1
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Lin MH, Liu CC, Lu CW, Shu JC. Staphylococcus aureus foldase PrsA contributes to the folding and secretion of protein A. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:108. [PMID: 38566014 PMCID: PMC10986000 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus secretes a variety of proteins including virulence factors that cause diseases. PrsA, encoded by many Gram-positive bacteria, is a membrane-anchored lipoprotein that functions as a foldase to assist in post-translocational folding and helps maintain the stability of secreted proteins. Our earlier proteomic studies found that PrsA is required for the secretion of protein A, an immunoglobulin-binding protein that contributes to host immune evasion. This study aims to investigate how PrsA influences protein A secretion. RESULTS We found that in comparison with the parental strain HG001, the prsA-deletion mutant HG001ΔprsA secreted less protein A. Deleting prsA also decreased the stability of exported protein A. Pulldown assays indicated that PrsA interacts with protein A in vivo. The domains in PrsA that interact with protein A are mapped to both the N- and C-terminal regions (NC domains). Additionally, the NC domains are essential for promoting PrsA dimerization. Furthermore, an immunoglobulin-binding assay revealed that, compared to the parental strain HG001, fewer immunoglobulins bound to the surface of the mutant strain HG001ΔprsA. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that PrsA is critical for the folding and secretion of protein A. The information derived from this study provides a better understanding of virulent protein export pathways that are crucial to the pathogenicity of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hui Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao- Yuan, 333, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Chin Liu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao- Yuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Wen Lu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Jwu-Ching Shu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao- Yuan, 333, Taiwan.
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2
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George JL, Agbavor C, Cabo LF, Cahoon LA. Streptococcus pneumoniae secretion chaperones PrsA, SlrA, and HtrA are required for competence, antibiotic resistance, colonization, and invasive disease. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0049023. [PMID: 38226817 PMCID: PMC10863415 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00490-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive bacterium and a significant health threat with the populations most at risk being children, the elderly, and the immuno-compromised. To colonize and transition into an invasive infectious organism, S. pneumoniae secretes virulence factors that are translocated across the bacterial membrane and destined for surface exposure, attachment to the cell wall, or secretion into the host. The surface exposed protein chaperones PrsA, SlrA, and HtrA facilitate S. pneumoniae protein secretion; however, the distinct roles contributed by each of these secretion chaperones have not been well defined. Tandem Mass-Tagged Mass Spectrometry and virulence, adhesion, competence, and cell wall integrity assays were used to interrogate the individual and collective contributions of PrsA, SlrA, and HtrA to multiple aspects of S. pneumoniae physiology and virulence. PrsA, SlrA, and HtrA were found to play critical roles in S. pneumoniae host cell infection and competence, and the absence of each of these secretion chaperones significantly altered the S. pneumoniae secretome in distinct ways. PrsA and SlrA were additionally found to contribute to cell wall assembly and resistance to cell wall-active antimicrobials and were important for enabling S. pneumoniae host cell adhesion during colonization and invasive infection. These findings serve to further illustrate the pivotal contributions of PrsA, SlrA, and HtrA to S. pneumoniae protein secretion and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jada L. George
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles Agbavor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leah F. Cabo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laty A. Cahoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Jiang X, Yu G, Zhu L, Siddique A, Zhan D, Zhou L, Yue M. Flanking N- and C-terminal domains of PrsA in Streptococcus suis type 2 are crucial for inducing cell death independent of TLR2 recognition. Virulence 2023; 14:2249779. [PMID: 37641974 PMCID: PMC10467536 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2249779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis type 2 (SS2), a major emerging/re-emerging zoonotic pathogen found in humans and pigs, can cause severe clinical infections, and pose public health issues. Our previous studies recognized peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PrsA) as a critical virulence factor promoting SS2 pathogenicity. PrsA contributed to cell death and operated as a pro-inflammatory effector. However, the molecular pathways through which PrsA contributes to cell death are poorly understood. Here in this study, we prepared the recombinant PrsA protein and found that pyroptosis and necroptosis were involved in cell death stimulated by PrsA. Specific pyroptosis and necroptosis signalling inhibitors could significantly alleviate the fatal effect. Cleaved caspase-1 and IL-1β in pyroptosis with phosphorylated MLKL proteins in necroptosis pathways, respectively, were activated after PrsA stimulation. Truncated protein fragments of enzymatic PPIase domain (PPI), N-terminal (NP), and C-terminal (PC) domains fused with PPIase, were expressed and purified. PrsA flanking N- or C-terminal but not enzymatic PPIase domain was found to be critical for PrsA function in inducing cell death and inflammation. Additionally, PrsA protein could be anchored on the cell surface to interact with host cells. However, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) was not implicated in cell death and recognition of PrsA. PAMPs of PrsA could not promote TLR2 activation, and no rescued phenotypes of death were shown in cells blocking of TLR2 receptor or signal-transducing adaptor of MyD88. Overall, these data, for the first time, advanced our perspective on PrsA function and elucidated that PrsA-induced cell death requires its flanking N- or C-terminal domain but is dispensable for recognizing TLR2. Further efforts are still needed to explore the precise molecular mechanisms of PrsA-inducing cell death and, therefore, contribution to SS2 pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Jiang
- College of Medicine, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Active Component of Natural Drugs, Poster-Doctoral Research Center, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guijun Yu
- College of Medicine, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lexin Zhu
- College of Medicine, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
| | - Abubakar Siddique
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- Atta Ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Dongbo Zhan
- College of Medicine, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
| | - Linhua Zhou
- College of Medicine, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
| | - Min Yue
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Liu P, Guo J, Miao L, Liu H. Enhancing the secretion of a feruloyl esterase in Bacillus subtilis by signal peptide screening and rational design. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 200:106165. [PMID: 36038098 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Feruloyl esterase is a subclass of α/β hydrolase, which could release ferulic acid from biomass residues for use as an efficient additive in food or pharmaceutical industries. In the present study, a feruloyl esterase with broad substrate specificity was characterised and secreted by Bacillus subtilis WB600. After codon usage optimisation and signal peptide library screening, the secretion amount of feruloyl esterase was enhanced by up to 10.2-fold in comparison with the base strain. The site-specific amino acid substitutions that facilitate protein folding further improved the secretion by about 1.5-fold. The purified rationally designed enzyme exhibited maximal activity against methyl ferulate at pH 6.5 and 65 °C. In the solid-state fermentation, the genetically engineered B. subtilis released about 37% of the total alkali-extractable ferulic acid in maize bran. This study provides a promising candidate for ferulic acid production and demonstrates that the secretion of a heterologous enzyme from B. subtilis can be cumulatively improved by changes in protein sequence features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulin Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Jingxiao Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Lihong Miao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Hanyan Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
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5
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Gnuchikh EY, Manukhov IV, Zavilgelsky GB. Biosensors to Assess the Activity of Promoters and Chaperones in Bacillus subtilis Cells. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683821080020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Wu ZY, Campeau A, Liu CH, Gonzalez DJ, Yamaguchi M, Kawabata S, Lu CH, Lai CY, Chiu HC, Chang YC. Unique virulence role of post-translocational chaperone PrsA in shaping Streptococcus pyogenes secretome. Virulence 2021; 12:2633-2647. [PMID: 34592883 PMCID: PMC8489961 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1982501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus, GAS) is a strict human pathogen causing a broad spectrum of diseases and a variety of autoimmune sequelae. The pathogenesis of GAS infection mostly relies on the production of an extensive network of cell wall-associated and secreted virulence proteins, such as adhesins, toxins, and exoenzymes. PrsA, the only extracellular parvulin-type peptidyl-prolyl isomerase expressed ubiquitously in Gram-positive bacteria, has been suggested to assist the folding and maturation of newly exported proteins to acquire their native conformation and activity. Two PrsA proteins, PrsA1 and PrsA2, have been identified in GAS, but the respective contribution of each PrsA in GAS pathogenesis remains largely unknown. By combining comparative proteomic and phenotypic analysis approaches, we demonstrate that both PrsA isoforms are required to maintain GAS proteome homeostasis and virulence-associated traits in a unique and overlapping manner. The inactivation of both PrsA in GAS caused remarkable impairment in biofilm formation, host adherence, infection-induced cytotoxicity, and in vivo virulence in a murine soft tissue infection model. The concordance of proteomic and phenotypic data clearly features the essential role of PrsA in GAS full virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yi Wu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Anaamika Campeau
- Department of Pharmacology and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Chao-Hsien Liu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David J. Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Chieh-Hsien Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Yu Lai
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chieh Chiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chi Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Awussi AA, Roux E, Humeau C, Hafeez Z, Maigret B, Chang OK, Lecomte X, Humbert G, Miclo L, Genay M, Perrin C, Dary-Mourot A. Role of the Sortase A in the Release of Cell-Wall Proteinase PrtS in the Growth Medium of Streptococcus thermophilus 4F44. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112380. [PMID: 34835505 PMCID: PMC8623714 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of the lactic acid bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus in milk depends on its capacity to hydrolyze proteins of this medium through its surface proteolytic activity. Thus, strains exhibiting the cell envelope proteinase (CEP) PrtS are able to grow in milk at high cellular density. Due to its LPNTG motif, which is possibly the substrate of the sortase A (SrtA), PrtS is anchored to the cell wall in most S. thermophilus strains. Conversely, a soluble extracellular PrtS activity has been reported in the strain 4F44. It corresponds, in fact, to a certain proportion of PrtS that is not anchored to the cell wall but rather is released in the growth medium. The main difference between PrtS of strain 4F44 (PrtS4F44) and other PrtS concerns the absence of a 32-residue imperfect duplication in the prodomain of the CEP, postulated as being required for the maturation and correct subsequent anchoring of PrtS. In fact, both mature (without the prodomain at the N-terminal extremity) and immature (with the prodomain) forms are found in the soluble PrtS4F44 form along with an intact LPNTG at their C-terminal extremity. Investigations we present in this work show that (i) the imperfect duplication is not implied in PrtS maturation; (ii) the maturase PrtM is irrelevant in PrtS maturation which is probably automaturated; and (iii) SrtA allows for the PrtS anchoring in S. thermophilus but the SrtA of strain 4F44 (SrtA4F44) displays an altered activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahoefa Ablavi Awussi
- CALBINOTOX, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.A.A.); (E.R.); (Z.H.); (O.K.C.); (X.L.); (G.H.); (L.M.); (M.G.); (C.P.)
