1
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Weiß J, Heib M, Korn T, Hoyer J, Fuchslocher Chico J, Voigt S, Koudelka T, Tholey A, Adam D. Protease-independent control of parthanatos by HtrA2/Omi. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:258. [PMID: 37594630 PMCID: PMC10439076 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04904-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
HtrA2/Omi is a mitochondrial serine protease with ascribed pro-apoptotic as well as pro-necroptotic functions. Here, we establish that HtrA2/Omi also controls parthanatos, a third modality of regulated cell death. Deletion of HtrA2/Omi protects cells from parthanatos while reconstitution with the protease restores the parthanatic death response. The effects of HtrA2/Omi on parthanatos are specific and cannot be recapitulated by manipulating other mitochondrial proteases such as PARL, LONP1 or PMPCA. HtrA2/Omi controls parthanatos in a manner mechanistically distinct from its action in apoptosis or necroptosis, i.e., not by cleaving cytosolic IAP proteins but rather exerting its effects without exiting mitochondria, and downstream of PARP-1, the first component of the parthanatic signaling cascade. Also, previously identified or candidate substrates of HtrA2/Omi such as PDXDC1, VPS4B or moesin are not cleaved and dispensable for parthanatos, whereas DBC-1 and stathmin are cleaved, and thus represent potential parthanatic downstream mediators of HtrA2/Omi. Moreover, mass-spectrometric screening for novel parthanatic substrates of HtrA2/Omi revealed that the induction of parthanatos does not cause a substantial proteolytic cleavage or major alterations in the abundance of mitochondrial proteins. Resolving these findings, reconstitution of HtrA2/Omi-deficient cells with a catalytically inactive HtrA2/Omi mutant restored their sensitivity against parthanatos to the same level as the protease-active HtrA2/Omi protein. Additionally, an inhibitor of HtrA2/Omi's protease activity did not confer protection against parthanatic cell death. Our results demonstrate that HtrA2/Omi controls parthanatos in a protease-independent manner, likely via novel, unanticipated functions as a scaffolding protein and an interaction with so far unknown mitochondrial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Weiß
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michelle Heib
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thiemo Korn
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Justus Hoyer
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Johaiber Fuchslocher Chico
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susann Voigt
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tomas Koudelka
- Institut für Experimentelle Medizin, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Niemannsweg 11, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Institut für Experimentelle Medizin, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Niemannsweg 11, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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2
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Chakraborty A, Bose R, Bose K. Unraveling the Dichotomy of Enigmatic Serine Protease HtrA2. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:824846. [PMID: 35187085 PMCID: PMC8850690 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.824846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial high-temperature requirement protease A2 (HtrA2) is an integral member of the HtrA family of serine proteases that are evolutionarily conserved from prokaryotes to humans. Involvement in manifold intricate cellular networks and diverse pathophysiological functions make HtrA2 the most enigmatic moonlighting protease amongst the human HtrAs. Despite perpetuating the oligomeric architecture and overall structural fold of its homologs that comprises serine protease and regulatory PDZ domains, subtle conformational alterations and dynamic enzymatic regulation through the distinct allosteric mode of action lead to its functional diversity. This mitochondrial protease upon maturation, exposes its one-of-a-kind N-terminal tetrapeptide (AVPS) motif that binds and subsequently cleaves Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) thus promoting cell death, and posing as an important molecule for therapeutic intervention. Interestingly, unlike its other human counterparts, HtrA2 has also been implicated in maintaining the mitochondrial integrity through a bi-functional chaperone-protease activity, the on-off switch of which is yet to be identified. Furthermore, its ability to activate a wide repertoire of substrates through both its N- and C-terminal regions presumably has calibrated its association with several cellular pathways and hence diseases including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Therefore, the exclusive structural attributes of HtrA2 that involve multimodal activation, intermolecular PDZ-protease crosstalk, and an allosterically-modulated trimeric active-site ensemble have enabled the protease to evolve across species and partake functions that are fine-tuned for maintaining cellular homeostasis and mitochondrial proteome quality control in humans. These unique features along with its multitasking potential make HtrA2 a promising therapeutic target both in cancer and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayon Chakraborty
- Integrated Biophysics and Structural Biology Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Roshnee Bose
- Integrated Biophysics and Structural Biology Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Kakoli Bose
- Integrated Biophysics and Structural Biology Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, BARC Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
- *Correspondence: Kakoli Bose,
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3
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Wang W, Zhao F, Ma X, Perry G, Zhu X. Mitochondria dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: recent advances. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:30. [PMID: 32471464 PMCID: PMC7257174 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by impaired cognitive function due to progressive loss of neurons in the brain. Under the microscope, neuronal accumulation of abnormal tau proteins and amyloid plaques are two pathological hallmarks in affected brain regions. Although the detailed mechanism of the pathogenesis of AD is still elusive, a large body of evidence suggests that damaged mitochondria likely play fundamental roles in the pathogenesis of AD. It is believed that a healthy pool of mitochondria not only supports neuronal activity by providing enough energy supply and other related mitochondrial functions to neurons, but also guards neurons by minimizing mitochondrial related oxidative damage. In this regard, exploration of the multitude of mitochondrial mechanisms altered in the pathogenesis of AD constitutes novel promising therapeutic targets for the disease. In this review, we will summarize recent progress that underscores the essential role of mitochondria dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD and discuss mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction with a focus on the loss of mitochondrial structural and functional integrity in AD including mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, axonal transport, ER-mitochondria interaction, mitophagy and mitochondrial proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Fanpeng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Xiaopin Ma
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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4
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Structural modeling and role of HAX-1 as a positive allosteric modulator of human serine protease HtrA2. Biochem J 2019; 476:2965-2980. [PMID: 31548268 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HAX-1, a multifunctional protein involved in cell proliferation, calcium homeostasis, and regulation of apoptosis, is a promising therapeutic target. It regulates apoptosis through multiple pathways, understanding of which is limited by the obscurity of its structural details and its intricate interaction with its cellular partners. Therefore, using computational modeling, biochemical, functional enzymology and spectroscopic tools, we predicted the structure of HAX-1 as well as delineated its interaction with one of it pro-apoptotic partner, HtrA2. In this study, three-dimensional structure of HAX-1 was predicted by threading and ab initio tools that were validated using limited proteolysis and fluorescence quenching studies. Our pull-down studies distinctly demonstrate that the interaction of HtrA2 with HAX-1 is directly through its protease domain and not via the conventional PDZ domain. Enzymology studies further depicted that HAX-1 acts as an allosteric activator of HtrA2. This 'allosteric regulation' offers promising opportunities for the specific control and functional modulation of a wide range of biological processes associated with HtrA2. Hence, this study for the first time dissects the structural architecture of HAX-1 and elucidates its role in PDZ-independent activation of HtrA2.
