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Li G, Sun Y, Kwok I, Yang L, Wen W, Huang P, Wu M, Li J, Huang Z, Liu Z, He S, Peng W, Bei JX, Ginhoux F, Ng LG, Zhang Y. Cebp1 and Cebpβ transcriptional axis controls eosinophilopoiesis in zebrafish. Nat Commun 2024; 15:811. [PMID: 38280871 PMCID: PMC10821951 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are a group of granulocytes well known for their capacity to protect the host from parasites and regulate immune function. Diverse biological roles for eosinophils have been increasingly identified, but the developmental pattern and regulation of the eosinophil lineage remain largely unknown. Herein, we utilize the zebrafish model to analyze eosinophilic cell differentiation, distribution, and regulation. By identifying eslec as an eosinophil lineage-specific marker, we establish a Tg(eslec:eGFP) reporter line, which specifically labeled cells of the eosinophil lineage from early life through adulthood. Spatial-temporal analysis of eslec+ cells demonstrates their organ distribution from larval stage to adulthood. By single-cell RNA-Seq analysis, we decipher the eosinophil lineage cells from lineage-committed progenitors to mature eosinophils. Through further genetic analysis, we demonstrate the role of Cebp1 in balancing neutrophil and eosinophil lineages, and a Cebp1-Cebpβ transcriptional axis that regulates the commitment and differentiation of the eosinophil lineage. Cross-species functional comparisons reveals that zebrafish Cebp1 is the functional orthologue of human C/EBPεP27 in suppressing eosinophilopoiesis. Our study characterizes eosinophil development in multiple dimensions including spatial-temporal patterns, expression profiles, and genetic regulators, providing for a better understanding of eosinophilopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofei Li
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
- Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yicong Sun
- Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, 138648, Singapore
| | - Liting Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P.R. China
| | - Wanying Wen
- Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Peixian Huang
- Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Mei Wu
- Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyuan Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shuai He
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wan Peng
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Xin Bei
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, 138648, Singapore
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, 138648, Singapore.
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, P.R. China.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Yiyue Zhang
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China.
- Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China.
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Lee HC, Chao HT, Lee SYH, Lin CY, Tsai HJ. The Upstream 1350~1250 Nucleotide Sequences of the Human ENDOU-1 Gene Contain Critical Cis-Elements Responsible for Upregulating Its Transcription during ER Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17393. [PMID: 38139221 PMCID: PMC10744159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
ENDOU-1 encodes an endoribonuclease that overcomes the inhibitory upstream open reading frame (uORF)-trap at 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of the CHOP transcript, allowing the downstream coding sequence of CHOP be translated during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, transcriptional control of ENDOU-1 remains enigmatic. To address this, we cloned an upstream 2.1 kb (-2055~+77 bp) of human ENDOU-1 (pE2.1p) fused with reporter luciferase (luc) cDNA. The promoter strength driven by pE2.1p was significantly upregulated in both pE2.1p-transfected cells and pE2.1p-injected zebrafish embryos treated with stress inducers. Comparing the luc activities driven by pE2.1p and -1125~+77 (pE1.2p) segments, we revealed that cis-elements located at the -2055~-1125 segment might play a critical role in ENDOU-1 upregulation during ER stress. Since bioinformatics analysis predicted many cis-elements clustered at the -1850~-1250, we further deconstructed this segment to generate pE2.1p-based derivatives lacking -1850~-1750, -1749~-1650, -1649~-1486, -1485~-1350 or -1350~-1250 segments. Quantification of promoter activities driven by these five internal deletion plasmids suggested a repressor binding element within the -1649~-1486 and an activator binding element within the -1350~-1250. Since luc activities driven by the -1649~-1486 were not significantly different between normal and stress conditions, we herein propose that the stress-inducible activator bound at the -1350~-1250 segment makes a major contribution to the increased expression of human ENDOU-1 upon ER stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chieh Lee
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Te Chao
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
| | - Selina Yi-Hsuan Lee
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Cheng-Yung Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Jen Tsai
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
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Collini V, Burelli M, Favaretto V, Pegolo E, Fumarola F, Lepre V, Pellin L, Taurian M, Quartuccio L, Imazio M, Sinagra G. Eosinophilic myocarditis: comprehensive update on pathophysiology, diagnosis, prognosis and management. Minerva Cardiol Angiol 2023; 71:535-552. [PMID: 37161920 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5683.23.06287-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypereosinophilic syndromes are a group of disorders secondary to the accumulation of eosinophils leading to the injury of one or more organs. Among them, eosinophilic myocarditis (EM) is a rare form of inflammatory cardiomyopathy characterized by eosinophilic infiltration into myocardial tissue and subsequent release of substances with cell membrane damage and cell destruction. The degree of infiltration is thought to depend on the underlying condition, as well as the degree and duration of eosinophil exposure and ranges from mild localized disease to diffuse multifocal infiltrates associated with myocardial necrosis, thrombotic complications and endomyocardial fibrosis. The main causes of EM are hypersensitivity reactions, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, hypereosinophilic syndrome variants, infections and cancer. Clinical presentation can be variable, ranging from asymptomatic forms to life-threatening conditions, to chronic heart failure due to progression to chronic restrictive cardiomyopathy. Marked eosinophilia in peripheral blood, elevated serum eosinophilic cationic protein concentration and multimodality imaging may suggest the etiology of EM, but in most cases an endomyocardial biopsy must be performed to establish a definitive diagnosis. Systemic treatment varies greatly depending on the underlying cause, however the evidence of an eosinophilic infiltrate allows initiation of immunosuppressive therapy, which is the mainstay of treatment in idiopathic and in most forms of EM. Patients with helminthic infection benefit from anti-parasitic therapy, those with myeloid clone often need a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, while anticoagulant therapy should be undertaken in case of possible thrombotic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentino Collini
- Unit of Cardiology, Cardiothoracic Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy -
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy -
| | - Massimo Burelli
- Unit of Cardiology, Cardiothoracic Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Virginia Favaretto
- Unit of Cardiology, Cardiothoracic Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Enrico Pegolo
- Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University Hospital of Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
| | - Francesca Fumarola
- Unit of Cardiology, Cardiothoracic Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Veronica Lepre
- Unit of Cardiology, Cardiothoracic Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lisa Pellin
- Unit of Cardiology, Cardiothoracic Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Taurian
- Unit of Cardiology, Cardiothoracic Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Quartuccio
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Massimo Imazio
- Unit of Cardiology, Cardiothoracic Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), Udine, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Eosinophilic inflammation: An Appealing Target for Pharmacologic Treatments in Severe Asthma. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092181. [PMID: 36140282 PMCID: PMC9496162 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe asthma is characterized by different endotypes driven by complex pathologic mechanisms. In most patients with both allergic and non-allergic asthma, predominant eosinophilic airway inflammation is present. Given the central role of eosinophilic inflammation in the pathophysiology of most cases of severe asthma and considering that severe eosinophilic asthmatic patients respond partially or poorly to corticosteroids, in recent years, research has focused on the development of targeted anti-eosinophil biological therapies; this review will focus on the unique and particular biology of the eosinophil, as well as on the current knowledge about the pathobiology of eosinophilic inflammation in asthmatic airways. Finally, current and prospective anti-eosinophil therapeutic strategies will be discussed, examining the reason why eosinophilic inflammation represents an appealing target for the pharmacological treatment of patients with severe asthma.
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CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein ε 27 Antagonism of GATA-1 Transcriptional Activity in the Eosinophil Is Mediated by a Unique N-Terminal Repression Domain, Is Independent of Sumoylation and Does Not Require DNA Binding. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312689. [PMID: 34884493 PMCID: PMC8657826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein epsilon (C/EBPε) is required for eosinophil differentiation, lineage-specific gene transcription, and expression of C/EBPε32 and shorter 27kD and 14kD isoforms is developmentally regulated during this process. We previously defined the 27kD isoform (C/EBPε27) as an antagonist of GATA-1 transactivation of the eosinophil's major basic protein-1 (MBP1) P2-promoter, showing C/EBPε27 and GATA-1 physically interact. In the current study, we used a Tat-C/EBPε27 fusion protein for cell/nuclear transduction of an eosinophil myelocyte cell line to demonstrate that C/EBPε27 is a potent repressor of MBP1 transcription. We performed structure-function analyses of C/EBPε27 mapping its repressor domains, comparing it to C/EBPε32 and C/EBPε14, using GATA-1 co-transactivation of the MBP1-P2 promoter. Results show C/EBPε27 repression of GATA-1 is mediated by its unique 68aa N-terminus combined with previously identified RDI domain. This repressor activity does not require, but is enhanced by, DNA binding via the basic region of C/EBPε27 but independent of sumoylation of the RDI core "VKEEP" sumoylation site. These findings identify the N-terminus of C/EBPε27 as the minimum repressor domain required for antagonism of GATA-1 in the eosinophil. C/EBPε27 repression of GATA-1 occurs via a combination of both C/EBPε27-GATA-1 protein-protein interaction and C/EBPε27 binding to a C/EBP site in the MBP1 promoter. The C/EBPε27 isoform may serve to titrate and/or turn off eosinophil granule protein genes like MBP1 during eosinophil differentiation, as these genes are ultimately silenced in the mature cell. Understanding the functionality of C/EBPε27 in eosinophil development may prove promising in developing therapeutics that reduce eosinophil proliferation in allergic diseases.
