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Guan J, Shen L, Liu C, Lv Y, Zhang H, Liu Y, Gai Z. Establishment of iPS cell line (SDQLCHi061-A) from a patient with carbamoylphosphate synthetase I deficiency due to CPS1 mutation. Stem Cell Res 2024; 76:103353. [PMID: 38394969 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2024.103353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) line was generated using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a patient with compound heterozygous mutation of c.2374A > G/p.M792V and c.3949C > T/p.R1317W in the CPS1 gene by non-integrating vectors. The expression of pluripotency markers, potential for in vitro trilineage differentiation and exhibiting normal karyotype were demonstrated in the SDQLCHi061-A cell line. This cell line could provide a useful CPS1D model in vitro for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Guan
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University (Jinan Children's Hospital), Jinan 250022, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Li Shen
- Clinical Lab, The Forth Hospital of Jinan, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan 250022, China; Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University (Jinan Children's Hospital), Jinan 250022, China
| | - Yuqiang Lv
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University (Jinan Children's Hospital), Jinan 250022, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University (Jinan Children's Hospital), Jinan 250022, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University (Jinan Children's Hospital), Jinan 250022, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Zhongtao Gai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University (Jinan Children's Hospital), Jinan 250022, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Jinan 250022, China
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Jing W, Chen C, Wang G, Han M, Chen S, Jiang X, Shi C, Sun P, Yang Z, Shi B, Jiang X. Metabolic Modulation of Intracellular Ammonia via Intravesical Instillation of Nanoporter-Encased Hydrogel Eradicates Bladder Carcinoma. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2206893. [PMID: 36775865 PMCID: PMC10131795 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tumor protein 53 (TP53) mutation in bladder carcinoma (BC), upregulates the transcription of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1), to reduce intracellular ammonia toxicity. To leverage ammonia combating BC, here, an intravesically perfusable nanoporter-encased hydrogel system is reported. A biomimetic fusogenic liposomalized nanoporter (FLNP) that is decorated with urea transporter-B (UT-B) is first synthesized with protonated chitosan oligosaccharide for bladder tumor-targeted co-delivery of urease and small interfering RNA targeting CPS1 (siCPS1). Mussel-inspired hydrogel featured with dual functions of bio-adhesion and injectability is then fabricated as the reservoir for intravesical immobilization of FLNP. It is found that FLNP-mediated UT-B immobilization dramatically induces urea transportation into tumor cells, and co-delivery of urease and siCPS1 significantly boosts ammonia accumulation in tumor inducing cell apoptosis. Treatment with hybrid system exhibits superior anti-tumor effect in orthotopic bladder tumor mouse model and patient-derived xenograft model, respectively. Combined with high-protein diet, the production of urinary urea increases, leading to an augmented intracellular deposition of ammonia in BC cells, and ultimately an enhanced tumor inhibition. Together, the work establishes that cascade modulation of ammonia in tumor cells could induce tumor apoptosis and may be a practical strategy for eradication of TP53-mutated bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Jing
- Department of UrologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineNMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityCultural West RoadJinanShandong Province250012China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of UrologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineNMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityCultural West RoadJinanShandong Province250012China
| | - Ganyu Wang
- Department of UrologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineNMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityCultural West RoadJinanShandong Province250012China
| | - Maosen Han
- Department of UrologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineNMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityCultural West RoadJinanShandong Province250012China
| | - Shouzhen Chen
- Department of UrologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineNMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityCultural West RoadJinanShandong Province250012China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of UrologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineNMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityCultural West RoadJinanShandong Province250012China
| | - Chongdeng Shi
- Department of UrologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineNMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityCultural West RoadJinanShandong Province250012China
| | - Peng Sun
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineUniversity RoadJinanShandong Province250355China
| | - Zhenmei Yang
- Department of UrologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineNMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityCultural West RoadJinanShandong Province250012China
| | - Benkang Shi
- Department of UrologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineNMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityCultural West RoadJinanShandong Province250012China
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- Department of UrologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineNMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityCultural West RoadJinanShandong Province250012China
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Ishikawa R, Sugimoto T, Abe T, Ohno N, Tazuma T, Giga M, Naito H, Kono T, Nomura E, Hara K, Yorifuji T, Yamawaki T. A 36-year-old Man with Repeated Short-term Transient Hyperammonemia and Impaired Consciousness with a Confirmed Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase 1 Gene Monoallelic Mutation. Intern Med 2022; 61:1387-1392. [PMID: 34670888 PMCID: PMC9152872 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.7961-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 36-year-old man experienced severely impaired consciousness twice after drinking because of hyperammonemia. No abnormal blood tests were found other than ammonia levels. However, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed atrophy of the brain parenchyma. One the second occasion, the patient suffered severe impairment of consciousness, and because of seizures and glossoptosis, mechanical ventilation was started. Urea cycle disorders (UCDs) were assumed to be involved. Genetic testing revealed a monoallelic mutation of the carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1 (CPS1) gene. When transient hyperammonemia of unknown cause occurs repeatedly in adults, an active investigation for UCDs should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyi Ishikawa
- Department of Neurology, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Japan
| | - Takamichi Sugimoto
- Department of Neurology, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Japan
| | - Takafumi Abe
- Department of Neurology, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Japan
| | - Narumi Ohno
- Department of Neurology, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Japan
| | - Taku Tazuma
- Department of Neurology, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Japan
| | - Mayumi Giga
- Department of Neurology, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Naito
- Department of Neurology, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kono
- Department of Neurology, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nomura
- Department of Neurology, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Japan
| | - Keiichi Hara
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Clinical Research, NHO Kure Medical Center, Japan
| | - Tohru Yorifuji
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Osaka City General Hospital, Japan
| | - Takemori Yamawaki
- Department of Neurology, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Japan
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Zhang M, Wang S, Sun L, Gan L, Lin Y, Shao J, Jiang H, Li M. Ammonia induces changes in carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I and its regulation of glutamine synthesis and urea cycle in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 120:242-251. [PMID: 34856372 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fishes can adapt to certain levels of environmental ammonia in water, but the strategies utilized to defend against ammonia toxicity are not exactly the same. The carbamyl phosphate synthase I (CPS I) plays an important role in the regulation of glutamine synthesis and urea cycle, which are the most common strategies for ammonia detoxification. In this study, CPS I was cloned from the yellow catfish. The full-length cDNAs of the CPS I was 5 034 bp, with open reading frames of 4 461 bp. Primary amino acid sequence alignment of CPS I revealed conserved similarity between the functional domains of the yellow catfish CPS I protein with CPS I proteins of other animals. The mRNA expression of CPS I was significantly up-regulated in liver and kidney tissues after acute ammonia stress. The CPS I RNA interference (RNAi) down-regulated the mRNA expressions of CPS I and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), but up-regulated glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) expressions in primary culture of liver cell after acute ammonia stress. Similarly, the activity of enzymes related to urea cycle decreased significantly, while the activity of enzymes related to glutamine synthesis increased significantly. The results of RNAi in vitro suggested that when the urea cycle is disturbed, the glutamine synthesis will be activated to cope with ammonia toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzi Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Shidong Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Liying Sun
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Lei Gan
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yanhong Lin
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jian Shao
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Haibo Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Choi Y, Oh A, Lee Y, Kim GH, Choi JH, Yoo HW, Lee BH. Unfavorable clinical outcomes in patients with carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 deficiency. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 526:55-61. [PMID: 34973183 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) deficiency affects the first step of urea cycle and is a severe form of urea cycle disorder (UCD). The severity of hyperammonemic encephalopathy determines the clinical course of UCDs. Here, we describe the genetic and clinical characteristics of CPS1 deficiency in Korea. PATIENT AND METHODS This study included seven patients with CPS1 deficiency genetically confirmed from January 1992 to September 2020. The peak ammonia level during the first crisis, the half time of peak ammonia level, the initial plasma amino acid levels, and neurological outcomes were compared between CPS1 deficiency and two common UCDs (i.e., 17 patients with argininosuccinate synthetase 1 deficiency and 24 patients with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency). RESULT Eleven CPS1 mutations were identified, including 10 novel mutations. Eight mutations were missense. Six patients with CPS1 deficiency had neonatal type. The peak ammonia level, initial glutamate level, and accompanying rate of irreversible neurological damages were highest in patients with CPS1 deficiency. The patient with late-onset CPS1 deficiency responded dramatically to N-carbamylglutamate treatment. CONCLUSION The clinical manifestations of CPS1 deficiency were the most severe among UCDs. Considering the high proportion of missense mutations, responsiveness to N-carbamylglutamate would be evaluated in a future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunha Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Arum Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Yena Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gu-Hwan Kim
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han-Wook Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Beom Hee Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Chang X, Wang L, Guan SP, Kennedy BK, Liu J, Khor CC, Low AF, Chan MYY, Yuan JM, Koh WP, Friedlander Y, Dorajoo R, Heng CK. The association of genetically determined serum glycine with cardiovascular risk in East Asians. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:1840-1844. [PMID: 33992511 PMCID: PMC10442847 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Glycine is involved in a wide range of metabolic pathways and increased circulating glycine is associated with reduced risk of cardio-metabolic diseases in Europeans but the genetic association between circulating glycine and cardiovascular risk is largely unknown in East Asians. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in Singaporean Chinese participants and investigated if genetically determined serum glycine were associated with incident coronary artery disease (CAD) (711 cases and 1,246 controls), cardiovascular death (1,886 cases and 21,707 controls) and angiographic CAD severity (as determined by the Modified Gensini score, N = 1,138). CONCLUSION Our study, a first in East Asians, suggest a protective role of glycine against CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuling Chang
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore; Khoo Teck Puat, National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Ling Wang
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Shou Ping Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brian K Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Adrian F Low
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; National University Heart Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Mark Yan-Yee Chan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; National University Heart Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Health Systems and Services Research, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Yechiel Friedlander
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Rajkumar Dorajoo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Health Systems and Services Research, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Chew-Kiat Heng
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore; Khoo Teck Puat, National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore.
