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Giannisis A, Patra K, Edlund AK, Nieto LA, Benedicto-Gras J, Moussaud S, de la Rosa A, Twohig D, Bengtsson T, Fu Y, Bu G, Bial G, Foquet L, Hammarstedt C, Strom S, Kannisto K, Raber J, Ellis E, Nielsen HM. Brain integrity is altered by hepatic APOE ε4 in humanized-liver mice. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3533-3543. [PMID: 35418601 PMCID: PMC9708568 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver-generated plasma apolipoprotein E (apoE) does not enter the brain but nonetheless correlates with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk and AD biomarker levels. Carriers of APOEε4, the strongest genetic AD risk factor, exhibit lower plasma apoE and altered brain integrity already at mid-life versus non-APOEε4 carriers. Whether altered plasma liver-derived apoE or specifically an APOEε4 liver phenotype promotes neurodegeneration is unknown. Here we investigated the brains of Fah-/-, Rag2-/-, Il2rg-/- mice on the Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) background (FRGN) with humanized-livers of an AD risk-associated APOE ε4/ε4 versus an APOE ε2/ε3 genotype. Reduced endogenous mouse apoE levels in the brains of APOE ε4/ε4 liver mice were accompanied by various changes in markers of synaptic integrity, neuroinflammation and insulin signaling. Plasma apoE4 levels were associated with unfavorable changes in several of the assessed markers. These results propose a previously unexplored role of the liver in the APOEε4-associated risk of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Giannisis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
| | - Kalicharan Patra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
| | - Anna K Edlund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
| | - Lur Agirrezabala Nieto
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
| | - Joan Benedicto-Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
| | - Simon Moussaud
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
| | - Andrés de la Rosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
| | - Daniel Twohig
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
| | - Tore Bengtsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
| | - Yuan Fu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Greg Bial
- Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, OR, 97062, USA
| | | | - Christina Hammarstedt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Stephen Strom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Kristina Kannisto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Jacob Raber
- Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience, Neurology, and Radiation Medicine, and Division of Neuroscience, ONPPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Ewa Ellis
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, (CLINTEC), Division of Transplantation surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14152, Sweden
| | - Henrietta M Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden.
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Giannisis A, Patra K, Edlund AK, Rosa ADL, Nieto LA, Gras JB, Moussaud S, Bengtsson T, Fu Y, Bu G, Bial G, Foquet L, Hammarstedt C, Strom S, Kannisto K, Ellis E, Nielsen HM. Effects of a liver
APOEε4
‐genotype on synaptic integrity, gliosis and insulin signaling in the brain. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.042463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuan Fu
- Mayo Clinic Jacksonville FL USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ewa Ellis
- Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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Zabulica M, Srinivasan RC, Vosough M, Hammarstedt C, Wu T, Gramignoli R, Ellis E, Kannisto K, Collin de l'Hortet A, Takeishi K, Soto-Gutierrez A, Strom SC. Guide to the Assessment of Mature Liver Gene Expression in Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocytes. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 28:907-919. [PMID: 31122128 PMCID: PMC6648222 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of stem cells to hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) holds great promise for basic research, drug and toxicological investigations, and clinical applications. There are currently no protocols for the production of HLCs from stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells, that produce fully mature hepatocytes with a wide range of mature hepatic functions. This report describes a standard method to assess the maturation of stem cell-derived HLCs with a moderately high-throughput format, by analysing liver gene expression by quantitative RT-qPCR. This method also provides a robust data set of the expression of 62 genes expressed in normal liver, generated from 17 fetal and 25 mature human livers, so that investigators can quickly and easily compare the expression of these genes in their stem cell-derived HLCs with the values obtained in authentic fetal and mature human liver. The simple methods described in this study will provide a quick and accurate assessment of the efficacy of a differentiation protocol and will help guide the optimization of differentiation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Zabulica
- 1Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raghuraman C Srinivasan
- 1Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Christina Hammarstedt
- 1Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tingting Wu
- 1Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- 1Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewa Ellis
- 3Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Kannisto
- 4Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Kazuki Takeishi
- 5Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Stephen C Strom