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Transcriptional Regulation of the Human IL5RA Gene through Alternative Promoter Usage during Eosinophil Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910245. [PMID: 34638583 PMCID: PMC8549700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the IL-5 receptor alpha (IL5RA) gene is complicated, with two known promoters (P1 and P2) driving transcription, and two known isoforms (transmembrane and soluble) dichotomously affecting the signaling potential of the protein products. Here, we sought to determine the patterns of P1 and P2 promoter usage and transcription factor occupancy during primary human eosinophil development from CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell progenitors. We found that during eosinophilopoiesis, both promoters were active but subject to distinct temporal regulation, coincident with combinatorial interactions of transcription factors, including GATA-1, PU.1, and C/EBP family members. P1 displayed a relatively constant level of activity throughout eosinophil development, while P2 activity peaked early and waned thereafter. The soluble IL-5Rα mRNA peaked early and showed the greatest magnitude fold-induction, while the signaling-competent transmembrane isoform peaked moderately. Two human eosinophilic cell lines whose relative use of P1 and P2 were similar to eosinophils differentiated in culture were used to functionally test putative transcription factor binding sites. Transcription factor occupancy was then validated in primary cultures by ChIP. We conclude that IL-5-dependent generation of eosinophils from CD34+ precursors involves complex and dynamic activity including both promoters, several interacting transcription factors, and both signaling and antagonistic protein products.
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Felton JM, Vallabh S, Parameswaran S, Edsall LE, Ernst K, Wronowski B, Malik A, Kotliar M, Weirauch MT, Barski A, Fulkerson PC, Rothenberg ME. Epigenetic Analysis of the Chromatin Landscape Identifies a Repertoire of Murine Eosinophil-Specific PU.1-Bound Enhancers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1044-1054. [PMID: 34330753 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils develop in the bone marrow from hematopoietic progenitors into mature cells capable of a plethora of immunomodulatory roles via the choreographed process of eosinophilopoiesis. However, the gene regulatory elements and transcription factors (TFs) orchestrating this process remain largely unknown. The potency and resulting diversity fundamental to an eosinophil's complex immunomodulatory functions and tissue specialization likely result from dynamic epigenetic regulation of the eosinophil genome, a dynamic eosinophil regulome. In this study, we applied a global approach using broad-range, next-generation sequencing to identify a repertoire of eosinophil-specific enhancers. We identified over 8200 active enhancers located within 1-20 kB of expressed eosinophil genes. TF binding motif analysis revealed PU.1 (Spi1) motif enrichment in eosinophil enhancers, and chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with massively parallel sequencing confirmed PU.1 binding in likely enhancers of genes highly expressed in eosinophils. A substantial proportion (>25%) of these PU.1-bound enhancers were unique to murine, culture-derived eosinophils when compared among enhancers of highly expressed genes of three closely related myeloid cell subsets (macrophages, neutrophils, and immature granulocytes). Gene ontology analysis of eosinophil-specific, PU.1-bound enhancers revealed enrichment for genes involved in migration, proliferation, degranulation, and survival. Furthermore, eosinophil-specific superenhancers were enriched in genes whose homologs are associated with risk loci for eosinophilia and allergic diseases. Our collective data identify eosinophil-specific enhancers regulating key eosinophil genes through epigenetic mechanisms (H3K27 acetylation) and TF binding (PU.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Felton
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Sushmitha Vallabh
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Sreeja Parameswaran
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Lee E Edsall
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Kevin Ernst
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Benjamin Wronowski
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Astha Malik
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Michael Kotliar
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.,Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; and
| | - Artem Barski
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.,Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Patricia C Fulkerson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
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Treatment Challenges in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma: Differential Response to Anti-IL-5 and Anti-IL-5R Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083969. [PMID: 33921360 PMCID: PMC8069413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe asthma greatly affects patients' quality of life. Major advances have occurred in the management of severe eosinophilic asthma the past few years due to the new targeted biological therapies. There are three anti-IL-5 mAbs, mepolizumab, reslizumab and benralizumab. Despite the different mechanism of blocking IL-5 the clinical effects are quite similar as randomized controlled trials and real-life studies have shown. Moreover, there are reports of responding to one after failing to respond to another anti-IL-5 therapy. Accordingly, it is challenging to explore the possible differences in the response to anti-IL-5 treatments. This might help us not only understand possible mechanisms that contribute to the resistance to treatment in this particular asthma endotype, but also to phenotype within severe eosinophilic asthma in order to treat our patients more efficiently.
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Squillace DL, Checkel JL, Tefferi A, Kita H, Gleich GJ. Development and application of novel immunoassays for eosinophil granule major basic proteins to evaluate eosinophilia and myeloproliferative disorders. J Immunol Methods 2021; 493:113015. [PMID: 33689807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During eosinophil differentiation, the granule eosinophil major basic protein 1 (eMBP1) is synthesized as a 32-kDa precursor form, referred to as proMBP1, which is processed into the 14-kDa mature form of eMBP1. The prevalence of these two forms of MBP1 in most pathological conditions remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To develop the immunoassays that differentiate mature eMBP1 and proMBP1 and apply them to analyze their levels in biological fluids from patients with eosinophilia and hematologic disorders. METHODS We produced a series of monoclonal antibodies and selected pairs capable of discriminating between the two molecular forms of eMBP1. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was performed to simultaneously quantitate the levels of mature eMBP1 and proMBP1 in secretions from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and sera from patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) and other myeloproliferative disorders. RESULTS The novel immunoassays possessed less than 1% crossreactivity between mature eMBP1 and proMBP1. Mature eMBP1, but not proMBP1, was found in nasal secretions of CRS patients. In contrast, elevated serum levels of mature eMBP1 and proMBP1 were observed in approximately 60% and 90% of HES patients, respectively, with proMBP1 present in greater quantities than mature eMBP1. Patients with several myeloproliferative disorders also showed high serum levels of proMBP1 while mature eMBP1 remained at basal levels. CONCLUSION The novel immunoassays successfully differentiated mature eMBP1 and proMBP1 in human biological fluids. Further studies addressing the clinical correlates of these assays will help to develop biomarkers to diagnose and monitor patients with eosinophilia and myeloproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L Squillace
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - James L Checkel
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Ayalew Tefferi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Divisions of Allergic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States of America.
| | - Gerald J Gleich
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Departments of Dermatology and Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
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ATG5 promotes eosinopoiesis but inhibits eosinophil effector functions. Blood 2021; 137:2958-2969. [PMID: 33598715 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020010208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are white blood cells that contribute to the regulation of immunity and are involved in the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory diseases. In contrast to other cells of the immune system, no information is available regarding the role of autophagy in eosinophil differentiation and functions. To study the autophagic pathway in eosinophils, we generated conditional knockout mice in which Atg5 is deleted within the eosinophil lineage only (designated Atg5eoΔ mice). Eosinophilia was provoked by crossbreeding Atg5eoΔ mice with Il5 (IL-5) overexpressing transgenic mice (designated Atg5eoΔIl5tg mice). Deletion of Atg5 in eosinophils resulted in a dramatic reduction in the number of mature eosinophils in blood and an increase of immature eosinophils in the bone marrow. Atg5-knockout eosinophil precursors exhibited reduced proliferation under both in vitro and in vivo conditions but no increased cell death. Moreover, reduced differentiation of eosinophils in the absence of Atg5 was also observed in mouse and human models of chronic eosinophilic leukemia. Atg5-knockout blood eosinophils exhibited augmented levels of degranulation and bacterial killing in vitro. Moreover, in an experimental in vivo model, we observed that Atg5eoΔ mice achieve better clearance of the local and systemic bacterial infection with Citrobacter rodentium. Evidence for increased degranulation of ATG5low-expressing human eosinophils was also obtained in both tissues and blood. Taken together, mouse and human eosinophil hematopoiesis and effector functions are regulated by ATG5, which controls the amplitude of overall antibacterial eosinophil immune responses.
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Eosinophils in the Field of Nasal Polyposis: Towards a Better Understanding of Biologic Therapies. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 62:90-102. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Lineage commitment is governed by instructive and stochastic signals, which drive both active induction of the lineage program and repression of alternative fates. Eosinophil lineage commitment is driven by the ordered interaction of transcription factors, supported by cytokine signals. This review summarizes key findings in the study of eosinophil lineage commitment and examines new data investigating the factors that regulate this process. RECENT FINDINGS Recent and past studies highlight how intrinsic and extrinsic signals modulate transcription factor network and lineage decisions. Early action of the transcription factors C/EBPα and GATA binding protein-1 along with C/EBPε supports lineage commitment and eosinophil differentiation. This process is regulated and enforced by the pseudokinase Trib1, a regulator of C/EBPα levels. The cytokines interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-33 also support early eosinophil development. However, current studies suggest that these cytokines are not specifically required for lineage commitment. SUMMARY Together, recent evidence suggests a model where early transcription factor activity drives expression of key eosinophil genes and cytokine receptors to prime lineage commitment. Understanding the factors and signals that control eosinophil lineage commitment may guide therapeutic development for eosinophil-mediated diseases and provide examples for fate choices in other lineages.