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Abstract
The mammalian urea cycle (UC) is responsible for siphoning catabolic waste nitrogen into urea for excretion. Disruptions of the functions of any of the enzymes or transporters lead to elevated ammonia and neurological injury. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) is the first and rate-limiting UC enzyme responsible for the direct incorporation of ammonia into UC intermediates. Symptoms in CPS1 deficiency are typically the most severe of all UC disorders, and current clinical management is insufficient to prevent the associated morbidities and high mortality. With recent advances in basic and translational studies of CPS1, appreciation for this enzyme's essential role in the UC has been broadened to include systemic metabolic regulation during homeostasis and disease. Here, we review recent advances in CPS1 biology and contextualize them around the role of CPS1 in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Nitzahn
- Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gerald S Lipshutz
- Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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8
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Bonelli R, Woods SM, Ansell BRE, Heeren TFC, Egan CA, Khan KN, Guymer R, Trombley J, Friedlander M, Bahlo M, Fruttiger M. Systemic lipid dysregulation is a risk factor for macular neurodegenerative disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12165. [PMID: 32699277 PMCID: PMC7376024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Macular Telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel) is an uncommon bilateral retinal disease, in which glial cell and photoreceptor degeneration leads to central vision loss. The causative disease mechanism is largely unknown, and no treatment is currently available. A previous study found variants in genes associated with glycine-serine metabolism (PSPH, PHGDH and CPS1) to be associated with MacTel, and showed low levels of glycine and serine in the serum of MacTel patients. Recently, a causative role of deoxysphingolipids in MacTel disease has been established. However, little is known about possible other metabolic dysregulation. Here we used a global metabolomics platform in a case-control study to comprehensively profile serum from 60 MacTel patients and 58 controls. Analysis of the data, using innovative computational approaches, revealed a detailed, disease-associated metabolic profile with broad changes in multiple metabolic pathways. This included alterations in the levels of several metabolites that are directly or indirectly linked to glycine-serine metabolism, further validating our previous genetic findings. We also found changes unrelated to PSPH, PHGDH and CPS1 activity. Most pronounced, levels of several lipid groups were altered, with increased phosphatidylethanolamines being the most affected lipid group. Assessing correlations between different metabolites across our samples revealed putative functional connections. Correlations between phosphatidylethanolamines and sphingomyelin, and glycine-serine and sphingomyelin, observed in controls, were reduced in MacTel patients, suggesting metabolic re-wiring of sphingomyelin metabolism in MacTel patients. Our findings provide novel insights into metabolic changes associated with MacTel and implicate altered lipid metabolism as a contributor to this retinal neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bonelli
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sasha M Woods
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath St, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Brendan R E Ansell
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Tjebo F C Heeren
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath St, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, EC1, UK
| | - Catherine A Egan
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, EC1, UK
| | - Kamron N Khan
- The Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St. James's Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Robyn Guymer
- Department of Surgery, Center for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, and Ophthalmology, 32 Gisborne St, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
| | | | - Martin Friedlander
- Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Marcus Fruttiger
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath St, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
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9
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Yao S, Nguyen TV, Rolfe A, Agrawal AA, Ke J, Peng S, Colombo F, Yu S, Bouchard P, Wu J, Huang KC, Bao X, Omoto K, Selvaraj A, Yu L, Ioannidis S, Vaillancourt FH, Zhu P, Larsen NA, Bolduc DM. Small Molecule Inhibition of CPS1 Activity through an Allosteric Pocket. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:259-268.e5. [PMID: 32017919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) catalyzes the first step in the ammonia-detoxifying urea cycle, converting ammonia to carbamoyl phosphate under physiologic conditions. In cancer, CPS1 overexpression supports pyrimidine synthesis to promote tumor growth in some cancer types, while in others CPS1 activity prevents the buildup of toxic levels of intratumoral ammonia to allow for sustained tumor growth. Targeted CPS1 inhibitors may, therefore, provide a therapeutic benefit for cancer patients with tumors overexpressing CPS1. Herein, we describe the discovery of small-molecule CPS1 inhibitors that bind to a previously unknown allosteric pocket to block ATP hydrolysis in the first step of carbamoyl phosphate synthesis. CPS1 inhibitors are active in cellular assays, blocking both urea synthesis and CPS1 support of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, while having no activity against CPS2. These newly discovered CPS1 inhibitors are a first step toward providing researchers with valuable tools for probing CPS1 cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Yao
- H3 Biomedicine Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tuong-Vi Nguyen
- H3 Biomedicine Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alan Rolfe
- H3 Biomedicine Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anant A Agrawal
- H3 Biomedicine Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jiyuan Ke
- H3 Biomedicine Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shouyong Peng
- H3 Biomedicine Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Federico Colombo
- H3 Biomedicine Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sean Yu
- RMI Laboratories LLC, 418 Industrial Drive, North Wales, PA 19454, USA
| | - Patricia Bouchard
- NMX Research and Solutions, Inc., 500 Cartier Boulevard W., Laval, Quebec H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Jiayi Wu
- H3 Biomedicine Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kuan-Chun Huang
- H3 Biomedicine Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xingfeng Bao
- H3 Biomedicine Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kiyoyuki Omoto
- H3 Biomedicine Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anand Selvaraj
- H3 Biomedicine Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lihua Yu
- H3 Biomedicine Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Ping Zhu
- H3 Biomedicine Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicholas A Larsen
- H3 Biomedicine Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David M Bolduc
- H3 Biomedicine Inc., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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10
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Fan L, Zhao J, Jiang L, Xie L, Ma J, Li X, Cheng M. Molecular, biochemical, and clinical analyses of five patients with carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 deficiency. J Clin Lab Anal 2019; 34:e23124. [PMID: 31749211 PMCID: PMC7171324 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 deficiency (CPS1D) is a rare urea cycle disorder. The aim of this study was to present the clinical findings, management, biochemical data, molecular genetic analysis, and short-term prognosis of five children with CPS1D. METHODS The information of five CPS1D patients was retrospectively studied. We used targeted next-generation sequencing to identify carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) variants in patients suspected to have CPS1D. Candidate mutations were validated by Sanger sequencing. In silico and structure analyses were processed for the pathogenicity predictions of the identified mutations. RESULTS The patients had typically clinical manifestations and biochemical data of CPS1D. Genetic analysis revealed nine mutations in the CPS1 gene, including recurrence of c.1145C > T, five of which were firstly reported. Seven mutations were missense changes, while the remaining two were predicted to create premature stop codons. In silico and structure analyses showed that these genetic lesions were predicted to affect the function or stability of the enzyme. CONCLUSION We reported five cases of CPS1D. Five novel mutations of CPS1 gene were found. Mutations of CPS1 have private nature, and most of them are missense compound heterozygous. The mutation affecting residue predicted to interfere the catalytic sites, the internal tunnel, or the regulatory domain results in severe phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Fan
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Jing Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Lingling Xie
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Jiannan Ma
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Min Cheng
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
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11
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Soria LR, Nitzahn M, Angelis AD, Khoja S, Attanasio S, Annunziata P, Palmer DJ, Ng P, Lipshutz GS, Brunetti-Pierri N. Hepatic glutamine synthetase augmentation enhances ammonia detoxification. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:1128-1135. [PMID: 30724386 PMCID: PMC6684872 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The urea cycle and glutamine synthetase (GS) are the two main pathways for waste nitrogen removal and their deficiency results in hyperammonemia. Here, we investigated the efficacy of liver-specific GS overexpression for therapy of hyperammonemia. To achieve hepatic GS overexpression, we generated a helper-dependent adenoviral (HDAd) vector expressing the murine GS under the control of a liver-specific expression cassette (HDAd-GS). Compared to mice injected with a control vector expressing an unrelated reporter gene (HDAd-alpha-fetoprotein), wild-type mice with increased hepatic GS showed reduced blood ammonia levels and a concomitant increase of blood glutamine after intraperitoneal injections of ammonium chloride, whereas blood urea was unaffected. Moreover, injection of HDAd-GS reduced blood ammonia levels at baseline and protected against acute hyperammonemia following ammonia challenge in a mouse model with conditional hepatic deficiency of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (Cps1), the initial and rate-limiting step of ureagenesis. In summary, we found that upregulation of hepatic GS reduced hyperammonemia in wild-type and Cps1-deficient mice, thus confirming a key role of GS in ammonia detoxification. These results suggest that hepatic GS augmentation therapy has potential for treatment of both primary and secondary forms of hyperammonemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Nitzahn
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
| | | | - Suhail Khoja
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
| | | | | | - Donna J. Palmer
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Philip Ng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Gerald S. Lipshutz
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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12
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Khoja S, Nitzahn M, Truong B, Lambert J, Willis B, Allegri G, Rüfenacht V, Häberle J, Lipshutz GS. A constitutive knockout of murine carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 results in death with marked hyperglutaminemia and hyperammonemia. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:1044-1053. [PMID: 30835861 PMCID: PMC6728231 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1; EC 6.3.4.16) forms carbamoyl phosphate from bicarbonate, ammonia, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and is activated allosterically by N-acetylglutamate. The neonatal presentation of bi-allelic mutations of CPS1 results in hyperammonemia with reduced citrulline and is reported as the most challenging nitrogen metabolism disorder to treat. As therapeutic interventions are limited, patients often develop neurological injury or die from hyperammonemia. Survivors remain vulnerable to nitrogen overload, being at risk for repetitive neurological injury. With transgenic technology, our lab developed a constitutive Cps1 mutant mouse and reports its characterization herein. Within 24 hours of birth, all Cps1 -/- mice developed hyperammonemia and expired. No CPS1 protein by Western blot or immunostaining was detected in livers nor was Cps1 mRNA present. CPS1 enzymatic activity was markedly decreased in knockout livers and reduced in Cps1+/- mice. Plasma analysis found markedly reduced citrulline and arginine and markedly increased glutamine and alanine, both intermolecular carriers of nitrogen, along with elevated ammonia, taurine, and lysine. Derangements in multiple other amino acids were also detected. While hepatic amino acids also demonstrated markedly reduced citrulline, arginine, while decreased, was not statistically significant; alanine and lysine were markedly increased while glutamine was trending towards significance. In conclusion we have determined that this constitutive neonatal mouse model of CPS1 deficiency replicates the neonatal human phenotype and demonstrates the key biochemical features of the disorder. These mice will be integral for addressing the challenges of developing new therapeutic approaches for this, at present, poorly treated disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhail Khoja
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Matthew Nitzahn
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Brian Truong
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jenna Lambert
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Brandon Willis
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Gabriella Allegri
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Rüfenacht
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Häberle
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerald S Lipshutz
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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13
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Srinivasan RC, Zabulica M, Hammarstedt C, Wu T, Gramignoli R, Kannisto K, Ellis E, Karadagi A, Fingerhut R, Allegri G, Rüfenacht V, Thöny B, Häberle J, Nuoffer JM, Strom SC. A liver-humanized mouse model of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1-deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:1054-1063. [PMID: 30843237 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A liver-humanized mouse model for CPS1-deficiency was generated by the high-level repopulation of the mouse liver with CPS1-deficient human hepatocytes. When compared with mice that are highly repopulated with CPS1-proficient human hepatocytes, mice that are repopulated with CPS1-deficient human hepatocytes exhibited characteristic symptoms of human CPS1 deficiency including an 80% reduction in CPS1 metabolic activity, delayed clearance of an ammonium chloride infusion, elevated glutamine and glutamate levels, and impaired metabolism of [15 N]ammonium chloride into urea, with no other obvious phenotypic differences. Because most metabolic liver diseases result from mutations that alter critical pathways in hepatocytes, a model that incorporates actual disease-affected, mutant human hepatocytes is useful for the investigation of the molecular, biochemical, and phenotypic differences induced by that mutation. The model is also expected to be useful for investigations of modified RNA, gene, and cellular and small molecule therapies for CPS1-deficiency. Liver-humanized models for this and other monogenic liver diseases afford the ability to assess the therapy on actual disease-affected human hepatocytes, in vivo, for long periods of time and will provide data that are highly relevant for investigations of the safety and efficacy of gene-editing technologies directed to human hepatocytes and the translation of gene-editing technology to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuraman C Srinivasan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mihaela Zabulica