- 1Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Srinivasan RC, Zabulica M, Hammarstedt C, Wu T, Gramignoli R, Kannisto K, Ellis E, Karadagi A, Fingerhut R, Allegri G, Rüfenacht V, Thöny B, Häberle J, Nuoffer JM, Strom SC. A liver-humanized mouse model of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1-deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:1054-1063. [PMID: 30843237 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A liver-humanized mouse model for CPS1-deficiency was generated by the high-level repopulation of the mouse liver with CPS1-deficient human hepatocytes. When compared with mice that are highly repopulated with CPS1-proficient human hepatocytes, mice that are repopulated with CPS1-deficient human hepatocytes exhibited characteristic symptoms of human CPS1 deficiency including an 80% reduction in CPS1 metabolic activity, delayed clearance of an ammonium chloride infusion, elevated glutamine and glutamate levels, and impaired metabolism of [15 N]ammonium chloride into urea, with no other obvious phenotypic differences. Because most metabolic liver diseases result from mutations that alter critical pathways in hepatocytes, a model that incorporates actual disease-affected, mutant human hepatocytes is useful for the investigation of the molecular, biochemical, and phenotypic differences induced by that mutation. The model is also expected to be useful for investigations of modified RNA, gene, and cellular and small molecule therapies for CPS1-deficiency. Liver-humanized models for this and other monogenic liver diseases afford the ability to assess the therapy on actual disease-affected human hepatocytes, in vivo, for long periods of time and will provide data that are highly relevant for investigations of the safety and efficacy of gene-editing technologies directed to human hepatocytes and the translation of gene-editing technology to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuraman C Srinivasan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mihaela Zabulica
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Hammarstedt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Kannisto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewa Ellis
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ahmad Karadagi
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ralph Fingerhut
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Centre (CRC), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Newborn Screening Laboratory, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Allegri
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Centre (CRC), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Rüfenacht
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Centre (CRC), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Thöny
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Centre (CRC), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Newborn Screening Laboratory, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Häberle
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Centre (CRC), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP) and, Neuroscience Centre Zurich (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Nuoffer
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephen C Strom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Vosough M, Ravaioli F, Zabulica M, Capri M, Garagnani P, Franceschi C, Piccand J, Kraus MRC, Kannisto K, Gramignoli R, Strom SC. Applying hydrodynamic pressure to efficiently generate induced pluripotent stem cells via reprogramming of centenarian skin fibroblasts. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215490. [PMID: 31022207 PMCID: PMC6483185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-technology is an important platform in medicine and disease modeling. Physiological degeneration and disease onset are common occurrences in the aging population. iPSCs could offer regenerative medical options for age-related degeneration and disease in the elderly. However, reprogramming somatic cells from the elderly is inefficient when successful at all. Perhaps due to their low rates of replication in culture, traditional transduction and reprogramming approaches with centenarian fibroblasts met with little success. A simple and reproducible reprogramming process is reported here which enhances interactions of the cells with the viral vectors that leads to improved iPSC generation. The improved methods efficiently generates fully reprogrammed iPSC lines from 105–107 years old subjects in feeder-free conditions using an episomal, Sendai-Virus (SeV) reprogramming vector expressing four reprogramming factors. In conclusion, dermal fibroblasts from human subjects older than 100 years can be efficiently and reproducibly reprogrammed to fully pluripotent cells with minor modifications to the standard reprogramming procedures. Efficient generation of iPSCs from the elderly may provide a source of cells for the regeneration of tissues and organs with autologous cells as well as cellular models for the study of aging, longevity and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massoud Vosough
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Francesco Ravaioli
- University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mihaela Zabulica
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miriam Capri
- University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Bologna, Italy
- CIG, Interdepartmental Center ‘L. Galvani’, Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Bologna, Italy
- CIG, Interdepartmental Center ‘L. Galvani’, Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- CNR, Institute of Molecular Genetics, IGM, Unit. Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Julie Piccand
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Stem Cells, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Kristina Kannisto
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen C. Strom
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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6
