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Rose BD, Dellinger MA, Larmour CP, Polishook MI, Higuita-Aguirre MI, Dutta S, Cook RL, Zimmermann SD, Garcia K. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus ammoniavirescens influences the effects of salinity on loblolly pine in response to potassium availability. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16597. [PMID: 38450872 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Salinity is an increasing problem in coastal areas affected by saltwater intrusion, with deleterious effects on tree health and forest growth. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi may improve the salinity tolerance of host trees, but the impact of external potassium (K+ ) availability on these effects is still unclear. Here, we performed several experiments with the ECM fungus Paxillus ammoniavirescens and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in axenic and symbiotic conditions at limited or sufficient K+ and increasing sodium (Na+ ) concentrations. Growth rate, biomass, nutrient content, and K+ transporter expression levels were recorded for the fungus, and the colonization rate, root development parameters, biomass, and shoot nutrient accumulation were determined for mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. P. ammoniavirescens was tolerant to high salinity, although growth and nutrient concentrations varied with K+ availability and increasing Na+ exposure. While loblolly pine root growth and development decreased with increasing salinity, ECM colonization was unaffected by pine response to salinity. The mycorrhizal influence on loblolly pine salinity response was strongly dependent on external K+ availability. This study reveals that P. ammoniavirescens can reduce Na+ accumulation of salt-exposed loblolly pine, but this effect depends on external K+ availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Rose
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marissa A Dellinger
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Clancy P Larmour
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mira I Polishook
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria I Higuita-Aguirre
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Summi Dutta
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel L Cook
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sabine D Zimmermann
- IPSiM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Kevin Garcia
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Sardans J, Lambers H, Preece C, Alrefaei AF, Penuelas J. Role of mycorrhizas and root exudates in plant uptake of soil nutrients (calcium, iron, magnesium, and potassium): has the puzzle been completely solved? THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36917083 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic global change is driving an increase in the frequency and intensity of drought and flood events, along with associated imbalances and limitation of several soil nutrients. In the context of an increasing human population, these impacts represent a global-scale challenge for biodiversity conservation and sustainable crop production to ensure food security. Plants have evolved strategies to enhance uptake of soil nutrients under environmental stress conditions; for example, symbioses with fungi (mycorrhization) in the rhizosphere and the release of exudates from roots. Although crop cultivation is managed for the effects of limited availability of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), there is increasing evidence for limitation of plant growth and fitness because of the low availability of other soil nutrients such as the metals potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe), which may become increasingly limiting for plant productivity under global change. The roles of mycorrhizas and plant exudates on N and P uptake have been studied intensively; however, our understanding of the effects on metal nutrients is less clear and still inconsistent. Here, we review the literature on the role of mycorrhizas and root exudates in plant uptake of key nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe) in the context of potential nutrient deficiencies in crop and non-crop terrestrial ecosystems, and identify knowledge gaps for future research to improve nutrient-uptake capacity in food crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Catherine Preece
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- Sustainability in Biosystems Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Torre Marimon, E-08140, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Josep Penuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
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Baltazar-Bernal O, Spinoso-Castillo JL, Mancilla-Álvarez E, Bello-Bello JJ. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induce Tolerance to Salinity Stress in Taro Plantlets ( Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) during Acclimatization. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1780. [PMID: 35807732 PMCID: PMC9269145 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a problem that affects soil fertility and threatens agri-food crop production worldwide. Biotechnology, through plant micropropagation and the use of biofertilizers such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), is an alternative to increase productivity and induce tolerance to salinity stress in different crops. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of the fungus Glomus intraradices on the ex vitro development of taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott cv. Criolla) plantlets under salinity stress during the acclimatization stage. In vitro-obtained C. esculenta plantlets were inoculated at different doses (0, 100, and 200 spores per plantlet) of G. intraradices during acclimatization. At 60 d of acclimatization in the greenhouse, plantlets were exposed to 100 mM NaCl salinity stress for 10 d. After the stress period, plantlet development, colonization percentage, and biomass were evaluated. In addition, the content of chlorophyll, carotenoids, proteins, proline, glycine-betaine, soluble phenols, and antioxidant capacity were quantified. The results showed differences in the developmental, physiological, and biochemical variables evaluated; however, no changes in total protein content were observed. Spore colonization showed that the symbiotic association has positive effects on the development of plantlets with or without salinity stress. This symbiotic interaction contributes to salinity stress tolerance in C. esculenta plantlets. The early application of AMF in in vitro-obtained taro plantlets is an alternative to increase or maintain the productivity of this crop in saline soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obdulia Baltazar-Bernal
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Córdoba, Km. 348 Carretera Federal Córdoba-Veracruz, Veracruz 94953, Mexico; (O.B.-B.); (J.L.S.-C.); (E.M.-Á.)
| | - José Luis Spinoso-Castillo
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Córdoba, Km. 348 Carretera Federal Córdoba-Veracruz, Veracruz 94953, Mexico; (O.B.-B.); (J.L.S.-C.); (E.M.-Á.)
| | - Eucario Mancilla-Álvarez
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Córdoba, Km. 348 Carretera Federal Córdoba-Veracruz, Veracruz 94953, Mexico; (O.B.-B.); (J.L.S.-C.); (E.M.-Á.)