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Hammarstedt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Kannisto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewa Ellis
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ahmad Karadagi
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ralph Fingerhut
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Centre (CRC), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Newborn Screening Laboratory, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Allegri
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Centre (CRC), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Rüfenacht
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Centre (CRC), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Thöny
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Centre (CRC), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Newborn Screening Laboratory, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Häberle
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Centre (CRC), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP) and, Neuroscience Centre Zurich (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Nuoffer
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephen C Strom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Khoja S, Nitzahn M, Hermann K, Truong B, Borzone R, Willis B, Rudd M, Palmer DJ, Ng P, Brunetti-Pierri N, Lipshutz GS. Conditional disruption of hepatic carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 in mice results in hyperammonemia without orotic aciduria and can be corrected by liver-directed gene therapy. Mol Genet Metab 2018; 124:243-253. [PMID: 29801986 PMCID: PMC6076338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) is a urea cycle enzyme that forms carbamoyl phosphate from bicarbonate, ammonia and ATP. Bi-allelic mutations of the CPS1 gene result in a urea cycle disorder presenting with hyperammonemia, often with reduced citrulline, and without orotic aciduria. CPS1 deficiency is particularly challenging to treat and lack of early recognition typically results in early neonatal death. Therapeutic interventions have limited efficacy and most patients develop long-term neurologic sequelae. Using transgenic techniques, we generated a conditional Cps1 knockout mouse. By loxP/Cre recombinase technology, deletion of the Cps1 locus was achieved in adult transgenic animals using a Cre recombinase-expressing adeno-associated viral vector. Within four weeks from vector injection, all animals developed hyperammonemia without orotic aciduria and died. Minimal CPS1 protein was detectable in livers. To investigate the efficacy of gene therapy for CPS deficiency following knock-down of hepatic endogenous CPS1 expression, we injected these mice with a helper-dependent adenoviral vector (HDAd) expressing the large murine CPS1 cDNA under control of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase promoter. Liver-directed HDAd-mediated gene therapy resulted in survival, normalization of plasma ammonia and glutamine, and 13% of normal Cps1 expression. A gender difference in survival suggests that female mice may require higher hepatic CPS1 expression. We conclude that this conditional murine model recapitulates the clinical and biochemical phenotype detected in human patients with CPS1 deficiency and will be useful to investigate ammonia-mediated neurotoxicity and for the development of cell- and gene-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhail Khoja
- Departments of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Matt Nitzahn
- Departments of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Kip Hermann
- Departments of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Brian Truong
- Departments of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | | | - Brandon Willis
- Mouse Biology Program (MBP), University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Mitchell Rudd
- Departments of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Donna J Palmer
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Philip Ng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerald S Lipshutz
- Departments of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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15
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Wang Y, Chang L, Zhai J, Wu Q, Wang D, Wang Y. Generation of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 reporter cell lines for the assessment of ammonia metabolism. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:3214-3223. [PMID: 28557353 PMCID: PMC5706564 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Both primary hepatocytes and stem cells-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) are major sources for bioartificial liver (BAL). Maintenance of hepatocellular functions and induction of functional maturity of HLCs are critical for BAL's support effect. It remains difficult to assess and improve detoxification functions inherent to hepatocytes, including ammonia clearance. Here, we aim to assess ammonia metabolism and identify ammonia detoxification enhancer by developing an imaging strategy. In hepatoma cell line HepG2, and immortalized hepatic cell line LO2, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) gene, the first enzyme of ammonia-eliminating urea cycle, was labelled with fluorescence protein via CRISPR/Cas9 system. With the reporter-based screening approach, cellular detoxification enhancers were selected among a collection of 182 small molecules. In both CPS1 reporter cell lines, the fluorescence intensity is positively correlated with cellular CPS1 mRNA expression, ammonia elimination and secreted urea, and reflected ammonia detoxification in a dose-dependent manner. Surprisingly, high-level CPS1 reporter clones also reserved many other critical hepatocellular functions, for example albumin secretion and cytochrome 450 metabolic functions. Sodium phenylbutyrate and resveratrol were identified to enhance metabolism-related gene expression and liver-enriched transcription factors C/EBPα, HNF4α. In conclusion, the CPS1-reporter system provides an economic and effective platform for assessment of cellular metabolic function and high-throughput identification of chemical compounds that improve detoxification activities in hepatic lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering LabBeijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Le Chang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering LabBeijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Jiahui Zhai
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering LabBeijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Qiao Wu
- Capital Medical University Youan hospitalBeijingChina
| | - Donggen Wang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering LabBeijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering LabBeijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineBeijingChina
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16
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Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different starch types on liver nutrient metabolism of finishing pigs. In all ninety barrows were randomly allocated to three diets with five replicates of six pigs, containing purified waxy maize starch (WMS), non-waxy maize starch (NMS) and pea starch (PS) (the amylose to amylopectin ratios were 0·07, 0·19 and 0·28, respectively). After 28 d of treatments, two per pen (close to the average body weight of the pen) were weighed individually, slaughtered and liver samples were collected. Compared with the WMS diet, the PS diet decreased the activities of glycogen phosphorylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 in liver (P0·05). Compared with the WMS diet, the PS diet reduced the expressions of glutamate dehydrogenase and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 in liver (P<0·05). PS diet decreased the expression of the insulin receptor, and increased the expressions of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 and ribosomal protein S6 kinase β-1 in liver compared with the WMS diet (P<0·05). These findings indicated that the diet with higher amylose content could down-regulate gluconeogenesis, and cause less fat deposition and more protein deposition by affecting the insulin/PI3K/protein kinase B signalling pathway in liver of finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control,College of Animal Science and Technology,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control,College of Animal Science and Technology,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaolong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control,College of Animal Science and Technology,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control,College of Animal Science and Technology,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control,College of Animal Science and Technology,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control,College of Animal Science and Technology,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,People's Republic of China
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17
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Abstract
RATIONALE The carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency (CPS1D) was rare and hard to diagnose due to its atypical symptoms. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was typically unavailable in other reports because most patients died before diagnosis was confirmed. Furthermore, it was found a new mutation that had not been described previously. PATIENT CONCERNS This is a case of neonatal-onset CPS1D with nonspecific clinical manifestations and deteriorating rapidly. Poor feeding, low activity, and tachypnoea were observed, with rapid progression on day 2 after birth. Severe systematic infection was considered first. However, blood culture and cerebrospinal fluid examination were negative. Symptoms were relief temporarily. Then seizure and tachypnoea reappeared as intravenous amino acids were provided. Further examination indicated severe hyperammonemia (serum ammonia level >500mmol/L). Brain MRI showed diffused white matter lesions. DIAGNOSES Genetic analysis revealed 2 heterozygous mutations in the CPS1 gene: c.2407C>G (p.803, R>G) in exon 20 and C.323G>A (p.108, G>E) in exon 4. The diagnosis of CSP1D was confirmed. INTERVENTIONS Fasting, the withdrawal of amino acids and plans to treat hyperammonemia were immediately implemented. OUTCOMES The parents decided to discontinue medical care. LESSONS Many CPS1D patients died before the diagnoses are confirmed due to its sudden onset, rapid deterioration, atypical symptoms, and low morbidity. Once hyperammonemia is confirmed, blood and urea amino acid analysis in combination with genetic examinations should be performed as early as possible, this approach would help establish diagnoses at an early stage and thus contribute to reducing mortality and improving prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynaecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynaecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haihong Lei
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynaecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynaecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynaecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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18
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Shi D, Zhao G, Ah Mew N, Tuchman M. Precision medicine in rare disease: Mechanisms of disparate effects of N-carbamyl-l-glutamate on mutant CPS1 enzymes. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 120:198-206. [PMID: 28007335 PMCID: PMC5346444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study documents the disparate therapeutic effect of N-carbamyl-l-glutamate (NCG) in the activation of two different disease-causing mutants of carbamyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1). We investigated the effects of NCG on purified recombinant wild-type (WT) mouse CPS1 and its human corresponding E1034G (increased ureagenesis on NCG) and M792I (decreased ureagenesis on NCG) mutants. NCG activates WT CPS1 sub-optimally compared to NAG. Similar to NAG, NCG, in combination with MgATP, stabilizes the enzyme, but competes with NAG binding to the enzyme. NCG supplementation activates available E1034G mutant CPS1 molecules not bound to NAG enhancing ureagenesis. Conversely, NCG competes with NAG binding to the scarce M792I mutant enzyme further decreasing residual ureagenesis. These results correlate with the respective patient's response to NCG. Particular caution should be taken in the administration of NCG to patients with hyperammonemia before their molecular bases of their urea cycle disorders is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashuang Shi
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Integrative Systems Biology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Gengxiang Zhao
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Integrative Systems Biology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Nicholas Ah Mew
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Integrative Systems Biology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Mendel Tuchman
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Integrative Systems Biology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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19
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Dercksen M, Duran M, IJlst L, Kulik W, Ruiter JPN, van Cruchten A, Tuchman M, Wanders RJA. A novel UPLC-MS/MS based method to determine the activity of N-acetylglutamate synthase in liver tissue. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 119:307-310. [PMID: 27771289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS) plays a key role in the removal of ammonia via the urea cycle by catalyzing the synthesis of N-acetylglutamate (NAG), the obligatory cofactor in the carbamyl phosphate synthetase 1 reaction. Enzymatic analysis of NAGS in liver homogenates has remained insensitive and inaccurate, which prompted the development of a novel method. METHODS UPLC-MS/MS was used in conjunction with stable isotope (N-acetylglutamic-2,3,3,4,4-d5 acid) dilution for the quantitative detection of NAG produced by the NAGS enzyme. The assay conditions were optimized using purified human NAGS and the optimized enzyme conditions were used to measure the activity in mouse liver homogenates. RESULTS A low signal-to-noise ratio in liver tissue samples was observed due to non-enzymatic formation of N-acetylglutamate and low specific activity, which interfered with quantitative analysis. Quenching of acetyl-CoA immediately after the incubation circumvented this analytical difficulty and allowed accurate and sensitive determination of mammalian NAGS activity. The specificity of the assay was validated by demonstrating a complete deficiency of NAGS in liver homogenates from Nags -/- mice. CONCLUSION The novel NAGS enzyme assay reported herein can be used for the diagnosis of inherited NAGS deficiency and may also be of value in the study of secondary hyperammonemia present in various inborn errors of metabolism as well as drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marli Dercksen
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Human Metabonomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa.