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13
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Kanda A, Yasutaka Y, Van Bui D, Suzuki K, Sawada S, Kobayashi Y, Asako M, Iwai H. Multiple Biological Aspects of Eosinophils in Host Defense, Eosinophil-Associated Diseases, Immunoregulation, and Homeostasis: Is Their Role Beneficial, Detrimental, Regulator, or Bystander? Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:20-30. [PMID: 31902927 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are innate immune leukocytes and play important roles as terminal effector cells owing to their mediators, such as tissue-destructive cationic proteins, cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators. Historically, they are not only considered an important player in host defense against parasitic, viral, fungal, and bacterial infections but also implicated in the pathogenesis of eosinophil-associated diseases, such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis, esophagitis, atopic dermatitis, myopathies, and hypereosinophilic syndrome. Moreover, recent studies have shown that eosinophils have an immune regulatory and homeostatic function. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that eosinophils are accumulated through adoptive T-helper 2 (Th2) and innate Th2 responses, mechanisms of the classical allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated response, and group 2 innate lymphoid cell-derived interleukin-5, respectively. Furthermore, in agreement with current concepts of eosinophil subtypes, it has been shown that resident and phenotypically distinct eosinophils, i.e., resident and recruited inflammatory eosinophils, exist in inflamed sites, and each has different functions. Thus, the classical and novel studies suggest that eosinophils have multiple functions, and their roles may be altered by the environment. In this article, we review multiple biological aspects of eosinophils (novel and classical roles), including their beneficial and detrimental effects, immunoregulation, and homeostatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kanda
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kansai Medical University.,Allergy Center, Kansai Medical University
| | - Yun Yasutaka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kansai Medical University
| | - Dan Van Bui
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kansai Medical University
| | - Kensuke Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kansai Medical University
| | - Shunsuke Sawada
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kansai Medical University
| | - Yoshiki Kobayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kansai Medical University.,Allergy Center, Kansai Medical University
| | - Mikiya Asako
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kansai Medical University.,Allergy Center, Kansai Medical University
| | - Hiroshi Iwai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kansai Medical University
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14
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Ferrari D, Vuerich M, Casciano F, Longhi MS, Melloni E, Secchiero P, Zech A, Robson SC, Müller T, Idzko M. Eosinophils and Purinergic Signaling in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1339. [PMID: 32733449 PMCID: PMC7360723 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are major effector cells against parasites, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. However, these cells also take part in local and systemic inflammation, which are central to eczema, atopy, rhinitis, asthma, and autoimmune diseases. A role for eosinophils has been also shown in vascular thrombotic disorders and in cancer. Many, if not all, above-mentioned conditions involve the release of intracellular nucleotides (ATP, ADP, UTP, etc.) and nucleosides (adenosine) in the extracellular environment. Simultaneously, eosinophils further release ATP, which in autocrine and paracrine manners, stimulates P2 receptors. Purinergic signaling in eosinophils mediates a variety of responses including CD11b induction, ROI production, release of granule contents and enzymes, as well as cytokines. Exposure to extracellular ATP also modulates the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules, thereby favoring eosinophil extravasation and accumulation. In addition, eosinophils express the immunosuppressive adenosine P1 receptors, which regulate degranulation and migration. However, pro-inflammatory responses induced by extracellular ATP predominate. Due to their important role in innate immunity and tissue damage, pharmacological targeting of nucleotide- and nucleoside-mediated signaling in eosinophils could represent a novel approach to alleviate eosinophilic acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. These innovative approaches might also have salutary effects, particularly in host defense against parasites and in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- Section of Microbiology and Applied Pathology, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marta Vuerich
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fabio Casciano
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elisabetta Melloni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andreas Zech
- Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon C Robson
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tobias Müller
- Division of Pneumology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marco Idzko
- Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Abstract
The human eosinophil has long been thought to favorably influence innate mucosal immunity but at times has also been incriminated in disease pathophysiology. Research into eosinophil biology has uncovered a number of interesting contributions by eosinophils to health and disease. However, it appears that not all eosinophils from all species are created equal. It remains unclear, for example, exactly how having eosinophils benefits the human host when helminth infections in the developed world have become scarce. This review focuses on our current state of knowledge as it relates to human eosinophils. When information is lacking, we discuss lessons learned from mouse studies that may or may not directly apply to human biology and disease. It is an exciting time to be an "eosinophilosopher" because the use of biologic agents that selectively target eosinophils provides an unprecedented opportunity to define the contribution of this cell to eosinophil-associated human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy D Klion
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Steven J Ackerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA;
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA;
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16
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GATA2 and PU.1 Collaborate To Activate the Expression of the Mouse Ms4a2 Gene, Encoding FcεRIβ, through Distinct Mechanisms. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00314-19. [PMID: 31501274 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00314-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
GATA factors GATA1 and GATA2 and ETS factor PU.1 are known to function antagonistically during hematopoietic development. In mouse mast cells, however, these factors are coexpressed and activate the expression of the Ms4a2 gene encoding the β chain of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI). The present study showed that these factors cooperatively regulate Ms4a2 gene expression through distinct mechanisms. Although GATA2 and PU.1 contributed almost equally to Ms4a2 gene expression, gene ablation experiments revealed that simultaneous knockdown of both factors showed neither a synergistic nor an additive effect. A chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that they shared DNA binding to the +10.4-kbp region downstream of the Ms4a2 gene with chromatin looping factor LDB1, whereas the proximal -60-bp region was exclusively bound by GATA2 in a mast cell-specific manner. Ablation of PU.1 significantly reduced the level of GATA2 binding to both the +10.4-kbp and -60-bp regions. Surprisingly, the deletion of the +10.4-kbp region by genome editing completely abolished the Ms4a2 gene expression as well as the cell surface expression of FcεRI. These results suggest that PU.1 and LDB1 play central roles in the formation of active chromatin structure whereas GATA2 directly activates the Ms4a2 promoter.
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17
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Ha SD, Cho W, DeKoter RP, Kim SO. The transcription factor PU.1 mediates enhancer-promoter looping that is required for IL-1β eRNA and mRNA transcription in mouse melanoma and macrophage cell lines. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17487-17500. [PMID: 31586032 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA-binding protein PU.1 is a myeloid lineage-determining and pioneering transcription factor due to its ability to bind "closed" genomic sites and maintain "open" chromatin state for myeloid lineage-specific genes. The precise mechanism of PU.1 in cell type-specific programming is yet to be elucidated. The melanoma cell line B16BL6, although it is nonmyeloid lineage, expressed Toll-like receptors and activated the transcription factor NF-κB upon stimulation by the bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide. However, it did not produce cytokines, such as IL-1β mRNA. Ectopic PU.1 expression induced remodeling of a novel distal enhancer (located ∼10 kbp upstream of the IL-1β transcription start site), marked by nucleosome depletion, enhancer-promoter looping, and histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac). PU.1 induced enhancer-promoter looping and H3K27ac through two distinct PU.1 regions. These PU.1-dependent events were independently required for subsequent signal-dependent and co-dependent events: NF-κB recruitment and further H3K27ac, both of which were required for enhancer RNA (eRNA) transcription. In murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells, these PU.1-dependent events were constitutively established and readily expressed eRNA and subsequently IL-1β mRNA by lipopolysaccharide stimulation. In summary, this study showed a sequence of epigenetic events in programming IL-1β transcription by the distal enhancer priming and eRNA production mediated by PU.1 and the signal-dependent transcription factor NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Duck Ha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Woohyun Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Rodney P DeKoter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Sung Ouk Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 2V4, Canada
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18
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Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091375. [PMID: 31480806 PMCID: PMC6780074 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease with varying severity. Severe asthma is a subject of constant research because it greatly affects patients’ quality of life, and patients with severe asthma experience symptoms, exacerbations, and medication side effects. Eosinophils, although at first considered insignificant, were later specifically associated with features of the ongoing inflammatory process in asthma, particularly in the severe case. In this review, we discuss new insights into the pathogenesis of severe asthma related to eosinophilic inflammation and the pivotal role of cytokines in a spectrum that is usually referred to as “T2-high inflammation” that accounts for almost half of patients with severe asthma. Recent literature is summarized as to the role of eosinophils in asthmatic inflammation, airway remodeling, and airway hypersensitivity. Major advances in the management of severe asthma occurred the past few years due to the new targeted biological therapies. Novel biologics that are already widely used in severe eosinophilic asthma are discussed, focusing on the choice of the right treatment for the right patient. These monoclonal antibodies primarily led to a significant reduction of asthma exacerbations, as well as improvement of lung function and patient quality of life.