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Srinivasan RC, Kannisto K, Strom SC, Gramignoli R. Evaluation of different routes of administration and biodistribution of human amnion epithelial cells in mice. Cytotherapy 2018; 21:113-124. [PMID: 30409699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Placenta is a non-controversial and promising source of cells for the treatment of several liver diseases. We previously reported that transplanted human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells, resulting in correction of mouse models of metabolic liver disease or acute hepatic failure. As part of preclinical safety studies, we investigated the distribution of hAECs using two routes of administration to efficiently deliver hAECs to the liver. Optical imaging is commonly used because it can provide fast, high-throughput, whole-body imaging, thus DiR-labeled hAECs were injected into immunodeficient mice, via the spleen or the tail vein. The cell distribution was monitored using an in vivo imaging system over the next 24 h. After splenic injection, the DiR signal was detected in liver and spleen at 1, 3 and 24 h post-transplant. The distribution was confirmed by analysis of human DNA content at 24 h post-transplant and human-specific cytokeratin 8/18 staining. Tail vein infusion resulted in cell engraftment mainly in the lungs, with minimal detection in the liver. Delivery of cells to the portal vein, via the spleen, resulted in efficient delivery of hAECs to the liver, with minimal, off-target distribution to lungs or other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuraman C Srinivasan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Kannisto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen C Strom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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7
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Karadagi A, Johansson H, Zemack H, Salipalli S, Mörk LM, Kannisto K, Jorns C, Gramignoli R, Strom S, Stokkeland K, Ericzon BG, Jonigk D, Janciauskiene S, Nowak G, Ellis ECS. Exogenous alpha 1-antitrypsin down-regulates SERPINA1 expression. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177279. [PMID: 28486562 PMCID: PMC5423693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of the therapy with purified human plasma alpha1-antitrypsin (A1AT) is to increase A1AT levels and to prevent lungs from elastolytic activity in patients with PiZZ (Glu342Lys) A1AT deficiency-related emphysema. Potential hepatic gains of this therapy are unknown. Herein, we investigated the effect of A1AT therapy on SERPINA1 (gene encoding A1AT) expression. The expression of SERPINA1 was determined in A1AT or A1AT plus Oncostatin M (OSM) treated primary human hepatocytes isolated from liver tissues from A1AT deficient patients and control liver tissues. In addition, SERPINA1 mRNA was assessed in lung tissues from PiZZ emphysema patients with and without A1AT therapy, and in adherent human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from healthy PiMM donors. In a dose-dependent manner purified A1AT lowered SERPINA1 expression in hepatocytes. This latter effect was more prominent in hepatocytes stimulated with OSM. Although it did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.0539)-analysis of lung tissues showed lower SERPINA1 expression in PiZZ emphysema patients receiving augmentation therapy relative to those without therapy. Finally, exogenously added purified A1AT (1mg/ml) reduced SERPINA1 expression in naïve as well as in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human adherent PBMCs. Exogenous A1AT protein reduces its own endogenous expression. Hence, augmentation with native M-A1AT protein and a parallel reduction in expression of dysfunctional mutant Z-A1AT may be beneficial for PiZZ liver, and this motivates further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Karadagi
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helene Johansson
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helen Zemack
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandeep Salipalli
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa-Mari Mörk
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Kannisto
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Jorns
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen Strom
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Knut Stokkeland
- Department of Medicine, Visby Hospital, Visby, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo-Göran Ericzon
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabina Janciauskiene
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Greg Nowak
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewa C S Ellis
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gramignoli R, Srinivasan RC, Kannisto K, Strom SC. Isolation of Human Amnion Epithelial Cells According to Current Good Manufacturing Procedures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 37:1E.10.1-1E.10.13. [DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Raghuraman C. Srinivasan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Kristina Kannisto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Stephen C. Strom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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9
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Gramignoli R, Vosough M, Kannisto K, Srinivasan RC, Strom SC. Clinical Hepatocyte Transplantation: Practical Limits and Possible Solutions. Eur Surg Res 2015; 54:162-77. [DOI: 10.1159/000369552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the first human hepatocyte transplants (HTx) in 1992, clinical studies have clearly established proof of principle for this therapy as a treatment for patients with acquired or inherited liver disease. Although major accomplishments have been made, there are still some specific limitations to this technology, which, if overcome, could greatly enhance the efficacy and implementation of this therapy. Here, we describe what in our view are the most significant obstacles to the clinical application of HTx and review the solutions currently proposed. The obstacles of significance include the limited number and quality of liver tissues as a cell source, the lack of clinical grade reagents, quality control evaluation of hepatocytes prior to transplantation, hypothermic storage of cells prior to transplantation, preconditioning treatments to enhance engraftment and proliferation of donor cells, tracking or monitoring cells after transplantation, and the optimal immunosuppression protocols for transplant recipients.