| | - Emeline Roux
- CALBINOTOX, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.A.A.); (E.R.); (Z.H.); (O.K.C.); (X.L.); (G.H.); (L.M.); (M.G.); (C.P.)
| | | | - Zeeshan Hafeez
- CALBINOTOX, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.A.A.); (E.R.); (Z.H.); (O.K.C.); (X.L.); (G.H.); (L.M.); (M.G.); (C.P.)
| | - Bernard Maigret
- CNRS, Inria, LORIA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - Oun Ki Chang
- CALBINOTOX, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.A.A.); (E.R.); (Z.H.); (O.K.C.); (X.L.); (G.H.); (L.M.); (M.G.); (C.P.)
- Hazard Substance Analysis Division, Gwangju Regional Office of Food and Drug Safety, Gwangju 10031, Korea
| | - Xavier Lecomte
- CALBINOTOX, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.A.A.); (E.R.); (Z.H.); (O.K.C.); (X.L.); (G.H.); (L.M.); (M.G.); (C.P.)
| | - Gérard Humbert
- CALBINOTOX, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.A.A.); (E.R.); (Z.H.); (O.K.C.); (X.L.); (G.H.); (L.M.); (M.G.); (C.P.)
| | - Laurent Miclo
- CALBINOTOX, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.A.A.); (E.R.); (Z.H.); (O.K.C.); (X.L.); (G.H.); (L.M.); (M.G.); (C.P.)
| | - Magali Genay
- CALBINOTOX, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.A.A.); (E.R.); (Z.H.); (O.K.C.); (X.L.); (G.H.); (L.M.); (M.G.); (C.P.)
| | - Clarisse Perrin
- CALBINOTOX, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.A.A.); (E.R.); (Z.H.); (O.K.C.); (X.L.); (G.H.); (L.M.); (M.G.); (C.P.)
| | - Annie Dary-Mourot
- CALBINOTOX, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.A.A.); (E.R.); (Z.H.); (O.K.C.); (X.L.); (G.H.); (L.M.); (M.G.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Engineering Bacillus subtilis Cells as Factories: Enzyme Secretion and Value-added Chemical Production. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-020-0104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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9
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Kumawat M, Singh R, Karuna I, Ahlawat N, Ahlawat S. Salmonella Typhimurium peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase C (PPIase C) plays a substantial role in protein folding to maintain the protein structure. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:168. [PMID: 33029674 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a well-known food-borne pathogen causing disease in humans and animals worldwide. Peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPIases) catalyse the cis-trans isomerisation of prolyl bound, which is a slow and rate-limiting step of protein folding. Here, we present the biochemical and molecular characterisation of a novel multi-domain parvulin-type, PPIases-C from the pathogenic bacteria Salmonella Typhimurium, annotated as rPpiC. The recombinant plasmid PpiC_pET28c was used for protein induction using 1.5 mM concentration of isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside at 30 °C. Subsequently, the protein was identified by using the LC-MS technique showing high match score and sequence coverage with available PPIases-C proteins database. Using the succinyl-ala-phe-pro-phe-p nitroanilide as a substrate, Vmax of the enzyme was found to be 0.8187 ± 0.1352 µmoles/min and Km = 1.6014 ± 0.8449 µM, respectively. With this, we conclude that rPpiC protein is an active form of protein from Salmonella Typhimurium and plays an important role in protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumawat
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, 462030, India. .,Department of Biochemistry & Biochemical Engineering, SHUATS, Allahabad, 211007, India.
| | - Ranu Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Irungbam Karuna
- Divisions of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Neeraj Ahlawat
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, SHUATS, Allahabad, 211007, India
| | - Sushma Ahlawat
- Department of Biochemistry & Biochemical Engineering, SHUATS, Allahabad, 211007, India.
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10
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Deletion of a Peptidylprolyl Isomerase Gene Results in the Inability of Caldicellulosiruptor bescii To Grow on Crystalline Cellulose without Affecting Protein Glycosylation or Growth on Soluble Substrates. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00909-20. [PMID: 32769195 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00909-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caldicellulosiruptor bescii secretes a large number of complementary multifunctional enzymes with unique activities for biomass deconstruction. The most abundant enzymes in the C. bescii secretome are found in a unique gene cluster containing a glycosyl transferase (GT39) and a putative peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase. Deletion of the glycosyl transferase in this cluster resulted in loss of detectable protein glycosylation in C. bescii, and its activity has been shown to be responsible for the glycosylation of the proline-threonine rich linkers found in many of the multifunctional cellulases. The presence of a putative peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase within this gene cluster suggested that it might also play a role in cellulase modification. Here, we identify this gene as a putative prsA prolyl cis-trans isomerase. Deletion of prsA2 leads to the inability of C. bescii to grow on insoluble substrates such as Avicel, the model cellulose substrate, while exhibiting no differences in phenotype with the wild-type strain on soluble substrates. Finally, we provide evidence that the prsA2 gene is likely needed to increase solubility of multifunctional cellulases and that this unique gene cluster was likely acquired by members of the Caldicellulosiruptor genus with a group of genes to optimize the production and activity of multifunctional cellulases.IMPORTANCE Caldicellulosiruptor has the ability to digest complex plant biomass without pretreatment and have been engineered to convert biomass, a sustainable, carbon neutral substrate, to fuels. Their strategy for deconstructing plant cell walls relies on an interesting class of cellulases consisting of multiple catalytic modules connected by linker regions and carbohydrate binding modules. The best studied of these enzymes, CelA, has a unique deconstruction mechanism. CelA is located in a cluster of genes that likely allows for optimal expression, secretion, and activity. One of the genes in this cluster is a putative isomerase that modifies the CelA protein. In higher eukaryotes, these isomerases are essential for the proper folding of glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, but little is known about the role of isomerization in cellulase activity. We show that the stability and activity of CelA is dependent on the activity of this isomerase.
