430-0929, Japan
| | - Paul M Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
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Javadi H, Lotfi AS, Hosseinkhani S, Mehrani H, Amani J, Soheili ZS, Hojati Z, Kamali M. The combinational effect of E6/E7 siRNA and anti-miR-182 on apoptosis induction in HPV16-positive cervical cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:727-736. [PMID: 29873516 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1468770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present research, we assumed that reducing the amounts of E6 and E7 oncoproteins by a specific siRNA sequence and recovering p53 and RB proteins, along with the recovery of the FOXO1 protein by applying anti-miR-182, would increase apoptosis and reduce proliferation rate in cancer cells. The HPV16-positive CaSki cervical cancer cell line was used. 48 hours after transfection of siRNA for targeting E6 and E7 oncoproteins and anti-miR-182, expression of its cellular targets p53, p21 and FOXO1 was assessed by real-time PCR, western blot analysis and immunocytofluorescence staining. In all treatments, apoptosis rate and viability were evaluated using Annexin-V-FITC apoptosis detection kits and MTT assays, respectively. Among the designed siRNAs, E6-1 and E7-2 proved the most effective in reducing E6 and E7 expressions by increasing the apoptotic rates to 12.4% and 16%, respectively, after 48 hours. Also, using anti-miR-182 increased apoptotic rate to 12.7% 48 hours after transfection of cervical cancer cells. The combinational use of either E6-1 or E7-2 siRNAs with anti-miR-182 resulted in a rise in apoptosis to 19.3% and 26%, respectively, higher than those obtained from the individual application of either without anti-miR-182. The simultaneous use of siRNA E6-1 and siRNA E7-2 with cisplatin increased sensitivity to cisplatin and reduced the viability of the cancer cells as compared to the use of cisplatin alone. The simultaneous use of cisplatin and anti-miR-182 had no considerable effect on viability or apoptosis rate compared to cisplatin alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Javadi
- a Nanobiotechnology Research Center , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Molecular Medicine , Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Tehran , Iran
| | - Abbas Sahebghadam Lotfi
- c Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Saman Hosseinkhani
- d Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hossein Mehrani
- e Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science , Islamic Azad University Branch of Neyshabur , Neyshabur , Iran
| | - Jafar Amani
- f Applied Microbiology Research Center, System Biology and Poisonings Institute , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Zahra Soheila Soheili
- b Department of Molecular Medicine , Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Tehran , Iran
| | - Zahra Hojati
- b Department of Molecular Medicine , Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mehdi Kamali
- a Nanobiotechnology Research Center , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Abstract
It has been known for a long time that thyroid hormones have prominent effects on hepatic fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis and metabolism. Indeed, hypothyroidism has been associated with increased serum levels of triglycerides and cholesterol as well as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Advances in areas such as cell imaging, autophagy and metabolomics have generated a more detailed and comprehensive picture of thyroid-hormone-mediated regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism at the molecular level. In this Review, we describe and summarize the key features of direct thyroid hormone regulation of lipogenesis, fatty acid β-oxidation, cholesterol synthesis and the reverse cholesterol transport pathway in normal and altered thyroid hormone states. Thyroid hormone mediates these effects at the transcriptional and post-translational levels and via autophagy. Given these potentially beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, it is possible that thyroid hormone analogues and/or mimetics might be useful for the treatment of metabolic diseases involving the liver, such as hypercholesterolaemia and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit A. Sinha
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
- ;
| | - Brijesh K. Singh
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul M. Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- ;
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30
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Kowalik MA, Columbano A, Perra A. Thyroid Hormones, Thyromimetics and Their Metabolites in the Treatment of Liver Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:382. [PMID: 30042736 PMCID: PMC6048875 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathways activated by thyroid hormone receptors (THR) are of fundamental importance for organogenesis, growth and differentiation, and significantly influence energy metabolism, lipid utilization and glucose homeostasis. Pharmacological control of these pathways would likely impact the treatment of several human diseases characterized by altered metabolism, growth or differentiation. Not surprisingly, biomedical research has been trying for the past decades to pharmacologically target the 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3)/THR axis. In vitro and in vivo studies have provided evidence of the potential utility of the activation of the T3-dependent pathways in metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unfortunately, supra-physiological doses of the THR agonist T3 cause severe thyrotoxicosis thus hampering its therapeutic use. However, the observation that most of the desired beneficial effects of T3 are mediated by the activation of the beta isoform of THR (THRβ) in metabolically active organs has led to the synthesis of a number of THRβ-selective thyromimetics. Among these drugs, GC-1, GC-24, KB141, KB2115, and MB07344 displayed a promising therapeutic strategy for liver diseases. However, although these drugs exhibited encouraging results when tested in the treatment of experimentally-induced obesity, dyslipidemia, and HCC, significant adverse effects limited their use in clinical trials. More recently, evidence has been provided that some metabolites of thyroid hormones (TH), mono and diiodothyronines, could also play a role in the treatment of liver disease. These molecules, for a long time considered inactive byproducts of the metabolism of thyroid hormones, have now been proposed to be able to modulate and control lipid and cell energy metabolism. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding T3, its metabolites and analogs with reference to their possible clinical application in the treatment of liver disease. In particular, we will focus our attention on NAFLD, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and HCC. In addition, the possible therapeutic use of mono- and diiodothyronines in metabolic and/or neoplastic liver disease will be discussed.
