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Zimmer CL, von Seth E, Buggert M, Strauss O, Hertwig L, Nguyen S, Wong AYW, Zotter C, Berglin L, Michaëlsson J, Hansson MR, Arnelo U, Sparrelid E, Ellis ECS, Söderholm JD, Keita ÅV, Holm K, Özenci V, Hov JR, Mold JE, Cornillet M, Ponzetta A, Bergquist A, Björkström NK. A biliary immune landscape map of primary sclerosing cholangitis reveals a dominant network of neutrophils and tissue-resident T cells. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/599/eabb3107. [PMID: 34162753 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb3107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human biliary system, a mucosal barrier tissue connecting the liver and intestine, is an organ often affected by serious inflammatory and malignant diseases. Although these diseases are linked to immunological processes, the biliary system represents an unexplored immunological niche. By combining endoscopy-guided sampling of the biliary tree with a high-dimensional analysis approach, comprehensive mapping of the human biliary immunological landscape in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a severe biliary inflammatory disease, was conducted. Major differences in immune cell composition in bile ducts compared to blood were revealed. Furthermore, biliary inflammation in patients with PSC was characterized by high presence of neutrophils and T cells as compared to control individuals without PSC. The biliary T cells displayed a CD103+CD69+ effector memory phenotype, a combined gut and liver homing profile, and produced interleukin-17 (IL-17) and IL-22. Biliary neutrophil infiltration in PSC associated with CXCL8, possibly produced by resident T cells, and CXCL16 was linked to the enrichment of T cells. This study uncovers the immunological niche of human bile ducts, defines a local immune network between neutrophils and biliary-resident T cells in PSC, and provides a resource for future studies of the immune responses in biliary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Zimmer
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik von Seth
- Division of Upper GI Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 14157 Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 14157 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Otto Strauss
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Hertwig
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Son Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alicia Y W Wong
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chiara Zotter
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Berglin
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakob Michaëlsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Reuterwall Hansson
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urban Arnelo
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Surgical and Perioperative sciences, Surgery, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ernesto Sparrelid
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewa C S Ellis
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan D Söderholm
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Linköping University Hospital, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Åsa V Keita
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kristian Holm
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Volkan Özenci
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes R Hov
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jeff E Mold
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Cornillet
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Ponzetta
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Bergquist
- Division of Upper GI Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 14157 Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 14157 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Gnocchi D, Ellis ECS, Johansson H, Eriksson M, Bruscalupi G, Steffensen KR, Parini P. Diiodothyronines regulate metabolic homeostasis in primary human hepatocytes by modulating mTORC1 and mTORC2 activity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 499:110604. [PMID: 31580898 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Until three decades, ago 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) and 3,3'-diiodothyronine (3,3'-T2) were considered products of thyroid hormone catabolism without biological activity. Some metabolic effects have been described in rodents, but the physiological relevance in humans and the mechanisms of action are unknown. Aim of this work was to investigate the role and the mechanisms of action of 3,5-T2 and 3,3'-T2 in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis in human liver. We used primary human hepatocytes freshly isolated from donors and grown on Matrigel as the golden standard in vitro model to study human hepatic metabolism. Results show that diiodothyronines in the range of plasma physiological concentrations reduced hepatic lipid accumulation, by modulating the activity of the mTORC1/Raptor complex through an AMPK-mediated mechanism, and stimulated the mTORC2/Rictor complex-activated pathway, leading to the down regulation of the expression of key gluconeogenic genes. Hence, we propose that diiodothyronines act as key regulators of hepatic metabolic homeostasis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gnocchi
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, S-141 52, Sweden
| | - Ewa C S Ellis
- Unit for Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, CLINTEC, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, S-141 86, Sweden
| | - Helene Johansson
- Unit for Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, CLINTEC, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, S-141 86, Sweden
| | - Mats Eriksson
- Metabolism Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, S-141 86, Sweden