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11
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Nguyen MT, Matsuo M, Niemann S, Herrmann M, Götz F. Lipoproteins in Gram-Positive Bacteria: Abundance, Function, Fitness. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:582582. [PMID: 33042100 PMCID: PMC7530257 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.582582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
When one thinks of the Gram+ cell wall, the peptidoglycan (PG) scaffold in particular comes to mind. However, the cell wall also consists of many other components, for example those that are covalently linked to the PG: the wall teichoic acid and the cell wall proteins tethered by the sortase. In addition, there are completely different molecules that are anchored in the cytoplasmic membrane and span the cell wall. These are lipoteichoic acids and bacterial lipoproteins (Lpp). The latter are in the focus of this review. Lpp are present in almost all bacteria. They fulfill a wealth of different tasks. They represent the window to the outside world by recognizing nutrients and incorporating them into the bacterial cell via special transport systems. Furthermore, they perform very diverse and special tasks such as acting as chaperonin, as cyclomodulin, contributing to invasion of host cells or uptake of plasmids via conjugation. All these functions are taken over by the protein part. Nevertheless, the lipid part of the Lpp plays an as important role as the protein part. It is the released lipoproteins and derived lipopeptides that massively modulate our immune system and ultimately play an important role in immune tolerance or non-tolerance. All these varied activities of the Lpp are considered in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Thu Nguyen
- Section of Medical and Geographical Infectiology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Miki Matsuo
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), Microbial Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silke Niemann
- Section of Medical and Geographical Infectiology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mathias Herrmann
- Section of Medical and Geographical Infectiology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), Microbial Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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12
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Scheuplein NJ, Bzdyl NM, Kibble EA, Lohr T, Holzgrabe U, Sarkar-Tyson M. Targeting Protein Folding: A Novel Approach for the Treatment of Pathogenic Bacteria. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13355-13388. [PMID: 32786507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, exacerbated by increasing antibiotic resistance in many bacterial species. The development of drugs with new modes of action is essential. A leading strategy is antivirulence, with the aim to target bacterial proteins that are important in disease causation and progression but do not affect growth, resulting in reduced selective pressure for resistance. Immunophilins, a superfamily of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) enzymes have been shown to be important for virulence in a broad-spectrum of pathogenic bacteria. This Perspective will provide an overview of the recent advances made in understanding the role of each immunophilin family, cyclophilins, FK506 binding proteins (FKBPs), and parvulins in bacteria. Inhibitor design and medicinal chemistry strategies for development of novel drugs against bacterial FKBPs will be discussed. Furthermore, drugs against human cyclophilins and parvulins will be reviewed in their current indication as antiviral and anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Scheuplein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicole M Bzdyl
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia
| | - Emily A Kibble
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia.,School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 6150 Murdoch, Australia
| | - Theresa Lohr
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia
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13
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Irla M, Drejer EB, Brautaset T, Hakvåg S. Establishment of a functional system for recombinant production of secreted proteins at 50 °C in the thermophilic Bacillus methanolicus. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:151. [PMID: 32723337 PMCID: PMC7389648 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The suitability of bacteria as microbial cell factories is dependent on several factors such as price of feedstock, product range, production yield and ease of downstream processing. The facultative methylotroph Bacillus methanolicus is gaining interest as a thermophilic cell factory for production of value-added products from methanol. The aim of this study was to expand the capabilities of B. methanolicus as a microbial cell factory by establishing a system for secretion of recombinant proteins. RESULTS Native and heterologous signal peptides were tested for secretion of α-amylases and proteases, and we have established the use of the thermostable superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) as a valuable reporter protein in B. methanolicus. We demonstrated functional production and secretion of recombinant proteases, α-amylases and sfGFP in B. methanolicus MGA3 at 50 °C and showed that the choice of signal peptide for optimal secretion efficiency varies between proteins. In addition, we showed that heterologous production and secretion of α-amylase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus enables B. methanolicus to grow in minimal medium with starch as the sole carbon source. An in silico signal peptide library consisting of 169 predicted peptides from B. methanolicus was generated and will be useful for future studies, but was not experimentally investigated any further here. CONCLUSION A functional system for recombinant production of secreted proteins at 50 °C has been established in the thermophilic B. methanolicus. In addition, an in silico signal peptide library has been generated, that together with the tools and knowledge presented in this work will be useful for further development of B. methanolicus as a host for recombinant protein production and secretion at 50 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Irla
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind B Drejer
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trygve Brautaset
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sigrid Hakvåg
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
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14
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Haque AM, Hwang CE, Kim SC, Cho DY, Lee HY, Cho KM, Lee JH. Biodegradation of organophosphorus insecticides by two organophosphorus hydrolase genes (opdA and opdE) from isolated Leuconostoc mesenteroides WCP307 of kimchi origin. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Zhang K, Su L, Wu J. Recent Advances in Recombinant Protein Production byBacillus subtilis. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2020; 11:295-318. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032519-051750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis has become a widely used microbial cell factory for the production of recombinant proteins, especially those associated with foods and food processing. Recent advances in genetic manipulation and proteomic analysis have been used to greatly improve protein production in B. subtilis. This review begins with a discussion of genome-editing technologies and application of the CRISPR–Cas9 system to B. subtilis. A summary of the characteristics of crucial legacy strains is followed by suggestions regarding the choice of origin strain for genetic manipulation. Finally, the review analyzes the genes and operons of B. subtilis that are important for the production of secretory proteins and provides suggestions and examples of how they can be altered to improve protein production. This review is intended to promote the engineering of this valuable microbial cell factory for better recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, and International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lingqia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, and International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, and International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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16
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Relative contributions of non-essential Sec pathway components and cell envelope-associated proteases to high-level enzyme secretion by Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:52. [PMID: 32111210 PMCID: PMC7048088 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacillus subtilis is an important industrial workhorse applied in the production of many different commercially relevant proteins, especially enzymes. Virtually all of these proteins are secreted via the general secretion (Sec) pathway. Studies from different laboratories have demonstrated essential or non-essential contributions of various Sec machinery components to protein secretion in B. subtilis. However, a systematic comparison of the impact of each individual Sec machinery component under conditions of high-level protein secretion was so far missing. Results In the present study, we have compared the contributions of non-essential Sec pathway components and cell envelope-associated proteases on the secretion efficiency of three proteins expressed at high level. This concerned the α-amylases AmyE from B. subtilis and AmyL from Bacillus licheniformis, and the serine protease BPN’ from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. We compared the secretion capacity of mutant strains in shake flask cultures, and the respective secretion kinetics by pulse-chase labeling experiments. The results show that secDF, secG or rasP mutations severely affect AmyE, AmyL and BPN’ secretion, but the actual effect size depends on the investigated protein. Additionally, the chaperone DnaK is important for BPN’ secretion, while AmyE or AmyL secretion are not affected by a dnaK deletion. Further, we assessed the induction of secretion stress responses in mutant strains by examining AmyE- and AmyL-dependent induction of the quality control proteases HtrA and HtrB. Interestingly, the deletion of certain sip genes revealed a strong differential impact of particular signal peptidases on the magnitude of the secretion stress response. Conclusions The results of the present study highlight the importance of SecDF, SecG and RasP for protein secretion and reveal unexpected differences in the induction of the secretion stress response in different mutant strains.