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19
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Muraoka M, Akagi T, Ueda A, Wada T, Koeffler HP, Yokota T, Yachie A. C/EBPε ΔRS derived from a neutrophil-specific granule deficiency patient interacts with HDAC1 and its dysfunction is restored by trichostatin A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:293-299. [PMID: 31256937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.06.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein epsilon (C/EBPε), a myeloid-specific transcription factor, plays an important role in granulopoiesis. A loss-of-function mutation in this protein can result in an abnormal development of neutrophils and eosinophils, known as neutrophil-specific granule deficiency (SGD). The transcriptional activity of C/EBPε is regulated by interactions with other transcription factors and/or post-translational modification, including acetylation. Previously, we reported a novel SGD patient who had a homozygous mutation for two amino acids, arginine (R247) and serine (S248), which were deleted in the basic leucine zipper domain of C/EBPε (ΔRS) and exhibited loss of transcriptional activity with aberrant protein-protein interactions. In the present study, we found that a single amino acid deletion of either R247 (ΔR) or S248 (ΔS) was sufficient for the loss of C/EBPε transcriptional activity, while an amino acid substitution at S248 to alanine in C/EBPε (SA) had comparable transcriptional activity with the wild-type C/EBPε (WT). Although acetylation at lysine residues (K121 and K198) is indispensable for C/EBPε transcriptional activity, an acetylation mimic form of ΔRS (ΔRS-K121/198Q) did not exhibit the transcriptional activity. Interestingly, we discovered that ΔRS, ΔR, ΔS, and ΔRS-K121/198Q interacted with histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), whereas WT and SA did not. Furthermore, the proteoglycan 2/eosinophil major basic protein induction activity of ΔRS, ΔR, and ΔS could be restored by the HDAC inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA), and protein-protein interactions between ΔRS and Gata1 could also be recovered by TSA treatment. Taken together, our results show that TSA has the potential to restore the transcriptional activity of ΔRS, indicating that the inhibition of HDAC1 could be a molecularly targeted treatment for SGD with ΔRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Muraoka
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Akagi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Ueda
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Taizo Wada
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Takashi Yokota
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yachie
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
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20
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Carr TF, Zeki AA, Kraft M. Eosinophilic and Noneosinophilic Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 197:22-37. [PMID: 28910134 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201611-2232pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tara F Carr
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and
| | - Amir A Zeki
- 2 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Monica Kraft
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and
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21
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Peters MC, Ringel L, Dyjack N, Herrin R, Woodruff PG, Rios C, O’Connor B, Fahy JV, Seibold MA. A Transcriptomic Method to Determine Airway Immune Dysfunction in T2-High and T2-Low Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199:465-477. [PMID: 30371106 PMCID: PMC6376622 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201807-1291oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 (T2) inflammation drives airway dysfunction in many patients with asthma; yet, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the airway immune cell types and networks that sustain this inflammation. Moreover, defects in the airway immune system in patients with asthma without T2 inflammation are not established. OBJECTIVES To determine the gene networks that sustain T2 airway inflammation in T2-high asthma and to explore the gene networks that characterize T2-low asthma. METHODS Network analysis of sputum cell transcriptome expression data from 84 subjects with asthma and 27 healthy control subjects was used to identify immune cell type-enriched networks that underlie asthma subgroups. RESULTS Sputum T2 gene expression was characterized by an immune cell network derived from multiple innate immune cells, including eosinophils, mast cells/basophils, and inflammatory dendritic cells. Clustering of subjects within this network stratified subjects into T2-high and T2-low groups, but it also revealed a subgroup of T2-high subjects with uniformly higher expression of the T2 network. These "T2-ultrahigh subjects" were characterized clinically by older age and more severe airflow obstruction and pathologically by a second T2 network derived from T2-skewed, CD11b+/CD103-/IRF4+ classical dendritic cells. Subjects with T2-low asthma were differentiated from healthy control subjects by lower expression of a cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell network, which was negatively correlated with body mass index and plasma IL-6 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Persistent airway T2 inflammation is a complex construct of innate and adaptive immunity gene expression networks that are variable across individuals with asthma and persist despite steroid treatment. Individuals with T2-low asthma exhibit an airway deficiency in cytotoxic T cells associated with obesity-driven inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Peters
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | - Prescott G. Woodruff
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Cydney Rios
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health and
| | | | - John V. Fahy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Max A. Seibold
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health and
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado – Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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22
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Zhu C, Xia L, Li F, Zhou L, Weng Q, Li Z, Wu Y, Mao Y, Zhang C, Wu Y, Li M, Ying S, Chen Z, Shen H, Li W. mTOR complexes differentially orchestrates eosinophil development in allergy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6883. [PMID: 29720621 PMCID: PMC5932055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25358-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil infiltration is considered a hallmark in allergic airway inflammation, and the blockade of eosinophil differentiation may be an effective approach for treating eosinophil-related disorders. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a vital modulator in cell growth control and related diseases, and we have recently demonstrated that rapamycin can suppress eosinophil differentiation in allergic airway inflammation. Considering its critical role in haematopoiesis, we further investigated the role of mTOR in eosinophil differentiation in the context of asthmatic pathogenesis. Intriguingly, the inhibition of mTOR, either by genetic deletion or by another pharmacological inhibitor torin-1, accelerated the eosinophil development in the presence of IL-5. However, this was not observed to have any considerable effect on eosinophil apoptosis. The effect of mTOR in eosinophil differentiation was mediated by Erk signalling. Moreover, myeloid specific knockout of mTOR or Rheb further augmented allergic airway inflammation in mice after allergen exposure. Ablation of mTOR in myeloid cells also resulted in an increased number of eosinophil lineage-committed progenitors (Eops) in allergic mice. Collectively, our data uncovered the differential effects of mTOR in the regulation of eosinophil development, likely due to the distinct functions of mTOR complex 1 or 2, which thus exerts a pivotal implication in eosinophil-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Lixia Xia
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Lingren Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Qingyu Weng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Zhouyang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Yinfang Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Yuanyuan Mao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315010, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Songmin Ying
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Huahao Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.
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23
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Serwas NK, Huemer J, Dieckmann R, Mejstrikova E, Garncarz W, Litzman J, Hoeger B, Zapletal O, Janda A, Bennett KL, Kain R, Kerjaschky D, Boztug K. CEBPE-Mutant Specific Granule Deficiency Correlates With Aberrant Granule Organization and Substantial Proteome Alterations in Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2018; 9:588. [PMID: 29651288 PMCID: PMC5884887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific granule deficiency (SGD) is a rare disorder characterized by abnormal neutrophils evidenced by reduced granules, absence of granule proteins, and atypical bilobed nuclei. Mutations in CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-ε (CEBPE) are one molecular etiology of the disease. Although C/EBPε has been studied extensively, the impact of CEBPE mutations on neutrophil biology remains elusive. Here, we identified two SGD patients bearing a previously described heterozygous mutation (p.Val218Ala) in CEBPE. We took this rare opportunity to characterize SGD neutrophils in terms of granule distribution and protein content. Granules of patient neutrophils were clustered and polarized, suggesting that not only absence of specific granules but also defects affecting other granules contribute to the phenotype. Our analysis showed that remaining granules displayed mixed protein content and lacked several glycoepitopes. To further elucidate the impact of mutant CEBPE, we performed detailed proteomic analysis of SGD neutrophils. Beside an absence of several granule proteins in patient cells, we observed increased expression of members of the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton complex (nesprin-2, vimentin, and lamin-B2), which control nuclear shape. This suggests that absence of these proteins in healthy individuals might be responsible for segmented shapes of neutrophilic nuclei. We further show that the heterozygous mutation p.Val218Ala in CEBPE causes SGD through prevention of nuclear localization of the protein product. In conclusion, we uncover that absence of nuclear C/EBPε impacts on spatiotemporal expression and subsequent distribution of several granule proteins and further on expression of proteins controlling nuclear shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina K Serwas
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Huemer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Régis Dieckmann
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ester Mejstrikova
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Wojciech Garncarz
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiri Litzman
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, St. Anne's University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Birgit Hoeger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ondrej Zapletal
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ales Janda
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Keiryn L Bennett
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kain
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dontscho Kerjaschky
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kaan Boztug
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics, St. Anna Kinderspital and Children's Cancer Research Institute, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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24
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Eosinophil-derived CCL-6 impairs hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis. Cell Res 2018; 28:323-335. [PMID: 29327730 PMCID: PMC5835778 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2018.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils (Eos) have been long considered as end-stage effector cells in the hierarchical hematopoietic system. Numerous lines of evidence have suggested that Eos are multifunctional leukocytes with respect to the initiation, propagation and regulation of various inflammatory or immune reactions, especially in allergic diseases. Recent studies have shown that Eos are also required for maintenance of bone marrow plasma cells and differentiation of B cells. However, it remains unclear whether Eos contributes to regulation of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that Eos disrupt HSC homeostasis by impairing HSC quiescence and reconstitution ability in wild-type mice following ovalbumin (OVA) challenge and even by causing bone marrow HSC failure and exhaustion in Cd3δ-Il-5 transgenic mice. The impaired maintenance and function of HSCs were associated with Eos-induced redox imbalance (increased oxidative phosphorylation and decreased anti-oxidants levels). More importantly, using mass spectrometry, we determined that CCL-6 is expressed at a high level under eosinophilia. We demonstrate that CCL-6 is Eos-derived and responsible for the impaired HSC homeostasis. Interestingly, blockage of CCL-6 with a specific neutralizing antibody, restored the reconstitution ability of HSCs while exacerbating eosinophilia airway inflammation in OVA-challenged mice. Thus, our study reveals an unexpected function of Eos/CCL-6 in HSC homeostasis.