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5
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Lautenschäger J, Kaminski Schierle GS. Mitochondrial degradation of amyloidogenic proteins - A new perspective for neurodegenerative diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 181:101660. [PMID: 31301323 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This perspective article outlines mechanisms of mitochondrial import and protein degradation and how these have been linked to alpha-synuclein and Amyloid beta (Aβ) homeostasis. Our aim is to underpin and stimulate the debate on the recent conception of mitochondria as protein degrading organelles, which suggests that mitochondria are more directly involved in neurodegenerative diseases than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Lautenschäger
- Molecular Neuroscience Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, West Cambridge Site, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK.
| | - Gabriele S Kaminski Schierle
- Molecular Neuroscience Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, West Cambridge Site, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
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6
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Su XJ, Huang L, Qu Y, Mu D. Progress in research on the role of Omi/HtrA2 in neurological diseases. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:279-287. [PMID: 30205651 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Omi/HtrA2 is a serine protease present in the mitochondrial space. When stimulated by external signals, HtrA2 is released into the mitochondrial matrix where it regulates cell death through its interaction with apoptotic and autophagic signaling pathways. Omi/HtrA2 is closely related to the pathogenesis of neurological diseases, such as neurodegeneration and hypoxic ischemic brain damage. Here, we summarize the biological characteristics of Omi/HtrA2 and its role in neurological diseases, which will provide new hints in developing Omi/HtrA2 as a therapeutic target for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Juan Su
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lingyi Huang
- West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
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7
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Increased Active OMI/HTRA2 Serine Protease Displays a Positive Correlation with Cholinergic Alterations in the Alzheimer's Disease Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4601-4619. [PMID: 30361890 PMCID: PMC6657433 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OMI/HTRA2 (high-temperature requirement serine protease A2) is a mitochondrial serine protease involved in several cellular processes, including autophagy, chaperone activity, and apoptosis. Few studies on the role of OMI/HTRA2 in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are available, but none on its relationship with the cholinergic system and neurotrophic factors as well as other AD-related proteins. In this study, immunohistochemical analyses revealed that AD patients had a higher cytosolic distribution of OMI/HTRA2 protein compared to controls. Quantitative analyses on brain extracts indicated a significant increase in the active form of OMI/HTRA2 in the AD brain. Activated OMI/HTRA2 protein positively correlated with stress-associated read-through acetylcholinesterase activity. In addition, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene expression, a receptor also known to be localized on the outer membrane of mitochondria, showed a strong correlation with OMI/HTRA2 gene expression in three different brain regions. Interestingly, the activated OMI/HTRA2 levels also correlated with the activity of the acetylcholine-biosynthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT); with levels of the neurotrophic factors, NGF and BDNF; with levels of the soluble fragments of amyloid precursor protein (APP); and with gene expression of the microtubule-associated protein tau in the examined brain regions. Overall, the results demonstrate increased levels of the mitochondrial serine protease OMI/HTRA2, and a coherent pattern of association between the activated form of OMI/HTRA2 and several key proteins involved in AD pathology. In this paper, we propose a new hypothetical model to highlight the importance and needs of further investigation on the role of OMI/HTRA2 in the mitochondrial function and AD.
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8
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Structural basis of inactivation of human counterpart of mouse motor neuron degeneration 2 mutant in serine protease HtrA2. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181072. [PMID: 30068699 PMCID: PMC6172425 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine protease high temperature requirement protease A2 (HtrA2) is involved in apoptosis and protein quality control. However, one of its murine inactive mutants (S276C aka mnd2) is associated with motor neuron degeneration 2. Similarly, this conserved mutation in human HtrA2 (hHtrA2) also renders the protease inactive, implicating pathogenicity. However, the structural determinants for its inactivation have not yet been elucidated. Here, using multidisciplinary approach, we studied the structural basis of inactivity associated with this mutation in hHtrA2. Characterization of secondary and tertiary structural properties, protein stability, oligomeric properties, and enzyme activity for both wild-type and mutant has been performed using biophysical and functional enzymology studies. The structural comparison at atomic resolution has been carried out using X-ray crystallography. While enzyme kinetics showed inactivity, spectroscopic probes did not identify any significant secondary structural changes in the mutant. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the mutant protein at 2 Å resolution highlighted the significance of a water molecule that plays important role in mediating intermolecular interactions for maintaining the functional ensemble of the protease. Overall, the crystallographic data along with biophysical and enzymology studies helped decipher the structural basis of inactivity of hHtrA2S276C, which might pave way toward further investigating its correlation with aberration of normal cellular functions, hence pathogenicity.
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9
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Zurawa-Janicka D, Wenta T, Jarzab M, Skorko-Glonek J, Glaza P, Gieldon A, Ciarkowski J, Lipinska B. Structural insights into the activation mechanisms of human HtrA serine proteases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 621:6-23. [PMID: 28396256 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human HtrA1-4 proteins belong to the HtrA family of evolutionarily conserved serine proteases and function as important modulators of many physiological processes, including maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis, cell signaling and apoptosis. Disturbances in their action are linked to severe diseases, including oncogenesis and neurodegeneration. The HtrA1-4 proteins share structural and functional features of other members of the HtrA protein family, however there are several significant differences in structural architecture and mechanisms of action which makes each of them unique. Our goal is to present recent studies regarding human HtrAs. We focus on their physiological functions, structure and regulation, and describe current models of activation mechanisms. Knowledge of molecular basis of the human HtrAs' action is a subject of great interest; it is crucial for understanding their relevance in cellular physiology and pathogenesis as well as for using them as targets in future therapies of diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Zurawa-Janicka
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Wenta
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Jarzab
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Glaza
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Artur Gieldon
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Ciarkowski
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Barbara Lipinska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
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10
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M'Angale PG, Staveley BE. The HtrA2 Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease is suppressed by the pro-survival Bcl-2 Buffy. Genome 2016; 60:1-7. [PMID: 27848260 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2016-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in High temperature requirement A2 (HtrA2), also designated PARK13, which lead to the loss of its protease activity, have been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). HtrA2 is a mitochondrial protease that translocates to the cytosol upon the initiation of apoptosis where it participates in the abrogation of inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) inhibition of caspases. Here, we demonstrate that the loss of the HtrA2 function in the dopaminergic neurons of Drosophila melanogaster results in PD-like phenotypes, and we attempt to restore the age-dependent loss in locomotor ability by co-expressing the sole pro-survival Bcl-2 homologue Buffy. The inhibition of HtrA2 in the dopaminergic neurons of Drosophila resulted in shortened lifespan and impaired climbing ability, and the overexpression of Buffy rescued the reduction in lifespan and the age-dependent loss of locomotor ability. In supportive experiments, the inhibition of HtrA2 in the Drosophila eye results in eye defects, marked by reduction in ommatidia number and increased disruption of the ommatidial array; phenotypes that are suppressed by the overexpression of Buffy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Githure M'Angale
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.,Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Brian E Staveley
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.,Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
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11
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Distinct 3D Architecture and Dynamics of the Human HtrA2(Omi) Protease and Its Mutated Variants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161526. [PMID: 27571206 PMCID: PMC5003398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HtrA2(Omi) protease controls protein quality in mitochondria and plays a major role in apoptosis. Its HtrA2S306A mutant (with the catalytic serine routinely disabled for an X-ray study to avoid self-degradation) is a homotrimer whose subunits contain the serine protease domain (PD) and the regulatory PDZ domain. In the inactive state, a tight interdomain interface limits penetration of both PDZ-activating ligands and PD substrates into their respective target sites. We successfully crystalized HtrA2V226K/S306A, whose active counterpart HtrA2V226K has had higher proteolytic activity, suggesting higher propensity to opening the PD-PDZ interface than that of the wild type HtrA2. Yet, the crystal structure revealed the HtrA2V226K/S306A architecture typical of the inactive protein. To get a consistent interpretation of crystallographic data in the light of kinetic results, we employed molecular dynamics (MD). V325D inactivating mutant was used as a reference. Our simulations demonstrated that upon binding of a specific peptide ligand NH2-GWTMFWV-COOH, the PDZ domains open more dynamically in the wild type protease compared to the V226K mutant, whereas the movement is not observed in the V325D mutant. The movement relies on a PDZ vs. PD rotation which opens the PD-PDZ interface in a lid-like (budding flower-like in trimer) fashion. The noncovalent hinges A and B are provided by two clusters of interfacing residues, harboring V325D and V226K in the C- and N-terminal PD barrels, respectively. The opening of the subunit interfaces progresses in a sequential manner during the 50 ns MD simulation. In the systems without the ligand only minor PDZ shifts relative to PD are observed, but the interface does not open. Further activation-associated events, e.g. PDZ-L3 positional swap seen in any active HtrA protein (vs. HtrA2), were not observed. In summary, this study provides hints on the mechanism of activation of wtHtrA2, the dynamics of the inactive HtrA2V325D, but does not allow to explain an increased activity of HtrA2V226K.