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Mo F, Cai D, He P, Yang F, Chen Y, Ma X, Chen S. Enhanced production of heterologous proteins via engineering the cell surface of Bacillus licheniformis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 46:1745-1755. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cell surface engineering was proven as the efficient strategy for enhanced production of target metabolites. In this study, we want to improve the yield of target protein by engineering cell surface in Bacillus licheniformis. First, our results confirmed that deletions of d-alanyl-lipoteichoic acid synthetase gene dltD, cardiolipin synthase gene clsA and CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase gene pssA were not conducive to cell growth, and the biomass of gene deletion strains were, respectively, decreased by 10.54 ± 1.43%, 14.17 ± 1.51%, and 17.55 ± 1.28%, while the concentrations of total extracellular proteins were improved, due to the increases of cell surface net negative charge and cell membrane permeability. In addition, the activities of target proteins, nattokinase, and α-amylase were also improved significantly in gene deletion strains. Furthermore, the triplicate gene (dltD, clsA, and pssA) deletion strain was constructed, which further led to the 45.71 ± 2.43% increase of cell surface net negative charge and 26.45 ± 2.31% increase of cell membrane permeability, and the activities of nattokinase and α-amylase reached 37.15 ± 0.89 FU/mL and 305.3 ± 8.4 U/mL, increased by 46.09 ± 3.51% and 96.34 ± 7.24%, respectively. Taken together, our results confirmed that cell surface engineering via deleting dltD, clsA, and pssA is an efficient strategy for enhanced production of target proteins, and this research provided a promising host strain of B. licheniformis for efficient protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Mo
- grid.34418.3a 0000 0001 0727 9022 State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences Hubei University 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District 430062 Wuhan Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongbo Cai
- grid.34418.3a 0000 0001 0727 9022 State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences Hubei University 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District 430062 Wuhan Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Penghui He
- grid.34418.3a 0000 0001 0727 9022 State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences Hubei University 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District 430062 Wuhan Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- grid.34418.3a 0000 0001 0727 9022 State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences Hubei University 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District 430062 Wuhan Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaozhong Chen
- grid.34418.3a 0000 0001 0727 9022 State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences Hubei University 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District 430062 Wuhan Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Ma
- grid.34418.3a 0000 0001 0727 9022 State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences Hubei University 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District 430062 Wuhan Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Shouwen Chen
- grid.34418.3a 0000 0001 0727 9022 State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences Hubei University 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District 430062 Wuhan Hubei People’s Republic of China
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18
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Vicente RL, Marín S, Valverde JR, Palomino C, Mellado RP, Gullón S. Functional identification of a Streptomyces lividans FKBP-like protein involved in the folding of overproduced secreted proteins. Open Biol 2019; 9:190201. [PMID: 31662098 PMCID: PMC6833217 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Some bacterial peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) are involved in secretory protein folding after the translocation step. Streptomyces lividans has been used as a host for engineering extracellular overproduction of homologous and heterologous proteins in industrial applications. Although the mechanisms governing the major secretory pathway (Sec route) and the minor secretory pathway (Tat route) are reasonably well described, the function of proteins responsible for the extracellular secretory protein folding is not characterized as yet. We have characterized a Tat-dependent S. lividans FK506-binding protein-like lipoprotein (FKBP) that has PPIase activity. A mutant in the sli-fkbp gene induces a secretion stress response and affects secretion and activity of the Sec-dependent protein α-amylase. Additionally, propagation in high copy number of the sli-fkbp gene has a positive effect on the activity of both the overproduced α-amylase and the overproduced Tat-dependent agarase, both containing proline cis isomers. Targeted proteomic analyses showed that a relevant group of secreted proteins in S. lividans TK21 are affected by Sli-FKBP, revealing a wide substrate range. The results obtained indicate that, regardless of the secretory route used by proteins in S. lividans, adjusting the expression of sli-fkbp may facilitate folding of dependent proteins when engineering Streptomyces strains for the overproduction of homologous or heterologous secretory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. L. Vicente
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), c/Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. Marín
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), c/Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. R. Valverde
- Scientific Computing Service, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), c/Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Palomino
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), c/Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. P. Mellado
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), c/Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. Gullón
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), c/Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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19
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Quesada-Ganuza A, Antelo-Varela M, Mouritzen JC, Bartel J, Becher D, Gjermansen M, Hallin PF, Appel KF, Kilstrup M, Rasmussen MD, Nielsen AK. Identification and optimization of PrsA in Bacillus subtilis for improved yield of amylase. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:158. [PMID: 31530286 PMCID: PMC6749698 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PrsA is an extracytoplasmic folding catalyst essential in Bacillus subtilis. Overexpression of the native PrsA from B. subtilis has repeatedly lead to increased amylase yields. Nevertheless, little is known about how the overexpression of heterologous PrsAs can affect amylase secretion. Results In this study, the final yield of five extracellular alpha-amylases was increased by heterologous PrsA co-expression up to 2.5 fold. The effect of the overexpression of heterologous PrsAs on alpha-amylase secretion is specific to the co-expressed alpha-amylase. Co-expression of a heterologous PrsA can significantly reduce the secretion stress response. Engineering of the B. licheniformis PrsA lead to a further increase in amylase secretion and reduced secretion stress. Conclusions In this work we show how heterologous PrsA overexpression can give a better result on heterologous amylase secretion than the native PrsA, and that PrsA homologs show a variety of specificity towards different alpha-amylases. We also demonstrate that on top of increasing amylase yield, a good PrsA–amylase pairing can lower the secretion stress response of B. subtilis. Finally, we present a new recombinant PrsA variant with increased performance in both supporting amylase secretion and lowering secretion stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Quesada-Ganuza
- Research and Technology, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880, Basgvaerd, Denmark
| | - Minia Antelo-Varela
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, F.- Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jeppe C Mouritzen
- Research and Technology, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880, Basgvaerd, Denmark
| | - Jürgen Bartel
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, F.- Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, F.- Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Morten Gjermansen
- Research and Technology, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880, Basgvaerd, Denmark
| | - Peter F Hallin
- Research and Technology, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880, Basgvaerd, Denmark
| | - Karen F Appel
- Research and Technology, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880, Basgvaerd, Denmark
| | - Mogens Kilstrup
- Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, Room 204, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael D Rasmussen
- Research and Technology, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880, Basgvaerd, Denmark
| | - Allan K Nielsen
- Research and Technology, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880, Basgvaerd, Denmark.
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20
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Ünal CM, Berges M, Smit N, Schiene-Fischer C, Priebe C, Strowig T, Jahn D, Steinert M. PrsA2 (CD630_35000) of Clostridioides difficile Is an Active Parvulin-Type PPIase and a Virulence Modulator. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2913. [PMID: 30564207 PMCID: PMC6288519 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is the main cause for nosocomial antibiotic associated diarrhea and has become a major burden for the health care systems of industrial countries. Its main virulence factors, the small GTPase glycosylating toxins TcdA and TcdB, are extensively studied. In contrast, the contribution of other factors to development and progression of C. difficile infection (CDI) are only insufficiently understood. Many bacterial peptidyl-prolyl-cis/trans-isomerases (PPIases) have been described in the context of virulence. Among them are the parvulin-type PrsA-like PPIases of Gram-positive bacteria. On this basis, we identified CD630_35000 as the PrsA2 homolog in C. difficile and conducted its enzymatic and phenotypic characterization in order to assess its involvement during C. difficile infection. For this purpose, wild type CdPrsA2 and mutant variants carrying amino acid exchanges mainly in the PPIase domain were recombinantly produced. Recombinant CdPrsA2 showed PPIase activity toward the substrate peptide Ala-Xaa-Pro-Phe with a preference for positively charged amino acids preceding the proline residue. Mutation of conserved residues in its active site pocket impaired the enzymatic activity. A PrsA2 deficient mutant was generated in the C. difficile 630Δerm background using the ClosTron technology. Inactivation of prsA2 resulted in a reduced germination rate in response to taurocholic acid, and in a slight increase in resistance to the secondary bile acids LCA and DCA. Interestingly, in the absence of PrsA2 colonization of mice by C. difficile 630 was significantly reduced. We concluded that CdPrsA2 is an active PPIase that acts as a virulence modulator by influencing crucial processes like sporulation, germination and bile acid resistance resulting in attenuated mice colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Murat Ünal
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Türk-Alman Üniversitesi, Moleküler Biyoteknoloji Bölümü, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mareike Berges
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nathiana Smit
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cordelia Schiene-Fischer
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Christina Priebe
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dieter Jahn
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany
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21
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Bartual SG, Alcorlo M, Martínez-Caballero S, Molina R, Hermoso JA. Three-dimensional structures of Lipoproteins from Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:692-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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22
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Matena A, Rehic E, Hönig D, Kamba B, Bayer P. Structure and function of the human parvulins Pin1 and Par14/17. Biol Chem 2018; 399:101-125. [PMID: 29040060 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parvulins belong to the family of peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) assisting in protein folding and in regulating the function of a broad variety of proteins in all branches of life. The human representatives Pin1 and Par14/17 are directly involved in processes influencing cellular maintenance and cell fate decisions such as cell-cycle progression, metabolic pathways and ribosome biogenesis. This review on human parvulins summarizes the current knowledge of these enzymes and intends to oppose the well-studied Pin1 to its less well-examined homolog human Par14/17 with respect to structure, catalytic and cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Matena
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Edisa Rehic
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Dana Hönig
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Bianca Kamba
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Bayer
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, D-45117 Essen, Germany
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23
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Lin MH, Li CC, Shu JC, Chu HW, Liu CC, Wu CC. Exoproteome Profiling Reveals the Involvement of the Foldase PrsA in the Cell Surface Properties and Pathogenesis ofStaphylococcus aureus. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1700195. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hui Lin
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Linkou Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chun Li
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Jwu-Ching Shu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Linkou Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Hao-Wei Chu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chin Liu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Wu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Molecular Medicine Research Center; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Linkou Tao-Yuan Taiwan