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Cicatiello AG, Di Girolamo D, Dentice M. Metabolic Effects of the Intracellular Regulation of Thyroid Hormone: Old Players, New Concepts. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:474. [PMID: 30254607 PMCID: PMC6141630 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are key determinants of cellular metabolism and regulate a variety of pathways that are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in several target tissues. Notably, hyperthyroidism induces a hyper-metabolic state characterized by increased resting energy expenditure, reduced cholesterol levels, increased lipolysis and gluconeogenesis followed by weight loss, whereas hypothyroidism induces a hypo-metabolic state characterized by reduced energy expenditure, increased cholesterol levels, reduced lipolysis and gluconeogenesis followed by weight gain. Thyroid hormone is also a key regulator of mitochondria respiration and biogenesis. Besides mirroring systemic TH concentrations, the intracellular availability of TH is potently regulated in target cells by a mechanism of activation/inactivation catalyzed by three seleno-proteins: type 1 and type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D1 and D2) that convert the biologically inactive precursor thyroxine T4 into T3, and type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (D3) that inactivates TH action. Thus, the pleiotropic effects of TH can fluctuate among tissues and strictly depend on the cell-autonomous action of the deiodinases. Here we review the mechanisms of TH action that mediate metabolic regulation. This review traces the critical impact of peripheral regulation of TH by the deiodinases on the pathways that regulate energy metabolism and the balance among energy intake, expenditure and storage in specific target tissues.
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Singh BK, Sinha RA, Ohba K, Yen PM. Role of thyroid hormone in hepatic gene regulation, chromatin remodeling, and autophagy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:160-168. [PMID: 28216439 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) actions on development and metabolism have been studied ever since the discovery of thyroxine almost a century ago. Initial studies focused on the physiological and biochemical actions of TH. Later, the cloning of the thyroid hormone receptor (THR) isoforms and the development of techniques enabled the study of TH regulation of complex cellular processes (such as gene transcription). Recently we found that TH activates secondary transcription factors such as FOXO1, to amplify gene transcription; and also is a potent inducer of autophagy that was critical for fatty acid β-oxidation in the liver. This review summarizes the recent advancements in our understanding of TH regulation of gene expression of metabolic genes (via co-regulators/transcription factors and epigenetic control) and autophagy in the liver. Our deeper understanding of TH action recently has led to the development of tissue- and THR isoform-specific TH mimetics that may be useful for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Rohit Anthony Sinha
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Kenji Ohba
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore; Department of Internal Medicine, Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 430-0929, Japan
| | - Paul Michael Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore.
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Wang ME, Singh BK, Hsu MC, Huang C, Yen PM, Wu LS, Jong DS, Chiu CH. Increasing Dietary Medium-Chain Fatty Acid Ratio Mitigates High-fat Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis by Regulating Autophagy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13999. [PMID: 29070903 PMCID: PMC5656678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that saturated fatty acids (SFAs) are more lipotoxic than unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) in inhibiting hepatic autophagy and promoting non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, there have been few studies have investigated the effects of carbon chain length on SFA-induced autophagy impairment and lipotoxicity. To investigate whether SFAs with shorter carbon chain lengths have differential effects on hepatic autophagy and NASH development, we partially replaced lard with coconut oil to elevate the ratio of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) to long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) in a mouse high-fat diet (HFD) and fed mice for 16 weeks. In addition, we treated HepG2 cells with different combinations of fatty acids to study the mechanisms of MCFAs-mediated hepatic protections. Our results showed that increasing dietary MCFA/LCFA ratio mitigated HFD-induced Type 2 diabetes and NASH in mice. Importantly, we demonstrated that increased MCFA ratio exerted its protective effects by restoring Rubicon-suppressed autophagy. Our study suggests that the relative amount of LCFAs and MCFAs in the diet, in addition to the amount of SFAs, can significantly contribute to autophagy impairment and hepatic lipotoxicity. Collectively, we propose that increasing dietary MCFAs could be an alternative therapeutic and prevention strategy for Type 2 diabetes and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-En Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, 16987, Singapore
| | - Brijesh K Singh
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, 16987, Singapore
| | - Meng-Chieh Hsu
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chien Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Paul M Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, 16987, Singapore
| | - Leang-Shin Wu
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - De-Shien Jong
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsien Chiu
