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Kamal MM, Ammar RA, Kassem DH. Silencing of forkhead box protein O-1 (FOXO-1) enhances insulin-producing cell generation from adipose mesenchymal stem cells for diabetes therapy. Life Sci 2024; 344:122579. [PMID: 38518842 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Generation of mature β-cells from MSCs has been a challenge in the field of stem cell therapy of diabetes. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Ad-MSCs) have made their mark in regenerative medicine, and provide several advantages compared to other MSCs sources. Forkhead box protein O-1 (FOXO-1) is an important transcription factor for normal development of β-cells, yet its over expression in β-cells may cause glucose intolerance. In this study, we isolated, characterized Ad-MSCs from rat epididymal fat pads, differentiated these MSCs into insulin producing cells (IPCs) and studied the role of FOXO-1 in such differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the expression of FOXO-1 and its nuclear cytoplasmic localization in the generated IPCs. Afterwards we knocked down FOXO-1 using siRNA targeting FOXO-1 (siFOXO-1). The differentiated siFOXO-1 IPCs were compared to non-targeting siRNA (siNT) IPCs regarding expression of β-cell markers by qRT-PCR and western blotting, dithizone (DTZ) staining and glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). KEY FINDINGS Isolated Ad-MSCs exhibited all characteristics of MSCs and can generate IPCs. FOXO-1 was initially elevated during differentiation followed by a decline towards end of differentiation. FOXO-1 was dephosphorylated and localized to the nucleus upon differentiation into IPCs. Knock down of FOXO-1 improved the expression of β-cell markers in final differentiated IPCs, improved DTZ uptake and showed increased insulin secretion upon challenging with increased glucose concentration. SIGNIFICANCE These results portray FOXO-1 as a hindering factor of generation of IPCs whose down-regulation can generate more mature IPCs for MSCs therapy of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Kamal
- Pharmacology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Health Research Center of Excellence, Drug Research and Development Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Reham A Ammar
- Pharmacology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; Health Research Center of Excellence, Drug Research and Development Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina H Kassem
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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2
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Borkúti P, Kristó I, Szabó A, Kovács Z, Vilmos P. FERM domain-containing proteins are active components of the cell nucleus. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302489. [PMID: 38296350 PMCID: PMC10830384 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The FERM domain is a conserved and widespread protein module that appeared in the common ancestor of amoebae, fungi, and animals, and is therefore now found in a wide variety of species. The primary function of the FERM domain is localizing to the plasma membrane through binding lipids and proteins of the membrane; thus, for a long time, FERM domain-containing proteins (FDCPs) were considered exclusively cytoskeletal. Although their role in the cytoplasm has been extensively studied, the recent discovery of the presence and importance of cytoskeletal proteins in the nucleus suggests that FDCPs might also play an important role in nuclear function. In this review, we collected data on their nuclear localization, transport, and possible functions, which are still scattered throughout the literature, with special regard to the role of the FERM domain in these processes. With this, we would like to draw attention to the exciting, new dimension of the role of FDCPs, their nuclear activity, which could be an interesting novel direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anikó Szabó
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kovács
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Vilmos
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
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3
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Qi C, Bujaroski RS, Baell J, Zheng X. Kinases in cerebral cavernous malformations: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119488. [PMID: 37209718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are low-flow, hemorrhagic vascular lesions of the central nervous system of genetic origin, which can cause stroke-like symptoms and seizures. From the identification of CCM1, CCM2 and CCM3 as genes related to disease progression, molecular and cellular mechanisms for CCM pathogenesis have been established and the search for potential drugs to target CCM has begun. Broadly speaking, kinases are the major group signaling in CCM pathogenesis. These include the MEKK3/MEK5/ERK5 cascade, Rho/Rock signaling, CCM3/GCKIII signaling, PI3K/mTOR signaling, and others. Since the discovery of Rho/Rock in CCM pathogenesis, inhibitors for Rho signaling and subsequently other components in CCM signaling were discovered and applied in preclinical and clinical trials to ameliorate CCM progression. This review discusses the general aspects of CCM disease, kinase-mediated signaling in CCM pathogenesis and the current state of potential treatment options for CCM. It is suggested that kinase target drug development in the context of CCM might facilitate and meet the unmet requirement - a non-surgical option for CCM disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Qi
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, China
| | - Richard Sean Bujaroski
- Medicinal Chemistry Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Australian Translational Medicinal Chemistry Facility (ATMCF), Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan Baell
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiangjian Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, China.