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25
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Abstract
Human eosinophils have characteristic morphologic features, including a bilobed nucleus and cytoplasmic granules filled with cytotoxic and immunoregulatory proteins that are packaged in a specific manner. Eosinophil production in the bone marrow is exquisitely regulated by timely expression of a repertoire of transcription factors that work together via collaborative and hierarchical interactions to direct eosinophil development. In addition, proper granule formation, which occurs in a spatially organized manner, is an intrinsic checkpoint that must be passed for proper eosinophil production to occur. In eosinophil-associated disorders, eosinophils and their progenitors can be recruited in large numbers into tissues where they can induce proinflammatory organ damage in response to local signals. Eosinophils are terminally differentiated and do not proliferate once they leave the bone marrow. The cytokine IL-5 specifically enhances eosinophil production and, along with other mediators, promotes eosinophil activation. Indeed, eosinophil depletion with anti-IL-5 or anti-IL-5Rα is now proven to be clinically beneficial for several eosinophilic disorders, most notably severe asthma, and several therapeutics targeting eosinophil viability and production are now in development. Significant progress has been made in our understanding of eosinophil development and the consequences of tissue eosinophilia. Future research efforts focused on basic eosinophil immunobiology and translational efforts to assist in the diagnosis, treatment selection, and resolution of eosinophil-associated disorders will likely be informative and clinically helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Fulkerson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
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26
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Kim K, Hwang SM, Kim SM, Park SW, Jung Y, Chung IY. Terminally Differentiating Eosinophils Express Neutrophil Primary Granule Proteins as well as Eosinophil-specific Granule Proteins in a Temporal Manner. Immune Netw 2017; 17:410-423. [PMID: 29302254 PMCID: PMC5746611 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.6.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils and eosinophils, 2 prominent granulocytes, are commonly derived from myelocytic progenitors through successive stages in the bone marrow. Our previous genome-wide transcriptomic data unexpectedly showed that genes encoding a multitude of neutrophil primary granule proteins (NPGPs) were markedly downregulated during the end period of eosinophilic terminal differentiation when cord blood (CB) cluster of differentiation (CD) 34+ cells were induced to differentiate toward the eosinophil lineage during a 24-day culture period. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine whether NPGP genes were expressed on the way to eosinophil terminal differentiation stage and to compare their expression kinetics with that of genes encoding eosinophil-specific granule proteins (ESGPs). Transcripts of all NPGP genes examined, including proteinase 3, myeloperoxidase, cathepsin G (CTSG), and neutrophil elastase, reached a peak at day 12 and sharply declined thereafter, while transcript of ESGP genes including major basic protein 1 (MBP1) attained maximum expression at days 18 or 24. Growth factor independent 1 (GFI1) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPA), transactivators for the NPGP genes, were expressed immediately before the NPGP genes, whereas expression of C/EBPA, GATA1, and GATA2 kinetically paralleled that of eosinophil granule protein genes. The expression kinetics of NPGPs and ESGPs were duplicated upon differentiation of the eosinophilic leukemia cell line (EoL-1) immature eosinophilic cells. Importantly, confocal image analysis showed that CTSG was strongly coexpressed with MBP1 in differentiating CB eosinophils at days 12 and 18 and became barely detectable at day 24 and beyond. Our results suggest for the first time the presence of an immature stage where eosinophils coexpress NPGPs and ESGPs before final maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam Kim
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Sae Mi Hwang
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Sung Min Kim
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Sung Woo Park
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Korea
| | - Yunjae Jung
- Department of Microbiology, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Il Yup Chung
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea.,Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea
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27
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Fulkerson PC. Transcription Factors in Eosinophil Development and As Therapeutic Targets. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:115. [PMID: 28791289 PMCID: PMC5522844 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic gene expression is a major regulatory mechanism that directs hematopoietic cell fate and differentiation, including eosinophil lineage commitment and eosinophil differentiation. Though GATA-1 is well established as a critical transcription factor (TF) for eosinophil development, delineating the transcriptional networks that regulate eosinophil development at homeostasis and in inflammatory states is not complete. Yet, recent advances in molecular experimental tools using purified eosinophil developmental stages have led to identifying new regulators of gene expression during eosinophil development. Herein, recent studies that have provided new insight into the mechanisms of gene regulation during eosinophil lineage commitment and eosinophil differentiation are reviewed. A model is described wherein distinct classes of TFs work together via collaborative and hierarchical interactions to direct eosinophil development. In addition, the therapeutic potential for targeting TFs to regulate eosinophil production is discussed. Understanding how specific signals direct distinct patterns of gene expression required for the specialized functions of eosinophils will likely lead to new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Fulkerson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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28
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McBrien CN, Menzies-Gow A. The Biology of Eosinophils and Their Role in Asthma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:93. [PMID: 28713812 PMCID: PMC5491677 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review will describe the structure and function of the eosinophil. The roles of several relevant cell surface molecules and receptors will be discussed. We will also explore the systemic and local processes triggering eosinophil differentiation, maturation, and migration to the lungs in asthma, as well as the cytokine-mediated pathways that result in eosinophil activation and degranulation, i.e., the release of multiple pro-inflammatory substances from eosinophil-specific granules, including cationic proteins, cytokines, chemokines growth factors, and enzymes. We will discuss the current understanding of the roles that eosinophils play in key asthma processes such as airway hyperresponsiveness, mucus hypersecretion, and airway remodeling, in addition to the evidence relating to eosinophil–pathogen interactions within the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Menzies-Gow
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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29
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Rothenberg EV, Kueh HY, Yui MA, Zhang JA. Hematopoiesis and T-cell specification as a model developmental system. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:72-97. [PMID: 27088908 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathway to generate T cells from hematopoietic stem cells guides progenitors through a succession of fate choices while balancing differentiation progression against proliferation, stage to stage. Many elements of the regulatory system that controls this process are known, but the requirement for multiple, functionally distinct transcription factors needs clarification in terms of gene network architecture. Here, we compare the features of the T-cell specification system with the rule sets underlying two other influential types of gene network models: first, the combinatorial, hierarchical regulatory systems that generate the orderly, synchronized increases in complexity in most invertebrate embryos; second, the dueling 'master regulator' systems that are commonly used to explain bistability in microbial systems and in many fate choices in terminal differentiation. The T-cell specification process shares certain features with each of these prevalent models but differs from both of them in central respects. The T-cell system is highly combinatorial but also highly dose-sensitive in its use of crucial regulatory factors. The roles of these factors are not always T-lineage-specific, but they balance and modulate each other's activities long before any mutually exclusive silencing occurs. T-cell specification may provide a new hybrid model for gene networks in vertebrate developmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Hao Yuan Kueh
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Mary A Yui
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jingli A Zhang
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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30
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Abstract
Historically, eosinophils have been considered as end-stage cells involved in host protection against parasitic infection and in the mechanisms of hypersensitivity. However, later studies have shown that this multifunctional cell is also capable of producing immunoregulatory cytokines and soluble mediators and is involved in tissue homeostasis and modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we summarize the biology of eosinophils, including the function and molecular mechanisms of their granule proteins, cell surface markers, mediators, and pathways, and present comprehensive reviews of research updates on the genetics and epigenetics of eosinophils. We describe recent advances in the development of epigenetics of eosinophil-related diseases, especially in asthma. Likewise, recent studies have provided us with a more complete appreciation of how eosinophils contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases, including hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES). Over the past decades, the definition and criteria of HES have been evolving with the progress of our understanding of the disease and some aspects of this disease still remain controversial. We also review recent updates on the genetic and molecular mechanisms of HES, which have spurred dramatic developments in the clinical strategies of diagnosis and treatment for this heterogeneous group of diseases. The conclusion from this review is that the biology of eosinophils provides significant insights as to their roles in health and disease and, furthermore, demonstrates that a better understanding of eosinophil will accelerate the development of new therapeutic strategies for patients.