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24
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Madeira JP, Alpha-Bazin BM, Armengaud J, Duport C. Methionine Residues in Exoproteins and Their Recycling by Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase AB Serve as an Antioxidant Strategy in Bacillus cereus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1342. [PMID: 28798727 PMCID: PMC5526929 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During aerobic respiratory growth, Bacillus cereus is exposed to continuously reactive oxidant, produced by partially reduced forms of molecular oxygen, known as reactive oxygen species (ROS). The sulfur-containing amino acid, methionine (Met), is particularly susceptible to ROS. The major oxidation products, methionine sulfoxides, can be readily repaired by methionine sulfoxide reductases, which reduce methionine sulfoxides [Met(O)] back to methionine. Here, we show that methionine sulfoxide reductase AB (MsrAB) regulates the Met(O) content of both the cellular proteome and exoproteome of B. cereus in a growth phase-dependent manner. Disruption of msrAB leads to metabolism changes resulting in enhanced export of Met(O) proteins at the late exponential growth phase and enhanced degradation of exoproteins. This suggests that B. cereus can modulate its capacity and specificity for protein export/secretion through the growth phase-dependent expression of msrAB. Our results also show that cytoplasmic MsrAB recycles Met residues in enterotoxins, which are major virulence factors in B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Madeira
- Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale (SQPOV), UMR0408, Avignon Université, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueAvignon, France.,Commissariat à lEnergie Atomique, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut des Sciences du vivant Frédéric-Joliot (Joliot), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire Innovations Technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D)Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Béatrice M Alpha-Bazin
- Commissariat à lEnergie Atomique, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut des Sciences du vivant Frédéric-Joliot (Joliot), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire Innovations Technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D)Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Commissariat à lEnergie Atomique, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut des Sciences du vivant Frédéric-Joliot (Joliot), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire Innovations Technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D)Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Catherine Duport
- Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale (SQPOV), UMR0408, Avignon Université, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueAvignon, France
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Yan S, Wu G. Bottleneck in secretion of α-amylase in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:124. [PMID: 28724440 PMCID: PMC5518135 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0738-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Amylase plays an important role in biotechnology industries, and Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis is a major host to produce heterogeneous α-amylases. However, the secretion stress limits the high yield of α-amylase in B. subtilis although huge efforts have been made to address this secretion bottleneck. In this question-oriented review, every effort is made to answer the following questions, which look simple but are long-standing, through reviewing of literature: (1) Does α-amylase need a specific and dedicated chaperone? (2) What signal sequence does CsaA recognize? (3) Does CsaA require ATP for its operation? (4) Does an unfolded α-amylase is less soluble than a folded one? (5) Does α-amylase aggregate before transporting through Sec secretion system? (6) Is α-amylase sufficient stable to prevent itself from misfolding? (7) Does α-amylase need more disulfide bonds to be stabilized? (8) Which secretion system does PrsA pass through? (9) Is PrsA ATP-dependent? (10) Is PrsA reused after folding of α-amylase? (11) What is the fate of PrsA? (12) Is trigger factor (TF) ATP-dependent? The literature review suggests that not only the most of those questions are still open to answers but also it is necessary to calculate ATP budget in order to better understand how B. subtilis uses its energy for production and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Guang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China.
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An Intracellular Peptidyl-Prolyl cis/trans Isomerase Is Required for Folding and Activity of the Staphylococcus aureus Secreted Virulence Factor Nuclease. J Bacteriol 2016; 199:JB.00453-16. [PMID: 27795319 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00453-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that relies on a large repertoire of secreted and cell wall-associated proteins for pathogenesis. Consequently, the ability of the organism to cause disease is absolutely dependent on its ability to synthesize and successfully secrete these proteins. In this study, we investigate the role of peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) on the activity of the S. aureus secreted virulence factor nuclease (Nuc). We identify a staphylococcal cyclophilin-type PPIase (PpiB) that is required for optimal activity of Nuc. Disruption of ppiB results in decreased nuclease activity in culture supernatants; however, the levels of Nuc protein are not altered, suggesting that the decrease in activity results from misfolding of Nuc in the absence of PpiB. We go on to demonstrate that PpiB exhibits PPIase activity in vitro, is localized to the bacterial cytosol, and directly interacts with Nuc in vitro to accelerate the rate of Nuc refolding. Finally, we demonstrate an additional role for PpiB in S. aureus hemolysis and demonstrate that the S. aureus parvulin-type PPIase PrsA also plays a role in the activity of secreted virulence factors. The deletion of prsA leads to a decrease in secreted protease and phospholipase activity, similar to that observed in other Gram-positive pathogens. Together, these results demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, that PPIases play an important role in the secretion of virulence factors in S. aureus IMPORTANCE: Staphylococcus aureus is a highly dangerous bacterial pathogen capable of causing a variety of infections throughout the human body. The ability of S. aureus to cause disease is largely due to an extensive repertoire of secreted and cell wall-associated proteins, including adhesins, toxins, exoenzymes, and superantigens. These virulence factors, once produced, are typically transported across the cell membrane by the secretory (Sec) system in a denatured state. Consequently, once outside the cell, they must refold into their active form. This step often requires the assistance of bacterial folding proteins, such as PPIases. In this work, we investigate the role of PPIases in S. aureus and uncover a cyclophilin-type enzyme that assists in the folding/refolding of staphylococcal nuclease.
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Hohmann HP, van Dijl JM, Krishnappa L, Prágai Z. Host Organisms:Bacillus subtilis. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527807796.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Hohmann
- Nutrition Innovation Center R&D Biotechnology; DSM Nutritional Products Ltd; Wurmisweg 576 CH-4303 Kaiseraugst Switzerland
| | - Jan M. van Dijl
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Department of Medical Microbiology; Hanzeplein 1 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Laxmi Krishnappa
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Department of Medical Microbiology; Hanzeplein 1 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Zoltán Prágai
- Nutrition Innovation Center R&D Biotechnology; DSM Nutritional Products Ltd; Wurmisweg 576 CH-4303 Kaiseraugst Switzerland
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Ikolo F, Zhang M, Harrington DJ, Robinson C, Waller AS, Sutcliffe IC, Black GW. Characterisation of SEQ0694 (PrsA/PrtM) of Streptococcus equi as a functional peptidyl-prolyl isomerase affecting multiple secreted protein substrates. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:3279-86. [PMID: 26466087 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00543d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) lipoproteins have been shown to influence the virulence of a number of Gram-positive bacterial human and animal pathogens, most likely through facilitating the folding of cell envelope and secreted virulence factors. Here, we used a proteomic approach to demonstrate that the Streptococcus equi PPIase SEQ0694 alters the production of multiple secreted proteins, including at least two putative virulence factors (FNE and IdeE2). We demonstrate also that, despite some unusual sequence features, recombinant SEQ0694 and its central parvulin domain are functional PPIases. These data add to our knowledge of the mechanisms by which lipoprotein PPIases contribute to the virulence of streptococcal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Ikolo
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK. and Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, St. George's University, True Blue, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Dean J Harrington
- Division of Biomedical Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Carl Robinson
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Andrew S Waller
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Iain C Sutcliffe
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Gary W Black
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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Cahoon LA, Freitag NE, Prehna G. A structural comparison of Listeria monocytogenes protein chaperones PrsA1 and PrsA2 reveals molecular features required for virulence. Mol Microbiol 2016; 101:42-61. [PMID: 27007641 PMCID: PMC4925323 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive environmental bacterium that lives within soil but transitions into a pathogen upon contact with a mammalian host. The transition of L. monocytogenes from soil dweller to cytosolic pathogen is dependent upon secreted virulence factors that mediate cell invasion and intracellular growth. PrsA1 and PrsA2 are secreted bacterial lipoprotein chaperones that contribute to the folding of proteins translocated across the bacterial membrane; PrsA2 is required for L. monocytogenes virulence, whereas the function of PrsA1 remains to be determined. We have solved an X-ray crystal structure of PrsA1 and have used this model to guide comparison structure-based mutagenesis studies with PrsA2. Targeted mutagenesis of PrsA2 demonstrates that oligomerization of PrsA2 as well as molecular features of the foldase domain are required for protein secretion and virulence, whereas a functional role was uncovered for PrsA1 in bacterial resistance to alcohol. Interestingly, PrsA2 membrane localization is not required for all PrsA2-dependent activities, suggesting that the lipoprotein retains function when released from the bacterial cell. PrsA chaperones are thus multifaceted proteins with distinct domains adapted to accommodate the functional needs of a diverse array of secreted substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laty A. Cahoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Nancy E. Freitag
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Gerd Prehna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Center for Structural Biology Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago
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Hoppstock L, Trusch F, Lederer C, van West P, Koenneke M, Bayer P. NmPin from the marine thaumarchaeote Nitrosopumilus maritimus is an active membrane associated prolyl isomerase. BMC Biol 2016; 14:53. [PMID: 27349962 PMCID: PMC4922055 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPIases) are present in all forms of life and play a crucial role in protein folding and regulation. They catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of the peptide bond that precedes proline residues in numerous proteins. The parvulins, which is one family of PPIases, have been extensively investigated in several eukaryotes. However, nothing is known about their expression, function and localization in archaea. Results Here, we describe the endogenous expression, molecular structure, function and cellular localization of NmPin, a single-domain parvulin-type PPIase from Nitrosopumilus maritimus. This marine chemolithoautotrophic archaeon belongs to the globally abundant phylum Thaumarchaeota. Using high resolution NMR spectroscopy we demonstrate that the 3D structure of NmPin adopts a parvulin fold and confirmed its peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity by protease-coupled assays and mutagenesis studies. A detailed topological analysis revealed a positively charged lysine-rich patch on the protein surface, which is conserved in all known parvulin sequences of thaumarchaeotes and targets NmPin to lipids in vitro. Immunofluorescence microscopy confirms that the protein is attached to the outer archaeal cell membrane in vivo. Transmission electron microscopy uncovered that NmPin has a uniform distribution at the membrane surface, which is correlated with a native cell shape of the prokaryote. Conclusion We present a novel solution structure of a catalytically active thaumarchaeal parvulin. Our results reveal that a lysine-rich patch in NmPin mediates membrane localization. These findings provide a model whereby NmPin is located between the archaeal membrane and the surface layer and hence suggest proteins of the S-layer as the key target substrates of this parvulin. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0274-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hoppstock
- Department of Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 1-4, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Franziska Trusch
- Aberdeen Oomycetes Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Christoph Lederer
- Department of Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 1-4, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Pieter van West
- Aberdeen Oomycetes Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Martin Koenneke
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. MARUM, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Peter Bayer
- Department of Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 1-4, 45141, Essen, Germany.