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4
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Perrelli A, Ferraris C, Berni E, Glading AJ, Retta SF. KRIT1: A Traffic Warden at the Busy Crossroads Between Redox Signaling and the Pathogenesis of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:496-528. [PMID: 36047808 PMCID: PMC10039281 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significance: KRIT1 (Krev interaction trapped 1) is a scaffolding protein that plays a critical role in vascular morphogenesis and homeostasis. Its loss-of-function has been unequivocally associated with the pathogenesis of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM), a major cerebrovascular disease of genetic origin characterized by defective endothelial cell-cell adhesion and ensuing structural alterations and hyperpermeability in brain capillaries. KRIT1 contributes to the maintenance of endothelial barrier function by stabilizing the integrity of adherens junctions and inhibiting the formation of actin stress fibers. Recent Advances: Among the multiple regulatory mechanisms proposed so far, significant evidence accumulated over the past decade has clearly shown that the role of KRIT1 in the stability of endothelial barriers, including the blood-brain barrier, is largely based on its involvement in the complex machinery governing cellular redox homeostasis and responses to oxidative stress and inflammation. KRIT1 loss-of-function has, indeed, been demonstrated to cause an impairment of major redox-sensitive mechanisms involved in spatiotemporal regulation of cell adhesion and signaling, which ultimately leads to decreased cell-cell junction stability and enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress and inflammation. Critical Issues: This review explores the redox mechanisms that influence endothelial cell adhesion and barrier function, focusing on the role of KRIT1 in such mechanisms. We propose that this supports a novel model wherein redox signaling forms the common link between the various pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic approaches hitherto associated with CCM disease. Future Directions: A comprehensive characterization of the role of KRIT1 in redox control of endothelial barrier physiology and defense against oxy-inflammatory insults will provide valuable insights into the development of precision medicine strategies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 496-528.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Perrelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Chiara Ferraris
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Berni
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Angela J. Glading
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Saverio Francesco Retta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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5
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Nobiletti N, Liu J, Glading AJ. KRIT1-mediated regulation of neutrophil adhesion and motility. FEBS J 2023; 290:1078-1095. [PMID: 36107440 PMCID: PMC9957810 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Loss of Krev interaction-trapped-1 (KRIT1) expression leads to the development of cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM), a disease in which abnormal blood vessel formation compromises the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier. The role of KRIT1 in regulating endothelial function is well-established. However, several studies have suggested that KRIT1 could also play a role in regulating nonendothelial cell types and, in particular, immune cells. In this study, we generated a mouse model with neutrophil-specific deletion of KRIT1 in order to investigate the effect of KRIT1 deficiency on neutrophil function. Neutrophils isolated from adult Ly6Gtm2621(cre)Arte Krit1flox/flox mice had a reduced ability to attach and spread on the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin and exhibited a subsequent increase in migration. However, adhesion to and migration on ICAM-1 was unchanged. In addition, we used a monomeric, fluorescently-labelled fragment of fibronectin to show that integrin activation is reduced in the absence of KRIT1 expression, though β1 integrin expression appears unchanged. Finally, neutrophil migration in response to lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in the lung was decreased, as shown by reduced cell number and myeloperoxidase activity in lavage samples from Krit1PMNKO mice. Altogether, we show that KRIT1 regulates neutrophil adhesion and migration, likely through regulation of integrin activation, which can lead to altered inflammatory responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Nobiletti
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Angela J. Glading
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY, USA
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6