| | - Giovannella Bruscalupi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Knut R Steffensen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, S-141 52, Sweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, S-141 52, Sweden; Metabolism Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, S-141 86, Sweden; Patient Area Endocrinology and Nephrology, Inflammation and Infection Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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Johansson H, Søndergaard JN, Jorns C, Kutter C, Ellis ECS. Chenodeoxycholic Acid Modulates Bile Acid Synthesis Independent of Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 in Primary Human Hepatocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:554922. [PMID: 33692750 PMCID: PMC7937932 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.554922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are detergents essential for intestinal absorption of lipids. Disruption of BA homeostasis can lead to severe liver damage. BA metabolism is therefore under strict regulation by sophisticated feedback mechanisms. The hormone-like protein Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is essential for maintaining BA homeostasis by down regulating BA synthesis. Here, the impact of both FGF19 and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) on primary human hepatocytes was investigated and a possible autocrine/paracrine function of FGF19 in regulation of BA synthesis evaluated. Primary human hepatocytes were treated with CDCA, recombinant FGF19 or conditioned medium containing endogenously produced FGF19. RNA sequencing revealed that treatment with CDCA causes deregulation of transcripts involved in BA metabolism, whereas treatment with FGF19 had minor effects. CDCA increased FGF19 mRNA expression within 1 h. We detected secretion of the resulting FGF19 protein into medium, mimicking in vivo observations. Furthermore, medium enriched with endogenously produced FGF19 reduced BA synthesis by down regulating CYP7A1 gene expression. However, following knockdown of FGF19, CDCA still independently decreased BA synthesis, presumably through the regulatory protein small heterodimer partner (SHP). In summary, we show that in primary human hepatocytes CDCA regulates BA synthesis in an FGF19-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Johansson
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Nørskov Søndergaard
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Jorns
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia Kutter
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewa C. S. Ellis
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Ewa C. S. Ellis,
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Karadagi A, Johansson H, Zemack H, Salipalli S, Mörk LM, Kannisto K, Jorns C, Gramignoli R, Strom S, Stokkeland K, Ericzon BG, Jonigk D, Janciauskiene S, Nowak G, Ellis ECS. Exogenous alpha 1-antitrypsin down-regulates SERPINA1 expression. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177279. [PMID: 28486562 PMCID: PMC5423693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of the therapy with purified human plasma alpha1-antitrypsin (A1AT) is to increase A1AT levels and to prevent lungs from elastolytic activity in patients with PiZZ (Glu342Lys) A1AT deficiency-related emphysema. Potential hepatic gains of this therapy are unknown. Herein, we investigated the effect of A1AT therapy on SERPINA1 (gene encoding A1AT) expression. The expression of SERPINA1 was determined in A1AT or A1AT plus Oncostatin M (OSM) treated primary human hepatocytes isolated from liver tissues from A1AT deficient patients and control liver tissues. In addition, SERPINA1 mRNA was assessed in lung tissues from PiZZ emphysema patients with and without A1AT therapy, and in adherent human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from healthy PiMM donors. In a dose-dependent manner purified A1AT lowered SERPINA1 expression in hepatocytes. This latter effect was more prominent in hepatocytes stimulated with OSM. Although it did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.0539)-analysis of lung tissues showed lower SERPINA1 expression in PiZZ emphysema patients receiving augmentation therapy relative to those without therapy. Finally, exogenously added purified A1AT (1mg/ml) reduced SERPINA1 expression in naïve as well as in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human adherent PBMCs. Exogenous A1AT protein reduces its own endogenous expression. Hence, augmentation with native M-A1AT protein and a parallel reduction in expression of dysfunctional mutant Z-A1AT may be beneficial for PiZZ liver, and this motivates further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Karadagi
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helene Johansson
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helen Zemack
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandeep Salipalli
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa-Mari Mörk
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Kannisto
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Jorns
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen Strom
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Knut Stokkeland
- Department of Medicine, Visby Hospital, Visby, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo-Göran Ericzon
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabina Janciauskiene
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Greg Nowak
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewa C S Ellis
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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Johansson H, Ellis ECS. Assay of Bile Acid Conjugation and Excretion in Human Hepatocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1250:323-331. [PMID: 26272155 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2074-7_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary hepatocytes isolated from human, mouse and rat liver as well as cell lines, such as HepG2 cells, are frequently used in vitro systems in liver research. In regenerative medicine, stem cells are used for differentiation towards hepatocyte-like cells with the goal of creating differentiated functional hepatocytes. It is therefore important to measure the quality and function of highly specialized hepatocyte-specific functions using appropriate methods. In this chapter, we describe an assay to assess conjugation and excretion of labeled bile acids in cultured hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Johansson