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12
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Völgyi K, Háden K, Kis V, Gulyássy P, Badics K, Györffy BA, Simor A, Szabó Z, Janáky T, Drahos L, Dobolyi Á, Penke B, Juhász G, Kékesi KA. Mitochondrial Proteome Changes Correlating with β-Amyloid Accumulation. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2060-2078. [PMID: 26910821 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9682-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disease of wide clinical heterogenity. Overproduction of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau proteins are important hallmarks of AD. The identification of early pathomechanisms of AD is critically important for discovery of early diagnosis markers. Decreased brain metabolism is one of the earliest clinical symptoms of AD that indicate mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain. We performed the first comprehensive study integrating synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondrial proteome analysis (two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mass spectrometry) in correlation with Aβ progression in APP/PS1 mice (3, 6, and 9 months of age). We identified changes of 60 mitochondrial proteins that reflect the progressive effect of APP overproduction and Aβ accumulation on mitochondrial processes. Most of the significantly affected proteins play role in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, citric acid cycle, oxidative stress, or apoptosis. Altered expression levels of Htra2 and Ethe1, which showed parallel changes in different age groups, were confirmed also by Western blot. The common regulator bioinformatical analysis suggests the regulatory role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in Aβ-mediated mitochondrial protein changes. Our results are in accordance with the previous postmortem human brain proteomic studies in AD in the case of many proteins. Our results could open a new path of research aiming early mitochondrial molecular mechanisms of Aβ accumulation as a prodromal stage of human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Völgyi
- MTA-ELTE NAP B Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Krisztina Háden
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Kis
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gulyássy
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-TTK NAP B MS Neuroproteomics Research Group, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Badics
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs András Györffy
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE NAP B Neuroimmunology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Simor
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szabó
- Medical Chemistry Department, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Janáky
- Medical Chemistry Department, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- MTA-TTK NAP B MS Neuroproteomics Research Group, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Árpád Dobolyi
- MTA-ELTE NAP B Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Botond Penke
- Medical Chemistry Department, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-TTK NAP B MS Neuroproteomics Research Group, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Adrienna Kékesi
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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13
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Jarzab M, Wenta T, Zurawa-Janicka D, Polit A, Gieldon AJ, Wysocka M, Glaza P, Skorko-Glonek J, Ciarkowski J, Lesner A, Lipinska B. Intra- and intersubunit changes accompanying thermal activation of the HtrA2(Omi) protease homotrimer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1864:283-296. [PMID: 26702898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
HtrA2(Omi) protease is involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis and stimulation of apoptosis as well as in development of cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. The protein is a homotrimer whose subunits comprise serine protease domain (PD) and PDZ regulatory domain. In the basal, inactive state, a tight interdomain interface limits access both to the PDZ peptide (carboxylate) binding site and to the PD catalytic center. The molecular mechanism of activation is not well understood. To further the knowledge of HtrA2 thermal activation we monitored the dynamics of the PDZ-PD interactions during temperature increase using tryptophan-induced quenching (TrIQ) method. The TrIQ results suggested that during activation the PDZ domain changed its position versus PD inside a subunit, including a prominent change affecting the L3 regulatory loop of PD, and also changed its interactions with the PD of the adjacent subunit (PD*), specifically with its L1* regulatory loop containing the active site serine. The α5 helix of PDZ was involved in both, the intra- and intersubunit changes of interactions and thus seems to play an important role in HtrA2 activation. The amino acid substitutions designed to decrease the PDZ interactions with the PD or PD* promoted protease activity at a wide range of temperatures, which supports the conclusions based on the TrIQ analysis. The model presented in this work describes PDZ movement in relation to PD and PD*, resulting in an increased access to the peptide binding and active sites, and conformational changes of the L3 and L1* loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslaw Jarzab
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wenta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dorota Zurawa-Janicka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Polit
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Artur J Gieldon
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wysocka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Glaza
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Ciarkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Barbara Lipinska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
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Maus F, Sakry D, Binamé F, Karram K, Rajalingam K, Watts C, Heywood R, Krüger R, Stegmüller J, Werner HB, Nave KA, Krämer-Albers EM, Trotter J. The NG2 Proteoglycan Protects Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells against Oxidative Stress via Interaction with OMI/HtrA2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137311. [PMID: 26340347 PMCID: PMC4560422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The NG2 proteoglycan is characteristically expressed by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) and also by aggressive brain tumours highly resistant to chemo- and radiation therapy. Oligodendrocyte-lineage cells are particularly sensitive to stress resulting in cell death in white matter after hypoxic or ischemic insults of premature infants and destruction of OPC in some types of Multiple Sclerosis lesions. Here we show that the NG2 proteoglycan binds OMI/HtrA2, a mitochondrial serine protease which is released from damaged mitochondria into the cytosol in response to stress. In the cytosol, OMI/HtrA2 initiates apoptosis by proteolytic degradation of anti-apoptotic factors. OPC in which NG2 has been downregulated by siRNA, or OPC from the NG2-knockout mouse show an increased sensitivity to oxidative stress evidenced by increased cell death. The proapoptotic protease activity of OMI/HtrA2 in the cytosol can be reduced by the interaction with NG2. Human glioma expressing high levels of NG2 are less sensitive to oxidative stress than those with lower NG2 expression and reducing NG2 expression by siRNA increases cell death in response to oxidative stress. Binding of NG2 to OMI/HtrA2 may thus help protect cells against oxidative stress-induced cell death. This interaction is likely to contribute to the high chemo- and radioresistance of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Maus
- Department of Biology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dominik Sakry
- Department of Biology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabien Binamé
- Department of Biology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Khalad Karram
- Department of Biology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Krishnaraj Rajalingam
- Research Center for Immune Therapy, Institute for Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Colin Watts
- Cambridge University, Dept. Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Heywood
- Cambridge University, Dept. Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Luxembourg Center for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg and Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Judith Stegmüller
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B. Werner
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Krämer-Albers
- Department of Biology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Trotter
- Department of Biology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Stress Conditions Increase Vimentin Cleavage by Omi/HtrA2 Protease in Human Primary Neurons and Differentiated Neuroblastoma Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:1077-1092. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8906-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Singh N, D'Souza A, Cholleti A, Sastry GM, Bose K. Dual regulatory switch confers tighter control on HtrA2 proteolytic activity. FEBS J 2014; 281:2456-70. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitu Singh
- Advanced Centre for Treatment; Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC); Tata Memorial Centre; Kharghar Navi Mumbai India
| | - Areetha D'Souza
- Advanced Centre for Treatment; Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC); Tata Memorial Centre; Kharghar Navi Mumbai India
| | | | | | - Kakoli Bose
- Advanced Centre for Treatment; Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC); Tata Memorial Centre; Kharghar Navi Mumbai India