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Haage A, Dhasarathy A. Working a second job: Cell adhesion proteins that moonlight in the nucleus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1163553. [PMID: 37169022 PMCID: PMC10164977 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1163553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells are adept at sensing changes in their environment, transmitting signals internally to coordinate responses to external stimuli, and thereby influencing adaptive changes in cell states and behavior. Often, this response involves modulation of gene expression in the nucleus, which is seen largely as a physically separated process from the rest of the cell. Mechanosensing, whereby a cell senses physical stimuli, and integrates and converts these inputs into downstream responses including signaling cascades and gene regulatory changes, involves the participation of several macromolecular structures. Of note, the extracellular matrix (ECM) and its constituent macromolecules comprise an essential part of the cellular microenvironment, allowing cells to interact with each other, and providing both structural and biochemical stimuli sensed by adhesion transmembrane receptors. This highway of information between the ECM, cell adhesion proteins, and the cytoskeleton regulates cellular behavior, the disruption of which results in disease. Emerging evidence suggests a more direct role for some of these adhesion proteins in chromatin structure and gene regulation, RNA maturation and other non-canonical functions. While many of these discoveries were previously limited to observations of cytoplasmic-nuclear transport, recent advances in microscopy, and biochemical, proteomic and genomic technologies have begun to significantly enhance our understanding of the impact of nuclear localization of these proteins. This review will briefly cover known cell adhesion proteins that migrate to the nucleus, and their downstream functions. We will outline recent advances in this very exciting yet still emerging field, with impact ranging from basic biology to disease states like cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Haage
- *Correspondence: Amanda Haage, ; Archana Dhasarathy,
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7
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McCurdy S, Lin J, Shenkar R, Moore T, Lightle R, Faurobert E, Lopez-Ramirez MA, Awad I, Ginsberg MH. β1 integrin monoclonal antibody treatment ameliorates cerebral cavernous malformations. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22629. [PMID: 36349990 PMCID: PMC9674378 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200907rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
β1 integrins are important in blood vessel formation and function, finely tuning the adhesion of endothelial cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix. The role of integrins in the vascular disease, cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) has yet to be explored in vivo. Endothelial loss of the gene KRIT1 leads to brain microvascular defects, resulting in debilitating and often fatal consequences. We tested administration of a monoclonal antibody that enforces the active β1 integrin conformation, (clone 9EG7), on a murine neonatal CCM mouse model, Krit1flox/flox ;Pdgfb-iCreERT2 (Krit1ECKO ), and on KRIT1-silenced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In addition, endothelial deletion of the master regulator of integrin activation, Talin 1 (Tln1), in Krit1ECKO mice was performed to assess the effect of completely blocking endothelial integrin activation on CCM. Treatment with 9EG7 reduced lesion burden in the Krit1ECKO model and was accompanied by a strong reduction in the phosphorylation of the ROCK substrate, myosin light chain (pMLC), in both retina and brain endothelial cells. Treatment of KRIT1-silenced HUVECs with 9EG7 in vitro stabilized cell-cell junctions. Overnight treatment of HUVECs with 9EG7 resulted in significantly reduced total surface expression of β1 integrin, which was associated with reduced pMLC levels, supporting our in vivo findings. Genetic blockade of integrin activation by Tln1ECKO enhanced bleeding and did not reduce CCM lesion burden in Krit1ECKO mice. In sum, targeting β1 integrin with an activated-specific antibody reduces acute murine CCM lesion development, which we found to be associated with suppression of endothelial ROCK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara McCurdy
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, LA Jolla CA
| | - Jenny Lin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, LA Jolla CA
| | - Robert Shenkar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago IL
| | - Thomas Moore
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago IL
| | - Rhonda Lightle
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago IL
| | - Eva Faurobert
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS 5309, Inserm 1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Issam Awad
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago IL
| | - Mark H. Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, LA Jolla CA
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8
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Sevilla-Movilla S, Fuentes P, Rodríguez-García Y, Arellano-Sánchez N, Krenn PW, de Val SI, Montero-Herradón S, García-Ceca J, Burdiel-Herencia V, Gardeta SR, Aguilera-Montilla N, Barrio-Alonso C, Crainiciuc G, Bouvard D, García-Pardo A, Zapata AG, Hidalgo A, Fässler R, Carrasco YR, Toribio ML, Teixidó J. ICAP-1 loss impairs CD8 + thymocyte development and leads to reduced marginal zone B cells in mice. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1228-1242. [PMID: 35491946 PMCID: PMC9543158 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