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Chen J, Zhao L, Fu G, Zhou W, Sun Y, Zheng P, Sun J, Zhang D. A novel strategy for protein production using non-classical secretion pathway in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:69. [PMID: 27125780 PMCID: PMC4850722 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis has been widely used as a cell factory for the production of proteins due to its generally regarded as safe (GRAS) nature and secretion capability. Of the known secretory pathways in B. subtilis, the majority of proteins are exported from the cytoplasm by Sec pathway, Tat pathway and ABC transporters, etc. However, the production of heterologous proteins by B. subtilis is unfortunately not that straight forward because of the bottlenecks in classical secretion pathways. The aim of this work is to explore a new method for protein production based on non-classical secretion pathway. RESULTS One D-psicose 3-epimerase (RDPE) which converts D-fructose into D-psicose from Ruminococcus sp. 5_1_39BFAA was successfully and substantially secreted into the extracellular milieu without the direction of signal peptide. Subsequently, we demonstrated that RDPE contained no native signal peptide, and the secretion of RDPE was not dependent on Sec or Tat pathway or due to cell lysis, which indicated that RDPE is a non-classically secreted protein. Then, we attempted to evaluate the possibility of using RDPE as a signal to export eighteen reporter proteins into the culture medium. Five of eleven homologous proteins, two of five heterologous proteins from other bacterium and two heterologous proteins of eukaryotic source were successfully secreted into the extracellular milieu at different secretion levels when they were fused to RDPE mediated by a flexible 21-bp linker to keep a distance between two single proteins. Furthermore, the secretion rates of two fusion proteins (RDPE-DnaK and RDPE-RFP) reached more than 50 %. In addition, most of the fusion proteins retained enzyme or biological activity of their corresponding target proteins, and all of the fusions still had the activity of RDPE. CONCLUSIONS We found and identified a heterologous non-classically secreted protein RDPE, and showed that RDPE could direct proteins of various types into the culture medium, and thus non-classical protein secretion pathway can be used as a novel secretion pathway for recombinant proteins. This novel strategy for recombinant protein production is helpful to make B. subtilis as a more ideal cell factory for protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Chen
- />Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 People’s Republic of China
- />Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liuqun Zhao
- />Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 People’s Republic of China
- />Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Fu
- />Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 People’s Republic of China
- />National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin, 300308 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Zhou
- />Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 People’s Republic of China
- />Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanxia Sun
- />Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 People’s Republic of China
- />National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin, 300308 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Zheng
- />Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 People’s Republic of China
- />Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jibin Sun
- />Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 People’s Republic of China
- />Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- />Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 People’s Republic of China
- />Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 People’s Republic of China
- />National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin, 300308 People’s Republic of China
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The Staphylococcus aureus Chaperone PrsA Is a New Auxiliary Factor of Oxacillin Resistance Affecting Penicillin-Binding Protein 2A. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:1656-66. [PMID: 26711778 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02333-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) phenotype results from the expression of the extra penicillin-binding protein 2A (PBP2A), which is encoded by mecA and acquired horizontally on part of the SCCmec cassette. PBP2A can catalyze dd-transpeptidation of peptidoglycan (PG) because of its low affinity for β-lactam antibiotics and can functionally cooperate with the PBP2 transglycosylase in the biosynthesis of PG. Here, we focus upon the role of the membrane-bound PrsA foldase protein as a regulator of β-lactam resistance expression. Deletion of prsA altered oxacillin resistance in three different SCCmec backgrounds and, more importantly, caused a decrease in PBP2A membrane amounts without affecting mecA mRNA levels. The N- and C-terminal domains of PrsA were found to be critical features for PBP2A protein membrane levels and oxacillin resistance. We propose that PrsA has a role in posttranscriptional maturation of PBP2A, possibly in the export and/or folding of newly synthesized PBP2A. This additional level of control in the expression of the mecA-dependent MRSA phenotype constitutes an opportunity to expand the strategies to design anti-infective agents.
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Sangal V, Blom J, Sutcliffe IC, von Hunolstein C, Burkovski A, Hoskisson PA. Adherence and invasive properties of Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains correlates with the predicted membrane-associated and secreted proteome. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:765. [PMID: 26452736 PMCID: PMC4600297 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1980-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains are emerging as a major cause of severe pharyngitis and tonsillitis as well as invasive diseases such as endocarditis, septic arthritis, splenic abscesses and osteomyelitis. C. diphtheriae strains have been reported to vary in their ability to adhere and invade different cell lines. To identify the genetic basis of variation in the degrees of pathogenicity, we sequenced the genomes of four strains of C. diphtheriae (ISS 3319, ISS 4060, ISS 4746 and ISS 4749) that are well characterised in terms of their ability to adhere and invade mammalian cells. RESULTS Comparative analyses of 20 C. diphtheriae genome sequences, including 16 publicly available genomes, revealed a pan-genome comprising 3,989 protein coding sequences that include 1,625 core genes and 2,364 accessory genes. Most of the genomic variation between these strains relates to uncharacterised genes encoding hypothetical proteins or transposases. Further analyses of protein sequences using an array of bioinformatic tools predicted most of the accessory proteome to be located in the cytoplasm. The membrane-associated and secreted proteins are generally involved in adhesion and virulence characteristics. The genes encoding membrane-associated proteins, especially the number and organisation of the pilus gene clusters (spa) including the number of genes encoding surface proteins with LPXTG motifs differed between different strains. Other variations were among the genes encoding extracellular proteins, especially substrate binding proteins of different functional classes of ABC transport systems and 'non-classical' secreted proteins. CONCLUSIONS The structure and organisation of the spa gene clusters correlates with differences in the ability of C. diphtheriae strains to adhere and invade the host cells. Furthermore, differences in the number of genes encoding membrane-associated proteins, e.g., additional proteins with LPXTG motifs could also result in variation in the adhesive properties between different strains. The variation in the secreted proteome may be associated with the degree of pathogenesis. While the role of the 'non-classical' secretome in virulence remains unclear, differences in the substrate binding proteins of various ABC transport systems and cytoplasmic proteins potentially suggest strain variation in nutritional requirements or a differential ability to utilize various carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vartul Sangal
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Jochen Blom
- Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, Justus-Liebig-Universität, 35392, Gießen, Germany.
| | - Iain C Sutcliffe
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | | | - Andreas Burkovski
- Professur für Mikrobiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Paul A Hoskisson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK.