| | - Marinus Duran
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk IJlst
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Kulik
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos P N Ruiter
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arno van Cruchten
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mendel Tuchman
- Children's National Medical Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Matone A, Scott-Boyer MP, Carayol J, Fazelzadeh P, Lefebvre G, Valsesia A, Charon C, Vervoort J, Astrup A, Saris WHM, Morine M, Hager J. Network Analysis of Metabolite GWAS Hits: Implication of CPS1 and the Urea Cycle in Weight Maintenance. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150495. [PMID: 26938218 PMCID: PMC4777532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Scope Weight loss success is dependent on the ability to refrain from regaining the lost weight in time. This feature was shown to be largely variable among individuals, and these differences, with their underlying molecular processes, are diverse and not completely elucidated. Altered plasma metabolites concentration could partly explain weight loss maintenance mechanisms. In the present work, a systems biology approach has been applied to investigate the potential mechanisms involved in weight loss maintenance within the Diogenes weight-loss intervention study. Methods and Results A genome wide association study identified SNPs associated with plasma glycine levels within the CPS1 (Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase 1) gene (rs10206976, p-value = 4.709e-11 and rs12613336, p-value = 1.368e-08). Furthermore, gene expression in the adipose tissue showed that CPS1 expression levels were associated with successful weight maintenance and with several SNPs within CPS1 (cis-eQTL). In order to contextualize these results, a gene-metabolite interaction network of CPS1 and glycine has been built and analyzed, showing functional enrichment in genes involved in lipid metabolism and one carbon pool by folate pathways. Conclusions CPS1 is the rate-limiting enzyme for the urea cycle, catalyzing carbamoyl phosphate from ammonia and bicarbonate in the mitochondria. Glycine and CPS1 are connected through the one-carbon pool by the folate pathway and the urea cycle. Furthermore, glycine could be linked to metabolic health and insulin sensitivity through the betaine osmolyte. These considerations, and the results from the present study, highlight a possible role of CPS1 and related pathways in weight loss maintenance, suggesting that it might be partly genetically determined in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Matone
- The Microsoft Research—University of Trento Centre for Computational Systems Biology (COSBI), Rovereto, Italy
| | - Marie-Pier Scott-Boyer
- The Microsoft Research—University of Trento Centre for Computational Systems Biology (COSBI), Rovereto, Italy
| | - Jerome Carayol
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Parastoo Fazelzadeh
- Nutrition, Metabolism & Genomics group, University of Wageningen, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Armand Valsesia
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Celine Charon
- CEA-Genomics Institute- National Genotyping Center, Evry, France
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Nutrition, Metabolism & Genomics group, University of Wageningen, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wim H. M. Saris
- Dept of Human Biology Medical and Health Science Faculty, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Melissa Morine
- The Microsoft Research—University of Trento Centre for Computational Systems Biology (COSBI), Rovereto, Italy
| | - Jörg Hager
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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21
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Chikada H, Ito K, Yanagida A, Nakauchi H, Kamiya A. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, Mist1, induces maturation of mouse fetal hepatoblasts. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14989. [PMID: 26456005 PMCID: PMC4601036 DOI: 10.1038/srep14989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stem/progenitor cells, hepatoblasts, have a high proliferative ability and can differentiate into mature hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Therefore, these cells are considered to be useful for regenerative medicine and drug screening for liver diseases. However, it is problem that in vitro maturation of hepatoblasts is insufficient in the present culture system. In this study, a novel regulator to induce hepatic differentiation was identified and the molecular function of this factor was examined in embryonic day 13 hepatoblast culture with maturation factor, oncostatin M and extracellular matrices. Overexpression of the basic helix-loop-helix type transcription factor, Mist1, induced expression of mature hepatocytic markers such as carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase1 and several cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes in this culture system. In contrast, Mist1 suppressed expression of cholangiocytic markers such as Sox9, Sox17, Ck19, and Grhl2. CYP3A metabolic activity was significantly induced by Mist1 in this hepatoblast culture. In addition, Mist1 induced liver-enriched transcription factors, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α and Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α, which are known to be involved in liver functions. These results suggest that Mist1 partially induces mature hepatocytic expression and function accompanied by the down-regulation of cholangiocytic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Chikada
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ito
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-4 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yanagida
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-4 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-4 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305-5461, USA
| | - Akihide Kamiya
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
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22
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Laemmle A, Hahn D, Hu L, Rüfenacht V, Gautschi M, Leibundgut K, Nuoffer JM, Häberle J. Fatal hyperammonemia and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) deficiency following high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 114:438-44. [PMID: 25639153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fatal hyperammonemia secondary to chemotherapy for hematological malignancies or following bone marrow transplantation has been described in few patients so far. In these, the pathogenesis of hyperammonemia remained unclear and was suggested to be multifactorial. We observed severe hyperammonemia (maximum 475 μmol/L) in a 2-year-old male patient, who underwent high-dose chemotherapy with carboplatin, etoposide and melphalan, and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for a neuroblastoma stage IV. Despite intensive care treatment, hyperammonemia persisted and the patient died due to cerebral edema. The biochemical profile with elevations of ammonia and glutamine (maximum 1757 μmol/L) suggested urea cycle dysfunction. In liver homogenates, enzymatic activity and protein expression of the urea cycle enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) were virtually absent. However, no mutation was found in CPS1 cDNA from liver and CPS1 mRNA expression was only slightly decreased. We therefore hypothesized that the acute onset of hyperammonemia was due to an acquired, chemotherapy-induced (posttranscriptional) CPS1 deficiency. This was further supported by in vitro experiments in HepG2 cells treated with carboplatin and etoposide showing a dose-dependent decrease in CPS1 protein expression. Due to severe hyperlactatemia, we analysed oxidative phosphorylation complexes in liver tissue and found reduced activities of complexes I and V, which suggested a more general mitochondrial dysfunction. This study adds to the understanding of chemotherapy-induced hyperammonemia as drug-induced CPS1 deficiency is suggested. Moreover, we highlight the need for urgent diagnostic and therapeutic strategies addressing a possible secondary urea cycle failure in future patients with hyperammonemia during chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Laemmle
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center (CRC), University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Dagmar Hahn
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Liyan Hu
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center (CRC), University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Véronique Rüfenacht
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center (CRC), University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Gautschi
- Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland; University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Kurt Leibundgut
- Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Marc Nuoffer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland; University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Johannes Häberle
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center (CRC), University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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Hu L, Diez-Fernandez C, Rüfenacht V, Hismi BÖ, Ünal Ö, Soyucen E, Çoker M, Bayraktar BT, Gunduz M, Kiykim E, Olgac A, Pérez-Tur J, Rubio V, Häberle J. Recurrence of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) deficiency in Turkish patients: characterization of a founder mutation by use of recombinant CPS1 from insect cells expression. Mol Genet Metab 2014; 113:267-73. [PMID: 25410056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) deficiency due to CPS1 mutations is a rare autosomal-recessive urea cycle disorder causing hyperammonemia that can lead to death or severe neurological impairment. CPS1 catalyzes carbamoyl phosphate formation from ammonia, bicarbonate and two molecules of ATP, and requires the allosteric activator N-acetyl-L-glutamate. Clinical mutations occur in the entire CPS1 coding region, but mainly in single families, with little recurrence. We characterized here the only currently known recurrent CPS1 mutation, p.Val1013del, found in eleven unrelated patients of Turkish descent using recombinant His-tagged wild type or mutant CPS1 expressed in baculovirus/insect cell system. The global CPS1 reaction and the ATPase and ATP synthesis partial reactions that reflect, respectively, the bicarbonate and the carbamate phosphorylation steps, were assayed. We found that CPS1 wild type and V1013del mutant showed comparable expression levels and purity but the mutant CPS1 exhibited no significant residual activities. In the CPS1 structural model, V1013 belongs to a highly hydrophobic β-strand at the middle of the central β-sheet of the A subdomain of the carbamate phosphorylation domain and is close to the predicted carbamate tunnel that links both phosphorylation sites. Haplotype studies suggested that p.Val1013del is a founder mutation. In conclusion, the mutation p.V1013del inactivates CPS1 but does not render the enzyme grossly unstable or insoluble. Recurrence of this particular mutation in Turkish patients is likely due to a founder effect, which is consistent with the frequent consanguinity observed in the affected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Hu
- Division of Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Diez-Fernandez
- Division of Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Véronique Rüfenacht
- Division of Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Burcu Öztürk Hismi
- Department of Pediatric Metabolic Diseases, Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Gaziantep Children's Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Özlem Ünal
- Department of Pediatric Metabolic Diseases, Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Erdogan Soyucen
- Department of Pediatric Metabolic Disease, Medical School, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Çoker
- Department of Pediatric Metabolic Disease, Medical School, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bilge Tanyeri Bayraktar
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gunduz
- Ankara Cocuk Sagligi ve Hastaliklari, Cocuk Beslenme & Metabolizma Unitesi, Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Kiykim
- Department of Pediatric Metabolic Diseases, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asburce Olgac
- Division of Metabolism and Nutrition, Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jordi Pérez-Tur
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red para Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED-ISCIII), Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Rubio