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Cilenti L, Ambivero CT, Ward N, Alnemri ES, Germain D, Zervos AS. Inactivation of Omi/HtrA2 protease leads to the deregulation of mitochondrial Mulan E3 ubiquitin ligase and increased mitophagy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1295-307. [PMID: 24709290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Omi/HtrA2 is a nuclear encoded mitochondrial serine protease with dual and opposite functions that depend entirely on its subcellular localization. During apoptosis, Omi/HtrA2 is released into the cytoplasm where it participates in cell death. While confined in the inter-membrane space of the mitochondria, Omi/HtrA2 has a pro-survival function that may involve the regulation of protein quality control (PQC) and mitochondrial homeostasis. Loss of Omi/HtrA2's protease activity causes the neuromuscular disorder of the mnd2 (motor neuron degeneration 2) mutant mice. These mice develop multiple defects including neurodegeneration with parkinsonian features. Loss of Omi/HtrA2 in non-neuronal tissues has also been shown to cause premature aging. The normal function of Omi/HtrA2 in the mitochondria and how its deregulation causes neurodegeneration or premature aging are unknown. Here we report that the mitochondrial Mulan E3 ubiquitin ligase is a specific substrate of Omi/HtrA2. During exposure to H(2)O(2), Omi/HtrA2 degrades Mulan, and this regulation is lost in cells that carry the inactive protease. Furthermore, we show accumulation of Mulan protein in various tissues of mnd2 mice as well as in Omi/HtrA2(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). This causes a significant decrease of mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) protein, and increased mitophagy. Our work describes a new stress-signaling pathway that is initiated in the mitochondria and involves the regulation of Mulan by Omi/HtrA2 protease. Deregulation of this pathway, as it occurs in mnd2 mutant mice, causes mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy, and could be responsible for the motor neuron disease and the premature aging phenotype observed in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Cilenti
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL32826, USA
| | - Camilla T Ambivero
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL32826, USA
| | - Nathan Ward
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL32826, USA
| | - Emad S Alnemri
- Center for Apoptosis Research, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA19107, USA
| | - Doris Germain
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10129, USA
| | - Antonis S Zervos
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL32826, USA.
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Pruefer FG, Lizarraga F, Maldonado V, Melendez-Zajgla J. Participation of Omi Htra2 Serine-Protease Activity in the Apoptosis Induced by Cisplatin on SW480 Colon Cancer Cells. J Chemother 2013; 20:348-54. [DOI: 10.1179/joc.2008.20.3.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Zurawa-Janicka D, Jarzab M, Polit A, Skorko-Glonek J, Lesner A, Gitlin A, Gieldon A, Ciarkowski J, Glaza P, Lubomska A, Lipinska B. Temperature-induced changes of HtrA2(Omi) protease activity and structure. Cell Stress Chaperones 2013; 18:35-51. [PMID: 22851136 PMCID: PMC3508124 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-012-0355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
HtrA2(Omi), belonging to the high-temperature requirement A (HtrA) family of stress proteins, is involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis and in the stimulation of apoptosis, as well as in cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. The protein comprises a serine protease domain and a postsynaptic density of 95 kDa, disk large, and zonula occludens 1 (PDZ) regulatory domain and functions both as a protease and a chaperone. Based on the crystal structure of the HtrA2 inactive trimer, it has been proposed that PDZ domains restrict substrate access to the protease domain and that during protease activation there is a significant conformational change at the PDZ-protease interface, which removes the inhibitory effect of PDZ from the active site. The crystal structure of the HtrA2 active form is not available yet. HtrA2 activity markedly increases with temperature. To understand the molecular basis of this increase in activity, we monitored the temperature-induced structural changes using a set of single-Trp HtrA2 mutants with Trps located at the PDZ-protease interface. The accessibility of each Trp to aqueous medium was assessed by fluorescence quenching, and these results, in combination with mean fluorescence lifetimes and wavelength emission maxima, indicate that upon an increase in temperature the HtrA2 structure relaxes, the PDZ-protease interface becomes more exposed to the solvent, and significant conformational changes involving both domains occur at and above 30 °C. This conclusion correlates well with temperature-dependent changes of HtrA2 proteolytic activity and the effect of amino acid substitutions (V226K and R432L) located at the domain interface, on HtrA2 activity. Our results experimentally support the model of HtrA2 activation and provide an insight into the mechanism of temperature-induced changes in HtrA2 structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Zurawa-Janicka
- Present Address: Department of Biochemistry, University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Jarzab
- Present Address: Department of Biochemistry, University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Polit
- Present Address: Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Present Address: Department of Biochemistry, University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Adam Lesner
- Present Address: Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Gitlin
- Present Address: Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Artur Gieldon
- Present Address: Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Ciarkowski
- Present Address: Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Glaza
- Present Address: Department of Biochemistry, University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Lubomska
- Present Address: Department of Biochemistry, University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Barbara Lipinska
- Present Address: Department of Biochemistry, University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
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Coskun P, Wyrembak J, Schriner S, Chen HW, Marciniack C, LaFerla F, Wallace DC. A mitochondrial etiology of Alzheimer and Parkinson disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1820:553-64. [PMID: 21871538 PMCID: PMC3270155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetics and pathophysiology of Alzheimer Disease (AD) and Parkinson Disease (PD) appears complex. However, mitochondrial dysfunction is a common observation in these and other neurodegenerative diseases. SCOPE OF REVIEW We argue that the available data on AD and PD can be incorporated into a single integrated paradigm based on mitochondrial genetics and pathophysiology. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Rare chromosomal cases of AD and PD can be interpreted as affecting mitochondrial function, quality control, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) integrity. mtDNA lineages, haplogroups, such haplogroup H5a which harbors the mtDNA tRNA(Gln) A8336G variant, are important risk factors for AD and PD. Somatic mtDNA mutations are elevated in AD, PD, and Down Syndrome and Dementia (DSAD) both in brains and also systemically. AD, DS, and DSAD brains also have reduced mtDNA ND6 mRNA levels, altered mtDNA copy number, and perturbed Aβ metabolism. Classical AD genetic changes incorporated into the 3XTg-AD (APP, Tau, PS1) mouse result in reduced forebrain size, life-long reduced mitochondrial respiration in 3XTg-AD males, and initially elevated respiration and complex I and IV activities in 3XTg-AD females which markedly declines with age. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction provides a unifying genetic and pathophysiology explanation for AD, PD, and other neurodegenerative diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Coskun
- Mitochondrial and Molecular Medicine and Genetics (MAMMAG), Department of Biological Chemistry, Hewitt Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3940
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, 3212 Biological Sciences III, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4545
| | - Joanne Wyrembak
- Mitochondrial and Molecular Medicine and Genetics (MAMMAG), Department of Biological Chemistry, Hewitt Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3940
| | - Sam Schriner
- Mitochondrial and Molecular Medicine and Genetics (MAMMAG), Department of Biological Chemistry, Hewitt Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3940
| | - Hsiao-Wen Chen
- Mitochondrial and Molecular Medicine and Genetics (MAMMAG), Department of Biological Chemistry, Hewitt Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3940
| | - Christine Marciniack
- Mitochondrial and Molecular Medicine and Genetics (MAMMAG), Department of Biological Chemistry, Hewitt Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3940
| | - Frank LaFerla
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, 3212 Biological Sciences III, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4545
| | - Douglas C. Wallace
- Mitochondrial and Molecular Medicine and Genetics (MAMMAG), Department of Biological Chemistry, Hewitt Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3940
- Center of Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, CTRB 6060, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4302
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Hooghiemstra AM, Eggermont LHP, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM, Scherder EJA. Exercise and early-onset Alzheimer's disease: theoretical considerations. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2012; 2:132-45. [PMID: 22590474 PMCID: PMC3347875 DOI: 10.1159/000335493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Although studies show a negative relationship between physical activity and the risk for cognitive impairment and late-onset Alzheimer's disease, studies concerning early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) are lacking. This review aims to justify the value of exercise interventions in EOAD by providing theoretical considerations that include neurobiological processes. METHODS A literature search on key words related to early-onset dementia, exercise, imaging, neurobiological mechanisms, and cognitive reserve was performed. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Brain regions and neurobiological processes contributing to the positive effects of exercise are affected in EOAD and, thus, provide theoretical support for exercise interventions in EOAD. Finally, we present the design of a randomized controlled trial currently being conducted in early-onset dementia patients.