ICAP‐1 regulates β1‐integrin activation and cell adhesion. Here, we used ICAP‐1‐null mice to study ICAP‐1 potential involvement during immune cell development and function. Integrin α4β1‐dependent adhesion was comparable between ICAP‐1‐null and control thymocytes, but lack of ICAP‐1 caused a defective single‐positive (SP) CD8+ cell generation, thus, unveiling an ICAP‐1 involvement in SP thymocyte development. ICAP‐1 bears a nuclear localization signal and we found it displayed a strong nuclear distribution in thymocytes. Interestingly, there was a direct correlation between the lack of ICAP‐1 and reduced levels in SP CD8+ thymocytes of Runx3, a transcription factor required for CD8+ thymocyte generation. In the spleen, ICAP‐1 was found evenly distributed between cytoplasm and nuclear fractions, and ICAP‐1–/– spleen T and B cells displayed upregulation of α4β1‐mediated adhesion, indicating that ICAP‐1 negatively controls their attachment. Furthermore, CD3+‐ and CD19+‐selected spleen cells from ICAP‐1‐null mice showed reduced proliferation in response to T‐ and B‐cell stimuli, respectively. Finally, loss of ICAP‐1 caused a remarkable decrease in marginal zone B‐ cell frequencies and a moderate increase in follicular B cells. Together, these data unravel an ICAP‐1 involvement in the generation of SP CD8+ thymocytes and in the control of marginal zone B‐cell numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sevilla-Movilla
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Fuentes
- Development and Function of the Immune System Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yaiza Rodríguez-García
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nohemi Arellano-Sánchez
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter W Krenn
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.,Present address: Paris-Lodron Universität Salzburg, Austria
| | - Soledad Isern de Val
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Montero-Herradón
- Department of Cell Biology; Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040.,Spain and Health Research Institute, Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, 28041, Spain
| | - Javier García-Ceca
- Department of Cell Biology; Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040.,Spain and Health Research Institute, Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, 28041, Spain
| | - Valeria Burdiel-Herencia
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofía R Gardeta
- Department on Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Noemí Aguilera-Montilla
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Barrio-Alonso
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Present address: Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Georgiana Crainiciuc
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Daniel Bouvard
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Angeles García-Pardo
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustin G Zapata
- Department of Cell Biology; Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040.,Spain and Health Research Institute, Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, 28041, Spain
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Yolanda R Carrasco
- Department on Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Maria L Toribio
- Development and Function of the Immune System Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquin Teixidó
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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9
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Swamy H, Glading AJ. Is Location Everything? Regulation of the Endothelial CCM Signaling Complex. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:954780. [PMID: 35898265 PMCID: PMC9309484 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.954780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have steadily increased the number of proteins and pathways known to be involved in the development of cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM). Our ability to synthesize this information into a cohesive and accurate signaling model is limited, however, by significant gaps in our knowledge of how the core CCM proteins, whose loss of function drives development of CCM, are regulated. Here, we review what is known about the regulation of the three core CCM proteins, the scaffolds KRIT1, CCM2, and CCM3, with an emphasis on binding interactions and subcellular location, which frequently control scaffolding protein function. We highlight recent work that challenges the current model of CCM complex signaling and provide recommendations for future studies needed to address the large number of outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Swamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Angela J Glading
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
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10