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain; Group 739, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red para Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), Valencia, Spain
| | - Johannes Häberle
- Division of Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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24
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Díez-Fernández C, Hu L, Cervera J, Häberle J, Rubio V. Understanding carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS1) deficiency by using the recombinantly purified human enzyme: effects of CPS1 mutations that concentrate in a central domain of unknown function. Mol Genet Metab 2014; 112:123-32. [PMID: 24813853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 deficiency (CPS1D) is an inborn error of the urea cycle that is due to mutations in the CPS1 gene. In the first large repertory of mutations found in CPS1D, a small CPS1 domain of unknown function (called the UFSD) was found to host missense changes with high frequency, despite the fact that this domain does not host substrate-binding or catalytic machinery. We investigate here by in vitro expression studies using baculovirus/insect cells the reasons for the prominence of the UFSD in CPS1D, as well as the disease-causing roles and pathogenic mechanisms of the mutations affecting this domain. All but three of the 18 missense changes found thus far mapping in this domain in CPS1D patients drastically decreased the yield of pure CPS1, mainly because of decreased enzyme solubility, strongly suggesting misfolding as a major determinant of the mutations negative effects. In addition, the majority of the mutations also decreased from modestly to very drastically the specific activity of the fraction of the enzyme that remained soluble and that could be purified, apparently because they decreased V(max). Substantial although not dramatic increases in K(m) values for the substrates or for N-acetyl-L-glutamate were observed for only five mutations. Similarly, important thermal stability decreases were observed for three mutations. The results indicate a disease-causing role for all the mutations, due in most cases to the combined effects of the low enzyme level and the decreased activity. Our data strongly support the value of the present expression system for ascertaining the disease-causing potential of CPS1 mutations, provided that the CPS1 yield is monitored. The observed effects of the mutations have been rationalized on the basis of an existing structural model of CPS1. This model shows that the UFSD, which is in the middle of the 1462-residue multidomain CPS1 protein, plays a key integrating role for creating the CPS1 multidomain architecture leading us to propose here a denomination of "Integrating Domain" for this CPS1 region. The majority of these 18 mutations distort the interaction of this domain with other CPS1 domains, in many cases by causing improper folding of structural elements of the Integrating Domain that play key roles in these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liyan Hu
- University Children's Hospital, Zurich and Children's Research Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Javier Cervera
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia of the CSIC, Valencia, Spain; Group 739 of the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Johannes Häberle
- University Children's Hospital, Zurich and Children's Research Center, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Vicente Rubio
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia of the CSIC, Valencia, Spain; Group 739 of the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
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25
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Brückner K, Božić D, Manzano D, Papaefthimiou D, Pateraki I, Scheler U, Ferrer A, de Vos RCH, Kanellis AK, Tissier A. Characterization of two genes for the biosynthesis of abietane-type diterpenes in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) glandular trichomes. Phytochemistry 2014; 101:52-64. [PMID: 24569175 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) produces the phenolic diterpenes carnosic acid and carnosol, which, in addition to their general antioxidant activities, have recently been suggested as potential ingredients for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Little is known about the biosynthesis of these diterpenes. Here we show that the biosynthesis of phenolic diterpenes in rosemary predominantly takes place in the glandular trichomes of young leaves, and used this feature to identify the first committed steps. Thus, a copalyl diphosphate synthase (RoCPS1) and two kaurene synthase-like (RoKSL1 and RoKSL2) encoding genes were identified and characterized. Expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and Nicotiana benthamiana demonstrate that RoCPS1 converts geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) to copalyl diphosphate (CDP) of normal stereochemistry and that both RoKSL1 and RoKSL2 use normal CDP to produce an abietane diterpene. Comparison to the already characterized diterpene synthase from Salvia miltiorrhiza (SmKSL) demonstrates that the product of RoKSL1 and RoKSL2 is miltiradiene. Expression analysis supports a major contributing role for RoKSL2. Like SmKSL and the sclareol synthase from Salvia sclarea, RoKSL1/2 are diterpene synthases of the TPS-e group which have lost the internal gamma-domain. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis indicates that RoKSL1 and RoKSL2 belong to a distinct group of KSL enzymes involved in specialized metabolism which most likely emerged before the dicot-monocot split.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Brückner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle-Saale, Germany
| | - Dragana Božić
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - David Manzano
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dimitra Papaefthimiou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Irini Pateraki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ulschan Scheler
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle-Saale, Germany
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ric C H de Vos
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands; Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Angelos K Kanellis
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alain Tissier
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle-Saale, Germany.
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26
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Wang XL, Chen C. [Advances in studies on etiology and risk factors of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2013; 51:340-344. [PMID: 23941839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
MESH Headings
- Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia)/genetics
- Enteral Nutrition/adverse effects
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/epidemiology
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/etiology
- Humans
- Infant, Low Birth Weight
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/epidemiology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/etiology
- Multivariate Analysis
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Premature Birth
- Risk Factors
- Transfusion Reaction
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Popa E, Perera N, Kibédi-Szabó CZ, Guy-Evans H, Evans DR, Purcarea C. The smallest active carbamoyl phosphate synthetase was identified in the human gut archaeon Methanobrevibacter smithii. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 22:287-99. [PMID: 23107800 PMCID: PMC6158779 DOI: 10.1159/000342520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of the major intestinal archaeon Methanobrevibacter smithii contains a complex gene system coding for carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPSase) composed of both full-length and reduced-size synthetase subunits. These ammonia-metabolizing enzymes could play a key role in controlling ammonia assimilation in M. smithii, affecting the metabolism of gut bacterial microbiota, with an impact on host obesity. In this study, we isolated and characterized the small (41 kDa) CPSase homolog from M. smithii. The gene was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant enzyme was purified in one step. Chemical cross-linking and size exclusion chromatography indicated a homodimeric/tetrameric structure, in accordance with a dimer-based CPSase activity and reaction mechanism. This small enzyme, MS-s, synthesized carbamoyl phosphate from ATP, bicarbonate, and ammonia and catalyzed the same ATP-dependent partial reactions observed for full-length CPSases. Steady-state kinetics revealed a high apparent affinity for ATP and ammonia. Sequence comparisons, molecular modeling, and kinetic studies suggest that this enzyme corresponds to one of the two synthetase domains of the full-length CPSase that catalyze the ATP-dependent phosphorylations involved in the three-step synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate. This protein represents the smallest naturally occurring active CPSase characterized thus far. The small M. smithii CPSase appears to be specialized for carbamoyl phosphate metabolism in methanogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Popa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest, Romanian Academy, Bucharest 060031, Romania
| | - Nirosha Perera
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA
| | - Csaba Z. Kibédi-Szabó
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest, Romanian Academy, Bucharest 060031, Romania
| | - Hedeel Guy-Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA
| | - David R. Evans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Cristina Purcarea
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest, Romanian Academy, Bucharest 060031, Romania
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Kretz R, Hu L, Wettstein V, Leiteritz D, Häberle J. Phytohemagglutinin stimulation of lymphocytes improves mutation analysis of carbamoylphosphate synthetase 1. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 106:375-8. [PMID: 22575620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbamoylphosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) is the first enzyme of the urea cycle. CPS1 deficiency is a rare autosomal-recessively inherited disorder that can lead to life-threatening hyperammonemia. Since there is no reliable biochemical marker for this disease, diagnosis relies on molecular means which is often done by RNA-based mutation analysis. Skin fibroblasts have been frequently used as a source of RNA while peripheral blood cells do not yield sufficient amounts of specific RNA. To avoid the costly and laborious use of cultured fibroblasts, we tried to use stimulated lymphocytes as an alternative. This was effectively achieved by short-term culture of full heparin blood in the presence of phytohemagglutinin. Hereby, subsequent reverse transcriptase-PCR of the CPS1 transcript became feasible and allowed to detect 16 different mutations (10 missense, 3 deletions, 2 nonsense, 1 duplication; 7 novel mutations) in 14 consecutive patients with CPS1 deficiency. When compared to retrospective data on cultured fibroblasts, the adapted method allowed substantial shortening of the median time to diagnosis (24 days versus 122 days, respectively). Besides disease causing mutations, we detected CPS1 transcript variants including one cryptic exon in RNA from lymphocytes with higher frequency than in RNA from fibroblasts. This underlines that all mutations found in RNA need to be confirmed by DNA sequencing. In conclusion, the presented approach improves the diagnostics of CPS1 deficiency. Besides the shortened time to diagnosis, the method is of particular importance for confirmation of findings of next generation sequencing and gene chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Kretz
- University Children's Hospital Zurich, Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, Zurich, Switzerland