| | - Jericó Jabín Bello-Bello
- CONACYT—Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Córdoba, Km. 348 Carretera Federal Córdoba-Veracruz, Veracruz 94953, Mexico
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Imran S, Oyama M, Horie R, Kobayashi NI, Costa A, Kumano R, Hirata C, Tran STH, Katsuhara M, Tanoi K, Kohchi T, Ishizaki K, Horie T. Distinct Functions of the Atypical Terminal Hydrophilic Domain of the HKT Transporter in the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:802-816. [PMID: 35380735 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
K+/Na+ homeostasis is important for land plants, particularly under salt stress. In this study, the structure and ion transport properties of the high-affinity K+ transporter (HKT) of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha were investigated. Only one HKT gene, MpHKT1, was identified in the genome of M. polymorpha. Phylogenetic analysis of HKT proteins revealed that non-seed plants possess HKTs grouped into a clade independent of the other two clades including HKTs of angiosperms. A distinct long hydrophilic domain was found in the C-terminus of MpHKT1. Complementary DNA (cDNA) of truncated MpHKT1 (t-MpHKT1) encoding the MpHKT_Δ596-812 protein was used to examine the functions of the C-terminal domain. Both MpHKT1 transporters fused with enhanced green fluorescent protein at the N-terminus were localized to the plasma membrane when expressed in rice protoplasts. Two-electrode voltage clamp experiments using Xenopus laevis oocytes indicated that MpHKT1 mediated the transport of monovalent alkali cations with higher selectivity for Na+ and K+, but truncation of the C-terminal domain significantly reduced the transport activity with a decrease in the Na+ permeability. Overexpression of MpHKT1 or t-MpHKT1 in M. polymorpha conferred accumulation of higher Na+ levels and showed higher Na+ uptake rates, compared to those of wild-type plants; however, phenotypes with t-MpHKT1 were consistently weaker than those with MpHKT1. Together, these findings suggest that the hydrophilic C-terminal domain plays a unique role in the regulation of transport activity and ion selectivity of MpHKT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Imran
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046 Japan
- Department of Agronomy, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna 9100, Bangladesh
| | - Masumi Oyama
- Division of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567 Japan
| | - Rie Horie
- Division of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567 Japan
| | - Natsuko I Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, Milano 20133, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Ryosuke Kumano
- Division of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567 Japan
| | - Chiho Hirata
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan
| | - Sen Thi Huong Tran
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046 Japan
- Faculty of Agronomy, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, Thua Thien Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Maki Katsuhara
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046 Japan
| | - Keitaro Tanoi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | | | - Tomoaki Horie
- Division of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567 Japan
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Pan YT, Li L, Yang JY, Li B, Zhang YZ, Wang P, Huang L. Involvement of Protein Kinase CgSat4 in Potassium Uptake, Cation Tolerance, and Full Virulence in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:773898. [PMID: 35463420 PMCID: PMC9021643 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.773898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The ascomycete Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a causal agent of anthracnose on crops and trees and causes enormous economic losses in the world. Protein kinases have been implicated in the regulation of growth and development, and responses to extracellular stimuli. However, the mechanism of the protein kinases regulating phytopathogenic fungal-specific processes is largely unclear. In the study, a serine/threonine CgSat4 was identified in C. gloeosporioides. The CgSat4 was localized in the cytoplasm. Targeted gene deletion showed that CgSat4 was essential for vegetative growth, sporulation, and full virulence. CgSat4 is involved in K+ uptake by regulating the localization and expression of the potassium transporter CgTrk1. CgSat4 is required for the cation stress resistance by altering the phosphorylation of CgHog1. Our study provides insights into potassium acquisition and the pathogenesis of C. gloeosporioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Pan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lianwei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ji-Yun Yang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yun-Zhao Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Conchillo LB, Haro R, Benito B. K+ Nutrition Exchange in the Serendipita-Arabidopsis Symbiosis: Study of the Fungal K+ Transporters Involved. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.789371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that the root-colonizing endosymbiotic fungus Serendipita indica improves plant growth. The beneficial effects have been observed when plants are growing in optimal conditions or under nutritionally deficient soils (e.g., phosphate poor soil) or exposed to stressful environmental conditions such as drought or salinity. However, until now its role in the nutrition of other plant essential macronutrient, such as K+, has not been fully clarified. Here, we study the role of the fungus in the K+ nutrition of Arabidopsis thaliana plants, during growth under K+ limiting conditions. As a first step, we studied the high-affinity K+ uptake of the plant and fungus when growing separately and in symbiosis. In the search for putative fungal actors involved in K+ nutrition, we also have cloned and functionally characterized the K+ transporters of S. indica SiHAK1, SiTRK1, SiTRK2, and SiTOK1, among which it has been shown that SiHAK1 is the main transporter involved in the K+ uptake in the high affinity range of concentrations. In addition, a gene expression study of these transporters and other candidates that could participate in the K+ homeostasis of the fungus has been carried out. The results indicated that, contrary to what happens with P nutrition, S. indica seems not to improve neither the growth nor the plant K+ reserves during K+ starvation. Instead, this nutritionally restrictive condition favored fungal colonization, suggesting that the fungus obtains the greatest benefit in K+ supply during symbiosis.
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Plant HKT Channels: An Updated View on Structure, Function and Gene Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041892. [PMID: 33672907 PMCID: PMC7918770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HKT channels are a plant protein family involved in sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) uptake and Na+-K+ homeostasis. Some HKTs underlie salt tolerance responses in plants, while others provide a mechanism to cope with short-term K+ shortage by allowing increased Na+ uptake under K+ starvation conditions. HKT channels present a functionally versatile family divided into two classes, mainly based on a sequence polymorphism found in the sequences underlying the selectivity filter of the first pore loop. Physiologically, most class I members function as sodium uniporters, and class II members as Na+/K+ symporters. Nevertheless, even within these two classes, there is a high functional diversity that, to date, cannot be explained at the molecular level. The high complexity is also reflected at the regulatory level. HKT expression is modulated at the level of transcription, translation, and functionality of the protein. Here, we summarize and discuss the structure and conservation of the HKT channel family from algae to angiosperms. We also outline the latest findings on gene expression and the regulation of HKT channels.