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Wang G, Xia Y, Song X, Ai L. Common Non-classically Secreted Bacterial Proteins with Experimental Evidence. Curr Microbiol 2015; 72:102-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Optimization of the secretion pathway for heterologous proteins in Bacillus subtilis. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-014-0843-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Identification of Conserved and Species-Specific Functions of the Listeria monocytogenes PrsA2 Secretion Chaperone. Infect Immun 2015. [PMID: 26216425 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00504-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen that relies on the regulated secretion and activity of a variety of proteins that sustain life within diverse environments. PrsA2 has recently been identified as a secreted peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase and chaperone that is dispensable for bacterial growth in broth culture but essential for L. monocytogenes virulence. Following host infection, PrsA2 contributes to the proper folding and activity of secreted proteins that are required for bacterial replication within the host cytosol and for bacterial spread to adjacent cells. PrsA2 is one member of a family of Gram-positive secretion chaperones that appear to play important roles in bacterial physiology; however, it is not known how these proteins recognize their substrate proteins or the degree to which their function is conserved across diverse Gram-positive species. We therefore examined PrsA proteins encoded by a variety of Gram-positive bacteria for functional complementation of L. monocytogenes mutants lacking prsA2. PrsA homologues encoded by Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Lactococcus lactis were examined for functional complementation of a variety of L. monocytogenes PrsA2-associated phenotypes central to L. monocytogenes pathogenesis and bacterial cell physiology. Our results indicate that while selected aspects of PrsA2 function are broadly conserved among diverse Gram-positive bacteria, PrsA2 exhibits unique specificity for L. monocytogenes target proteins required for pathogenesis. The L. monocytogenes PrsA2 chaperone thus appears evolutionarily optimized for virulence factor secretion within the host cell cytosol while still maintaining aspects of activity relevant to more general features of Gram-positive protein translocation.
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Fornelos N, Butala M, Hodnik V, Anderluh G, Bamford JK, Salas M. Bacteriophage GIL01 gp7 interacts with host LexA repressor to enhance DNA binding and inhibit RecA-mediated auto-cleavage. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:7315-29. [PMID: 26138485 PMCID: PMC4551915 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The SOS response in Eubacteria is a global response to DNA damage and its activation is increasingly associated with the movement of mobile genetic elements. The temperate phage GIL01 is induced into lytic growth using the host's SOS response to genomic stress. LexA, the SOS transcription factor, represses bacteriophage transcription by binding to a set of SOS boxes in the lysogenic promoter P1. However, LexA is unable to efficiently repress GIL01 transcription unless the small phage-encoded protein gp7 is also present. We found that gp7 forms a stable complex with LexA that enhances LexA binding to phage and cellular SOS sites and interferes with RecA-mediated auto-cleavage of LexA, the key step in the initiation of the SOS response. Gp7 did not bind DNA, alone or when complexed with LexA. Our findings suggest that gp7 induces a LexA conformation that favors DNA binding but disfavors LexA auto-cleavage, thereby altering the dynamics of the cellular SOS response. This is the first account of an accessory factor interacting with LexA to regulate transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Fornelos
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, PO Box 35, F-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland Instituto de Biología Molecular 'Eladio Viñuela' (CSIC), Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Matej Butala
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vesna Hodnik
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jaana K Bamford
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, PO Box 35, F-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Margarita Salas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular 'Eladio Viñuela' (CSIC), Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Microbial peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases): virulence factors and potential alternative drug targets. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:544-71. [PMID: 25184565 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00015-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Initially discovered in the context of immunomodulation, peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) were soon identified as enzymes catalyzing the rate-limiting protein folding step at peptidyl bonds preceding proline residues. Intense searches revealed that PPIases are a superfamily of proteins consisting of three structurally distinguishable families with representatives in every described species of prokaryote and eukaryote and, recently, even in some giant viruses. Despite the clear-cut enzymatic activity and ubiquitous distribution of PPIases, reports on solely PPIase-dependent biological roles remain scarce. Nevertheless, they have been found to be involved in a plethora of biological processes, such as gene expression, signal transduction, protein secretion, development, and tissue regeneration, underscoring their general importance. Hence, it is not surprising that PPIases have also been identified as virulence-associated proteins. The extent of contribution to virulence is highly variable and dependent on the pleiotropic roles of a single PPIase in the respective pathogen. The main objective of this review is to discuss this variety in virulence-related bacterial and protozoan PPIases as well as the involvement of host PPIases in infectious processes. Moreover, a special focus is given to Legionella pneumophila macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) and Mip-like PPIases of other pathogens, as the best-characterized virulence-related representatives of this family. Finally, the potential of PPIases as alternative drug targets and first tangible results are highlighted.
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Burmann BM, Hiller S. Chaperones and chaperone-substrate complexes: Dynamic playgrounds for NMR spectroscopists. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 86-87:41-64. [PMID: 25919198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The majority of proteins depend on a well-defined three-dimensional structure to obtain their functionality. In the cellular environment, the process of protein folding is guided by molecular chaperones to avoid misfolding, aggregation, and the generation of toxic species. To this end, living cells contain complex networks of molecular chaperones, which interact with substrate polypeptides by a multitude of different functionalities: transport them towards a target location, help them fold, unfold misfolded species, resolve aggregates, or deliver them towards a proteolysis machinery. Despite the availability of high-resolution crystal structures of many important chaperones in their substrate-free apo forms, structural information about how substrates are bound by chaperones and how they are protected from misfolding and aggregation is very sparse. This lack of information arises from the highly dynamic nature of chaperone-substrate complexes, which so far has largely hindered their crystallization. This highly dynamic nature makes chaperone-substrate complexes good targets for NMR spectroscopy. Here, we review the results achieved by NMR spectroscopy to understand chaperone function in general and details of chaperone-substrate interactions in particular. We assess the information content and applicability of different NMR techniques for the characterization of chaperones and chaperone-substrate complexes. Finally, we highlight three recent studies, which have provided structural descriptions of chaperone-substrate complexes at atomic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn M Burmann
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Hiller
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Schmidpeter PAM, Schmid FX. Prolyl isomerization and its catalysis in protein folding and protein function. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:1609-31. [PMID: 25676311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl isomerizations are intrinsically slow processes. They determine the rates of many protein folding reactions and control regulatory events in folded proteins. Prolyl isomerases are able to catalyze these isomerizations, and thus, they have the potential to assist protein folding and to modulate protein function. Here, we provide examples for how prolyl isomerizations limit protein folding and are accelerated by prolyl isomerases and how native-state prolyl isomerizations regulate protein functions. The roles of prolines in protein folding and protein function are closely interrelated because both of them depend on the coupling between cis/trans isomerization and conformational changes that can involve extended regions of a protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A M Schmidpeter
- Laboratorium für Biochemie und Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Franz X Schmid
- Laboratorium für Biochemie und Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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41
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Jakob RP, Koch JR, Burmann BM, Schmidpeter PAM, Hunkeler M, Hiller S, Schmid FX, Maier T. Dimeric Structure of the Bacterial Extracellular Foldase PrsA. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3278-92. [PMID: 25525259 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.622910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of proteins into the membrane-cell wall space is essential for cell wall biosynthesis and pathogenicity in Gram-positive bacteria. Folding and maturation of many secreted proteins depend on a single extracellular foldase, the PrsA protein. PrsA is a 30-kDa protein, lipid anchored to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane. The crystal structure of Bacillus subtilis PrsA reveals a central catalytic parvulin-type prolyl isomerase domain, which is inserted into a larger composite NC domain formed by the N- and C-terminal regions. This domain architecture resembles, despite a lack of sequence conservation, both trigger factor, a ribosome-binding bacterial chaperone, and SurA, a periplasmic chaperone in Gram-negative bacteria. Two main structural differences are observed in that the N-terminal arm of PrsA is substantially shortened relative to the trigger factor and SurA and in that PrsA is found to dimerize in a unique fashion via its NC domain. Dimerization leads to a large, bowl-shaped crevice, which might be involved in vivo in protecting substrate proteins from aggregation. NMR experiments reveal a direct, dynamic interaction of both the parvulin and the NC domain with secretion propeptides, which have been implicated in substrate targeting to PrsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman P Jakob
- From the Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and
| | - Johanna R Koch
- the Laboratorium für Biochemie and Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Björn M Burmann
- From the Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and
| | - Philipp A M Schmidpeter
- the Laboratorium für Biochemie and Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Moritz Hunkeler
- From the Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and
| | - Sebastian Hiller
- From the Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and
| | - Franz X Schmid
- the Laboratorium für Biochemie and Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Timm Maier
- From the Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and