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Heibel SK, Lopez GY, Panglao M, Sodha S, Mariño-Ramírez L, Tuchman M, Caldovic L. Transcriptional regulation of N-acetylglutamate synthase. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29527. [PMID: 22383952 PMCID: PMC3287996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The urea cycle converts toxic ammonia to urea within the liver of mammals. At least 6 enzymes are required for ureagenesis, which correlates with dietary protein intake. The transcription of urea cycle genes is, at least in part, regulated by glucocorticoid and glucagon hormone signaling pathways. N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS) produces a unique cofactor, N-acetylglutamate (NAG), that is essential for the catalytic function of the first and rate-limiting enzyme of ureagenesis, carbamyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1). However, despite the important role of NAGS in ammonia removal, little is known about the mechanisms of its regulation. We identified two regions of high conservation upstream of the translation start of the NAGS gene. Reporter assays confirmed that these regions represent promoter and enhancer and that the enhancer is tissue specific. Within the promoter, we identified multiple transcription start sites that differed between liver and small intestine. Several transcription factor binding motifs were conserved within the promoter and enhancer regions while a TATA-box motif was absent. DNA-protein pull-down assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed binding of Sp1 and CREB, but not C/EBP in the promoter and HNF-1 and NF-Y, but not SMAD3 or AP-2 in the enhancer. The functional importance of these motifs was demonstrated by decreased transcription of reporter constructs following mutagenesis of each motif. The presented data strongly suggest that Sp1, CREB, HNF-1, and NF-Y, that are known to be responsive to hormones and diet, regulate NAGS transcription. This provides molecular mechanism of regulation of ureagenesis in response to hormonal and dietary changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kirsch Heibel
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D. C., United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Giselle Yvette Lopez
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maria Panglao
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D. C., United States of America
| | - Sonal Sodha
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leonardo Mariño-Ramírez
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mendel Tuchman
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D. C., United States of America
| | - Ljubica Caldovic
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D. C., United States of America
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Carew ME, Marshall SE, Hoffmann AA. A combination of molecular and morphological approaches resolves species in the taxonomically difficult genus Procladius Skuse (Diptera: Chironomidae) despite high intra-specific morphological variation. Bull Entomol Res 2011; 101:505-519. [PMID: 21388576 DOI: 10.1017/s000748531100006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Molecular approaches for identifying aquatic macroinvertebrate species are increasingly being used but there is ongoing debate about the number of DNA markers needed to differentiate species accurately. Here, we use two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome oxidase I, cytochrome b) and a nuclear gene (carbamoylphosphate synthetase) to differentiate species variation within the taxonomically challenging chironomid genus Procladius from southern Australia, a genus which is important for pollution monitoring. The mitochondrial genes indicated cryptic species that were subsequently linked to morphological variation at the larval and pupal stage. Two species previously described based on morphological criteria were linked to molecular markers, and there was evidence for additional cryptic species. Each genetic marker provided different information, highlighting the importance of considering multiple genes when dissecting taxonomically difficult groups, particularly those used in pollution monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Carew
- Victorian Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management, Department of Zoology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
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Liu H, Dong H, Robertson K, Liu C. DNA methylation suppresses expression of the urea cycle enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Pathol 2011; 178:652-61. [PMID: 21281797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) is a liver-specific, intramitochondrial, rate-limiting enzyme in the urea cycle. A previous study showed that CPS1 is the antigen for hepatocyte paraffin 1 antibody, a commonly used antibody in surgical pathology practice; and CPS1 expression appears to be down-regulated in liver cancer tissue and cell lines. The aim of this study is to understand how the CPS1 gene is regulated in liver carcinogenesis. In this report, we show that human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells do not express CPS1, whereas cultured human primary hepatocytes express abundant levels. In addition, CPS1 was silenced or down-regulated in liver tumor tissues compared with the matched noncancerous tissues. The expression of CPS1 in HCC cells was restored with a demethylation agent, 5-azacytidine. We show that two CpG dinucleotides, located near the transcription start site, and a CpG-rich region in the first intron were hypermethylated in HCC cells. The hypermethylation of the two CpG dinucleotides was also detected in HCC tumor tissues compared with noncancerous tissues. Further molecular analysis with mutagenesis indicated that the two CpG dinucleotides play a role in promoter activity of the CPS1 gene. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that DNA methylation is a key mechanism of silencing CPS1 expression in human HCC cells, and CPS1 gene hypermethylation of the two CpG dinucleotides is a potential biomarker for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Wang J, Shchelochkov OA, Zhan H, Li F, Chen LC, Brundage EK, Pursley AN, Schmitt ES, Häberle J, Wong LJC. Molecular characterization of CPS1 deletions by array CGH. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 102:103-6. [PMID: 20855223 PMCID: PMC4869965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
CPSI deficiency usually results in severe hyperammonemia presenting in the first days of life warranting prompt diagnosis. Most CPS1 defects are non-recurrent, private mutations, including point mutation, small insertions and deletions. In this study, we report the detection of large deletions varying from 1.4 kb to >130 kb in the CPS1 gene of 4 unrelated patients by targeted array CGH. These results underscore the importance of analysis of large deletions when only one mutation or no mutations are identified in cases where CPSI deficiency is strongly indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, NAB 2015, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oleg A. Shchelochkov
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Hongli Zhan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, NAB 2015, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fangyuan Li
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, NAB 2015, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li-Chieh Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, NAB 2015, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Amber N. Pursley
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, NAB 2015, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eric S. Schmitt
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, NAB 2015, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Johannes Häberle
- University Children's Hospital Zurich, Division of Metabolism, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lee-Jun C. Wong
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, NAB 2015, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 713 798 8937. (L.-J.C. Wong)
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33
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Martínez AI, Pérez-Arellano I, Pekkala S, Barcelona B, Cervera J. Genetic, structural and biochemical basis of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 101:311-23. [PMID: 20800523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) plays a paramount role in liver ureagenesis since it catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of the urea cycle, the major pathway for nitrogen disposal in humans. CPS1 deficiency (CPS1D) is an autosomal recessive inborn error which leads to hyperammonemia due to mutations in the CPS1 gene, or is caused secondarily by lack of its allosteric activator NAG. Proteolytic, immunological and structural data indicate that human CPS1 resembles Escherichia coli CPS in structure, and a 3D model of CPS1 has been presented for elucidating the pathogenic role of missense mutations. Recent availability of CPS1 expression systems also can provide valuable tools for structure-function analysis and pathogenicity-testing of mutations in CPS1. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive compilation of clinical CPS1 mutations, and discuss how structural knowledge of CPS enzymes in combination with in vitro analyses can be a useful tool for diagnosis of CPS1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Martínez
- Molecular Recognition Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF) Valencia, Spain
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Moonen RMJ, Reyes I, Cavallaro G, González-Luis G, Bakker JA, Villamor E. The T1405N carbamoyl phosphate synthetase polymorphism does not affect plasma arginine concentrations in preterm infants. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10792. [PMID: 20520828 PMCID: PMC2876028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A C-to-A nucleotide transversion (T1405N) in the gene that encodes carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) has been associated with changes in plasma concentrations of L-arginine in term and near term infants but not in adults. In preterm infants homozygosity for the CPS1 Thr1405 variant (CC genotype) was associated with an increased risk of having necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Plasma L-arginine concentrations are decreased in preterm infants with NEC. Aim To examine the putative association between the CPS1 T1405N polymorphism and plasma arginine concentrations in preterm infants. Methods Prospective multicenter cohort study. Plasma and DNA samples were collected from 128 preterm infants (<30 weeks) between 6 and 12 hours after birth. Plasma amino acid and CPS1 T1405N polymorphism analysis were performed. Results Distribution of genotypes did not differ between the preterm (CC∶CA∶AA = 55.5%∶33.6%∶10.9%, n = 128) and term infants (CC∶CA∶AA = 54.2%∶35.4%∶10.4%, n = 96). There was no association between the CPS1 genotype and plasma L-arginine or L-citrulline concentration, or the ornithine to citrulline ratio, which varies inversely with CPS1 activity. Also the levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine, and symmetric dimethylarginine were not significantly different among the three genotypes. Conclusions The present study in preterm infants did not confirm the earlier reported association between CPS1 genotype and L-arginine levels in term infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob M. J. Moonen
- Department of Pediatrics, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Atrium Medical Centre Parkstad, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Iballa Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Materno-Infantil de Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Giacomo Cavallaro
- Institute of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gema González-Luis
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Materno-Infantil de Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jaap A. Bakker
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eduardo Villamor
- Department of Pediatrics, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Mammalian sirtuins have diverse roles in aging, metabolism and disease. Recently we reported a new function for SIRT5 in urea cycle regulation. Our study uncovered that SIRT5 localized to mitochondria matrix and deacetylates carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1), an enzyme which is the first and rate-limiting step of urea cycle. Deacetylation of CPS1 by SIRT5 resulted in activation of CPS1 enzymatic activity. Indeed, SIRT5-deficient mice failed to up-regulate CPS1 activity and showed hyper ammonemia during fasting. Similar effects are also observed on high protein diet or calorie restriction. These data indicate SIRT5 also has an emerging role in the metabolic adaptation to fasting, high protein diet and calorie restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakagawa
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratory for the Science of Aging and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Khayat M. Novel human pathological mutations. Gene symbol: CPS1. Disease: carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency. Hum Genet 2009; 125:336. [PMID: 19309799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Morad Khayat
- Werstern Galilee Hospital-Naharia, Institute of Human Genetics, Israel.