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Garcia K, Guerrero-Galán C, Frank HER, Haider MZ, Delteil A, Conéjéro G, Lambilliotte R, Fizames C, Sentenac H, Zimmermann SD. Fungal Shaker-like channels beyond cellular K+ homeostasis: A role in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis between Hebeloma cylindrosporum and Pinus pinaster. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242739. [PMID: 33216794 PMCID: PMC7678990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Potassium (K+) acquisition, translocation and cellular homeostasis are mediated by various membrane transport systems in all organisms. We identified and described an ion channel in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum (HcSKC) that harbors features of animal voltage-dependent Shaker-like K+ channels, and investigated its role in both free-living hyphae and symbiotic conditions. RNAi lines affected in the expression of HcSKC were produced and used for in vitro mycorrhizal assays with the maritime pine as host plant, under standard or low K+ conditions. The adaptation of H. cylindrosporum to the downregulation of HcSKC was analyzed by qRT-PCR analyses for other K+-related transport proteins: the transporters HcTrk1, HcTrk2, and HcHAK, and the ion channels HcTOK1, HcTOK2.1, and HcTOK2.2. Downregulated HcSKC transformants displayed greater K+ contents at standard K+ only. In such conditions, plants inoculated with these transgenic lines were impaired in K+ nutrition. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that the reduced expression of HcSKC modifies the pool of fungal K+ available for the plant and/or affects its symbiotic transfer to the roots. Our study reveals that the maintenance of K+ transport in H. cylindrosporum, through the regulation of HcSKC expression, is required for the K+ nutrition of the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Garcia
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, California, United States of America
| | | | - Hannah E. R. Frank
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, California, United States of America
| | | | - Amandine Delteil
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Geneviève Conéjéro
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- Plateforme Histocytologie et Imagerie Cellulaire Végétale, INRA-CIRAD Montpellier, France
| | - Raphaël Lambilliotte
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Fizames
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Hervé Sentenac
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Sabine D. Zimmermann
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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Raddatz N, Morales de los Ríos L, Lindahl M, Quintero FJ, Pardo JM. Coordinated Transport of Nitrate, Potassium, and Sodium. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:247. [PMID: 32211003 PMCID: PMC7067972 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K+) and nitrogen (N) are essential nutrients, and their absorption and distribution within the plant must be coordinated for optimal growth and development. Potassium is involved in charge balance of inorganic and organic anions and macromolecules, control of membrane electrical potential, pH homeostasis and the regulation of cell osmotic pressure, whereas nitrogen is an essential component of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Nitrate (NO3 -) is often the primary nitrogen source, but it also serves as a signaling molecule to the plant. Nitrate regulates root architecture, stimulates shoot growth, delays flowering, regulates abscisic acid-independent stomata opening, and relieves seed dormancy. Plants can sense K+/NO3 - levels in soils and adjust accordingly the uptake and root-to-shoot transport to balance the distribution of these ions between organs. On the other hand, in small amounts sodium (Na+) is categorized as a "beneficial element" for plants, mainly as a "cheap" osmolyte. However, at high concentrations in the soil, Na+ can inhibit various physiological processes impairing plant growth. Hence, plants have developed specific mechanisms to transport, sense, and respond to a variety of Na+ conditions. Sodium is taken up by many K+ transporters, and a large proportion of Na+ ions accumulated in shoots appear to be loaded into the xylem by systems that show nitrate dependence. Thus, an adequate supply of mineral nutrients is paramount to reduce the noxious effects of salts and to sustain crop productivity under salt stress. In this review, we will focus on recent research unraveling the mechanisms that coordinate the K+-NO3 -; Na+-NO3 -, and K+-Na+ transports, and the regulators controlling their uptake and allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - José M. Pardo
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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10
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Kale D, Spurny P, Shamayeva K, Spurna K, Kahoun D, Ganser D, Zayats V, Ludwig J. The S. cerevisiae cation translocation protein Trk1 is functional without its “long hydrophilic loop” but LHL regulates cation translocation activity and selectivity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1476-1488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Sun Q, Fu Z, Finlay R, Lian B. Transcriptome Analysis Provides Novel Insights into the Capacity of the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Amanita pantherina To Weather K-Containing Feldspar and Apatite. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e00719-19. [PMID: 31126945 PMCID: PMC6643233 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00719-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, symbiotically associated with woody plants, markedly improve the uptake of mineral nutrients such as potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) by their host trees. Although it is well known that ECM fungi can obtain K and P from soil minerals through biological weathering, the mechanisms regulating this process are still poorly understood at the molecular level. Here, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of the ECM fungus Amanita pantherina in weathering K-containing feldspar and apatite using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and validated these results for differentially expressed genes using real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that A. pantherina was able to improve relevant metabolic processes, such as promoting the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and steroids in the weathering of K-containing feldspar and apatite. The expression of genes encoding ion transporters was markedly enhanced during exposure to solid K-containing feldspar and apatite, and transcripts of the high-affinity K transporter ApHAK1, belonging to the HAK family, were significantly upregulated. The results also demonstrated that there was no upregulation of organic acid biosynthesis, reflecting the weak weathering capacity of the A. pantherina isolate used in this study, especially its inability to utilize P in apatite. Our findings suggest that under natural conditions in forests, some ECM fungi with low weathering potential of their own may instead enhance the uptake of mineral nutrients using their high-affinity ion transporter systems.IMPORTANCE In this study, we revealed the molecular mechanism and possible strategies of A. pantherina with weak weathering potential in the uptake of insoluble mineral nutrients by using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) technology and found that ApHAK1, a K transporter gene of this fungus, plays a very important role in the acquisition of K and P. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi play critical roles in the uptake of woody plant nutrients in forests that are usually characterized by nutrient limitation and in maintaining the stability of forest ecosystems. However, the regulatory mechanisms of ECM fungi in acquiring nutrients from minerals/rocks are poorly understood. This study investigated the transcriptional regulation of A. pantherina weathering K-containing feldspar and apatite and improves the understanding of fungal-plant interactions in promoting plant nutrition enabling increased productivity in sustainable forestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibiao Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyu Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Roger Finlay
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bin Lian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Haro R, Benito B. The Role of Soil Fungi in K + Plant Nutrition. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133169. [PMID: 31261721 PMCID: PMC6651076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