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Swamy H, Glading AJ. Contribution of protein-protein interactions to the endothelial barrier-stabilizing function of KRIT1. J Cell Sci 2021; 135:274104. [PMID: 34918736 PMCID: PMC8917353 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Krev-interaction trapped 1 (KRIT1) is an endothelial scaffold protein that promotes adherens junction (AJ) stability. The precise mechanism by which KRIT1 promotes barrier stabilization is unclear. We tested the ability of a panel of KRIT1 constructs containing mutations that inhibit Rap1 binding, ICAP1 binding, disrupt KRIT1's protein tyrosine binding domain (PTB), or direct KRIT1 to the plasma membrane, either alone or in combination, to restore barrier function in KRIT1-deficient endothelial cells. We found that ablating the 192NPAY195 motif or disrupting the PTB domain was sufficient to restore AJ protein localization and barrier function to control levels, irrespective of the junctional localization of KRIT1 or Rap1 binding. The ability of our KRIT1 constructs to rescue AJ/barrier function in KRIT1 depleted endothelial cells correlated with decreased 1 integrin activity and maintenance of cortical actin fibers. Together, our findings indicate that Rap1 binding, ICAP1 binding, and junctional localization are not required for the ability of KRIT1 to stabilize endothelial contacts, and suggest that the ability of KRIT1 to limit integrin activity may be involved in barrier stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Swamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Angela J Glading
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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11
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Riolo G, Ricci C, Battistini S. Molecular Genetic Features of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations (CCM) Patients: An Overall View from Genes to Endothelial Cells. Cells 2021; 10:704. [PMID: 33810005 PMCID: PMC8005105 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular lesions that affect predominantly microvasculature in the brain and spinal cord. CCM can occur either in sporadic or familial form, characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance and development of multiple lesions throughout the patient's life. Three genes associated with CCM are known: CCM1/KRIT1 (krev interaction trapped 1), CCM2/MGC4607 (encoding a protein named malcavernin), and CCM3/PDCD10 (programmed cell death 10). All the mutations identified in these genes cause a loss of function and compromise the protein functions needed for maintaining the vascular barrier integrity. Loss of function of CCM proteins causes molecular disorganization and dysfunction of endothelial adherens junctions. In this review, we provide an overall vision of the CCM pathology, starting with the genetic bases of the disease, describing the role of the proteins, until we reach the cellular level. Thus, we summarize the genetics of CCM, providing a description of CCM genes and mutation features, provided an updated knowledge of the CCM protein structure and function, and discuss the molecular mechanisms through which CCM proteins may act within endothelial cells, particularly in endothelial barrier maintenance/regulation and in cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefania Battistini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.R.); (C.R.)
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12
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De Luca E, Perrelli A, Swamy H, Nitti M, Passalacqua M, Furfaro AL, Salzano AM, Scaloni A, Glading AJ, Retta SF. Protein kinase Cα regulates the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of KRIT1. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs250217. [PMID: 33443102 PMCID: PMC7875496 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.250217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KRIT1 is a scaffolding protein that regulates multiple molecular mechanisms, including cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, and redox homeostasis and signaling. However, rather little is known about how KRIT1 is itself regulated. KRIT1 is found in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus, yet the upstream signaling proteins and mechanisms that regulate KRIT1 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling are not well understood. Here, we identify a key role for protein kinase C (PKC) in this process. In particular, we found that PKC activation promotes the redox-dependent cytoplasmic localization of KRIT1, whereas inhibition of PKC or treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine leads to KRIT1 nuclear accumulation. Moreover, we demonstrated that the N-terminal region of KRIT1 is crucial for the ability of PKC to regulate KRIT1 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, and may be a target for PKC-dependent regulatory phosphorylation events. Finally, we found that silencing of PKCα, but not PKCδ, inhibits phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced cytoplasmic enrichment of KRIT1, suggesting a major role for PKCα in regulating KRIT1 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. Overall, our findings identify PKCα as a novel regulator of KRIT1 subcellular compartmentalization, thus shedding new light on the physiopathological functions of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa De Luca
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 73010 Arnesano, Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Perrelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Harsha Swamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Mariapaola Nitti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Mario Passalacqua
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Furfaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Salzano
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela J Glading
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Saverio Francesco Retta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