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Cahoon LA, Freitag NE. Listeria monocytogenes virulence factor secretion: don't leave the cell without a chaperone. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:13. [PMID: 24575392 PMCID: PMC3921577 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Gram-positive bacteria, the secretion of proteins requires translocation of polypeptides across the bacterial membrane into the highly charged environment of the membrane-cell wall interface. Here, proteins must be folded and often further delivered across the matrix of the cell wall. While many aspects of protein secretion have been well studied in Gram-negative bacteria which possess both an inner and outer membrane, generally less attention has been given to the mechanics of protein secretion across the single cell membrane of Gram-positive bacteria. In this review, we focus on the role of a post-translocation secretion chaperone in Listeria monocytogenes known as PrsA2, and compare what is known regarding PrsA2 with PrsA homologs in other Gram-positive bacteria. PrsA2 is a member of a family of membrane-associated lipoproteins that contribute to the folding and stability of secreted proteins as they cross the bacterial membrane. PrsA2 contributes to the integrity of the L. monocytogenes cell wall as well as swimming motility and bacterial resistance to osmotic stress; however its most critical role may be its requirement for L. monocytogenes virulence and viability within host cells. A better understanding of the role of PrsA2 and PrsA-like homologs will provide insight into the dynamics of protein folding and stability in Gram-positive bacteria and may result in new strategies for optimizing protein secretion as well as inhibiting the production of virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laty A Cahoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nancy E Freitag
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
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Diep BA, Phung Q, Date S, Arnott D, Bakalarski C, Xu M, Nakamura G, Swem DL, Alexander MK, Le HN, Mai TT, Tan MW, Brown EJ, Nishiyama M. Identifying potential therapeutic targets of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus through in vivo proteomic analysis. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:1533-41. [PMID: 24280367 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detailed knowledge on protein repertoire of a pathogen during host infection is needed for both developing a better understanding of the pathogenesis and defining potential therapeutic targets. Such data, however, have been missing for Staphylococcus aureus, a major human pathogen. METHODS We determined the surface proteome of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) clone usa300 derived directly from murine systemic infectiON. RESULTS The majority of the in vivo-expressed surface-associated proteins were lipoproteins involved in nutrient acquisition, especially uptake of metal ions. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of convalescent human serum samples revealed that proteins that were highly produced during murine experimental infection were also produced during natural human infection. We found that among the 7 highly abundant lipoproteins only MntC, which is the manganese-binding protein of the MntABC system, was essential for MRSA virulence during murine systemic infection. Moreover, we show that MntA and MntB are equally important for MRSA virulence. CONCLUSIONS Besides providing experimental evidence that MntABC might be a potential therapeutic target for the development of antibiotics, our in vivo proteomics data will serve as a valuable basis for defining potential antigen combinations for multicomponent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binh An Diep
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
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Qi Y, Xiong X, Duan C, Jiao J, Gong W, Wen B. Recombinant protein YbgF induces protective immunity against Rickettsia heilongjiangensis infection in C3H/HeN mice. Vaccine 2013; 31:5643-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Transcriptional characterisation of the negative effect exerted by a deficiency in type II signal peptidase on extracellular protein secretion in Streptomyces lividans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:10069-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wang G, Chen H, Xia Y, Cui J, Gu Z, Song Y, Chen YQ, Zhang H, Chen W. How are the Non-classically Secreted Bacterial Proteins Released into the Extracellular Milieu? Curr Microbiol 2013; 67:688-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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The activity and specificity of the outer membrane protein chaperone SurA are modulated by a proline isomerase domain. mBio 2013; 4:mBio.00540-13. [PMID: 23943764 PMCID: PMC3747590 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00540-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED SurA is a component of the periplasmic chaperone network that plays a central role in biogenesis of integral outer membrane β-barrel proteins (OMPs) in Escherichia coli. Although SurA contains two well-conserved proline isomerase (PPIase) domains, the contribution of these domains to SurA function is unclear. In the present work, we show that defects in OMP assembly caused by mutation of the β-barrel assembly factors BamA or BamB can be corrected by gain-of-function mutations in SurA that map to the first PPIase domain. These mutations apparently bypass the requirement for a stable interaction between SurA and the Bam complex and enhance SurA chaperone activity in vivo despite destabilization of the protein in vitro. Our findings suggest an autoinhibitory mechanism for regulation of SurA chaperone activity through interdomain interactions involving a PPIase domain. We propose a model in which SurA activity is modulated by an interaction between SurA and the Bam complex that alters the substrate specificity of the chaperone. IMPORTANCE The dominant surA mutations described here alter amino acid residues that are highly conserved in eukaryotic homologs of SurA, including Pin 1, the human proline isomerase (PPIase) implicated in Alzheimer's disease and certain cancers. Consequently, a mechanistic description of SurA function may enhance our understanding of clinically important PPIases and their role(s) in disease. In addition, the virulence of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, such as Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia coli O157:H7, is largely dependent on SurA, making this PPIase/chaperone an attractive antibiotic target. Investigating the function of SurA in outer membrane (OM) biogenesis will be useful in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the disruption of the OM or the processes that are essential for its assembly.
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Yang CK, Tai PC, Lu CD. Time-related transcriptome analysis of B. subtilis 168 during growth with glucose. Curr Microbiol 2013; 68:12-20. [PMID: 23934352 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression in Bacillus subtilis from late exponential to stationary phase was monitored by DNA microarrays with samples taken from the culture in LB broth with glucose supplement to prevent sporulation. Three major patterns of gene expression as revealed in this study were consistent to the expression profiling of PerR/Spx regulons and three major sigma factors-SigA, SigB, and SigW. Expression of most SigA-dependent house-keeping genes was significantly decreased and remained at low levels in the stationary phase. The sigB gene and additional genes of the SigB regulon for stress response exhibited a distinct pattern of transient induction with a peak in transition phase. The majority of induced genes after cessation of SigB-dependent surge were subjected to regulation by SigW, PerR, and Spx in response to oxidative stress. No induction of spo0A and skfA regulons supports the suppression of sporulation and cannibalism processes in the stationary phase by glucose supplement. In summary, these results depicted complicated strategies by cells to adapt changes from the fast growing exponential phase toward the stationary phase. The absence of programmed cell death and sporulation greatly facilitated data analysis and the identification of distinct expression patterns in the stationary phase of growth in B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Kai Yang
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
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Qi Y, Xiong X, Wang X, Duan C, Jia Y, Jiao J, Gong W, Wen B. Proteome analysis and serological characterization of surface-exposed proteins of Rickettsia heilongjiangensis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70440. [PMID: 23894656 PMCID: PMC3720918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rickettsia heilongjiangensis, the agent of Far-Eastern spotted fever (FESF), is an obligate intracellular bacterium. The surface-exposed proteins (SEPs) of rickettsiae are involved in rickettsial adherence to and invasion of host cells, intracellular bacterial growth, and/or interaction with immune cells. They are also potential molecular candidates for the development of diagnostic reagents and vaccines against rickettsiosis. Methods R. heilongjiangensis SEPs were identified by biotin-streptavidin affinity purification and 2D electrophoreses coupled with ESI-MS/MS. Recombinant SEPs were probed with various sera to analyze their serological characteristics using a protein microarray and an enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Results Twenty-five SEPs were identified, most of which were predicted to reside on the surface of R. heilongjiangensis cells. Bioinformatics analysis suggests that these proteins could be involved in bacterial pathogenesis. Eleven of the 25 SEPs were recognized as major seroreactive antigens by sera from R. heilongjiangensis-infected mice and FESF patients. Among the major seroreactive SEPs, microarray assays and/or ELISAs revealed that GroEL, OmpA-2, OmpB-3, PrsA, RplY, RpsB, SurA and YbgF had modest sensitivity and specificity for recognizing R. heilongjiangensis infection and/or spotted fever. Conclusions Many of the SEPs identified herein have potentially important roles in R. heilongjiangensis pathogenicity. Some of them have potential as serodiagnostic antigens or as subunit vaccine antigens against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xile Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Changsong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yinjun Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Bohai Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Yang CK, Lu CD, Tai PC. Differential expression of secretion machinery during bacterial growth: SecY and SecF decrease while SecA increases during transition from exponential phase to stationary phase. Curr Microbiol 2013; 67:682-7. [PMID: 23852076 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transcription of many house-keeping genes, including secY and some other sec genes, decreases in the transition from the exponential phase to the stationary phase (feast to famine) in Bacillus subtilis. Unexpectedly and in contradiction to earlier reports, enhanced transcription was observed for another group of sec genes, including secA which codes for an essential ATPase for protein secretion. Consistent with the transcription data, the SecA protein of B. subtilis increases significantly in the stationary phase. Immunoblot analyses of Sec proteins during the transition in Escherichia coli also revealed the pronounced decreases of SecY and SecF and the increase of SecA, resulting in drastic increases of SecA/SecY and SecA/SecF ratios from exponential to stationary phases. The differential expression of Sec proteins in the stationary phase suggests the possibility of specific physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Kai Yang
- Department of Biology, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, 592 PSC, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Road, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
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