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10
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Degirolamo C, Modica S, Vacca M, Di Tullio G, Morgano A, D'Orazio A, Kannisto K, Parini P, Moschetta A. Prevention of spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis in farnesoid X receptor-null mice by intestinal-specific farnesoid X receptor reactivation. Hepatology 2015; 61:161-70. [PMID: 24954587 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is the master regulator of bile acid (BA) homeostasis because it controls BA synthesis, influx, efflux, and detoxification in the gut/liver axis. Deregulation of BA homeostasis has been linked to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis has been observed in FXR-null mice. This dreaded liver neoplasm has been associated with both FXR gene deletion and BA-mediated metabolic abnormalities after inactivation of FXR transcriptional activity. In the present study, we addressed the hypothesis that intestinal selective FXR reactivation would be sufficient to restore the fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15)/cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) enterohepatic axis and eventually provide protection against HCC. To this end, we generated FXR-null mice with re-expression of constitutively active FXR in enterocytes (FXR(-/-)iVP16FXR) and corresponding control mice (FXR(-/-)iVP16). In FXR-null mice, intestinal selective FXR reactivation normalized BA enterohepatic circulation along with up-regulation of intestinal FXR transcriptome and reduction of hepatic BA synthesis. At 16 months of age, intestinal FXR reactivation protected FXR-null mice from spontaneous HCC development that occurred in otherwise FXR-null mice. Activation of intestinal FXR conferred hepatoprotection by restoring hepatic homeostasis, limiting cellular proliferation through reduced cyclinD1 expression, decreasing hepatic inflammation and fibrosis (decreased signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation and curtailed collagen deposition). CONCLUSION Intestinal FXR is sufficient to restore BA homeostasis through the FGF15 axis and prevent progression of liver damage to HCC even in the absence of hepatic FXR. Intestinal-selective FXR modulators could stand as potential therapeutic intervention to prevent this devastating hepatic malignancy, even if carrying a somatic FXR mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Degirolamo
- National Cancer Research Center, IRCCS Istituto Oncologico "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy; Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Fondazione Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy
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11
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Kannisto K, Rehnmark S, Slätis K, Webb P, Larsson L, Gåfvels M, Eggertsen G, Parini P. The thyroid receptor β modulator GC-1 reduces atherosclerosis in ApoE deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:544-54. [PMID: 25463087 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone reduces plasma cholesterol and increases expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) in liver, an effect mediated by thyroid receptor β (TRβ). The selective TRβ modulator GC-1 also enhances several steps in reverse cholesterol transport and can decrease serum cholesterol independently of LDL-R. To test whether GC-1 reduces atherosclerosis and to determine which mechanisms are active, we treated ApoE deficient mice with atherogenic diet ± GC-1. GC-1 reduced cholesteryl esters in aorta after 20 weeks. Serum free and esterified cholesterol were reduced after 1 and 10 weeks, but not 20 weeks. Hepatic bile acid synthesis and LDL-R expression was elevated after 1, 10 and 20 weeks, without changes in hepatic de novo cholesterol synthesis. GC-1 increased faecal neutral sterols and reduced serum campesterol after 1 week, indicating reduced intestinal cholesterol absorption. After 20 weeks, GC-1 increased faecal bile acids, but not faecal neutral sterols. Hepatic scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1) expression was decreased by GC-1. We conclude that GC-1 delays the onset of atherosclerosis in ApoE deficient mice. Since ApoE is needed for hepatic cholesterol reabsorption by LDL-R, this supports the idea that GC-1 reduces serum cholesterol independently of LDL-R by increasing hepatic bile acid synthesis. GC-1 lipid-lowering effects in ApoE deficient mice may also be partly due to reduced intestinal cholesterol absorption. Since reductions in serum cholesterol are reversed at longer times, these GC-1 dependent effects may not be enough for sustained cholesterol reduction in long term treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kannisto
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Rehnmark
- Axcentua Pharmaceuticals AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - K Slätis
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Webb
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Larsson
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Gåfvels
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Eggertsen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Parini