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Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are neurovascular abnormalities characterized by thin, leaky blood vessels resulting in lesions that predispose to haemorrhages, stroke, epilepsy and focal neurological deficits. CCMs arise due to loss-of-function mutations in genes encoding one of three CCM complex proteins, KRIT1, CCM2 or CCM3. These widely expressed, multi-functional adaptor proteins can assemble into a CCM protein complex and (either alone or in complex) modulate signalling pathways that influence cell adhesion, cell contractility, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression. Recent advances, including analysis of the structures and interactions of CCM proteins, have allowed substantial progress towards understanding the molecular bases for CCM protein function and how their disruption leads to disease. Here, we review current knowledge of CCM protein signalling with a focus on three pathways which have generated the most interest—the RhoA–ROCK, MEKK3–MEK5–ERK5–KLF2/4 and cell junctional signalling pathways—but also consider ICAP1-β1 integrin and cdc42 signalling. We discuss emerging links between these pathways and the processes that drive disease pathology and highlight important open questions—key among them is the role of subcellular localization in the control of CCM protein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208066, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David A Calderwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208066, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208066, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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14
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Kadry YA, Calderwood DA. Chapter 22: Structural and signaling functions of integrins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183206. [PMID: 31991120 PMCID: PMC7063833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The integrin family of transmembrane adhesion receptors is essential for sensing and adhering to the extracellular environment. Integrins are heterodimers composed of non-covalently associated α and β subunits that engage extracellular matrix proteins and couple to intracellular signaling and cytoskeletal complexes. Humans have 24 different integrin heterodimers with differing ligand binding specificities and non-redundant functions. Complex structural rearrangements control the ability of integrins to engage ligands and to activate diverse downstream signaling networks, modulating cell adhesion and dynamics, processes which are crucial for metazoan life and development. Here we review the structural and signaling functions of integrins focusing on recent advances which have enhanced our understanding of how integrins are activated and regulated, and the cytoplasmic signaling networks downstream of integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin A Kadry
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America
| | - David A Calderwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America; Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America..
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15
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Su VL, Simon B, Draheim KM, Calderwood DA. Serine phosphorylation of the small phosphoprotein ICAP1 inhibits its nuclear accumulation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3269-3284. [PMID: 32005669 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear accumulation of the small phosphoprotein integrin cytoplasmic domain-associated protein-1 (ICAP1) results in recruitment of its binding partner, Krev/Rap1 interaction trapped-1 (KRIT1), to the nucleus. KRIT1 loss is the most common cause of cerebral cavernous malformation, a neurovascular dysplasia resulting in dilated, thin-walled vessels that tend to rupture, increasing the risk for hemorrhagic stroke. KRIT1's nuclear roles are unknown, but it is known to function as a scaffolding or adaptor protein at cell-cell junctions and in the cytosol, supporting normal blood vessel integrity and development. As ICAP1 controls KRIT1 subcellular localization, presumably influencing KRIT1 function, in this work, we investigated the signals that regulate ICAP1 and, hence, KRIT1 nuclear localization. ICAP1 contains a nuclear localization signal within an unstructured, N-terminal region that is rich in serine and threonine residues, several of which are reportedly phosphorylated. Using quantitative microscopy, we revealed that phosphorylation-mimicking substitutions at Ser-10, or to a lesser extent at Ser-25, within this N-terminal region inhibit ICAP1 nuclear accumulation. Conversely, phosphorylation-blocking substitutions at these sites enhanced ICAP1 nuclear accumulation. We further demonstrate that p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) can phosphorylate ICAP1 at Ser-10 both in vitro and in cultured cells and that active PAK4 inhibits ICAP1 nuclear accumulation in a Ser-10-dependent manner. Finally, we show that ICAP1 phosphorylation controls nuclear localization of the ICAP1-KRIT1 complex. We conclude that serine phosphorylation within the ICAP1 N-terminal region can prevent nuclear ICAP1 accumulation, providing a mechanism that regulates KRIT1 localization and signaling, potentially influencing vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Bertrand Simon
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Kyle M Draheim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - David A Calderwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520.