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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Linke M, Fritsch SD, Sukhbaatar N, Hengstschläger M, Weichhart T. mTORC1 and mTORC2 as regulators of cell metabolism in immunity. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3089-3103. [PMID: 28600802 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway that senses intra- and extracellular nutrients, growth factors, and pathogen-associated molecular patterns to regulate the function of innate and adaptive immune cell populations. In this review, we focus on the role of the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2 in the regulation of the cellular energy metabolism of these immune cells to regulate and support immune responses. In this regard, mTORC1 and mTORC2 generally promote an anabolic response by stimulating protein synthesis, glycolysis, mitochondrial functions, and lipid synthesis to influence proliferation and survival, effector and memory responses, innate training and tolerance as well as hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Deactivation of mTOR restores cell homeostasis after immune activation and optimizes antigen presentation and memory T-cell generation. These findings show that the mTOR pathway integrates spatiotemporal information of the environmental and cellular energy status by regulating cellular metabolic responses to guide immune cell activation. Elucidation of the metabolic control mechanisms of immune responses will help to generate a systemic understanding of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Linke
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephanie Deborah Fritsch
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Nyamdelger Sukhbaatar
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Hengstschläger
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Iannucci LF, Cioffi F, Senese R, Goglia F, Lanni A, Yen PM, Sinha RA. Metabolomic analysis shows differential hepatic effects of T 2 and T 3 in rats after short-term feeding with high fat diet. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2023. [PMID: 28515456 PMCID: PMC5435676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health problem worldwide, and is often associated with lipotoxic injury, defective mitochondrial function, and insulin resistance. Thyroid hormones (THs) are important regulators of hepatic lipid metabolism. Among the THs, diiodothyronine (T2) and triiodothyronine (T3) have shown promising results in lowering hepatic fat content in various models of NAFLD. In this study, we used a targeted metabolomics approach to investigate the differential effects of T2 and T3 on the early metabolic adaptation in the livers of rats fed high fat diet (HFD), a period when hepatosteatosis is reversible. Our results showed that both T2 and T3 strongly induced autophagy and intra-hepatic acylcarnitine flux but prevented the generation of sphingolipid/ceramides in animals fed HFD. Interestingly, although both T2 and T3 decreased hepatic fat content, only T2 was able to rescue the impairment in AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways caused by HFD. In summary, we have identified and characterized the effects of T2 and T3 on hepatic metabolism during short-term exposure to HFD. These findings illuminate the common and divergent metabolic pathways by T2 and T3 that also may be important in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana F Iannucci
- Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore8 College Road, 169857, Singapore, Singapore.,Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Napoli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Federica Cioffi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Rosalba Senese
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Napoli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Fernando Goglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Antonia Lanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Napoli, Caserta, Italy.
| | - Paul M Yen
- Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore8 College Road, 169857, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Rohit A Sinha
- Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore8 College Road, 169857, Singapore, Singapore.
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Sydor S, Sowa JP, Megger DA, Schlattjan M, Jafoui S, Wingerter L, Carpinteiro A, Baba HA, Bechmann LP, Sitek B, Gerken G, Gulbins E, Canbay A. Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency in Western diet-fed mice protects against adipocyte hypertrophy and diet-induced liver steatosis. Mol Metab 2017; 6:416-427. [PMID: 28462076 PMCID: PMC5404101 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations in sphingolipid and ceramide metabolism have been associated with various diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) converts the membrane lipid sphingomyelin to ceramide, thereby affecting membrane composition and domain formation. We investigated the ways in which the Asm knockout (Smpd1-/-) genotype affects diet-induced NAFLD. METHODS Smpd1-/- mice and wild type controls were fed either a standard or Western diet (WD) for 6 weeks. Liver and adipose tissue morphology and mRNA expression were assessed. Quantitative proteome analysis of liver tissue was performed. Expression of selected genes was quantified in adipose and liver tissue of obese NAFLD patients. RESULTS Although Smpd1-/- mice exhibited basal steatosis with normal chow, no aggravation of NAFLD-type injury was observed with a Western diet. This protective effect was associated with the absence of adipocyte hypertrophy and the increased expression of genes associated with brown adipocyte differentiation. In white adipose tissue from obese patients with NAFLD, no expression of these genes was detectable. To further elucidate which pathways in liver tissue may be affected by Smpd1-/-, we performed an unbiased proteome analysis. Protein expression in WD-fed Smpd1-/- mice indicated a reduction in Rictor (mTORC2) activity; this reduction was confirmed by diminished Akt phosphorylation and altered mRNA expression of Rictor target genes. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that the protective effect of Asm deficiency on diet-induced steatosis is conferred by alterations in adipocyte morphology and lipid metabolism and by reductions in Rictor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Sydor
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45120 Essen, Germany.