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kannisto K, Gåfvels M, Jiang ZY, Slätis K, Hu X, Jorns C, Steffensen KR, Eggertsen G. LXR driven induction of HDL-cholesterol is independent of intestinal cholesterol absorption and ABCA1 protein expression. Lipids 2013; 49:71-83. [PMID: 24163219 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether: (1) liver X receptor (LXR)-driven induction of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and other LXR-mediated effects on cholesterol metabolism depend on intestinal cholesterol absorption; and (2) combined treatment with the LXR agonist GW3965 and the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe results in synergistic effects on cholesterol metabolism that could be beneficial for treatment of atherosclerosis. Mice were fed 0.2 % cholesterol and treated with GW3965+ezetimibe, GW3965 or ezetimibe. GW3965+ezetimibe treatment elevated serum HDL-C and Apolipoprotein (Apo) AI, effectively reduced the intestinal cholesterol absorption and increased the excretion of faecal neutral sterols. No changes in intestinal ATP-binding cassette (ABC) A1 or ABCG5 protein expression were observed, despite increased mRNA expression, while hepatic ABCA1 was slightly reduced. The combined treatment caused a pronounced down-regulation of intestinal Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) and reduced hepatic and intestinal cholesterol levels. GW3965 did not affect the intestinal cholesterol absorption, but increased serum HDL-C and ApoAI levels. GW3965 also increased Apoa1 mRNA levels in primary mouse hepatocytes and HEPA1-6 cells. Ezetimibe reduced the intestinal cholesterol absorption, ABCA1 and ABCG5, but did not affect the serum HDL-C or ApoAI levels. Thus, the LXR-driven induction of HDL-C and ApoAI was independent of the intestinal cholesterol absorption and increased expression of intestinal or hepatic ABCA1 was not required. Inhibited influx of cholesterol via NPC1L1 and/or low levels of intracellular cholesterol prevented post-transcriptional expression of intestinal ABCA1 and ABCG5, despite increased mRNA levels. Combined LXR activation and blocked intestinal cholesterol absorption induced effective faecal elimination of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Kannisto
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Zhou X, Kannisto K, Curbo S, von Döbeln U, Hultenby K, Isetun S, Gåfvels M, Karlsson A. Thymidine kinase 2 deficiency-induced mtDNA depletion in mouse liver leads to defect β-oxidation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58843. [PMID: 23505564 PMCID: PMC3591375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) deficiency in humans causes mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion syndrome. To study the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease and search for treatment options, we previously generated and described a TK2 deficient mouse strain (TK2−/−) that progressively loses its mtDNA. The TK2−/− mouse model displays symptoms similar to humans harboring TK2 deficient infantile fatal encephalomyopathy. Here, we have studied the TK2−/− mouse model to clarify the pathological role of progressive mtDNA depletion in liver for the severe outcome of TK2 deficiency. We observed that a gradual depletion of mtDNA in the liver of the TK2−/− mice was accompanied by increasingly hypertrophic mitochondria and accumulation of fat vesicles in the liver cells. The levels of cholesterol and nonesterified fatty acids were elevated and there was accumulation of long chain acylcarnitines in plasma of the TK2−/− mice. In mice with hepatic mtDNA levels below 20%, the blood sugar and the ketone levels dropped. These mice also exhibited reduced mitochondrial β-oxidation due to decreased transport of long chain acylcarnitines into the mitochondria. The gradual loss of mtDNA in the liver of the TK2−/− mice causes impaired mitochondrial function that leads to defect β-oxidation and, as a result, insufficient production of ketone bodies and glucose. This study provides insight into the mechanism of encephalomyopathy caused by TK2 deficiency-induced mtDNA depletion that may be used to explore novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshan Zhou
- Division of Clinical Microbiology F-68, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kristina Kannisto
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, C1-72, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Sophie Curbo
- Division of Clinical Microbiology F-68, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Ulrika von Döbeln
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Division of Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Sindra Isetun
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mats Gåfvels
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, C1-72, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Karlsson
- Division of Clinical Microbiology F-68, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
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Abstract
We have studied whether functional TRPV1 channels exist in the INS-1E cells, a cell type used as a model for β-cells, and in primary β-cells from rat and human. The effects of the TRPV1 agonists capsaicin and AM404 on the intracellular free Ca (2+) concentration ([Ca (2+)]i) in the INS-1E cells were studied by fura-2 based microfluorometry. Capsaicin increased [Ca (2+)]i in a concentration-dependent manner, and the [Ca (2+)]i increase was dependent on extracellular Ca (2+). AM404 also increased [Ca (2+)]i in the INS-1E cells. Capsazepine, a specific antagonist of TRPV1, completely blocked the capsaicin- and AM404-induced [Ca (2+)]i increases. Capsaicin did not increase [Ca (2+)]i in the primary β-cells from rat and human. Whole cell patch clamp configuration was used to record currents across the plasma membrane in the INS-1E cells. Capsaicin elicited inward currents that were inhibited by capsazepine. Western blot analysis detected TRPV1 proteins in the INS-1E cells and the human islets. Immunohistochemistry was used to study the expression of TRPV1, but no TRPV1 protein immunoreactivity was detected in the human islet cells and the human insulinoma cells. We conclude that the INS-1E cells, but not the primary β-cells, express functional TRPV1 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Jabin Fågelskiöld