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Mitchell S, Ellingson C, Coyne T, Hall L, Neill M, Christian N, Higham C, Dobrowolski SF, Tuchman M, Summar M. Genetic variation in the urea cycle: a model resource for investigating key candidate genes for common diseases. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:56-60. [PMID: 18666241 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The urea cycle is the primary means of nitrogen metabolism in humans and other ureotelic organisms. There are five key enzymes in the urea cycle: carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1), ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS1), argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), and arginase 1 (ARG1). Additionally, a sixth enzyme, N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS), is critical for urea cycle function, providing CPS1 with its necessary cofactor. Deficiencies in any of these enzymes result in elevated blood ammonia concentrations, which can have detrimental effects, including central nervous system dysfunction, brain damage, coma, and death. Functional variants, which confer susceptibility for disease or dysfunction, have been described for enzymes within the cycle; however, a comprehensive screen of all the urea cycle enzymes has not been performed. We examined the exons and intron/exon boundaries of the five key urea cycle enzymes, NAGS, and two solute carrier transporter genes (SLC25A13 and SLC25A15) for sequence alterations using single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and high-resolution melt profiling. SSCP was performed on a set of DNA from 47 unrelated North American individuals with a mixture of ethnic backgrounds. High-resolution melt profiling was performed on a nonoverlapping DNA set of either 47 or 100 unrelated individuals with a mixture of backgrounds. We identified 33 unarchived polymorphisms in this screen that potentially play a role in the variation observed in urea cycle function. Screening all the genes in the pathway provides a catalog of variants that can be used in investigating candidate diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Mitchell
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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Deignan JL, Cederbaum SD, Grody WW. Contrasting features of urea cycle disorders in human patients and knockout mouse models. Mol Genet Metab 2008; 93:7-14. [PMID: 17933574 PMCID: PMC2692509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.08.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2007] [Revised: 08/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The urea cycle exists for the removal of excess nitrogen from the body. Six separate enzymes comprise the urea cycle, and a deficiency in any one of them causes a urea cycle disorder (UCD) in humans. Arginase is the only urea cycle enzyme with an alternate isoform, though no known human disorder currently exists due to a deficiency in the second isoform. While all of the UCDs usually present with hyperammonemia in the first few days to months of life, most disorders are distinguished by a characteristic profile of plasma amino acid alterations that can be utilized for diagnosis. While enzyme assay is possible, an analysis of the underlying mutation is preferable for an accurate diagnosis. Mouse models for each of the urea cycle disorders exist (with the exception of NAGS deficiency), and for almost all of them, their clinical and biochemical phenotypes rather closely resemble the phenotypes seen in human patients. Consequently, all of the current mouse models are highly useful for future research into novel pharmacological and dietary treatments and gene therapy protocols for the management of urea cycle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L. Deignan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- The Mental Retardation Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephen D. Cederbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- The Mental Retardation Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Wayne W. Grody
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- The Mental Retardation Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
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Moonen RMJ, Paulussen ADC, Souren NYP, Kessels AGH, Rubio-Gozalbo ME, Villamor E. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase polymorphisms as a risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res 2007; 62:188-90. [PMID: 17597649 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3180a0324e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A C-to-A nucleotide transversion (T1405N) in the gene that encodes carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) has been correlated with low plasma concentrations of L-arginine in neonates. As plasma L-arginine concentrations are decreased in premature infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), we hypothesized that the CPS1 T1405N polymorphism would correlate with the presence of NEC. We analyzed the CPS1 genotypes for the T1405N polymorphism in 17 preterm infants (<or=30 wk and <1500 g) with established NEC, 34 preterm infants without NEC, and 25 healthy term infants. Distribution of genotypes did not differ between the NEC population (CC:AC:AA = 70.6%:23.5%:5.9%) and the preterm control group (CC:AC:AA = 41.2%:35.3%:23.5%; p = 0.110) or the term group (CC:AC:AA = 44%:48%:8%; p = 0.228). The C allele frequency was 82.4% in NEC and 58.8% in preterm control infants (p = 0.018) and analysis for linear trend demonstrated that incidence of NEC increased with the number of C alleles (p = 0.037). The CC genotype was associated with an increased risk of NEC in the preterm infants [odds ratio (OR) = 3.43, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-11.49, p = 0.048), when compared with the grouped together AA/AC genotypes. These data suggest that the CPS1 T1405N polymorphism may be associated with the risk of NEC in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob M J Moonen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Maastricht, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
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40
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Koenig S, Aurich H, Schneider C, Krause P, Haftendorn R, Becker H, Christ B. Zonal expression of hepatocytic marker enzymes during liver repopulation. Histochem Cell Biol 2007; 128:105-14. [PMID: 17576590 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-007-0301-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes are metabolically specialised cells displaying distinctive gene expression patterns within the liver lobule. Here, we investigate whether pre-cultured adult rat hepatocytes adopt periportal and pericentral enzyme expression following their transplantation into the regenerating rat liver. Isolated primary rat hepatocytes, representing a mixture of both periportal and pericentral origin, lost expression of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS I) and cytochrome P450 subtype 2B1 (CYP2B1) in culture as shown by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. Accordingly, urea synthesis and CYP2B1 enzyme activity decreased. Hepatocytes from DPPIV (CD26) wild type rats were cultured for 4 and 7 days, and then transplanted into the livers of CD26 deficient rats following prior treatment with retrorsine and partial hepatectomy to drive selective donor cell proliferation. CD26 positive donor cells engrafted in the periportal regions and grew in clusters expanding into the parenchyma as time proceeded. Ten weeks after transplantation, cells derived from donors surrounding the portal veins expressed CPS I, but not CYP2B1. The reverse was true for CD26 positive cells in close proximity to the central veins displaying immunoreactivity to CYP2B1, but no longer to CPS I. Hepatocytes lose their specific marker enzyme expression in culture. After transplantation, donor hepatocytes proliferate in the host parenchyma whilst acquiring the position-specific enzyme expression of the surrounding periportal and pericentral host hepatocytes. These results indicate the high degree of plasticity of gene expression in hepatocytes subjected to a change in microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Koenig
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37099, Goettingen, Germany.
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41
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Winterton SL, Wiegmann BM, Schlinger EI. Phylogeny and Bayesian divergence time estimations of small-headed flies (Diptera: Acroceridae) using multiple molecular markers. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 43:808-32. [PMID: 17196837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 08/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The first formal analysis of phylogenetic relationships among small-headed flies (Acroceridae) is presented based on DNA sequence data from two ribosomal (16S and 28S) and two protein-encoding genes: carbomoylphosphate synthase (CPS) domain of CAD (i.e., rudimentary locus) and cytochrome oxidase I (COI). DNA sequences from 40 species in 22 genera of Acroceridae (representing all three subfamilies) were compared with outgroup exemplars from Nemestrinidae, Stratiomyidae, Tabanidae, and Xylophagidae. Parsimony and Bayesian simultaneous analyses of the full data set recover a well-resolved and strongly supported hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships for major lineages within the family. Molecular evidence supports the monophyly of traditionally recognised subfamilies Philopotinae and Panopinae, but Acrocerinae are polyphyletic. Panopinae, sometimes considered "primitive" based on morphology and host-use, are always placed in a more derived position in the current study. Furthermore, these data support emerging morphological evidence that the type genus Acrocera Meigen, and its sister genus Sphaerops, are atypical acrocerids, comprising a sister lineage to all other Acroceridae. Based on the phylogeny generated in the simultaneous analysis, historical divergence times were estimated using Bayesian methodology constrained with fossil data. These estimates indicate Acroceridae likely evolved during the late Triassic but did not diversify greatly until the Cretaceous.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia)/genetics
- Diptera/classification
- Diptera/genetics
- Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 28S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 28S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun L Winterton
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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42
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Nielsen SS, Grøfte T, Grønbaek H, Tygstrup N, Vilstrup H. Opposite effects on regulation of urea synthesis by early and late uraemia in rats. Clin Nutr 2007; 26:245-51. [PMID: 17250930 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acute and chronic kidney failure lead to catabolism with loss of lean body mass. Up-regulation of hepatic urea synthesis may play a role for the loss of body nitrogen and for the level of uraemia. The aims were to investigate the effects of early and late experimental renal failure on the regulation of hepatic urea synthesis and the expression of urea cycle enzyme genes in the liver. METHODS We examined the in vivo capacity of urea nitrogen synthesis, mRNA levels of urea cycle enzyme genes, and N-balances 6 days and 21 days after 5/6th partial nephrectomy in rats, and compared these data with pair- and free-fed control animals. RESULTS Compared with pair-fed animals, early uraemia halved the in vivo urea synthesis capacity and decreased urea gene expressions (P<0.05). In contrast, late uraemia up-regulated in vivo urea synthesis and expression of all urea genes (P<0.05), save that of the flux-generating enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. The N-balance in rats with early uraemia was markedly negative (P<0.05) and near zero in late uraemia. CONCLUSIONS Early uraemia down-regulated urea synthesis, so hepatic ureagenesis was not in itself involved in the negative N-balance. In contrast, late uraemia up-regulated urea synthesis, which probably contributed towards the reduced N-balance of this condition. These time-dependent, opposite effects on the uraemia-induced regulation of urea synthesis in vivo were not related to food restriction and probably mostly reflected regulation on gene level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schouw Nielsen
- Department of Medicine V (Hepatology and Gastroenterology), Aarhus University Hospital, 44 Noerrebrogade, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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43
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Eeds AM, Mortlock D, Wade-Martins R, Summar ML. Assessing the functional characteristics of synonymous and nonsynonymous mutation candidates by use of large DNA constructs. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80:740-50. [PMID: 17357079 PMCID: PMC1852709 DOI: 10.1086/513287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As we identify more and more genetic changes, either through mutation studies or population screens, we need powerful tools to study their potential molecular effects. With these tools, we can begin to understand the contributions of genetic variations to the wide range of human phenotypes. We used our catalogue of molecular changes in patients with carbamyl phosphate synthetase I (CPSI) deficiency to develop such a system for use in eukaryotic cells. We developed the tools and methods for rapidly modifying bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) for eukaryotic episomal replication, marker expression, and selection and then applied this protocol to a BAC containing the entire CPSI gene. Although this CPSI BAC construct was suitable for studying nonsynonymous mutations, potential splicing defects, and promoter variations, our focus was on studying potential splicing and RNA-processing defects to validate this system. In this article, we describe the construction of this system and subsequently examine the mechanism of four putative splicing mutations in patients deficient in CPSI. Using this model, we also demonstrate the reversible role of nonsense-mediated decay in all four mutations, using small interfering RNA knockdown of hUPF2. Furthermore, we were able to locate cryptic splicing sites for the two intronic mutations. This BAC-based system permits expression studies in the absence of patient RNA or tissues with relevant gene expression and provides experimental flexibility not available in genomic DNA or plasmid constructs. Our splicing and RNA degradation data demonstrate the advantages of using whole-gene constructs to study the effects of sequence variation on gene expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Eeds
- Program in Translational Genetics, Center for Human Genetic Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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44
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Moulton JK, Wiegmann BM. The phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily Empidoidea (Insecta: Diptera). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 43:701-13. [PMID: 17468014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a molecular phylogenetic study of the Empidoidea, a diverse group of 10,000 species of true flies, with two major goals: to reconstruct a taxonomically complete and robustly supported phylogeny for the group and to use this information to assess several competing classifications for the clade. We amassed 3900+ nucleotides of coding data from the carbamoylphosphate synthase domain of the rudimentary locus (CAD) and 1200+ nucleotides from the large nuclear ribosomal subunit (28S) from 72 and 71 species, respectively, representing several orthorrhaphan and cyclorrhaphan families and all previously recognized empidoidean subfamilies. Independent and combined phylogenetic analyses of these data were conducted using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian criteria. The combined matrix included 61 taxa for which both CAD and 28S sequences were obtained. Analyses of CAD first and second codon positions alone and when concatenated with 28S sequences yielded trees with similar and largely stable topologies. Analyses of 28S data alone supported many clades although resolution is limited by low sequence divergence. The following major empidoid clades were recovered with convincing support in a majority of analyses: Atelestidae, Empidoidea exclusive of Atelestidae, Hybotidae sensu lato, Dolichopodidae+Microphorinae (including Parathallassius), and Empididae sensu lato (including Brachystomatinae, Ceratomerinae, Clinocerinae, Empidinae, Hemerodromiinae, Oreogetoninae, and Trichopezinae). The branching arrangement among these four major clades was Atelestidae, Hybotidae, Dolichopodidae/Microphorinae, Empididae. Previously recognized subclades recovered with robust support included Hybotinae, Brachystomatinae, Tachydromiinae, Clinocerinae (in part), Hemerodromiinae, Empidinae, and Empidiini.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Moulton
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 205 Ellington Plant Sciences Building, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-4560, USA.