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22
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Mitochondrial Importance in Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s and Parkinson’s Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 724:205-21. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0653-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Fan K, Zhang J, Zhang X, Tu X. Solution structure of HtrA PDZ domain from Streptococcus pneumoniae and its interaction with YYF-COOH containing peptides. J Struct Biol 2011; 176:16-23. [PMID: 21757011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
High-temperature requirement A (HtrA), a highly conserved family of serine protease, plays crucial roles in protein quality control in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The HtrA protein contains a C-terminal PDZ domain that mediates the proteolytic activity. Here we reported the solution structure of the HtrA PDZ domain from Streptococcus pneumoniae by NMR spectroscopy. Our results showed that the structure of HtrA PDZ domain, which contains three α-helices and five β-strands, illustrates conservation within the canonical PDZ domains. In addition, we demonstrated the interactions between S. pneumoniae HtrA PDZ domain and peptides with the motif XXX-YYF-COOH by surface plasmon resonance. Besides, we identified the ligand binding surface and the critical residues responsible for ligand binding of HtrA PDZ domain by chemical shift perturbation and site-directed mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
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Westerlund M, Behbahani H, Gellhaar S, Forsell C, Belin AC, Anvret A, Zettergren A, Nissbrandt H, Lind C, Sydow O, Graff C, Olson L, Ankarcrona M, Galter D. Altered enzymatic activity and allele frequency of OMI/HTRA2 in Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2010; 25:1345-52. [PMID: 21163861 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-163402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The serine-protease OMI/HTRA2, required for several cellular processes, including mitochondrial function, autophagy, chaperone activity, and apoptosis, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Western blot quantification of OMI/HTRA2 in frontal cortex of patients with AD (n=10) and control subjects (n=10) in two separate materials indicated reduced processed (active, 35 kDa) OMI/HTRA2 levels, whereas unprocessed (50 kDa) enzyme levels were not significantly different between the groups. Interestingly, the specific protease activity of OMI/HTRA2 was found to be significantly increased in patients with AD (n=10) compared to matched control subjects (n=10) in frontal cortex in two separate materials. Comparison of OMI/HTRA2 mRNA levels in frontal cortex and hippocampus, two brain areas particularly affected by AD, indicated similar levels in patients with AD (n=10) and matched control subjects (n=10). In addition, we analyzed the occurrence of the OMI/HTRA2 variants A141S and G399S in Swedish case-control materials for AD and PD and found a weak association of A141S with AD, but not with PD. In conclusion, our genetic, histological, and biochemical findings give further support to an involvement of OMI/HTRA2 in the pathology of AD; however, further studies are needed to clarify the role of this gene in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Westerlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Behbahani H, Pavlov PF, Wiehager B, Nishimura T, Winblad B, Ankarcrona M. Association of Omi/HtrA2 with γ-secretase in mitochondria. Neurochem Int 2010; 57:668-75. [PMID: 20705111 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Omi/HtrA2, a mitochondrial serine protease with chaperone activity, is involved in varied intracellular processes. Dysfunctional Omi/HtrA2 has thus been implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders. Previously, we have shown that γ-secretase complexes are present and active in mitochondria. Here, we demonstrate that peptide corresponding to C-terminus of presenilin-1, as previously reported to activate Omi/HtrA2, interacts with Omi/HtrA2 in isolated mitochondria. Moreover, we show that Omi/HtrA2 interacts with presenilin in active γ-secretase complexes located to mitochondria. Using a biotinylated γ-secretase inhibitor and confocal microscopy, we could further confirm the association of γ-secretase complexes with mitochondrial Omi/HtrA2. Furthermore, determination of γ-secretase complex topology in isolated mitochondria revealed an association of γ-secretase complexes with the outer membrane of mitochondria with the extreme PS1 C-terminus facing the inter-membrane space. We have also studied the impact of Omi/HtrA2 on γ-secretase activity, measuring APP intracellular domain (AICD) production. We found reduced AICD production in mitochondria isolated from Omi/HtrA2 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts, indicating a significant role of Omi/HtrA2 on γ-secretase activity. Thus, our results provide information for understanding the interplay between mitochondrial Omi/HtrA2 and γ-secretase complexes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homira Behbahani
- Karolinska Institutet and Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Alzheimer Center (KASPAC), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Zurawa-Janicka D, Skorko-Glonek J, Lipinska B. HtrA proteins as targets in therapy of cancer and other diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:665-79. [PMID: 20469960 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.487867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The HtrA family proteins are serine proteases that are involved in important physiological processes, including maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis, apoptosis and cell signaling. They are involved in the development and progression of several pathological processes such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and arthritic diseases. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We present characteristics of the human HtrA1, HtrA2 and HtrA3 proteins, with the stress on their function in apoptosis and in the diseases. We describe regulation of the HtrAs' proteolytic activity, focusing on allosteric interactions of ligands/substrates with the PDZ domains, and make suggestions on how the HtrA proteolytic activity could be modified. Literature cited covers years 1996 - 2010. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN An overview of the HtrAs' function/regulation and involvement in diseases (cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, arthritis), and ideas how modulation of their proteolytic activity could be used in therapies. TAKE HOME MESSAGE HtrA2 is the best target for cancer drug development. An increase in the HtrAs' proteolytic activity could be beneficial in cancer treatment, by stimulation of apoptosis, anoikis or necrosis of cancer cells, or by modulation of the TGF-beta signaling cascade; modulation of HtrA activity could be helpful in therapy of neurodegenerative diseases and arthritis.