- Department of Clinical Science and Education; Södersjukhuset; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Kannisto
- Department of Clinical Science and Education; Södersjukhuset; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Boström
- Department of Clinical Science and Education; Södersjukhuset; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Banina Hadrovic
- Department of Clinical Science and Education; Södersjukhuset; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mohamed Eweida
- Department of Clinical Science and Education; Södersjukhuset; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Wester
- Department of Genetics and Pathology; the Rudbeck Laboratory; Uppsala University; Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Clinical Science and Education; Södersjukhuset; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden; Internal Medicine; Uppsala University Hospital; Uppsala, Sweden
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Slätis K, Gåfvels M, Kannisto K, Ovchinnikova O, Paulsson-Berne G, Parini P, Jiang ZY, Eggertsen G. Abolished synthesis of cholic acid reduces atherosclerotic development in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:3289-98. [PMID: 20675645 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m009308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of abolished cholic acid (CA) synthesis in the ApoE knockout model [apolipoprotein E (apoE) KO],a double-knockout (DKO) mouse model was created by crossbreeding Cyp8b1 knockout mice (Cyp8b1 KO), unable to synthesize the primary bile acid CA, with apoE KO mice. After 5 months of cholesterol feeding, the development of atherosclerotic plaques in the proximal aorta was 50% less in the DKO mice compared with the apoE KO mice. This effect was associated with reduced intestinal cholesterol absorption, decreased levels of apoB-containing lipoproteins in the plasma, enhanced bile acid synthesis, reduced hepatic cholesteryl esters, and decreased hepatic activity of ACAT2. The upregulation of Cyp7a1 in DKO mice seemed primarily caused by reduced expression of the intestinal peptide FGF15. Treatment of DKO mice with the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist GW4064 did not alter the intestinal cholesterol absorption, suggesting that the action of CA in this process is confined mainly to formation of intraluminal micelles and less to its ability to activate the nuclear receptor FXR. Inhibition of CA synthesis may offer a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hyperlipidemic conditions that lead to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Slätis
- Unit for Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Westerbacka J, Cornér A, Kannisto K, Kolak M, Makkonen J, Korsheninnikova E, Nyman T, Hamsten A, Fisher RM, Yki-Järvinen H. Acute in vivo effects of insulin on gene expression in adipose tissue in insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive subjects. Diabetologia 2006; 49:132-40. [PMID: 16362280 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-0075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 09/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We determined the response of selected genes to in vivo insulin in adipose tissue in 21 non-diabetic women. MATERIALS AND METHODS The women were divided into insulin-sensitive and -resistant groups based on their median whole-body insulin sensitivity (8.7+/-0.4 vs 4.2+/-0.3 mg kg(-1) min(-1) for insulin-sensitive vs -resistant group). Subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were obtained before and after 3 and 6 h of i.v. maintained euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemia. Adipose tissue mRNA concentrations of facilitated glucose transporter, member 1 (SLC2A1, previously known as GLUT1), facilitated glucose transporter, member 4 (SLC2A4, previously known as GLUT4), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ( PPARG), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1alpha (PPARGC1A), 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (HSD11B1), TNF, adiponectin (ADIPOQ), IL6 and the macrophage marker CD68 were measured using real-time PCR. RESULTS Basal expression of 'insulin-sensitivity genes' SLC2A4 and ADIPOQ was lower while that of 'insulin-resistance genes', HSD11B1 and IL6 was significantly higher in the insulin-resistant than in the insulin-sensitive group. Insulin significantly increased expression of 'insulin-sensitivity genes' SLC2A4, PPARG, PPARGC1A and ADIPOQ in the insulin-sensitive group, while only expression of PPARG and PPARGC1A was increased in the insulin-resistant group. The expression of 'insulin-resistance genes' HSD11B1 and IL6 was increased by insulin in the insulin-resistant group, but insulin failed to increase HSD11B1 expression in the insulin-sensitive group. At 6 h, expression of HSD11B1, TNF and IL6 was significantly higher in the insulin-resistant than in the insulin-sensitive group. IL6 expression increased significantly more in response to insulin in the insulin-resistant than in the insulin-sensitive group. CD68 was overexpressed in the insulin-resistant as compared with the insulin-sensitive group at both 0 and 6 h. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data suggest that genes adversely affecting insulin sensitivity hyperrespond to insulin, while genes enhancing insulin sensitivity hyporespond to insulin in insulin-resistant human adipose tissue in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Westerbacka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 340, FIN-00029 HUCH, Helsinki, Finland.