- Unit of Transplantation Surgery, Liver Cell Laboratory, Department of Clinical Investigation, Science and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Yin Z, Wahlin S, Ellis ECS, Harper P, Ericzon BG, Nowak G. Hepatocyte Transplantation Ameliorates the Metabolic Abnormality in a Mouse Model of Acute Intermittent Porphyria. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:1153-62. [DOI: 10.3727/096368913x666980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by insufficient porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) activity. When hepatic heme synthesis is induced, porphobilinogen (PBG) and 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) accumulate, which causes clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain, neuropathy, and psychiatric disturbances. Our aim was to investigate if hepatocyte transplantation can prevent or minimize the metabolic alterations in an AIP mouse model. We transplanted wild-type hepatocytes into PBGD-deficient mice and induced heme synthesis with phenobarbital. ALA and PBG concentrations in plasma were monitored, and the gene transcriptions of hepatic enzymes ALAS1, PBGD, and CYP2A5 were analyzed. Results were compared with controls and correlated to the percentage of engrafted hepatocytes. The accumulation of ALA and PBG was reduced by approximately 50% after the second hepatocyte transplantation. We detected no difference in mRNA levels of PBGD, ALAS1, or CYP2A5. Engraftment corresponding to 2.7% of the total hepatocyte mass was achieved following two hepatocyte transplantations. A lack of precursor production in less than 3% of the hepatocytes resulted in a 50% reduction in plasma precursor concentrations. This disproportional finding suggests that ALA and PBG produced in PBGD-deficient hepatocytes crossed cellular membranes and was metabolized by transplanted cells. The lack of effect on enzyme mRNA levels suggests that no significant efflux of heme from normal to PBGD-deficient hepatocytes takes place. Further studies are needed to establish the minimal number of engrafted hepatocytes needed to completely correct the metabolic abnormality in AIP and whether amelioration of the metabolic defect by partial restoration of PBGD enzyme activity translates into a clinical effect in human AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Yin
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department for Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology CLINTEC, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Staffan Wahlin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewa C. S. Ellis
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department for Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology CLINTEC, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pauline Harper
- Porphyria Centre Sweden, Division of Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo-Göran Ericzon
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department for Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology CLINTEC, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Greg Nowak
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department for Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology CLINTEC, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gramignoli R, Tahan V, Dorko K, Venkataramanan R, Fox IJ, Ellis ECS, Vosough M, Strom SC. Rapid and sensitive assessment of human hepatocyte functions. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:1545-56. [PMID: 24702711 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x680064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of human hepatocytes (HTx) has gained recognition as a bridge to, or an alternative to, orthotopic liver transplantation for patients with acute liver failure or genetic defects in liver function. Although the quality of the hepatocytes used for cell transplantation is critical, no consensus exists on protocols to assess the function of hepatocytes prior to HTx. Application of this cell therapy in clinical practice could be aided by fast and reliable assays to evaluate the functional competence of isolated hepatocytes prior to clinical transplantation. Traditional assays for measuring metabolic functions in primary hepatocytes frequently involve highly technical equipment, time-consuming methods, and large numbers of cells. We describe a novel approach for the rapid assessment of the metabolic capabilities of human hepatocytes. This report details simple procedures to evaluate 11 endpoints from cells isolated from human liver that can be performed by a single operator within approximately 2 h of isolation. Longer term cultured hepatocytes were also analyzed to determine if the results from the 2-h tests were predictive of long-term hepatic function. The assays simultaneously measure five cytochrome P450 activities, one phase II activity, plating efficiency, and ammonia metabolism in addition to viability and cell yield. The assays require fewer than 20 million cells and can be completed using commonly available and inexpensive laboratory equipment. The protocol details methods that can be used in a time frame that would allow analysis of hepatic functions in freshly isolated hepatocytes prior to their use for clinical transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ellis ECS, Nauglers S, Parini P, Mörk LM, Jorns C, Zemack H, Sandblom AL, Björkhem I, Ericzon BG, Wilson EM, Strom SC, Grompe M. Mice with chimeric livers are an improved model for human lipoprotein metabolism. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78550. [PMID: 24223822 PMCID: PMC3817217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rodents are poor model for human hyperlipidemias because total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein levels are very low on a normal diet. Lipoprotein metabolism is primarily regulated by hepatocytes and we therefore assessed whether chimeric mice extensively repopulated with human cells can model human lipid and bile acid metabolism. DESIGN FRG [ F ah(-/-) R ag2(-/-)Il2r g (-/-)]) mice were repopulated with primary human hepatocytes. Serum lipoprotein lipid composition and distribution (VLDL, LDL, and HDL) was analyzed by size exclusion chromatography. Bile was analyzed by LC-MS or by GC-MS. RNA expression levels were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Chimeric mice displayed increased LDL and VLDL fractions and a lower HDL fraction compared to wild type, thus significantly shifting the ratio of LDL/HDL towards a human profile. Bile acid analysis revealed a human-like pattern with high amounts of cholic acid and deoxycholic acid (DCA). Control mice had only taurine-conjugated bile acids as expcted, but highly repopulated mice had glycine-conjugated cholic acid as found in human bile. RNA levels of human genes involved in bile acid synthesis including CYP7A1, and CYP27A1 were significantly upregulated as compared to human control liver. However, administration of recombinant hFGF19 restored human CYP7A1 levels to normal. CONCLUSION Humanized-liver mice showed a typical human lipoprotein profile with LDL as the predominant lipoprotein fraction even on a normal diet. The bile acid profile confirmed presence of an intact enterohepatic circulation. Although bile acid synthesis was deregulated in this model, this could be fully normalized by FGF19 administration. Taken together these data indicate that chimeric FRG-mice are a useful new model for human lipoprotein and bile-acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa C. S. Ellis
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC) Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Scott Nauglers
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Paolo Parini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa-Mari Mörk
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC) Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Jorns
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC) Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helen Zemack
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC) Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anita Lövgren Sandblom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo-Göran Ericzon
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC) Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Stephen C. Strom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Grompe
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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9
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Gramignoli R, Tahan V, Dorko K, Skvorak KJ, Hansel MC, Zhao W, Venkataramanan R, Ellis ECS, Jorns C, Ericzon BG, Rosenborg S, Kuiper R, Soltys KA, Mazariegos GV, Fox IJ, Wilson EM, Grompe M, Strom SC. New potential cell source for hepatocyte transplantation: discarded livers from metabolic disease liver transplants. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:563-73. [PMID: 23644508 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Domino liver transplantation is a method used to increase the number of liver grafts available for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Reports indicate that livers from patients with metabolic liver disease can be safely transplanted into select recipients if the donor's defect and the recipient's metabolic needs are carefully considered. The liver of patients with many types of metabolic liver disease is morphologically and biochemically normal, except for the mutation that characterizes that disease. Other biochemical functions normally performed by the liver are present and presumably "normal" in these hepatocytes. Hepatocytes were isolated from the liver of 35 organ donors and 35 liver tissues taken at OLT from patients with liver disease were analyzed for 9 different measures of viability and function. The data indicate that cells isolated from some diseased livers performed as well or better than those isolated from organ donors with respect to viability, cell yield, plating efficiency and in assays of liver function, including drug metabolism, conjugation reactions and ammonia metabolism. Cells from metabolic diseased livers rapidly and efficiently repopulated a mouse liver upon transplantation. CONCLUSIONS As with domino liver transplantation, domino cell transplantation deserves consideration as method to extend the pool of available organs and cells for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Sharma S, Ellis ECS, Gramignoli R, Dorko K, Tahan V, Hansel M, Mattison DR, Caritis SN, Hines RN, Venkataramanan R, Strom SC. Hepatobiliary disposition of 17-OHPC and taurocholate in fetal human hepatocytes: a comparison with adult human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 41:296-304. [PMID: 23129211 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.044891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Little information is available in the literature regarding the expression and activity of transporters in fetal human liver or cultured cells. A synthetic progesterone structural analog, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC), is used in the prevention of spontaneous abortion in women with a history of recurrent miscarriage (habitual abortion). 17-OHPC has been reported to traverse the placental barrier and gain access to fetal circulation. In this study, the role of transporters in the disposition of 17-OHPC in fetal and adult human hepatocytes was examined. Progesterone metabolites have been reported to induce trans-inhibition of bile acid transporter, ABCB11. Thus, we investigated the effect of 17-OHPC or its metabolites on [(3)H]taurocholic acid transport in sandwich-cultured human fetal and adult hepatocytes. 17-OHPC was taken up rapidly into the cells and transported out partially by an active efflux process that was significantly inhibited by cold temperature, cyclosporine, verapamil, and rifampin. The active efflux mechanism was observed in both adult and fetal hepatocyte cultures. 17-OHPC produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of taurocholate efflux into canaliculi in sandwich-cultured adult and fetal human hepatocytes. However, given the high concentrations required to cause inhibition of these transport processes, no adverse effects would be anticipated from therapeutic levels of 17-OHPC. We also evaluated the expression of various hepatic transporters (ABCB1, ABCB4, SLCO1B1, SLCO1B3, SLCO2B1, ABCB11, SLC10A1, ABCC2, ABCC3, ABCC4, and ABCG2) in fetal and adult hepatocytes. With the exception of ABCB4, all transporters examined were expressed, albeit at lower mRNA levels in fetal hepatocytes compared with adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shringi Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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11