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Chen C, Manso AM, Ross RS. Talin and Kindlin as Integrin-Activating Proteins: Focus on the Heart. Pediatr Cardiol 2019; 40:1401-1409. [PMID: 31367953 PMCID: PMC7590617 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-019-02167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Integrin receptors enable cells to sense and respond to their chemical and physical environment. As a class of membrane receptors, they provide a dynamic, tightly regulated link between the extracellular matrix or cellular counter-receptors and intracellular cytoskeletal and signaling networks. They enable transmission of mechanical force across the plasma membrane, and particularly for cardiomyocytes, may sense the mechanical load placed on cells. Talins and Kindlins are two families of FERM-domain proteins which bind the cytoplasmic tail of integrins, recruit cytoskeletal and signaling proteins involved in mechano-transduction, and those which synergize to activate integrins, allowing the integrins to physically change and bind to extracellular ligands. In this review, we will discuss the roles of talin and kindlin, particularly as integrin activators, with a focus on cardiac myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Veterans Administration Healthcare, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Ana Maria Manso
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Veterans Administration Healthcare, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Robert S Ross
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Veterans Administration Healthcare, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
- University of California, San Diego, Biomedical Research Facility 2, Room 2A-17, 9500 Gilman Drive #0613-C, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0613, USA.
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Lampugnani MG, Dejana E, Giampietro C. Vascular Endothelial (VE)-Cadherin, Endothelial Adherens Junctions, and Vascular Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a029322. [PMID: 28851747 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell-cell adherens junctions (AJs) supervise fundamental vascular functions, such as the control of permeability and transmigration of circulating leukocytes, and the maintenance of existing vessels and formation of new ones. These processes are often dysregulated in pathologies. However, the evidence that links dysfunction of endothelial AJs to human pathologies is mostly correlative. In this review, we present an update of the molecular organization of AJ complexes in endothelial cells (ECs) that is mainly based on observations from experimental models. Furthermore, we report in detail on a human pathology, cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM), which is initiated by loss-of-function mutations in the genes that encode the three cytoplasmic components of AJs (CCM1, CCM2, and CCM3). At present, these represent a unique example of mutations in components of endothelial AJs that cause human disease. We describe also how studies into the defects of AJs in CCM are shedding light on the crucial regulatory mechanisms and signaling activities of these endothelial structures. Although these observations are specific for CCM, they support the concept that dysfunction of endothelial AJs can directly contribute to human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Lampugnani
- Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy.,Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Costanza Giampietro
- Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
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18
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Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) are manifested by microvascular lesions characterized by leaky endothelial cells with minimal intervening parenchyma predominantly in the central nervous system predisposed to hemorrhagic stroke, resulting in focal neurological defects. Till date, three proteins are implicated in this condition: CCM1 (KRIT1), CCM2 (MGC4607), and CCM3 (PDCD10). These multi-domain proteins form a protein complex via CCM2 that function as a docking site for the CCM signaling complex, which modulates many signaling pathways. Defects in the formation of this signaling complex have been shown to affect a wide range of cellular processes including cell-cell contact stability, vascular angiogenesis, oxidative damage protection and multiple biogenic events. In this review we provide an update on recent advances in structure and function of these CCM proteins, especially focusing on the signaling cascades involved in CCM pathogenesis and the resultant CCM cellular phenotypes in the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Padarti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
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19
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Endothelial cells dysfunctions are crucial determinants of several human diseases. We review here the most recent reports on endothelial cell defects in cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs), particularly focusing on adherens junctions. CCM is a vascular disease that affects specifically the venous microvessels of the central nervous system and which is caused by loss-of-function mutation in any one of the three CCM genes (CCM1, 2 or 3) in endothelial cells. The phenotypic result of these mutations are focal vascular malformations that are permeable and fragile causing neurological symptoms and occasionally haemorrhagic stroke. RECENT FINDINGS CCM is still an incurable disease, as no pharmacological treatment is available, besides surgery. The definition of the molecular alterations ensuing loss of function mutation of CCM genes is contributing to orientate the testing of targeted pharmacological tools.Several signalling pathways are altered in the three genotypes in a similar way and concur in the acquisition of mesenchymal markers in endothelial cells. However, also genotype-specific defects are reported, in particular for the CCM1 and CCM3 mutation. SUMMARY Besides the specific CCM disease, the characterization of endothelial alterations in CCM has the potentiality to shed light on basic molecular regulations as the acquisition and maintenance of organ and vascular site specificity of endothelial cells.
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