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17
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Al-Khalili L, Forsgren M, Kannisto K, Zierath JR, Lönnqvist F, Krook A. Enhanced insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis in response to insulin, metformin or rosiglitazone is associated with increased mRNA expression of GLUT4 and peroxisomal proliferator activator receptor gamma co-activator 1. Diabetologia 2005; 48:1173-9. [PMID: 15864539 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-1741-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to determine the effect of several antidiabetic agents on insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis, as well as on mRNA expression. METHODS Cultured primary human skeletal myotubes obtained from six healthy subjects were treated for 4 or 8 days without or with glucose (25 mmol/l), insulin (400 pmol/l), rosiglitazone (10 micromol/l), metformin (20 micromol/l) or the AMP-activated kinase activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) (200 micromol/l). After this, insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis was determined. mRNA levels of the glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT4, the peroxisomal proliferator activator receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) co-activator 1 (PGC1) and the myocyte-specific enhancer factors (MEF2), MEF2A, MEF2C and MEF2D were determined using real-time PCR analysis after 8 days exposure to the various antidiabetic agents. RESULTS Insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis was significantly increased in cultured human myotubes treated with insulin, rosiglitazone or metformin for 8 days, compared with non-treated cells. Furthermore, an 8-day exposure of myotubes to 25 mmol/l glucose impaired insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis. In contrast, treatment with AICAR was without effect on insulin-mediated glycogen synthesis. Exposure to insulin, rosiglitazone or metformin increased mRNA expression of PGC1 and GLUT4, while AICAR or 25 mmol/l glucose treatment increased GLUT1 mRNA expression. Metformin also increased mRNA expression of the MEF2 isoforms. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Enhanced insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis in human skeletal muscle cell culture coincides with increased GLUT4 and PGC1 mRNA expression following treatment with various antidiabetic agents. These data show that chronic treatment of human myotubes with insulin, metformin or rosiglitazone has a direct positive effect on insulin action and mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Al-Khalili
- Department of Surgical Science, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Sutinen J, Kannisto K, Korsheninnikova E, Nyman T, Ehrenborg E, Andrew R, Wake DJ, Hamsten A, Walker BR, Yki-Järvinen H. In the lipodystrophy associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy, pseudo-Cushing's syndrome is associated with increased regeneration of cortisol by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in adipose tissue. Diabetologia 2004; 47:1668-71. [PMID: 15455200 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-004-1508-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2004] [Accepted: 07/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with a poorly understood lipodystrophic and hypertriglyceridaemic syndrome, which resembles Cushing's syndrome, but in which plasma cortisol is not elevated. We tested the hypothesis that this HAART-associated lipodystrophy is explained by increased local regeneration of cortisol from inactive cortisone within adipose tissue, catalysed by the enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1). METHODS In this cross-sectional study, a previously described cohort of 30 HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy were compared with 13 HIV-infected patients without lipodystrophy. Intra-abdominal and subcutaneous adipose tissue were quantified using magnetic resonance imaging. Gene expression in subcutaneous fat was measured using real-time PCR. Urine cortisol and its metabolites were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS Patients with lipodystrophy had significantly higher 11beta-HSD1 mRNA concentrations (relative to beta2-microglobulin mRNA) in subcutaneous adipose tissue than non-lipodystrophic patients (0.29+/-0.20 vs 0.09+/-0.07, p=0.0004) and higher ratios of urinary cortisol : cortisone metabolites. Adipose tissue 11beta-HSD1 mRNA correlated with multiple features of insulin resistance and with mRNA concentrations for glucocorticoid receptor and angiotensinogen. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In adipose tissue of patients with HAART-associated lipodystrophy, 11beta-HSD1 mRNA is increased and its concentration is correlated with features of insulin resistance. We suggest that increased adipose tissue 11beta-HSD1 may explain the pseudo-Cushing's features in patients with HAART-associated lipodystrophy, and is a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sutinen