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Puppi J, Strom SC, Hughes RD, Bansal S, Castell JV, Dagher I, Ellis ECS, Nowak G, Ericzon BG, Fox IJ, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Guha C, Gupta S, Mitry RR, Ohashi K, Ott M, Reid LM, Roy-Chowdhury J, Sokal E, Weber A, Dhawan A. Improving the techniques for human hepatocyte transplantation: report from a consensus meeting in London. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:1-10. [PMID: 21457616 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x566208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
On September 6 and 7, 2009 a meeting was held in London to identify and discuss what are perceived to be current roadblocks to effective hepatocyte transplantation as it is currently practiced in the clinics and, where possible, to offer suggestions to overcome the blocks and improve the outcomes for this cellular therapy. Present were representatives of most of the active clinical hepatocyte transplant programs along with other scientists who have contributed substantial basic research to this field. Over the 2-day sessions based on the experience of the participants, numerous roadblocks or challenges were identified, including the source of cells for the transplants and problems with tracking cells following transplantation. Much of the discussion was focused on methods to improve engraftment and proliferation of donor cells posttransplantation. The group concluded that, for now, parenchymal hepatocytes isolated from donor livers remain the best cell source for transplantation. It was reported that investigations with other cell sources, including stem cells, were at the preclinical and early clinical stages. Numerous methods to modulate the immune reaction and vascular changes that accompany hepatocyte transplantation were proposed. It was agreed that, to obtain sufficient levels of repopulation of liver with donor cells in patients with metabolic liver disease, some form of liver preconditioning would likely be required to enhance the engraftment and/or proliferation of donor cells. It was reported that clinical protocols for preconditioning by hepatic irradiation, portal vein embolization, and surgical resection had been developed and that clinical studies using these protocols would be initiated in the near future. Participants concluded that sharing information between the groups, including standard information concerning the quality and function of the transplanted cells prior to transplantation, clinical information on outcomes, and standard preconditioning protocols, would help move the field forward and was encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Puppi
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London School of Medicine at King’s College Hospital, London, UK
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12
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Gramignoli R, Green ML, Tahan V, Dorko K, Skvorak KJ, Marongiu F, Zao W, Venkataramanan R, Ellis ECS, Geller D, Breite AG, Dwulet FE, McCarthy RC, Strom SC. Development and application of purified tissue dissociation enzyme mixtures for human hepatocyte isolation. Cell Transplant 2011; 21:1245-60. [PMID: 22080793 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x600939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hepatocyte transplantation is gaining acceptance for the treatment of liver diseases. However, the reagents used to isolate hepatocytes from liver tissue are not standardized and show lot-to-lot variability in enzyme activity and endotoxin contamination. For clinical application, highly purified reagents are preferable to crude digest preparations. A purified tissue dissociating enzyme (TDE) preparation (CIzyme(TM) purified enzymes) was developed based on the enzyme compositions found in a superior lot of collagenase previously used by our group for human hepatocyte isolation. The performance of this enzyme preparation was compared to collagenase type XI on 110 liver cases by assessing hepatocyte yield, viability, and seven other functional assays that included plating efficiency, basal and induced CYP450 activities, phase II conjugation activity, and ammonia metabolism. No statistically significant difference was observed between these TDEs when they were used to isolate hepatocytes from liver resections or organ donor tissue on 54 hepatocyte isolations with type XI enzyme and 56 isolations using CIzyme(TM). These results show that a highly purified and defined TDE preparation can be formulated that provides excellent performance with respect to viability, yield, and functional activity of the isolated cells. In addition to reproducible formulation, these purified enzyme products have only 2-3% of the endotoxin of crude enzyme preparations. These results show that purified enzymes such as CIzyme(TM) will be a safe and effective for the isolation of human hepatocytes for clinical transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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13
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Abstract
Many of the cell types that can be isolated from placental tissues retain phenotypic plasticity that makes them an interesting source of cells for regenerative medicine. Several procedures for the isolation of stem cells from different parts of the placenta have been reported. This unit describes a detailed and simple protocol for the selective isolation of amniotic epithelial cells from human term placenta without disturbing the mesenchymal layer. We also introduce a simple density separation technique for the enrichment of the population for SSEA-4 positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Miki