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Determinants of structural and functional plasticity of a widely conserved protease chaperone complex. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2010; 17:837-43. [DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Omi/HtrA2 is a positive regulator of autophagy that facilitates the degradation of mutant proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Death Differ 2010; 17:1773-84. [PMID: 20467442 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Omi, also known as high temperature requirement factor A2 (HtrA2), is a serine protease that was originally identified as a proapoptotic protein. Like Smac/Diablo, it antagonizes inhibitor of apoptosis proteins when released into the cytosol on apoptotic stimulation. Loss of its protease activity in mnd2 (motor neuron degeneration 2) mice is associated with neurodegeneration. However, the detailed mechanisms by which Omi regulates the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease remain largely unknown. We report here that Omi participates in the pivotal cellular degradation process known as autophagy. It activates autophagy through digestion of Hax-1, a Bcl-2 family-related protein that represses autophagy in a Beclin-1 (mammalian homologue of yeast ATG6)-dependent pathway. Moreover, Omi-induced autophagy facilitates the degradation of neurodegenerative proteins such as pathogenic A53T α-synuclein and truncated polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin, as well as the endogenous autophagy substrate p62. Knockdown of Omi decreases the basal level of autophagy and increases the level of the above target proteins. Furthermore, S276C Omi, the protease-defective mutant found in mnd2 mice, fails to regulate autophagy. Increased autophagy substrates and the formation of aggregate structures are observed in the brains of mnd2 mice. These results identify Omi as a novel regulator of autophagy and suggest that Omi might be important in the cellular quality control of proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Kalvakolanu DV, Nallar SC, Kalakonda S. Cytokine-induced tumor suppressors: a GRIM story. Cytokine 2010; 52:128-42. [PMID: 20382543 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines belonging to the IFN family are potent growth suppressors. In a number of clinical and preclinical studies, vitamin A and its derivatives like retinoic acid (RA) have been shown to exert synergistic growth-suppressive effects on several tumor cells. We have employed a genome-wide expression-knockout approach to identify the genes critical for IFN/RA-induced growth suppression. A number of novel genes associated with Retinoid-Interferon-induced Mortality (GRIM) were isolated. In this review, we will describe the molecular mechanisms of actions of one, GRIM-19, which participates in multiple pathways for exerting growth control and/or cell death. This protein is emerging as a new tumor suppressor. In addition, GRIM-19 appears to participate in innate immune responses as its activity is modulated by several viruses and bacteria. Thus, GRIMs seem to couple with multiple biological responses by acting at critical nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhan V Kalvakolanu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Hasenbein S, Meltzer M, Hauske P, Kaiser M, Huber R, Clausen T, Ehrmann M. Conversion of a Regulatory into a Degradative Protease. J Mol Biol 2010; 397:957-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Kooistra J, Milojevic J, Melacini G, Ortega J. A new function of human HtrA2 as an amyloid-beta oligomerization inhibitor. J Alzheimers Dis 2009; 17:281-94. [PMID: 19502709 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2009-1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human HtrA2 is part of the HtrA family of ATP-independent serine proteases that are conserved in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and localizes to the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. Several recent reports have suggested that HtrA2 is important for maintaining proper mitochondrial homeostasis and may play a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by the presence of aggregates of the amyloid-beta peptide 1-42 (Abeta1-42). In this study, we analyzed the ability of HtrA2 to delay the aggregation of the model substrate citrate synthase (CS) and of the toxic Abeta1-42 peptide. We found that HtrA2 had a moderate ability to delay the aggregation of CS in vitro, and this activity was significantly enhanced when the PDZ domain was removed suggesting an inhibitory role for this domain on the activity. Additionally, using electron microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses, we observed that HtrA2 significantly delayed the aggregation of the Abeta1-42 peptide. Interestingly, the protease activity of HtrA2 and its PDZ domain were not essential for the delay of Abeta1-42 peptide aggregation. These results indicate that besides its protease activity, HtrA2 also performs a chaperone function and suggest a role for HtrA2 in the metabolism of intracellular Abeta and in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Kooistra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Pavlov PF, Hansson Petersen C, Glaser E, Ankarcrona M. Mitochondrial accumulation of APP and Abeta: significance for Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:4137-45. [PMID: 19725915 PMCID: PMC4496119 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggest that alterations in energy metabolism are among the earliest events that occur in the Alzheimer disease (AD) affected brain. Energy consumption is drastically decreased in the AD-affected regions of cerebral cortex and hippocampus pointing towards compromised mitochondrial function of neurons within specific brain regions. This is accompanied by an elevated production of reactive oxygen species contributing to increased rates of neuronal loss in the AD-affected brain regions. In this review, we will discuss the role of mitochondrial function and dysfunction in AD. We will focus on the consequences of amyloid precursor protein and amyloid-β peptide accumulation in mitochondria and their involvement in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel F Pavlov
- Karolinska Institutet Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Alzheimer Center, NVS, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden
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Taylor JM, Ghorbel S, Nicot C. Genome wide analysis of human genes transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally regulated by the HTLV-I protein p30. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:311. [PMID: 19602286 PMCID: PMC2723137 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-I) is a human retrovirus that is etiologically linked to adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), an aggressive and fatal lymphoproliferative disease. The viral transactivator, Tax, is thought to play an important role during the initial stages of CD4+ T-cell immortalization by HTLV-1. Tax has been shown to activate transcription through CREB/ATF and NF-KB, and to alter numerous signaling pathways. These pleiotropic effects of Tax modify the expression of a wide array of cellular genes. Another viral protein encoded by HTLV-I, p30, has been shown to affect virus replication at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Little is currently known regarding the effect of p30 on the expression and nuclear export of cellular host mRNA transcripts. Identification of these RNA may reveal new targets and increase our understanding of HTLV-I pathogenesis. In this study, using primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we report a genome wide analysis of human genes transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally regulated by the HTLV-I protein p30. Results Using microarray analysis, we analyzed total and cytoplasmic cellular mRNA transcript levels isolated from PBMCs to assess the effect of p30 on cellular RNA transcript expression and their nuclear export. We report p30-dependent transcription resulting in the 2.5 fold up-regulation of 15 genes and the down-regulation of 65 human genes. We further tested nuclear export of cellular mRNA and found that p30 expression also resulted in a 2.5 fold post-transcriptional down-regulation of 90 genes and the up-regulation of 33 genes. Conclusion Overall, our study describes that expression of the HTLV-I protein p30 both positively and negatively alters the expression of cellular transcripts. Our study identifies for the first time the cellular genes for which nuclear export is affected by p30. These results suggest that p30 may possess a more global function with respect to mRNA transcription and the nuclear shuttling of cellular mRNA transcripts. In addition, these alterations in gene expression may play a role in cell transformation and the onset of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Taylor
- Center for Viral Oncology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
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Abstract
The mitochondrial pathway to apoptosis is a major pathway of physiological cell death in vertebrates. The mitochondrial cell death pathway commences when apoptogenic molecules present between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes are released into the cytosol by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). BCL-2 family members are the sentinels of MOMP in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway; the pro-apoptotic B cell lymphoma (BCL)-2 proteins, BCL-2 associated x protein and BCL-2 antagonist killer 1 induce MOMP whereas the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins, BCL-2, BCL-xl and myeloid cell leukaemia 1 prevent MOMP from occurring. The release of pro-apoptotic factors such as cytochrome c from mitochondria leads to formation of a multimeric complex known as the apoptosome and initiates caspase activation cascades. These pathways are important for normal cellular homeostasis and play key roles in the pathogenesis of many diseases. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of the mitochondrial death pathway and focus on a selection of diseases whose pathogenesis involves the mitochondrial death pathway and we will examine the various pharmacological approaches that target this pathway.