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Al-Khalili L, Chibalin AV, Kannisto K, Zhang BB, Permert J, Holman GD, Ehrenborg E, Ding VDH, Zierath JR, Krook A. Insulin action in cultured human skeletal muscle cells during differentiation: assessment of cell surface GLUT4 and GLUT1 content. Cell Mol Life Sci 2003; 60:991-8. [PMID: 12827286 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-003-3001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In mature human skeletal muscle, insulin-stimulated glucose transport is mediated primarily via the GLUT4 glucose transporter. However, in contrast to mature skeletal muscle, cultured muscle expresses significant levels of the GLUT1 glucose transporter. To assess the relative contribution of these two glucose transporters, we used a novel photolabelling techniques to assess the cell surface abundance of GLUT1 and GLUT4 specifically in primary cultures of human skeletal muscle. We demonstrate that insulin-stimulated glucose transport in cultured human skeletal muscle is mediated by GLUT4, as no effect on GLUT1 appearance at the plasma membrane was noted. Furthermore, GLUT4 mRNA and protein increased twofold (p < 0.05), after differentiation, whereas GLUT1 mRNA and protein decreased 55% (p < 0.005). Incubation of differentiated human skeletal muscle cells with a non-peptide insulin mimetic significantly (p < 0.05) increased glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis. Thus, cultured myotubes are a useful tool to facilitate biological and molecular validation of novel pharmacological agents aimed to improve glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Al-Khalili
- Department of Surgical Science, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Kannisto K, Chibalin A, Zierath J, Hamsten A, Ehrenborg E. 3P-0717 Effects of diet and exercise on the regulation of PPARα, δ and γ expression in rat skeletal muscle and visceral adipose tissue. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(03)90936-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Skogsberg J, Kannisto K, Roshani L, Gagne E, Hamsten A, Larsson C, Ehrenborg E. Characterization of the human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta gene and its expression. Int J Mol Med 2000; 6:73-81. [PMID: 10851270 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.6.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors regulating the expression of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. Three different PPARs; alpha (PPARA), gamma (PPARG) and delta (PPARD) have been characterized and they are distinguished from each other by tissue distribution and cell activation. In this study, the structure and detailed chromosomal localization of the human PPARD gene was determined. Three genomic clones containing the PPARD gene was isolated from a human P1 library. The gene spans approximately 85 kb of DNA and consists of 9 exons and 8 introns with exons ranging in size from 84 bp to 2.3 kb and introns ranging from 180 bp to 50 kb. All splice acceptor and donor sites conform to the consensus sequences including the AG-GT motif. Although PPARD lacks a TATA box, the gene is transcribed from a unique start site located 380 bp upstream of the ATG initiation codon. The 5' and 3' ends were mapped by rapid amplification of cDNA ends and the mRNA size of PPARD based upon the structure of the gene is 3803 bp. In addition, the chromosomal sublocalization of PPARD was determined by radiation hybrid mapping. The PPARD gene is located at 14 cR from the colipase gene and 15 cR from the serine kinase gene at chromosomal region 6p21.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Skogsberg
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, King Gustaf V Research Institute, Karolinska Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Pitkäjärvi T, Pyykönen ML, Kannisto K, Piippo T, Viita P. Pivmecillinam treatment in acute cystitis. Three versus seven days study. Arzneimittelforschung 1990; 40:1156-8. [PMID: 2291755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In an open randomized study pivmecillinam (Selexid; CAS 32886-97-8) was studied by general practitioners in 345 female patients with uncomplicated acute cystitis. Out of the bacteriologically evaluated 299 patients 151 patients were treated for three days with two tablets of pivmecillinam 200 mg t.i.d. and 148 patients for seven days with one tablet t.i.d. There were no significant differences in the bacteriological effect between the two regimens. In the 3-day group 91% and 88% were cured at the first and the second control; in the 7-day group 94% and 95%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the total clinical effect, either. Adverse reactions, usually gastrointestinal disturbances, occurred in 10% of the 3-day group and in 11% of the 7-day group (N.S.). Pivmecillinam treatment in acute cystitis in women was equally effective whether given for three or seven days, with the same total frequency of adverse reactions for the two regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pitkäjärvi
- Community Health Centre of the City of Tampere, Finland
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