K+ is an essential cation and the most abundant in plant cells. After N, its corresponding element, K, is the nutrient required in the largest amounts by plants. Despite the numerous roles of K in crop production, improvements in the uptake and efficiency of use of K have not been major focuses in conventional or transgenic breeding studies in the past. In research on the mineral nutrition of plants in general, and K in particular, this nutrient has been shown to be essential to soil-dwelling-microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, protozoa, nematodes, etc.) that form mutualistic associations and that can influence the availability of mineral nutrients for plants. Therefore, this article aims to provide an overview of the role of soil microorganisms in supplying K+ to plants, considering both the potassium-solubilizing microorganisms and the potassium-facilitating microorganisms that are in close contact with the roots of plants. These microorganisms can influence the active transporter-mediated transfer of K+. Regarding the latter group of microorganisms, special focus is placed on the role of endophytic fungus. This review also includes a discussion on productivity through sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Haro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA). Campus Montegancedo UPM. Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223-Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Benito
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA). Campus Montegancedo UPM. Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223-Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Zeng W, Zhang J, Wang W. Strong root respiration response to nitrogen and phosphorus addition in nitrogen-limited temperate forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 642:646-655. [PMID: 29909332 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient availability is one of the key regulator of the global forest carbon balance. The use of fossil fuels and fertilizers has increased the amount of biologically reactive nitrogen (N) in recent decades and N fertilization also changes the availability of other nutrients such as phosphorous (P) and potassium (K). The increased soil nutrient availability is known to stimulate forest growth, but we currently lack comprehensive understanding of the response of soil respiration and its three components (roots, microbes, and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi) to the increased soil N, P and K availability. We conducted a 4-year field fertilization experiment with N, P and K addition in an N-limited temperate forest and separated ECM fungi respiration (Rm), root respiration (Rr) and heterotrophic microbial respiration (Rh) from total soil respiration. Our results showed that Rr increased with N and P addition while Rh and Rm did not respond to nutrient addition. Rm, Rr and Rh varied substantially from year to year, but their responses to nutrient addition did not fluctuate in different years. Our results indicate that in N-limited forest ecosystems, Rh and Rm may not respond substantially to future changes in nutrient addition and that inter-annual variation in climate may be the determinant of soil CO2 efflux in response to global changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zeng
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, the Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiangyong Zhang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, the Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, the Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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14
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Guerrero-Galán C, Garcia K, Houdinet G, Zimmermann SD. HcTOK1 participates in the maintenance of K + homeostasis in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum, which is essential for the symbiotic K + nutrition of Pinus pinaster. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1480845. [PMID: 29939816 PMCID: PMC6110361 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1480845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Most land plants rely on root symbioses to complement or improve their mineral nutrition. Recent researches have put forward that mycorrhizal fungi efficiently absorb and transfer potassium (K+) from the soil to host plant roots, but the molecular mechanisms involved are not completely elucidated yet. We have recently revealed that K+ is likely released from the fungal Hartig net to the plant by TOK channels in the ectomycorrhizal model Hebeloma cylindrosporum - Pinus pinaster. H. cylindrosporum harbours three TOK members. Herein, we report that one of them, HcTOK1, has similar features than the yeast ScTOK1. Moreover, we propose a role for this channel in the transport of K+ from the medium to ectomycorrhizal roots under K+ starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Guerrero-Galán
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - K. Garcia
- Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota USA
| | - G. Houdinet
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - S. D. Zimmermann
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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15
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Guerrero-Galán C, Delteil A, Garcia K, Houdinet G, Conéjéro G, Gaillard I, Sentenac H, Zimmermann SD. Plant potassium nutrition in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis: properties and roles of the three fungal TOK potassium channels in Hebeloma cylindrosporum. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:1873-1887. [PMID: 29614209 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi play an essential role in the ecology of boreal and temperate forests through the improvement of tree mineral nutrition. Potassium (K+ ) is an essential nutrient for plants and is needed in high amounts. We recently demonstrated that the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum improves the K+ nutrition of Pinus pinaster under shortage conditions. Part of the transport systems involved in K+ uptake by the fungus has been deciphered, while the molecular players responsible for the transfer of this cation towards the plant remain totally unknown. Analysis of the genome of H. cylindrosporum revealed the presence of three putative tandem-pore outward-rectifying K+ (TOK) channels that could contribute to this transfer. Here, we report the functional characterization of these three channels through two-electrode voltage-clamp experiments in oocytes and yeast complementation assays. The expression pattern and physiological role of these channels were analysed in symbiotic interaction with P. pinaster. Pine seedlings colonized by fungal transformants overexpressing two of them displayed a larger accumulation of K+ in shoots. This study revealed that TOK channels have distinctive properties and functions in axenic and symbiotic conditions and suggested that HcTOK2.2 is implicated in the symbiotic transfer of K+ from the fungus towards the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Guerrero-Galán
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine Delteil
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Kevin Garcia
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France.,Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Gabriella Houdinet
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Geneviève Conéjéro
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France.,Plateforme Histocytologie et Imagerie Cellulaire Végétale, INRA-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Gaillard
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Hervé Sentenac
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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16
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He B, Li H, Zeng B. Genome-wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the TRK Gene Family in Aspergillus oryzae. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2018 8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOSCIENCE, BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1145/3180382.3180408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin He
- Jiangxi Science & Technology, Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Haoran Li
- Jiangxi Science & Technology, Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Jiangxi Science & Technology, Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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17
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Garcia K, Doidy J, Zimmermann SD, Wipf D, Courty PE. Take a Trip Through the Plant and Fungal Transportome of Mycorrhiza. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:937-950. [PMID: 27514454 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Soil nutrient acquisition and exchanges through symbiotic plant-fungus interactions in the rhizosphere are key features for the current agricultural and environmental challenges. Improved crop yield and plant mineral nutrition through a fungal symbiont has been widely described. In return, the host plant supplies carbon substrates to its fungal partner. We review here recent progress on molecular players of membrane transport involved in nutritional exchanges between mycorrhizal plants and fungi. We cover the transportome, from the transport proteins involved in sugar fluxes from plants towards fungi, to the uptake from the soil and exchange of nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, sulfate, and water. Together, these advances in the comprehension of the mycorrhizal transportome will help in developing the future engineering of new agro-ecological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Garcia