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31
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Kong SK, Kim BS, Hwang SM, Lee HH, Chung IY. Roles of RUNX1 and PU.1 in CCR3 Transcription. Immune Netw 2016; 16:176-82. [PMID: 27340386 PMCID: PMC4917401 DOI: 10.4110/in.2016.16.3.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR3 is a chemokine receptor that mediates the accumulation of allergic inflammatory cells, including eosinophils and Th2 cells, at inflamed sites. The regulatory sequence of the CCR3 gene, contains two Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) 1 sites and two PU.1 sites, in addition to a functional GATA site for transactivation of the CCR3 gene. In the present study, we examined the effects of the cis-acting elements of RUNX1 and PU.1 on transcription of the gene in EoL-1 eosinophilic cells and Jurkat T cells, both of which expressed functional surface CCR3 and these two transcription factors. Introduction of RUNX1 siRNA or PU.1 siRNA resulted in a modest decrease in CCR3 reporter activity in both cell types, compared with transfection of GATA-1 siRNA. Cotransfection of the two siRNAs led to inhibition in an additive manner. EMSA analysis showed that RUNX1, in particular, bound to its binding motifs. Mutagenesis analysis revealed that all point mutants lacking RUNX1- and PU.1-binding sites exhibited reduced reporter activities. These results suggest that RUNX1 and PU.1 participate in transcriptional regulation of the CCR3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Kang Kong
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Byung Soo Kim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Sae Mi Hwang
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Hyune Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Protein Research Center of GRRC, College of Natural Sciences, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 17035, Korea
| | - Il Yup Chung
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea.; Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea
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32
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Hwang SM, Uhm TG, Lee SK, Kong SK, Jung KH, Binas B, Chai YG, Park SW, Chung IY. Olig2 is expressed late in human eosinophil development and controls Siglec-8 expression. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:711-723. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0715-314rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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33
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Pathogenesis of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2016; 13:11. [PMID: 27053925 PMCID: PMC4822241 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-016-0121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) is considered a refractory and intractable disease. Patients with ECRS present with thick mucus production, long-term nasal congestion, loss of sense of smell, and intermittent acute exacerbations secondary to bacterial infections. Despite medical and surgical interventions, there is a high rate of recurrence with significant impairment to quality of life. The recent increasing prevalence of ECRS in south Asian countries and the strong tendency of ECRS to reoccur after surgery should be considered. The majority of cases need repeat surgery, and histological examinations of these cases show eosinophilic-dominant inflammation. The degradation and accumulation of eosinophils, release of cytokines, and mucus secretion have important roles in the pathogenesis of ECRS. ECRS differs from non-ECRS, in which eosinophils are not involved in the pathogenesis of the disease, and also in terms of many clinical characteristics, blood examination and nasal polyp histological findings, clinical features of the disease after surgery, efficacy of medications, and computed tomography findings. This review describes the clinical course, diagnosis, and treatment of ECRS as well as its pathophysiology and the role of eosinophils, mucus, cytokines, and other mediators in the pathogenesis of ECRS.
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34
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Wang G, Baines KJ, Fu JJ, Wood LG, Simpson JL, McDonald VM, Cowan DC, Taylor DR, Cowan JO, Gibson PG. Sputum mast cell subtypes relate to eosinophilia and corticosteroid response in asthma. Eur Respir J 2015; 47:1123-33. [PMID: 26699720 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01098-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are a resident inflammatory cell of the airways, involved in both the innate and adaptive immune response. The relationship between mast cells and inflammatory phenotypes and treatment response of asthma is not clear.Clinical characteristics of subjects with stable asthma (n=55), inflammatory cell counts and gene expression microarrays in induced sputum were analysed. Sputum mast cell subtypes were determined by molecular phenotyping based on expression of mast cell biomarkers (tryptase (TPSAB1), chymase (CMA1) and carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3)). Effects of mast cell subtypes on steroid response were observed in a prospective cohort study (n=50).MCT(n=18) and MCT/CPA3(mRNA expression of TPSAB1 and CPA3; n=29) subtypes were identified, as well as a group without mast cell gene expression (n=8). The MCT/CPA3 subtype had elevated exhaled nitric oxide fraction, sputum eosinophils, bronchial sensitivity and reactivity, and poorer asthma control. This was accompanied by upregulation of 13 genes. Multivariable logistic regression identified CPA3(OR 1.21, p=0.004) rather than TPSAB1(OR 0.92, p=0.502) as a determinant of eosinophilic asthma. The MCT/CPA3 subtype had a better clinical response and reduced signature gene expression with corticosteroid treatment.Sputum mast cell subtypes of asthma can be defined by a molecular phenotyping approach. The MCT/CPA3 subtype demonstrated increased bronchial sensitivity and reactivity, and signature gene expression, which was associated with airway eosinophilia and greater corticosteroid responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Pneumology Group, Dept of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China Center for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, Dept of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine J Baines
- Center for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, Dept of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Juan Juan Fu
- Pneumology Group, Dept of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Lisa G Wood
- Center for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, Dept of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Jodie L Simpson
- Center for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, Dept of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Vanessa M McDonald
- Center for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, Dept of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Douglas C Cowan
- The Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - D Robin Taylor
- The Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jan O Cowan
- The Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Peter G Gibson
- Pneumology Group, Dept of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China Center for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, Dept of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
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35
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Bouffi C, Kartashov AV, Schollaert KL, Chen X, Bacon WC, Weirauch MT, Barski A, Fulkerson PC. Transcription Factor Repertoire of Homeostatic Eosinophilopoiesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2683-95. [PMID: 26268651 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The production of mature eosinophils (Eos) is a tightly orchestrated process with the aim to sustain normal Eos levels in tissues while also maintaining low numbers of these complex and sensitive cells in the blood. To identify regulators of homeostatic eosinophilopoiesis in mice, we took a global approach to identify genome-wide transcriptome and epigenome changes that occur during homeostasis at critical developmental stages, including Eos-lineage commitment and lineage maturation. Our analyses revealed a markedly greater number of transcriptome alterations associated with Eos maturation (1199 genes) than with Eos-lineage commitment (490 genes), highlighting the greater transcriptional investment necessary for differentiation. Eos-lineage-committed progenitors (EoPs) were noted to express high levels of granule proteins and contain granules with an ultrastructure distinct from that of mature resting Eos. Our analyses also delineated a 976-gene Eos-lineage transcriptome that included a repertoire of 56 transcription factors, many of which have never previously been associated with Eos. EoPs and Eos, but not granulocyte-monocyte progenitors or neutrophils, expressed Helios and Aiolos, members of the Ikaros family of transcription factors, which regulate gene expression via modulation of chromatin structure and DNA accessibility. Epigenetic studies revealed a distinct distribution of active chromatin marks between genes induced with lineage commitment and genes induced with cell maturation during Eos development. In addition, Aiolos and Helios binding sites were significantly enriched in genes expressed by EoPs and Eos with active chromatin, highlighting a potential novel role for Helios and Aiolos in regulating gene expression during Eos development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Bouffi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Andrey V Kartashov
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Kaila L Schollaert
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- School of Electronic and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221
| | - W Clark Bacon
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Artem Barski
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Patricia C Fulkerson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229;
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36
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Wada T, Akagi T, Muraoka M, Toma T, Kaji K, Agematsu K, Koeffler HP, Yokota T, Yachie A. A Novel In-Frame Deletion in the Leucine Zipper Domain of C/EBPε Leads to Neutrophil-Specific Granule Deficiency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:80-6. [PMID: 26019275 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency (SGD) is a rare autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency characterized by neutrophil dysfunction, bilobed neutrophil nuclei and lack of neutrophil-specific granules. Defects in a myeloid-specific transcription factor, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-ε (C/EBPε), have been identified in two cases in which homozygous frameshift mutations led to loss of the leucine zipper domain. In this study, we report a 55-y-old woman affected with SGD caused by a novel homozygous 2-aa deletion (ΔRS) in the leucine zipper domain of the C/EBPε gene. The patient showed characteristic neutrophil abnormalities and recurrent skin infections; however, there was no history of deep organ infections. Biochemical analysis revealed that, in contrast to the two frameshift mutations, the ΔRS mutant maintained normal cellular localization, DNA-binding activity, and dimerization, and all three mutants exhibited marked reduction in transcriptional activity. The ΔRS mutant was defective in its association with Gata1 and PU.1, as well as aberrant cooperative transcriptional activation of eosinophil major basic protein. Thus, the ΔRS likely impairs protein-protein interaction with other transcription factors, resulting in a loss of transcriptional activation. These results further support the importance of the leucine zipper domain of C/EBPε for its essential function, and indicate that multiple molecular mechanisms lead to SGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taizo Wada
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan;
| | - Tadayuki Akagi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Masahiro Muraoka
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toma
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Kenzo Kaji
- Department of Dermatology, Komatsu Municipal Hospital, Komatsu 923-0961, Japan
| | - Kazunaga Agematsu
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Takashi Yokota
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yachie
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