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Hass MR, Sato C, Kopan R, Zhao G. Presenilin: RIP and beyond. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2008; 20:201-10. [PMID: 19073272 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the years the presenilins (PSENs), a family of multi-transmembrane domain proteins, have been ascribed a number of diverse potential functions. Recent in vivo evidence has supported the existence of PSEN functions beyond its well-established role in regulated intramembrane proteolysis. In this review, we will briefly discuss the ability of PSEN to modulate cellular signaling pathways through gamma-secretase cleavage of transmembrane proteins. Additionally, we will critically examine the proposed roles of PSEN in the regulation of beta-catenin function, protein trafficking, calcium regulation, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Hass
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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37
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Inagaki R, Tagawa K, Qi ML, Enokido Y, Ito H, Tamura T, Shimizu S, Oyanagi K, Arai N, Kanazawa I, Wanker EE, Okazawa H. Omi / HtrA2 is relevant to the selective vulnerability of striatal neurons in Huntington's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 28:30-40. [PMID: 18662332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Selective vulnerability of neurons is a critical feature of neurodegenerative diseases, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. We here report that Omi/HtrA2, a mitochondrial protein regulating survival and apoptosis of cells, decreases selectively in striatal neurons that are most vulnerable to the Huntington's disease (HD) pathology. In microarray analysis, Omi/HtrA2 was decreased under the expression of mutant huntingtin (htt) in striatal neurons but not in cortical or cerebellar neurons. Mutant ataxin-1 (Atx-1) did not affect Omi/HtrA2 in any type of neuron. Western blot analysis of primary neurons expressing mutant htt also confirmed the selective reduction of the Omi/HtrA2 protein. Immunohistochemistry with a mutant htt-transgenic mouse line and human HD brains confirmed reduction of Omi/HtrA2 in striatal neurons. Overexpression of Omi/HtrA2 by adenovirus vector reverted mutant htt-induced cell death in primary neurons. These results collectively suggest that the homeostatic but not proapoptotic function of Omi/HtrA2 is linked to selective vulnerability of striatal neurons in HD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina Inagaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and 21st Century Center of Excellence Program (COE) for Brain Integration and Its Disorders, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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Bhuiyan MS, Fukunaga K. Activation of HtrA2, a Mitochondrial Serine Protease Mediates Apoptosis: Current Knowledge on HtrA2 Mediated Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Cardiovasc Ther 2008; 26:224-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2008.00052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Bogaerts V, Nuytemans K, Reumers J, Pals P, Engelborghs S, Pickut B, Corsmit E, Peeters K, Schymkowitz J, De Deyn PP, Cras P, Rousseau F, Theuns J, Van Broeckhoven C. Genetic variability in the mitochondrial serine proteaseHTRA2contributes to risk for Parkinson disease. Hum Mutat 2008; 29:832-40. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.20713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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40
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Meltzer M, Hasenbein S, Hauske P, Kucz N, Merdanovic M, Grau S, Beil A, Jones D, Krojer T, Clausen T, Ehrmann M, Kaiser M. Allosteric activation of HtrA protease DegP by stress signals during bacterial protein quality control. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:1332-4. [PMID: 18175296 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meltzer
- Zentrum für Medizinische Biotechnologie, FB Biologie und Geographie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
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Meltzer M, Hasenbein S, Hauske P, Kucz N, Merdanovic M, Grau S, Beil A, Jones D, Krojer T, Clausen T, Ehrmann M, Kaiser M. Allosterische Aktivierung der HtrA-Protease DegP durch Stress-Signale während der bakteriellen Proteinqualitätskontrolle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vande Walle L, Lamkanfi M, Vandenabeele P. The mitochondrial serine protease HtrA2/Omi: an overview. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:453-60. [PMID: 18174901 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The HtrA family refers to a group of related oligomeric serine proteases that combine a trypsin-like protease domain with at least one PDZ interaction domain. Mammals encode four HtrA proteases, named HtrA1-4. The protease activity of the HtrA member HtrA2/Omi is required for mitochondrial homeostasis in mice and humans and inactivating mutations associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Moreover, HtrA2/Omi is released in the cytosol, where it contributes to apoptosis through both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways. Here, we review the current knowledge of HtrA2/Omi biology and discuss the signaling pathways that underlie its mitochondrial and apoptotic functions from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vande Walle
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Unit for Molecular Signalling and Cell Death, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
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Sohn J, Grant RA, Sauer RT. Allosteric activation of DegS, a stress sensor PDZ protease. Cell 2007; 131:572-83. [PMID: 17981123 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis is a method for transducing signals between cellular compartments. When protein folding is compromised in the periplasm of E. coli, the C termini of outer-membrane proteins (OMPs) bind to the PDZ domains of the trimeric DegS protease and activate cleavage of RseA, a transmembrane transcriptional regulator. We show here that DegS is an allosteric enzyme. OMP binding shifts the equilibrium from a nonfunctional state, in which the active sites are unreactive, to the functional proteolytic conformation. Crystallographic, biochemical, and mutagenic experiments show that the unliganded PDZ domains are inhibitory and suggest that OMP binding per se is sufficient to stabilize the relaxed conformation and activate DegS. OMP-induced activation and RseA binding are both positively cooperative, allowing switch-like behavior of the OMP-DegS-RseA system. Residues involved in the DegS allosteric switch are conserved in the DegP/HtrA and HtrA2/Omi families, suggesting that many PDZ proteases use a common mechanism of allosteric activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungsan Sohn
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Huttunen HJ, Guénette SY, Peach C, Greco C, Xia W, Kim DY, Barren C, Tanzi RE, Kovacs DM. HtrA2 Regulates β-Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) Metabolism through Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:28285-95. [PMID: 17684015 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702951200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease-associated beta-amyloid peptide is generated from its precursor protein APP. By using the yeast two-hybrid assay, here we identified HtrA2/Omi, a stress-responsive chaperone-protease as a protein binding to the N-terminal cysteinerich region of APP. HtrA2 coimmunoprecipitates exclusively with immature APP from cell lysates as well as mouse brain extracts and degrades APP in vitro. A subpopulation of HtrA2 localizes to the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane where it contributes to ER-associated degradation of APP together with the proteasome. Inhibition of the proteasome results in accumulation of retrotranslocated forms of APP and increased association of APP with HtrA2 and Derlin-1 in microsomal membranes. In cells lacking HtrA2, APP holoprotein is stabilized and accumulates in the early secretory pathway correlating with elevated levels of APP C-terminal fragments and increased Abeta secretion. Inhibition of ER-associated degradation (either HtrA2 or proteasome) promotes binding of APP to the COPII protein Sec23 suggesting enhanced trafficking of APP out of the ER. Based on these results we suggest a novel function for HtrA2 as a regulator of APP metabolism through ER-associated degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri J Huttunen