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joan Doidy
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Sabine D Zimmermann
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Daniel Wipf
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Courty
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, 3 rue Albert Gockel, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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18
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Sanadhya P, Agarwal P, Khedia J, Agarwal PK. A Low-Affinity K+ Transporter AlHKT2;1 from Recretohalophyte Aeluropus lagopoides Confers Salt Tolerance in Yeast. Mol Biotechnol 2015; 57:489-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-015-9842-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Garcia K, Zimmermann SD. The role of mycorrhizal associations in plant potassium nutrition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:337. [PMID: 25101097 PMCID: PMC4101882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K(+)) is one of the most abundant elements of soil composition but it's very low availability limits plant growth and productivity of ecosystems. Because this cation participates in many biological processes, its constitutive uptake from soil solution is crucial for the plant cell machinery. Thus, the understanding of strategies responsible of K(+) nutrition is a major issue in plant science. Mycorrhizal associations occurring between roots and hyphae of underground fungi improve hydro-mineral nutrition of the majority of terrestrial plants. The contribution of this mutualistic symbiosis to the enhancement of plant K(+) nutrition is not well understood and poorly studied so far. This mini-review examines the current knowledge about the impact of both arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal symbioses on the transfer of K(+) from the soil to the plants. A model summarizing plant and fungal transport systems identified and hypothetically involved in K(+) transport is proposed. In addition, some data related to benefits for plants provided by the improvement of K(+) nutrition thanks to mycorrhizal symbioses are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine D. Zimmermann
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2Montpellier, France
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20
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Levin EJ, Zhou M. Recent progress on the structure and function of the TrkH/KtrB ion channel. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2014; 27:95-101. [PMID: 25011047 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Superfamily of K(+) Transporters (SKT) are integral membrane proteins that mediate the uptake of ions into non-animal cells. Although these proteins are homologous to the well-characterized K(+) channel family, relatively little was known about their transport and gating mechanisms until the recent determination of crystal structures for two SKT proteins, TrkH and KtrB. These structures reveal that the SKT proteins are channels, containing a flexible loop in the middle of the permeation pathway that may act as a gate. Two different conformational changes have been observed for the associated gating rings, suggesting different mechanisms of regulation by the binding of nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena J Levin
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ming Zhou
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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21
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Benito B, Haro R, Amtmann A, Cuin TA, Dreyer I. The twins K+ and Na+ in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:723-31. [PMID: 24810769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In the earth's crust and in seawater, K(+) and Na(+) are by far the most available monovalent inorganic cations. Physico-chemically, K(+) and Na(+) are very similar, but K(+) is widely used by plants whereas Na(+) can easily reach toxic levels. Indeed, salinity is one of the major and growing threats to agricultural production. In this article, we outline the fundamental bases for the differences between Na(+) and K(+). We present the foundation of transporter selectivity and summarize findings on transporters of the HKT type, which are reported to transport Na(+) and/or Na(+) and K(+), and may play a central role in Na(+) utilization and detoxification in plants. Based on the structural differences in the hydration shells of K(+) and Na(+), and by comparison with sodium channels, we present an ad hoc mechanistic model that can account for ion permeation through HKTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Benito
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Haro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Amtmann
- Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology (MCSB), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences (MVLS), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tracey Ann Cuin
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/UMR 0386 INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Ingo Dreyer
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Benito B, González-Guerrero M. Unravelling potassium nutrition in ectomycorrhizal associations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:707-709. [PMID: 24400896 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Benito
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Garcia K, Delteil A, Conéjéro G, Becquer A, Plassard C, Sentenac H, Zimmermann S. Potassium nutrition of ectomycorrhizal Pinus pinaster: overexpression of the Hebeloma cylindrosporum HcTrk1 transporter affects the translocation of both K(+) and phosphorus in the host plant. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:951-960. [PMID: 24279702 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal associations are known to improve the hydro-mineral nutrition of their host plants. However, the importance of mycorrhizal symbiosis for plant potassium nutrition has so far been poorly studied. We therefore investigated the impact of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum on the potassium nutrition of Pinus pinaster and examined the involvement of the fungal potassium transporter HcTrk1. HcTrk1 transcripts and proteins were localized in ectomycorrhizas using in situ hybridization and EGFP translational fusion constructs. Importantly, an overexpression strategy was performed on a H. cylindrosporum endogenous gene in order to dissect the role of this transporter. The potassium nutrition of mycorrhizal pine plants was significantly improved under potassium-limiting conditions. Fungal strains overexpressing HcTrk1 reduced the translocation of potassium and phosphorus from the roots to the shoots of inoculated plants in mycorrhizal experiments. Furthermore, expression of HcTrk1 and the phosphate transporter HcPT1.1 were reciprocally linked to the external inorganic phosphate and potassium availability. The development of these approaches provides a deeper insight into the role of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis on host plant K(+) nutrition and in particular, the K(+) transporter HcTrk1. The work augments our knowledge of the link between potassium and phosphorus nutrition via the mycorrhizal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Garcia
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Campus INRA/SupAgro, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Amandine Delteil
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Campus INRA/SupAgro, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Geneviève Conéjéro
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Campus INRA/SupAgro, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
- Plateforme Histocytologie et Imagerie Cellulaire Végétale, INRA-CIRAD, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Adeline Becquer
- INRA, UMR 1222 Eco&Sols, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Claude Plassard
- INRA, UMR 1222 Eco&Sols, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Hervé Sentenac
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Campus INRA/SupAgro, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Sabine Zimmermann
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Campus INRA/SupAgro, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
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24