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37
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Mucosal Eosinophils. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Yang M, Eyers F, Xiang Y, Guo M, Young IG, Rosenberg HF, Foster PS. Expression profiling of differentiating eosinophils in bone marrow cultures predicts functional links between microRNAs and their target mRNAs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97537. [PMID: 24824797 PMCID: PMC4019607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate complex transcriptional networks underpin immune responses. However, little is known about the specific miRNA networks that control differentiation of specific leukocyte subsets. In this study, we profiled miRNA expression during differentiation of eosinophils from bone marrow (BM) progenitors (bmEos), and correlated expression with potential mRNA targets involved in crucial regulatory functions. Profiling was performed on whole BM cultures to document the dynamic changes in miRNA expression in the BM microenvironment over the differentiation period. miRNA for network analysis were identified in BM cultures enriched in differentiating eosinophils, and chosen for their potential ability to target mRNA of factors that are known to play critical roles in eosinophil differentiation pathways or cell identify. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We identified 68 miRNAs with expression patterns that were up- or down- regulated 5-fold or more during bmEos differentiation. By employing TargetScan and MeSH databases, we identified 348 transcripts involved in 30 canonical pathways as potentially regulated by these miRNAs. Furthermore, by applying miRanda and Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA), we identified 13 specific miRNAs that are temporally associated with the expression of IL-5Rα and CCR3 and 14 miRNAs associated with the transcription factors GATA-1/2, PU.1 and C/EBPε. We have also identified 17 miRNAs that may regulate the expression of TLRs 4 and 13 during eosinophil differentiation, although we could identify no miRNAs targeting the prominent secretory effector, eosinophil major basic protein. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study to map changes in miRNA expression in whole BM cultures during the differentiation of eosinophils, and to predict functional links between miRNAs and their target mRNAs for the regulation of eosinophilopoiesis. Our findings provide an important resource that will promote the platform for further understanding of the role of these non-coding RNAs in the regulation of eosinophil differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (MY); (PSF)
| | - Fiona Eyers
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Man Guo
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ian G. Young
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Helene F. Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul S. Foster
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (MY); (PSF)
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Maroz A, Stachorski L, Emmrich S, Reinhardt K, Xu J, Shao Z, Käbler S, Dertmann T, Hitzler J, Roberts I, Vyas P, Juban G, Hennig C, Hansen G, Li Z, Orkin S, Reinhardt D, Klusmann JH. GATA1s induces hyperproliferation of eosinophil precursors in Down syndrome transient leukemia. Leukemia 2013; 28:1259-70. [PMID: 24336126 PMCID: PMC4047213 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transient leukemia (TL) is evident in 5–10% of all neonates with Down syndrome (DS) and associated with N-terminal truncating GATA1-mutations (GATA1s). Here we report that TL cell clones generate abundant eosinophils in a substantial fraction of patients. Sorted eosinophils from patients with TL and eosinophilia carried the same GATA1s-mutation as sorted TL-blasts, consistent with their clonal origin. TL-blasts exhibited a genetic program characteristic of eosinophils and differentiated along the eosinophil lineage in vitro. Similarly, ectopic expression of Gata1s, but not Gata1, in wild-type CD34+-hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells induced hyperproliferation of eosinophil promyelocytes in vitro. While GATA1s retained the function of GATA1 to induce eosinophil genes by occupying their promoter regions, GATA1s was impaired in its ability to repress oncogenic MYC and the pro-proliferative E2F transcription network. ChIP-seq indicated reduced GATA1s occupancy at the MYC promoter. Knockdown of MYC, or the obligate E2F-cooperation partner DP1, rescued the GATA1s-induced hyperproliferative phenotype. In agreement, terminal eosinophil maturation was blocked in Gata1Δe2 knockin mice, exclusively expressing Gata1s, leading to accumulation of eosinophil precursors in blood and bone marrow. These data suggest a direct relationship between the N-terminal truncating mutations of GATA1 and clonal eosinophilia in DS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maroz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - L Stachorski
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Emmrich
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - K Reinhardt
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Xu
- 1] Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [3] Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Shao
- 1] Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [3] Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Käbler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - T Dertmann
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Hitzler
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - I Roberts
- Oxford University Department of Paediatrics, Childrens Hospital and Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK
| | - P Vyas
- 1] MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK [2] Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospital, NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - G Juban
- 1] MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK [2] Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospital, NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - C Hennig
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - G Hansen
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Z Li
- Division of Genetics, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Orkin
- 1] Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [3] Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Reinhardt
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - J-H Klusmann
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Kong SK, Kim BS, Uhm TG, Lee W, Lee GR, Park CS, Lee CH, Chung IY. Different GATA factors dictate CCR3 transcription in allergic inflammatory cells in a cell type-specific manner. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:5747-56. [PMID: 23636060 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR3 is expressed in prominent allergic inflammatory cells, including eosinophils, mast cells, and Th2 cells. We previously identified a functional GATA element within exon 1 of the CCR3 gene that is responsible for GATA-1-mediated CCR3 transcription. Because allergic inflammatory cells exhibit distinct expression patterns of different GATA factors, we investigated whether different GATA factors dictate CCR3 transcription in a cell type-specific manner. GATA-2 was expressed in EoL-1 eosinophilic cells, GATA-1 and GATA-2 were expressed in HMC-1 mast cells, and GATA-3 was preferentially expressed in Jurkat cells. Unlike a wild-type CCR3 reporter, reporters lacking the functional GATA element were not active in any of the three cell types, implying the involvement of different GATA factors in CCR3 transcription. RNA interference assays showed that small interfering RNAs specific for different GATA factors reduced CCR3 reporter activity in a cell type-specific fashion. Consistent with these findings, chromatin immunoprecipitation and EMSA analyses demonstrated cell type-specific binding of GATA factors to the functional GATA site. More importantly, specific inhibition of the CCR3 reporter activity by different GATA small interfering RNAs was well preserved in respective cell types differentiated from cord blood; in particular, GATA-3 was entirely responsible for reporter activity in Th2 cells and replaced the role predominantly played by GATA-1 and GATA-2. These results highlight a mechanistic role of GATA factors in which cell type-specific expression is the primary determinant of transcription of the CCR3 gene in major allergic inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Kang Kong
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Republic of Korea
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Uhm TG, Lee SK, Kim BS, Kang JH, Park CS, Rhim TY, Chang HS, Kim DJ, Chung IY. CpG methylation at GATA elements in the regulatory region of CCR3 positively correlates with CCR3 transcription. Exp Mol Med 2012; 44:268-80. [PMID: 22217447 PMCID: PMC3349909 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2012.44.4.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation may regulate gene expression by restricting the access of transcription factors. We have previously demonstrated that GATA-1 regulates the transcription of the CCR3 gene by dynamically interacting with both positively and negatively acting GATA elements of high affinity binding in the proximal promoter region including exon 1. Exon 1 has three CpG sites, two of which are positioned at the negatively acting GATA elements. We hypothesized that the methylation of these two CpGs sites might preclude GATA-1 binding to the negatively acting GATA elements and, as a result, increase the availability of GATA-1 to the positively acting GATA element, thereby contributing to an increase in GATA-1-mediated transcription of the gene. To this end, we determined the methylation of the three CpG sites by bisulfate pyrosequencing in peripheral blood eosinophils, cord blood (CB)-derived eosinophils, PBMCs, and cell lines that vary in CCR3 mRNA expression. Our results demonstrated that methylation of CpG sites at the negatively acting GATA elements severely reduced GATA-1 binding and augmented transcription activity in vitro. In agreement, methylation of these CpG sites positively correlated with CCR3 mRNA expression in the primary cells and cell lines examined. Interestingly, methylation patterns of these three CpG sites in CB-derived eosinophils mostly resembled those in peripheral blood eosinophils. These results suggest that methylation of CpG sites at the GATA elements in the regulatory regions fine-tunes CCR3 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Gi Uhm
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Korea
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42
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Lee JW, Kim HS, Hwang J, Kim YH, Lim GY, Sohn WJ, Yoon SR, Kim JY, Park TS, Oh SH, Park KM, Choi SU, Ryoo ZY, Lee S. Regulation of HOXA9 activity by predominant expression of DACH1 against C/EBPα and GATA-1 in myeloid leukemia with MLL-AF9. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 426:299-305. [PMID: 22902925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although MLL-AF9 caused by the chromosomal translocation t(9;11) has a critical role in acute myeloid leukemia, the molecular pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we identified that the cell fate determination factor DACH1 is directly up-regulated by MLL-AF9. Recently we showed that the forced expression of DACH1 in myeloid cells induced p27(Kip1) and repressed p21(Cip1), which is a pivotal characteristic of the myeloid progenitor. Consistent with our previous study, ectopic expression of DACH1 contributed to the maintenance of colonogenic activity and blocked the differentiation of myeloid progenitors. Moreover, we here identified an endogenous HOXA9-DACH1 complex mediated by the carboxyl terminus of DACH1 in t(9;11) leukemia cells. qRT-PCR revealed that DACH1 has a stronger transcription-promoting activity with HOXA9 than does PBX2 with HOXA9. Furthermore, C/EBPα and GATA-1 can directly bind to the promoter of DACH1 and act as a transcriptional suppressor. Expression of DACH1 is down-regulated during myeloid differentiation and shows an inverse pattern compared to C/EBPα and GATA-1 expression. However, ectopic expression of C/EBPα and/or GATA-1 could not abrogate the over-expression of DACH1 induced by MLL-AF9. Therefore, we postulate that the inability of C/EBPα and GATA-1 to down-regulate DACH1 expression induced by MLL-AF9 during myeloid differentiation may contribute to t(9;11) leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Woong Lee