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Sharma S, Ellis ECS, Dorko K, Zhang S, Mattison DR, Caritis SN, Venkataramanan R, Strom SC. Metabolism of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate, an agent for preventing preterm birth, by fetal hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:723-7. [PMID: 20097724 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.029918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm delivery (i.e., delivery before 37 completed weeks of gestation) is a major determinant of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Until recently, no effective therapies for prevention of preterm birth existed. In a recent multicentered trial, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) was shown to reduce the rate of preterm birth by 33% in a group of high-risk women. Limited pharmacologic data exist for this drug. Previous studies have shown that CYP3A is involved in the metabolism of 17-OHPC. In this study, we evaluated the metabolism of 17-OHPC in adult and fetal human hepatocytes and in expressed cytochrome P450 enzymes. 17-OHPC was metabolized by expressed CYP3A7 and by fetal hepatocytes. The metabolite profile was qualitatively different between expressed CYP3A4 and CYP3A7. Expressed CYP3A4 demonstrated a significantly higher (>10 times) capacity to metabolize 17-OHPC than CYP3A7. Based on retention times, two unique metabolites were observed in the fetal and adult hepatocyte systems along with one common metabolite. The intrinsic clearance of 17-OHPC by fetal hepatocytes was observed to be one-half of that in adults. In summary, this study demonstrates that fetal hepatocytes and, in particular, the fetal form of CYP3A (i.e., CYP3A7) can metabolize 17-OHPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shringi Sharma
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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15
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Abstract
De novo synthesis of bile acids is a liver-specific function that is difficult to maintain in cultured cells. There are significant species differences in both types of bile acids formed and more importantly in the regulation of bile acid homeostasis. This highlights the need for a good human in vitro model. Isolated primary human hepatocytes have the capacity to synthesize normal conjugated bile acids at a rate similar to that in vivo. In this chapter we describe the importance of different culture conditions such as choice of substrate, media and supplements on the total bile acid production as wells as the bile acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa C S Ellis
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Division of Transplantation Surgery, Unit for Liver Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Miki T, Marongiu F, Ellis ECS, Dorko K, Mitamura K, Ranade A, Gramignoli R, Davila J, Strom SC. Production of hepatocyte-like cells from human amnion. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 481:155-68. [PMID: 19096803 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-201-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cells isolated from the placenta have been the subject of intense investigation because many of the cells express characteristics of multipotent or even pluripotent stem cells. Cells from the placental tissues such as amnion and chorion have been reported to display multilineage differentiation and surface marker and gene expression patterns consistent with embryonic stem (ES) and mesenchymal stem cells, respectively. We have reported that epithelial cells isolated from term placenta contain cells that express surface markers such as the stage-specific embryonic antigens (SSEA) and a gene expression profile that is similar to ES cells. When subjected to specific differentiation protocols, amniotic epithelial cells display markers of differentiation to cardiomyocytes, neurons, pancreatic cells and hepatocytes. If specific and efficient methods could be developed to induce differentiation of these cells to hepatocytes, the amnion may become a useful source of cells for hepatocyte transplants. Cells isolated from amnion also have some unique properties as compared to some other stem cell sources in that they are isolated from a tissue that is normally discarded following birth, they are quite plentiful and easily isolated and they do not produce tumors when transplanted. Cells isolated from the amnion may be a uniquely useful and noncontroversial stem cell source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Miki
- Departments of Pathology and Surgery and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA
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17
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Yin Z, Ellis ECS, Nowak G. Isolation of mouse hepatocytes for transplantation: a comparison between antegrade and retrograde liver perfusion. Cell Transplant 2008; 16:859-65. [PMID: 18088005 DOI: 10.3727/000000007783465235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared antegrade with retrograde liver perfusion when isolating mouse hepatocytes for hepatocyte transplantation. Male mouse hepatocytes were isolated by different perfusion methods and transplanted into the spleen of congeneic female mice. Retrograde perfusion yielded a larger number of cells (4.90 x 10(7)) than antegrade (4.09 x 10(7), p < 0.05), but hepatocytes obtained by antegrade perfusion gave higher engraftment efficiency (p < 0.05). More of the transplanted hepatocytes could be recovered from recipient liver with antegrade perfusion than with retrograde perfusion (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that hepatocytes isolated by antegrade perfusion gave a higher engraftment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Yin
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department for Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology CLINTEC, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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