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Casieri L, Ait Lahmidi N, Doidy J, Veneault-Fourrey C, Migeon A, Bonneau L, Courty PE, Garcia K, Charbonnier M, Delteil A, Brun A, Zimmermann S, Plassard C, Wipf D. Biotrophic transportome in mutualistic plant-fungal interactions. MYCORRHIZA 2013; 23:597-625. [PMID: 23572325 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that underlie nutrient use efficiency and carbon allocation along with mycorrhizal interactions is critical for managing croplands and forests soundly. Indeed, nutrient availability, uptake and exchange in biotrophic interactions drive plant growth and modulate biomass allocation. These parameters are crucial for plant yield, a major issue in the context of high biomass production. Transport processes across the polarized membrane interfaces are of major importance in the functioning of the established mycorrhizal association as the symbiotic relationship is based on a 'fair trade' between the fungus and the host plant. Nutrient and/or metabolite uptake and exchanges, at biotrophic interfaces, are controlled by membrane transporters whose regulation patterns are essential for determining the outcome of plant-fungus interactions and adapting to changes in soil nutrient quantity and/or quality. In the present review, we summarize the current state of the art regarding transport systems in the two major forms of mycorrhiza, namely ecto- and arbuscular mycorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Casieri
- UMR Agroécologie INRA 1347/Agrosup/Université de Bourgogne, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes ERL 6300 CNRS, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France,
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25
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Garcia K, Haider MZ, Delteil A, Corratgé-Faillie C, Conéjero G, Tatry MV, Becquer A, Amenc L, Sentenac H, Plassard C, Zimmermann S. Promoter-dependent expression of the fungal transporter HcPT1.1 under Pi shortage and its spatial localization in ectomycorrhiza. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 58-59:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Shankar A, Singh A, Kanwar P, Srivastava AK, Pandey A, Suprasanna P, Kapoor S, Pandey GK. Gene expression analysis of rice seedling under potassium deprivation reveals major changes in metabolism and signaling components. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70321. [PMID: 23922980 PMCID: PMC3726378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant nutrition is one of the important areas for improving the yield and quality in crops as well as non-crop plants. Potassium is an essential plant nutrient and is required in abundance for their proper growth and development. Potassium deficiency directly affects the plant growth and hence crop yield and production. Recently, potassium-dependent transcriptomic analysis has been performed in the model plant Arabidopsis, however in cereals and crop plants; such a transcriptome analysis has not been undertaken till date. In rice, the molecular mechanism for the regulation of potassium starvation responses has not been investigated in detail. Here, we present a combined physiological and whole genome transcriptomic study of rice seedlings exposed to a brief period of potassium deficiency then replenished with potassium. Our results reveal that the expressions of a diverse set of genes annotated with many distinct functions were altered under potassium deprivation. Our findings highlight altered expression patterns of potassium-responsive genes majorly involved in metabolic processes, stress responses, signaling pathways, transcriptional regulation, and transport of multiple molecules including K+. Interestingly, several genes responsive to low-potassium conditions show a reversal in expression upon resupply of potassium. The results of this study indicate that potassium deprivation leads to activation of multiple genes and gene networks, which may be acting in concert to sense the external potassium and mediate uptake, distribution and ultimately adaptation to low potassium conditions. The interplay of both upregulated and downregulated genes globally in response to potassium deprivation determines how plants cope with the stress of nutrient deficiency at different physiological as well as developmental stages of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Shankar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Amarjeet Singh
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Kanwar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Srivastava
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Amita Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Penna Suprasanna
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Sanjay Kapoor
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Girdhar K. Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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27
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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and the Tolerance of Plants to Drought and Salinity. SOIL BIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-39317-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Avolio M, Müller T, Mpangara A, Fitz M, Becker B, Pauck A, Kirsch A, Wipf D. Regulation of genes involved in nitrogen utilization on different C/N ratios and nitrogen sources in the model ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum. MYCORRHIZA 2012; 22:515-24. [PMID: 22302131 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-011-0428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) utilization by ectomycorrhizal fungi is an essential aspect of their ecosystem function. N deposition changes both the N pools and the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio of the substrates where ectomycorrhizal fungi are found, and it is important to understand how these changes affect the N forms used by ectomycorrhizal fungi. To overcome the difficulties of studying ectomycorrhizal fungi in situ, we investigated all known N genes in the model fungus, Hebeloma cylindrosporum in a culture study. In addition to studying the regulation of all known N utilization genes, we aimed to understand whether there are gene clusters that undergo similar regulation. Lastly we studied how C/N ratio, N transporter type, and N source affected relative gene expression levels. We grew the D2 strain of H. cylindrosporum on a range of inorganic and organic N sources under low, medium, and high C/N ratios. We found three gene clusters that were regulated in a similar pattern. Lastly, we found C/N ratio, N source and N transporter type all affected gene expression levels. Relative expression levels were highest on the high C/N ratio, BSA and diLeucine N sources, and inorganic N transporters were always expressed at higher levels than organic N transporters. These results suggest that inorganic N sources may always the default preference for H. cylindrosporum, regardless of both the N sources and the C/N ratio of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Avolio
- University Bonn, IZMB, Transport in Ectomycorrhiza, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Sassi A, Mieulet D, Khan I, Moreau B, Gaillard I, Sentenac H, Véry AA. The rice monovalent cation transporter OsHKT2;4: revisited ionic selectivity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:498-510. [PMID: 22773759 PMCID: PMC3440223 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.194936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The family of plant membrane transporters named HKT (for high-affinity K(+) transporters) can be subdivided into subfamilies 1 and 2, which, respectively, comprise Na(+)-selective transporters and transporters able to function as Na(+)-K(+) symporters, at least when expressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or Xenopus oocytes. Surprisingly, a subfamily 2 member from rice (Oryza sativa), OsHKT2;4, has been proposed to form cation/K(+) channels or transporters permeable to Ca(2+) when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Here, OsHKT2;4 functional properties were reassessed in Xenopus oocytes. A Ca(2+) permeability through OsHKT2;4 was not detected, even at very low external K(+) concentration, as shown by highly negative OsHKT2;4 zero-current potential in high Ca(2+) conditions and lack of sensitivity of OsHKT2;4 zero-current potential and conductance to external Ca(2+). The Ca(2+) permeability previously attributed to OsHKT2;4 probably resulted from activation of an endogenous oocyte conductance. OsHKT2;4 displayed a high permeability to K(+) compared with that to Na(+) (permeability sequence: K(+) > Rb(+) ≈ Cs(+) > Na(+) ≈ Li(+) ≈ NH(4)(+)). Examination of OsHKT2;4 current sensitivity to external pH suggested that H(+) is not significantly permeant through OsHKT2;4 in most physiological ionic conditions. Further analyses in media containing both Na(+) and K(+) indicated that OsHKT2;4 functions as K(+)-selective transporter at low external Na(+), but transports also Na(+) at high (>10 mm) Na(+) concentrations. These data identify OsHKT2;4 as a new functional type in the K(+) and Na(+)-permeable HKT transporter subfamily. Furthermore, the high permeability to K(+) in OsHKT2;4 supports the hypothesis that this system is dedicated to K(+) transport in the plant.