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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Uhm TG, Kim BS, Chung IY. Eosinophil development, regulation of eosinophil-specific genes, and role of eosinophils in the pathogenesis of asthma. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2011; 4:68-79. [PMID: 22379601 PMCID: PMC3283796 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2012.4.2.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils arise from hematopoietic CD34+ stem cells in the bone marrow. They acquire IL-5Rα on their surface at a very early stage during eosinophilopoiesis, and differentiate under the strong influence of interleukin (IL)-5. They then exit to the bloodstream, and enter the lung upon exposure to airway inflammatory signals, including eotaxins. In inflamed tissues, eosinophils act as key mediators of terminal effector functions and innate immunity and in linking to adaptive immune responses. Transcription factors GATA-1, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein, and PU.1 play instructive roles in eosinophil specification from multipotent stem cells through a network of cooperative and antagonistic interactions. Not surprisingly, the interplay of these transcription factors is instrumental in forming the regulatory circuit of expression of eosinophil-specific genes, encoding eosinophil major basic protein and neurotoxin, CC chemokine receptor 3 eotaxin receptor, and IL-5 receptor alpha. Interestingly, a common feature is that the critical cis-acting elements for these transcription factors are clustered in exon 1 and intron 1 of these genes rather than their promoters. Elucidation of the mechanism of eosinophil development and activation may lead to selective elimination of eosinophils in animals and human subjects. Furthermore, availability of a range of genetically modified mice lacking or overproducing eosinophil-specific genes will facilitate evaluation of the roles of eosinophils in the pathogenesis of asthma. This review summarizes eosinophil biology, focusing on development and regulation of eosinophil-specific genes, with a heavy emphasis on the causative link between eosinophils and pathological development of asthma using genetically modified mice as models of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Gi Uhm
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
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44
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Abstract
Eosinophils are leukocytes resident in mucosal tissues. During T-helper 2 (Th2)-type inflammation, eosinophils are recruited from bone marrow and blood to the sites of immune response. While eosinophils have been considered end-stage cells involved in host protection against parasite infection and immunopathology in hypersensitivity disease, recent studies changed this perspective. Eosinophils are now considered multifunctional leukocytes involved in tissue homeostasis, modulation of adaptive immune responses, and innate immunity to certain microbes. Eosinophils are capable of producing immunoregulatory cytokines and are actively involved in regulation of Th2-type immune responses. However, such new information does not preclude earlier observations showing that eosinophils, in particular human eosinophils, are also effector cells with proinflammatory and destructive capabilities. Eosinophils with activation phenotypes are observed in biological specimens from patients with disease, and deposition of eosinophil products is readily seen in the affected tissues from these patients. Therefore, it would be reasonable to consider the eosinophil a multifaceted leukocyte that contributes to various physiological and pathological processes depending on their location and activation status. This review summarizes the emerging concept of the multifaceted immunobiology of eosinophils and discusses the roles of eosinophils in health and disease and the challenges and perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Kita
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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45
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Developmental, malignancy-related, and cross-species analysis of eosinophil, mast cell, and basophil siglec-8 expression. J Clin Immunol 2011; 31:1045-53. [PMID: 21938510 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-011-9589-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to determine when during hematopoiesis Siglec-8 gets expressed, whether it is expressed on hematologic malignancies, and if there are other non-human species that express Siglec-8. METHODS Siglec-8 mRNA and cell surface expression was monitored during in vitro maturation of human eosinophils and mast cells. Flow cytometry was performed on human blood and bone marrow samples, and on blood samples from dogs, baboons, and rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. RESULTS Siglec-8 is a late maturation marker. It is detectable on eosinophils and basophils from subjects with chronic eosinophilic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, and on malignant and non-malignant bone marrow mast cells, as well as the HMC-1.2 cell line. None of the Siglec-8 monoclonal antibodies tested recognized leukocytes from dogs, baboons, and rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. CONCLUSIONS Siglec-8-based therapies should not target immature human leukocytes but should recognize mature and malignant eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils. So far, there is no suitable species for preclinical testing of Siglec-8 monoclonal antibodies.
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Krumsiek J, Marr C, Schroeder T, Theis FJ. Hierarchical differentiation of myeloid progenitors is encoded in the transcription factor network. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22649. [PMID: 21853041 PMCID: PMC3154193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is an ideal model system for stem cell biology with advanced experimental access. A systems view on the interactions of core transcription factors is important for understanding differentiation mechanisms and dynamics. In this manuscript, we construct a Boolean network to model myeloid differentiation, specifically from common myeloid progenitors to megakaryocytes, erythrocytes, granulocytes and monocytes. By interpreting the hematopoietic literature and translating experimental evidence into Boolean rules, we implement binary dynamics on the resulting 11-factor regulatory network. Our network contains interesting functional modules and a concatenation of mutual antagonistic pairs. The state space of our model is a hierarchical, acyclic graph, typifying the principles of myeloid differentiation. We observe excellent agreement between the steady states of our model and microarray expression profiles of two different studies. Moreover, perturbations of the network topology correctly reproduce reported knockout phenotypes in silico. We predict previously uncharacterized regulatory interactions and alterations of the differentiation process, and line out reprogramming strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Krumsiek
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Carsten Marr
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Timm Schroeder
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Fabian J. Theis
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kim BS, Uhm TG, Lee SK, Lee SH, Kang JH, Park CS, Chung IY. The crucial role of GATA-1 in CCR3 gene transcription: modulated balance by multiple GATA elements in the CCR3 regulatory region. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:6866-75. [PMID: 21041734 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
GATA-1, a zinc finger-containing transcription factor, regulates not only the differentiation of eosinophils but also the expression of many eosinophil-specific genes. In the current study, we dissected CCR3 gene expression at the molecular level using several cell types that express varying levels of GATA-1 and CCR3. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that GATA-1 preferentially bound to sequences in both exon 1 and its proximal intron 1. A reporter plasmid assay showed that constructs harboring exon 1 and/or intron 1 sequences retained transactivation activity, which was essentially proportional to cellular levels of endogenous GATA-1. Introduction of a dominant-negative GATA-1 or small interfering RNA of GATA-1 resulted in a decrease in transcription activity of the CCR3 reporter. Both point mutation and EMSA analyses demonstrated that although GATA-1 bound to virtually all seven putative GATA elements present in exon 1-intron 1, the first GATA site in exon 1 exhibited the highest binding affinity for GATA-1 and was solely responsible for GATA-1-mediated transactivation. The fourth and fifth GATA sites in exon 1, which were postulated previously to be a canonical double-GATA site for GATA-1-mediated transcription of eosinophil-specific genes, appeared to play an inhibitory role in transactivation, albeit with a high affinity for GATA-1. Furthermore, mutation of the seventh GATA site (present in intron 1) increased transcription, suggesting an inhibitory role. These data suggest that GATA-1 controls CCR3 transcription by interacting dynamically with the multiple GATA sites in the regulatory region of the CCR3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Soo Kim
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
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Bochner BS, Gleich GJ. What targeting eosinophils has taught us about their role in diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:16-25; quiz 26-7. [PMID: 20434203 PMCID: PMC2902581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil-associated disease is a term used to encompass a range of disorders from hypereosinophilic syndrome to asthma. Despite the longstanding belief that eosinophils can be primary contributors to disease pathophysiology, it is only in recent years that direct and selective reduction or elimination of eosinophils can be achieved in animals or human subjects. These developments have been made possible in mice through clever targeting of eosinophil production. Antibodies and other agents that target soluble eosinophil-related molecules, such as IL-5, or cell-surface structures, such as CCR3, have also proved useful in reducing blood and tissue eosinophil counts. In human subjects the only eosinophil-selective agents tested in clinical trials thus far are neutralizing antibodies to IL-5, with promising but mixed results. At the very least, such forms of pharmacologic hypothesis testing of the role of eosinophils in certain airway, gastrointestinal, and hematologic diseases has finally provided us with new insights into disease pathogenesis. At its optimistic best, these and other targeted agents might someday become available for those afflicted with eosinophil-associated disorders. This review summarizes what has been learned in vivo in both preclinical and clinical studies of eosinophil-directed therapies, with an emphasis on recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Gorska MM, Alam R. The signaling mechanism of eosinophil activation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 1:247-56. [PMID: 20476938 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.1.2.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils play an important role in certain aspects of asthma pathogenesis. This review focuses on the mechanism of activation of eosinophils by the growth factor interleukin-5 and the CC chemokine receptor-3. Interleukin-5 activates members of the Janus and Src family of kinases. The latter kinases are largely responsible for the generation of initial signaling events. CC chemokine receptor-3, in contrast, signals through heterotrimeric G-proteins. Subsequently, various signaling pathways are activated, which converge on four major pathways - the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, the phosphoinositide-3 kinase pathway, the calcium signaling pathway and the Janus-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway. The biologic consequences of many of these signaling pathways are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Gorska
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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The role of PU.1 and GATA-1 transcription factors during normal and leukemogenic hematopoiesis. Leukemia 2010; 24:1249-57. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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