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45
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Davis RH. Beadle’s progeny: Innocence rewarded, innocence lost. J Biosci 2007; 32:197-205. [PMID: 17435312 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-007-0020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rowland H Davis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA.
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46
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Lindley TE, Laberge T, Hall A, Hewett-Emmett D, Walsh PJ, Anderson PM. Sequence, expression and evolutionary relationships of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I in the toadXenopus laevis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 307:163-75. [PMID: 17397070 DOI: 10.1002/jez.a.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The sequence of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPSase I) cDNA and expression of the enzyme in liver of the toad Xenopus laevis are reported. CPSase I mRNA increases 6-fold when toads are exposed to high salinity for extended periods of time. The deduced 1,494-amino acid sequence of the CPSase I is homologous to other CPSases and reveals a domain structure and conserved amino acids common to other CPSases. A serine residue (S287) is present where there is a cysteine residue required for glutamine-dependent activity in CPSase Types III and II (Type I CPSases utilize only ammonia as nitrogen-donating substrate). A sequence of DNA 964 bases upstream from the ATG start codon for the CPSase I gene is also reported. Phylogenetic analysis for 30 CPSase isoforms, including X. laevis CPSase I, across a wide spectrum of phyla is reported and discussed. The results are consistent with the views that eukaryotic CPSase II as a multifunctional complex evolved from prokaryotic CPSase II and that CPSase I in terrestrial vertebrates and CPSase III in fishes arose from eukaryotic CPSase II by independent events after the divergence of plants in eukaryotic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Lindley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812-2487, USA
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47
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Schoneveld OJLM, Hoogenkamp M, Stallen JM, Gaemers IC, Lamers WH. cyclicAMP and glucocorticoid responsiveness of the rat carbamoylphosphate synthetase gene requires the interplay of upstream regulatory units. Biochimie 2007; 89:574-80. [PMID: 17397987 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many genes involved in metabolic processes are regulated by glucocorticoids and/or cyclicAMP. The hepatic expression of the urea cycle enzyme carbamoylphosphate-synthetase-I gene (CPS) is regulated at the transcriptional level by both factors. Here, we report that the 5' half of the distal enhancer is necessary and sufficient for full cyclicAMP responsiveness. The cyclicAMP-responsive element (CRE), and FoxA- and C/EBP-binding sites are indispensible for cyclicAMP responsiveness, indicating that these elements make up a cyclicAMP-responsive unit (CRU). In addition to this CRU, the CPS regulatory regions contain two glucocorticoid-response elements (GRE): one in the 3' region of the distal enhancer and one in the proximal enhancer. In presence of the cyclicAMP-responsive region in the distal enhancer, only one of the GREs is required for glucocorticoid-inducible CPS expression, with both GREs acting in an additive fashion to fully confer the inducing effect of glucocorticoids. In contrast, the simultaneous presence of both GREs is required in the absence of the cyclicAMP-responsive region. In this configuration, the distal GRE fully depends on its neighbouring FoxA and C/EBP REs for activity and is, therefore, a glucocorticoid-responsive unit. In conclusion, we show here that the CPS CRU is a bifunctional unit that elicits the cyclicAMP response and, in addition, functions as a glucocorticoid accessory unit to establish a glucocorticoid response from otherwise silent proximal or distal GRUs. Therefore, cyclicAMP and glucocorticoid pathways can induce CPS transcription via overlapping sets of response elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onard J L M Schoneveld
- University of Amsterdam, AMC Liver Center, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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48
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Kurokawa K, Yorifuji T, Kawai M, Momoi T, Nagasaka H, Takayanagi M, Kobayashi K, Yoshino M, Kosho T, Adachi M, Otsuka H, Yamamoto S, Murata T, Suenaga A, Ishii T, Terada K, Shimura N, Kiwaki K, Shintaku H, Yamakawa M, Nakabayashi H, Wakutani Y, Nakahata T. Molecular and clinical analyses of Japanese patients with carbamoylphosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) deficiency. J Hum Genet 2007; 52:349-354. [PMID: 17310273 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-007-0122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbamoylphosphate synthetase I deficiency (CPS1D) is a urea-cycle disorder characterized by episodes of life-threatening hyperammonemia. Correct diagnosis is crucial for patient management, but is difficult to make from clinical presentation and conventional laboratory tests alone. Enzymatic or genetic diagnoses have also been hampered by difficult access to the appropriate organ and the large size of the gene (38 exons). In this study, in order to address this diagnostic dilemma, we performed the largest mutational and clinical analyses of this disorder to date in Japan. Mutations in CPS1 were identified in 16 of 18 patients with a clinical diagnosis of CPS1D. In total, 25 different mutations were identified, of which 19 were novel. Interestingly, in contrast to previous reports suggesting an extremely diverse mutational spectrum, 31.8% of the mutations identified in Japanese were common to more than one family. We also identified two common polymorphisms that might be useful for simple linkage analysis in prenatal diagnosis. The accumulated clinical data will also help to reveal the clinical presentation of this rare disorder in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Kurokawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tohru Yorifuji
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Masahiko Kawai
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Toru Momoi
- Department of Pediatrics, Japanese Red Cross Society, Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan
| | | | | | - Keiko Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Metabolism and Biochemical Genetics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshino
- Department of Pediatrics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kosho
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Adachi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Harumi Otsuka
- Department of Neonatology, Chiba Municipal Kaihin Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Toshiaki Murata
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akihito Suenaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kitakyushu Municipal Yahata Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ishii
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kihei Terada
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Naoto Shimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kohji Kiwaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Haruo Shintaku
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaru Yamakawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe City General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakabayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University Surugadai Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Wakutani
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Tatsutoshi Nakahata
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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49
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Ercolini D, Russo F, Blaiotta G, Pepe O, Mauriello G, Villani F. Simultaneous detection of Pseudomonas fragi, P. lundensis, and P. putida from meat by use of a multiplex PCR assay targeting the carA gene. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:2354-9. [PMID: 17293505 PMCID: PMC1855653 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02603-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Species-specific primers and a multiplex PCR assay were developed for the simultaneous identification and differentiation of Pseudomonas fragi, P. lundensis, and P. putida based on the coamplification of different portions of the small subunit of the carbamoyl phosphate synthase gene (carA). The carA multiplex PCR was used to detect the presence of the three Pseudomonas species from beef, chicken, and pork samples and proved to be effective in showing their evolution during the storage of meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Ercolini
- Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy.
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50
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Canter JA, Summar ML, Smith HB, Rice GD, Hall LD, Ritchie MD, Motsinger AA, Christian KG, Drinkwater DC, Scholl FG, Dyer KL, Kavanaugh-McHugh AL, Barr FE. Genetic variation in the mitochondrial enzyme carbamyl-phosphate synthetase I predisposes children to increased pulmonary artery pressure following surgical repair of congenital heart defects: a validated genetic association study. Mitochondrion 2006; 7:204-10. [PMID: 17188582 PMCID: PMC1929167 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Increased pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) can complicate the postoperative care of children undergoing surgical repair of congenital heart defects. Endogenous NO regulates PAP and is derived from arginine supplied by the urea cycle. The rate-limiting step in the urea cycle is catalyzed by a mitochondrial enzyme, carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I (CPSI). A well-characterized polymorphism in the gene encoding CPSI (T1405N) has previously been implicated in neonatal pulmonary hypertension. A consecutive modeling cohort of children (N=131) with congenital heart defects requiring surgery was prospectively evaluated to determine key factors associated with increased postoperative PAP, defined as a mean PAP>20 mmHg for at least 1h during the 48h following surgery measured by an indwelling pulmonary artery catheter. Multiple dimensionality reduction (MDR) was used to both internally validate observations and develop optimal two-variable through five-variable models that were tested prospectively in a validation cohort (N=41). Unconditional logistic regression analysis of the modeling cohort revealed that age (OR=0.92, p=0.01), CPSI T1405N genotype (AC vs. AA: OR=4.08, p=0.04, CC vs. AA: OR=5.96, p=0.01), and Down syndrome (OR=5.25, p=0.04) were independent predictors of this complex phenotype. MDR predicted that the best two-variable model consisted of age and CPSI T1405N genotype (p<0.001). This two-variable model correctly predicted 73% of the outcomes from the validation cohort. A five-variable model that added race, gender and Down's syndrome was not significantly better than the two-variable model. In conclusion, the CPSI T1405N genotype appears to be an important new factor in predicting susceptibility to increased PAP following surgical repair of congenital cardiac defects in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Canter
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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