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Cabrera E, Álvarez MC, Martín Y, Siverio JM, Ramos J. K+ uptake systems in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. Transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms involved in high-affinity K+ transporter regulation. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:755-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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AtHKT1;1 mediates nernstian sodium channel transport properties in Arabidopsis root stelar cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24725. [PMID: 21931830 PMCID: PMC3170383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis AtHKT1;1 protein was identified as a sodium (Na+) transporter by heterologous expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, direct comparative in vivo electrophysiological analyses of a plant HKT transporter in wild-type and hkt loss-of-function mutants has not yet been reported and it has been recently argued that heterologous expression systems may alter properties of plant transporters, including HKT transporters. In this report, we analyze several key functions of AtHKT1;1-mediated ion currents in their native root stelar cells, including Na+ and K+ conductances, AtHKT1;1-mediated outward currents, and shifts in reversal potentials in the presence of defined intracellular and extracellular salt concentrations. Enhancer trap Arabidopsis plants with GFP-labeled root stelar cells were used to investigate AtHKT1;1-dependent ion transport properties using patch clamp electrophysiology in wild-type and athkt1;1 mutant plants. AtHKT1;1-dependent currents were carried by sodium ions and these currents were not observed in athkt1;1 mutant stelar cells. However, K+ currents in wild-type and athkt1;1 root stelar cell protoplasts were indistinguishable correlating with the Na+ over K+ selectivity of AtHKT1;1-mediated transport. Moreover, AtHKT1;1-mediated currents did not show a strong voltage dependence in vivo. Unexpectedly, removal of extracellular Na+ caused a reduction in AtHKT1;1-mediated outward currents in Columbia root stelar cells and Xenopus oocytes, indicating a role for external Na+ in regulation of AtHKT1;1 activity. Shifting the NaCl gradient in root stelar cells showed a Nernstian shift in the reversal potential providing biophysical evidence for the model that AtHKT1;1 mediates passive Na+ channel transport properties.
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Horie T, Brodsky DE, Costa A, Kaneko T, Lo Schiavo F, Katsuhara M, Schroeder JI. K+ transport by the OsHKT2;4 transporter from rice with atypical Na+ transport properties and competition in permeation of K+ over Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:1493-507. [PMID: 21610181 PMCID: PMC3135959 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.168047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Members of class II of the HKT transporters, which have thus far only been isolated from grasses, were found to mediate Na(+)-K(+) cotransport and at high Na(+) concentrations preferred Na(+)-selective transport, depending on the ionic conditions. But the physiological functions of this K(+)-transporting class II of HKT transporters remain unknown in plants, with the exception of the unique class II Na(+) transporter OsHKT2;1. The genetically tractable rice (Oryza sativa; background Nipponbare) possesses two predicted K(+)-transporting class II HKT transporter genes, OsHKT2;3 and OsHKT2;4. In this study, we have characterized the ion selectivity of the class II rice HKT transporter OsHKT2;4 in yeast and Xenopus laevis oocytes. OsHKT2;4 rescued the growth defect of a K(+) uptake-deficient yeast mutant. Green fluorescent protein-OsHKT2;4 is targeted to the plasma membrane in transgenic plant cells. OsHKT2;4-expressing oocytes exhibited strong K(+) permeability. Interestingly, however, K(+) influx in OsHKT2;4-expressing oocytes did not require stimulation by extracellular Na(+), in contrast to other class II HKT transporters. Furthermore, OsHKT2;4-mediated currents exhibited permeabilities to both Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) in the absence of competing K(+) ions. Comparative analyses of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) permeabilities in several HKT transporters, including Arabidopsis thaliana HKT1;1 (AtHKT1;1), Triticum aestivum HKT2;1 (TaHKT2;1), OsHKT2;1, OsHKT2;2, and OsHKT2;4, revealed that only OsHKT2;4 and to a lesser degree TaHKT2;1 mediate Mg(2+) transport. Interestingly, cation competition analyses demonstrate that the selectivity of both of these class II HKT transporters for K(+) is dominant over divalent cations, suggesting that Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) transport via OsHKT2;4 may be small and would depend on competing K(+) concentrations in plants.
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Corratgé-Faillie C, Jabnoune M, Zimmermann S, Véry AA, Fizames C, Sentenac H. Potassium and sodium transport in non-animal cells: the Trk/Ktr/HKT transporter family. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:2511-32. [PMID: 20333436 PMCID: PMC11115768 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial Trk and Ktr, fungal Trk and plant HKT form a family of membrane transporters permeable to K(+) and/or Na(+) and characterized by a common structure probably derived from an ancestral K(+) channel subunit. This transporter family, specific of non-animal cells, displays a large diversity in terms of ionic permeability, affinity and energetic coupling (H(+)-K(+) or Na(+)-K(+) symport, K(+) or Na(+) uniport), which might reflect a high need for adaptation in organisms living in fluctuating or dilute environments. Trk/Ktr/HKT transporters are involved in diverse functions, from K(+) or Na(+) uptake to membrane potential control, adaptation to osmotic or salt stress, or Na(+) recirculation from shoots to roots in plants. Structural analyses of bacterial Ktr point to multimeric structures physically interacting with regulatory subunits. Elucidation of Trk/Ktr/HKT protein structures along with characterization of mutated transporters could highlight functional and evolutionary relationships between ion channels and transporters displaying channel-like features.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Corratgé-Faillie
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/UMR 0386 INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier 2, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - M. Jabnoune
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/UMR 0386 INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier 2, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
- Present Address: Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, DBMV, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S. Zimmermann
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/UMR 0386 INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier 2, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - A.-A. Véry
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/UMR 0386 INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier 2, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - C. Fizames
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/UMR 0386 INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier 2, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - H. Sentenac
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/UMR 0386 INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier 2, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
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Lauff DB, Santa-María GE. Potassium deprivation is sufficient to induce a cell death program in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2010; 10:497-507. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2010.00628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Ion Channels and Plant Stress: Past, Present, and Future. ION CHANNELS AND PLANT STRESS RESPONSES 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-10494-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Yao X, Horie T, Xue S, Leung HY, Katsuhara M, Brodsky DE, Wu Y, Schroeder JI. Differential sodium and potassium transport selectivities of the rice OsHKT2;1 and OsHKT2;2 transporters in plant cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:341-55. [PMID: 19889878 PMCID: PMC2799368 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.145722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Na(+) and K(+) homeostasis are crucial for plant growth and development. Two HKT transporter/channel classes have been characterized that mediate either Na(+) transport or Na(+) and K(+) transport when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and yeast. However, the Na(+)/K(+) selectivities of the K(+)-permeable HKT transporters have not yet been studied in plant cells. One study expressing 5' untranslated region-modified HKT constructs in yeast has questioned the relevance of cation selectivities found in heterologous systems for selectivity predictions in plant cells. Therefore, here we analyze two highly homologous rice (Oryza sativa) HKT transporters in plant cells, OsHKT2;1 and OsHKT2;2, that show differential K(+) permeabilities in heterologous systems. Upon stable expression in cultured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Bright-Yellow 2 cells, OsHKT2;1 mediated Na(+) uptake, but little Rb(+) uptake, consistent with earlier studies and new findings presented here in oocytes. In contrast, OsHKT2;2 mediated Na(+)-K(+) cotransport in plant cells such that extracellular K(+) stimulated OsHKT2;2-mediated Na(+) influx and vice versa. Furthermore, at millimolar Na(+) concentrations, OsHKT2;2 mediated Na(+) influx into plant cells without adding extracellular K(+). This study shows that the Na(+)/K(+) selectivities of these HKT transporters in plant cells coincide closely with the selectivities in oocytes and yeast. In addition, the presence of external K(+) and Ca(2+) down-regulated OsHKT2;1-mediated Na(+) influx in two plant systems, Bright-Yellow 2 cells and intact rice roots, and also in Xenopus oocytes. Moreover, OsHKT transporter selectivities in plant cells are shown to depend on the imposed cationic conditions, supporting the model that HKT transporters are multi-ion pores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093–0116 (X.Y., T.H., S.X., H.-Y.L., D.E.B., J.I.S.); Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China (X.Y., Y.W.); and Group of Molecular and Functional Plant Biology, Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710–0046, Japan (T.H., M.K.)