- Neurobiology of Disease Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Liu MJ, Liu ML, Shen YF, Kim JM, Lee BH, Lee YS, Hong ST. Transgenic mice with neuron-specific overexpression of HtrA2/Omi suggest a neuroprotective role for HtrA2/Omi. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 362:295-300. [PMID: 17707776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.07.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian serine protease HtrA2/Omi has been known as an apoptosis inducer involved inactivation of caspase-dependent as well as caspase-independent cell death. Recent studies with the HtrA2/Omi mutant and knockout mouse models, however, suggested that HtrA2/Omi might play a protective role in neurons. It is important to establish a transgenic mouse model with neuron-specific overexpression of HtrA2/Omi to clarify the physiological function of mammalian HtrA2/Omi in neurons. In the present study, a transgene containing HtrA2/Omi cDNA downstream of a rat neuron-specific enolase promoter was constructed and microinjected into the pronuclei of fertilized zygotes to establish transgenic mice. Transgenic mice successfully overexpressed HtrA2/Omi in brain tissue. As expected, HtrA2/Omi-overexpressing transgenic mice showed normal development without any sign of apoptotic cell death. Our results suggest that the primary function of neuronal HtrA2/Omi might be to protect neurons against stress in contrast to its role in the somatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Medical Science, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, Chonbuk 561-756, South Korea
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Ma S, Song E, Gao S, Tian R, Gao Y. Rapid characterization of the binding property of HtrA2/Omi PDZ domain by validation screening of PDZ ligand library. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 50:412-22. [PMID: 17609899 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-007-0037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
HtrA2/Omi is a mammalian mitochondrial serine protease, and was found to have dual roles in mammalian cells, not only acting as an apoptosis-inducing protein but also maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. PDZ domain is one of the most important protein-protein interaction modules and is involved in a variety of important cellular functions, such as signal transduction, degradation of proteins, and formation of cytoskeleton. Recently, it was reported that the PDZ domain of HtrA2/Omi might regulate proteolytic activity through its interactions with ligand proteins. In this study, we rapidly characterized the binding properties of HtrA2/Omi PDZ domain by validation screening of the PDZ ligand library with yeast two-hybrid approach. Then, we predicted its novel ligand proteins in human proteome and reconfirmed them in the yeast two-hybrid system. Finally, we analyzed the smallest networks bordered by the shortest path length between the protein pairs of novel interactions to evaluate the confidence of the identified interactions. The results revealed some novel binding properties of HtrA2/Omi PDZ domain. Besides the reported Class II PDZ motif, it also binds to Class I and Class III motifs, and exhibits restricted variability at P(-3), which means that the P(-3) residue is selected according to the composition of the last three residues. Seven novel ligand proteins of HtrA2/Omi PDZ domain were discovered, providing significant clues for further clarifying the roles of HtrA2/Omi. Moreover, this study proves the high efficiency and practicability of the newly developed validation screening of candidate ligand library method for binding property characterization of peptide-binding domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- SuCan Ma
- Proteomics Research Center, National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences / Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
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Verdile G, Gandy SE, Martins RN. The role of presenilin and its interacting proteins in the biogenesis of Alzheimer's beta amyloid. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:609-23. [PMID: 16944319 PMCID: PMC1832151 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The biogenesis and accumulation of the beta amyloid protein (Abeta) is a key event in the cascade of oxidative and inflammatory processes that characterises Alzheimer's disease. The presenilins and its interacting proteins play a pivotal role in the generation of Abeta from the amyloid precursor protein (APP). In particular, three proteins (nicastrin, aph-1 and pen-2) interact with presenilins to form a large multi-subunit enzymatic complex (gamma-secretase) that cleaves APP to generate Abeta. Reconstitution studies in yeast and insect cells have provided strong evidence that these four proteins are the major components of the gamma-secretase enzyme. Current research is directed at elucidating the roles that each of these protein play in the function of this enzyme. In addition, a number of presenilin interacting proteins that are not components of gamma-secretase play important roles in modulating Abeta production. This review will discuss the components of the gamma-secretase complex and the role of presenilin interacting proteins on gamma-secretase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Verdile
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s disease Research and Care, and the Sir James McCusker Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit, School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 100 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, 6027 WA Australia
- Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, WA Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA Australia
| | - Samuel E Gandy
- Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s disease Research and Care, and the Sir James McCusker Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit, School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 100 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, 6027 WA Australia
- Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, WA Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA Australia
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48
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Parks AL, Curtis D. Presenilin diversifies its portfolio. Trends Genet 2007; 23:140-50. [PMID: 17280736 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Presenilin, the catalytic member of the gamma-secretase proteolytic complex, was discovered through its roles in generating Alzheimer's-disease-associated amyloid-beta peptides from the amyloid-beta precursor protein and in releasing the transcriptionally active domain of the receptor Notch. Recent work has revealed many additional cleavage substrates and interacting proteins, suggesting a diversity of roles for presenilin during development and adult life, some of which might contribute to Alzheimer's disease progression. Although many of these functions depend on the proteolytic activity of gamma-secretase, others are independent of its role as a protease. Here, we review recent data on candidate functions for presenilin and its interactors and on their potential significance in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette L Parks
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
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Ma X, Kalakonda S, Srinivasula SM, Reddy SP, Platanias LC, Kalvakolanu DV. GRIM-19 associates with the serine protease HtrA2 for promoting cell death. Oncogene 2007; 26:4842-9. [PMID: 17297443 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated a novel interferon (IFN)-retinoid regulated cell death regulatory protein genes associated with retinoid-IFN-induced mortality (GRIM)-19 earlier. To understand its mechanism of action, we have employed a yeast-two-hybrid screen and identified serine protease HtrA2 as its binding partner. GRIM-19 physically interacts with HtrA2 and augments cell death in an IFN/all-trans retinoic acid (RA)-dependent manner. In the presence of GRIM-19, the HtrA2-driven destruction of the antiapoptotic protein X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) is augmented. These interactions were disrupted by an human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8)-coded oncoprotein, vIRF1, and conferred resistance to IFN/RA-induced cell death. These data show a critical role of HtrA2 in a cytokine-induced cell death response for the first time and its inhibition by a viral protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Vande Walle L, Van Damme P, Lamkanfi M, Saelens X, Vandekerckhove J, Gevaert K, Vandenabeele P. Proteome-wide Identification of HtrA2/Omi Substrates. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:1006-15. [PMID: 17266347 DOI: 10.1021/pr060510d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To identify apoptotic targets of HtrA2/Omi, we purified recombinant HtrA2/Omi and its catalytically inactive S306A mutant. Lysates of human Jurkat T lymphocytes incubated with either wild-type recombinant HtrA2/Omi or the S306A mutant were screened using the gel-free COFRADIC approach that isolates peptides covering the N-terminal parts of proteins. Analysis of the 1162 proteins identified by mass spectrometry yielded 15 HtrA2/Omi substrates of potential physiological relevance together holding a total of 50 cleavage sites. Several processing events were validated by incubating purified recombinant HtrA2/Omi with in vitro translated substrates or with Jurkat cell lysates. In addition, the generated set of cleavage sites was used to assess the protein substrate specificity of HtrA2/Omi. Our results suggest that HtrA2/Omi has a rather narrow cleavage site preference and that cytoskeletal proteins are prime targets of this protease.
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