| | - Jan-Peter Sowa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45120 Essen, Germany.
| | - Dominik A Megger
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany; Institute of Virology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45120 Essen, Germany.
| | - Martin Schlattjan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45120 Essen, Germany.
| | - Sami Jafoui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45120 Essen, Germany.
| | - Lena Wingerter
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45120 Essen, Germany.
| | - Alexander Carpinteiro
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45120 Essen, Germany.
| | - Hideo A Baba
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45120 Essen, Germany.
| | - Lars P Bechmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45120 Essen, Germany.
| | - Barbara Sitek
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Guido Gerken
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45120 Essen, Germany.
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45120 Essen, Germany.
| | - Ali Canbay
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45120 Essen, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Chatzitomaris A, Hoermann R, Midgley JE, Hering S, Urban A, Dietrich B, Abood A, Klein HH, Dietrich JW. Thyroid Allostasis-Adaptive Responses of Thyrotropic Feedback Control to Conditions of Strain, Stress, and Developmental Programming. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:163. [PMID: 28775711 PMCID: PMC5517413 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid feedback control is a dynamic, adaptive system. In situations of illness and deprivation of energy representing type 1 allostasis, the stress response operates to alter both its set point and peripheral transfer parameters. In contrast, type 2 allostatic load, typically effective in psychosocial stress, pregnancy, metabolic syndrome, and adaptation to cold, produces a nearly opposite phenotype of predictive plasticity. The non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) or thyroid allostasis in critical illness, tumors, uremia, and starvation (TACITUS), commonly observed in hospitalized patients, displays a historically well-studied pattern of allostatic thyroid response. This is characterized by decreased total and free thyroid hormone concentrations and varying levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) ranging from decreased (in severe cases) to normal or even elevated (mainly in the recovery phase) TSH concentrations. An acute versus chronic stage (wasting syndrome) of TACITUS can be discerned. The two types differ in molecular mechanisms and prognosis. The acute adaptation of thyroid hormone metabolism to critical illness may prove beneficial to the organism, whereas the far more complex molecular alterations associated with chronic illness frequently lead to allostatic overload. The latter is associated with poor outcome, independently of the underlying disease. Adaptive responses of thyroid homeostasis extend to alterations in thyroid hormone concentrations during fetal life, periods of weight gain or loss, thermoregulation, physical exercise, and psychiatric diseases. The various forms of thyroid allostasis pose serious problems in differential diagnosis of thyroid disease. This review article provides an overview of physiological mechanisms as well as major diagnostic and therapeutic implications of thyroid allostasis under a variety of developmental and straining conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Chatzitomaris
- Medical Department I, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Apostolos Chatzitomaris,
| | - Rudolf Hoermann
- Private Consultancy, Research and Development, Yandina, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Steffen Hering
- Department for Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Krankenhaus Bietigheim-Vaihingen, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany
| | - Aline Urban
- Department for Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Palliative Medicine, Eastern Allgäu-Kaufbeuren Hospitals, Kaufbeuren, Germany
| | | | - Assjana Abood
- Medical Department I, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Harald H. Klein
- Medical Department I, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Ruhr Center for Rare Diseases (CeSER), Ruhr University of Bochum and Witten/Herdecke University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Johannes W. Dietrich
- Medical Department I, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Ruhr Center for Rare Diseases (CeSER), Ruhr University of Bochum and Witten/Herdecke University, Bochum, Germany
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Sinha RA, Yen PM. Thyroid hormone-mediated autophagy and mitochondrial turnover in NAFLD. Cell Biosci 2016; 6:46. [PMID: 27437098 PMCID: PMC4950712 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a fast-growing silent epidemic that is present in both developed and developing countries. Initially thought as a benign deposition of lipids in the liver, it now has been shown to be a major risk factor for type II diabetes and one of the leading causes of cirrhosis. Recent findings suggest that dysregulation of mitochondrial homeostasis and autophagy play critical roles in the hepatocyte injury and insulin resistance of NAFLD. Thyroid hormone (TH) is a major stimulator of hepatic autophagy and mitochondrial function. Decreased TH action has been associated with NAFLD in man. In this review, we highlight some of the new discoveries that demonstrate the roles of TH in hepatic mitochondrial homeostasis via mitophagy and their implications for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Anthony Sinha
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - Paul M Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
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