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Horie T, Hauser F, Schroeder JI. HKT transporter-mediated salinity resistance mechanisms in Arabidopsis and monocot crop plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2009; 14:660-8. [PMID: 19783197 PMCID: PMC2787891 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The salinization of irrigated lands is increasingly detrimental to plant biomass production and agricultural productivity, as most plant species are sensitive to high concentrations of sodium (Na(+)), which causes combined Na(+) toxicity and osmotic stress. Plants have multiple Na(+)-transport systems to circumvent Na(+) toxicity. Essential physiological functions of major Na(+) transporters and their mechanisms mediating salinity resistance have been identified in Arabidopsis , including the AtSOS1, AtNHX and AtHKT1;1 transporters. As we discuss here, recent studies have demonstrated that a class of xylem-parenchyma-expressed Na(+)-permeable plant HKT transporters represent a primary mechanism mediating salt tolerance and Na(+) exclusion from leaves in Arabidopsis, and that major salt-tolerance quantitative trait loci in monocot crop plants are also based on this HKT-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Horie
- Group of Molecular and Functional Plant Biology, Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan.
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38
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Tatry MV, El Kassis E, Lambilliotte R, Corratgé C, van Aarle I, Amenc LK, Alary R, Zimmermann S, Sentenac H, Plassard C. Two differentially regulated phosphate transporters from the symbiotic fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum and phosphorus acquisition by ectomycorrhizal Pinus pinaster. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 57:1092-102. [PMID: 19054369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03749.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis markedly improves plant phosphate uptake, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this benefit are still poorly understood. We identified two ESTs in a cDNA library prepared from the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Hebeloma cylindrosporum with significant similarities to phosphate transporters from the endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme and from non-mycorrhizal fungi. The full-length cDNAs corresponding to these two ESTs complemented a yeast phosphate transport mutant (Deltapho84). Measurements of (33)P-phosphate influx into yeast expressing either cDNA demonstrated that the encoded proteins, named HcPT1 and HcPT2, were able to mediate Pi:H(+) symport with different affinities for Pi (K(m) values of 55 and 4 mum, respectively). Real-time RT-PCR showed that Pi starvation increased the levels of HcPT1 transcripts in H. cylindrosporum hyphae grown in pure culture. Transcript levels of HcPT2 were less dependent on Pi availability. The two transporters were expressed in H. cylindrosporum associated with its natural host plant, Pinus pinaster, grown under low or high P conditions. The presence of ectomycorrhizae increased net Pi uptake rates into intact Pinus pinaster roots at low or high soil P levels. The expression patterns of HcPT1 and HcPT2 indicate that the two fungal phosphate transporters may be involved in uptake of phosphate from the soil solution under the two soil P availability conditions used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Violaine Tatry
- UMR 1222 INRA/SupAgro, Biogéochimie du Sol et de la Rhizosphère, INRA, Centre de Montpellier, 2 place Viala, Montpellier Cedex 1, France
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Ramos AC, Lima PT, Dias PN, Kasuya MCM, Feijó JA. A pH signaling mechanism involved in the spatial distribution of calcium and anion fluxes in ectomycorrhizal roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 181:448-462. [PMID: 19121039 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhization is a typical example of a host-pathogen symbiotic interaction where the pathogen cell biology and the host immune response coevolved several functional links. Here, the role played by ion fluxes across the root concerning nutrient uptake, osmoregulation, growth and signaling events is addressed. An ion-selective vibrating probe system was used to determine the net fluxes of protons (H(+)), calcium (Ca(2+)) and anions (A(-)) along nonmycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) roots of Eucalyptus globulus colonized by Pisolithus sp. These data show that, from five root zones analyzed, the main effect of fungal colonization was localized to the elongation zone. Here, strong changes in ion dynamics and rhizosphere acidification capacity were observed. Additionally, ion fluxes exhibited periodic fluctuations. To verify whether these fluctuations corresponded to sustained oscillations, continuous wavelet time spectrum analysis was applied and it was determined that H(+) and A(-) fluxes from ECM roots had longer periods than nonmycorrhizal roots. By contrast, Ca(2+) oscillations were completely abolished following fungal interaction. These results are interpreted in the light of a working model in which nutrient uptake and stimulation of growth are mediated by ECM fungi and may be pH-dependent. Furthermore, the variations detected in ECM roots for H(+) and A(-) fluxes suggest a main contribution from the plant, while the results obtained for Ca(2+) point to a significant involvement of the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro C Ramos
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Centro de Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Oeiras, 2780-901, Portugal;Depto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, 36570-000, Brazil;Depto Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1700, Portugal
| | - Pedro T Lima
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Centro de Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Oeiras, 2780-901, Portugal;Depto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, 36570-000, Brazil;Depto Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1700, Portugal
| | - Pedro N Dias
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Centro de Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Oeiras, 2780-901, Portugal;Depto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, 36570-000, Brazil;Depto Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1700, Portugal
| | - Maria Catarina M Kasuya
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Centro de Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Oeiras, 2780-901, Portugal;Depto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, 36570-000, Brazil;Depto Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1700, Portugal
| | - José A Feijó
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Centro de Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Oeiras, 2780-901, Portugal;Depto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, 36570-000, Brazil;Depto Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1700, Portugal
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