1
|
Lopez BNK, Ceciliato PHO, Takahashi Y, Rangel FJ, Salem EA, Kernig K, Chow K, Zhang L, Sidhom MA, Seitz CG, Zheng T, Sibout R, Laudencia-Chingcuanco DL, Woods DP, McCammon JA, Vogel JP, Schroeder JI. CO2 Response Screen in Grass Brachypodium Reveals Key Role of a MAP Kinase in CO2-Triggered Stomatal Closure. Plant Physiol 2024:kiae262. [PMID: 38709683 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Plants respond to increased CO2 concentrations through stomatal closure, which can contribute to increased water use efficiency. Grasses display faster stomatal responses than eudicots due to dumbbell-shaped guard cells flanked by subsidiary cells working in opposition. However, forward genetic screening for stomatal CO2 signal transduction mutants in grasses has yet to be reported. The grass model Brachypodium distachyon is closely related to agronomically important cereal crops, sharing largely collinear genomes. To gain insights into CO2 control mechanisms of stomatal movements in grasses, we developed an unbiased forward genetic screen with an EMS-mutagenized Brachypodium distachyon M5 generation population using infrared imaging to identify plants with altered leaf temperatures at elevated CO2. Among isolated mutants, a "chill1" mutant exhibited cooler leaf temperatures than wildtype Bd21-3 parent control plants after exposure to increased [CO2]. chill1 plants showed strongly impaired high CO2-induced stomatal closure despite retaining a robust abscisic acid-induced stomatal closing response. Through bulked segregant whole-genome-sequencing analyses followed by analyses of further backcrossed F4 generation plants and generation and characterization of sodium-azide and CRISPR-cas9 mutants, chill1 was mapped to a protein kinase, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 5 (BdMPK5). The chill1 mutation impaired BdMPK5 protein-mediated CO2/HCO3- sensing together with the High Temperature 1 (HT1) Raf-like kinase in vitro. Furthermore, AlphaFold2-directed structural modeling predicted that the identified BdMPK5-D90N chill1 mutant residue is located at the interface of BdMPK5 with the BdHT1 Raf-like kinase. BdMPK5 is a key signaling component that mediates CO2-induced stomatal movements and is proposed to function as a component of the primary CO2 sensor in grasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryn N K Lopez
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Paulo H O Ceciliato
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa Ward, Nagoya, Aichi 464-0813, Japan
| | - Felipe J Rangel
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Evana A Salem
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Klara Kernig
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Kelly Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Morgana A Sidhom
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Christian G Seitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Tingwen Zheng
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Richard Sibout
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, Equipe Paroi Végétale et Polymères Pariétaux (PVPP), Impasse Y. Cauchois/Site de la Géraudière BP71627, 44316 NANTES cedex 03, FRANCE
| | | | - Daniel P Woods
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - James Andrew McCammon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - John P Vogel
- U.S. Dept. of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Franks PJ, Herold N, Bonan GB, Oleson KW, Dukes JS, Huber M, Schroeder JI, Cox PM, Jones S. Land surface conductance linked to precipitation: Co-evolution of vegetation and climate in Earth system models. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e17188. [PMID: 38462677 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Vegetation and precipitation are known to fundamentally influence each other. However, this interdependence is not fully represented in climate models because the characteristics of land surface (canopy) conductance to water vapor and CO2 are determined independently of precipitation. Working within a coupled atmosphere and land modelling framework (CAM6/CLM5; coupled Community Atmosphere Model v6/Community Land Model v5), we have developed a new theoretical approach to characterizing land surface conductance by explicitly linking its dynamic properties to local precipitation, a robust proxy for moisture available to vegetation. This will enable regional surface conductance characteristics to shift fluidly with climate change in simulations, consistent with general principles of co-evolution of vegetation and climate. Testing within the CAM6/CLM5 framework shows that climate simulations incorporating the new theory outperform current default configurations across several error metrics for core output variables when measured against observational data. In climate simulations for the end of this century the new, adaptive stomatal conductance scheme provides a revised prognosis for average and extreme temperatures over several large regions, with increased primary productivity through central and east Asia, and higher rainfall through North Africa and the Middle East. The new projections also reveal more frequent heatwaves than originally estimated for the south-eastern US and sub-Saharan Africa but less frequent heatwaves across east Europe and northeast Asia. These developments have implications for evaluating food security and risks from extreme temperatures in areas that are vulnerable to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Franks
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas Herold
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gordon B Bonan
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Keith W Oleson
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Dukes
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Matthew Huber
- Department of Earth, Atmosphere and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Peter M Cox
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Simon Jones
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wexler Y, Schroeder JI, Shkolnik D. Hydrotropism mechanisms and their interplay with gravitropism. Plant J 2024. [PMID: 38394056 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Plants partly optimize their water recruitment from the growth medium by directing root growth toward a moisture source, a phenomenon termed hydrotropism. The default mechanism of downward growth, termed gravitropism, often functions to counteract hydrotropism when the water-potential gradient deviates from the gravity vector. This review addresses the identity of the root sites in which hydrotropism-regulating factors function to attenuate gravitropism and the interplay between these various factors. In this context, the function of hormones, including auxin, abscisic acid, and cytokinins, as well as secondary messengers, calcium ions, and reactive oxygen species in the conflict between these two opposing tropisms is discussed. We have assembled the available data on the effects of various chemicals and genetic backgrounds on both gravitropism and hydrotropism, to provide an up-to-date perspective on the interactions that dictate the orientation of root tip growth. We specify the relevant open questions for future research. Broadening our understanding of root mechanisms of water recruitment holds great potential for providing advanced approaches and technologies that can improve crop plant performance under less-than-optimal conditions, in light of predicted frequent and prolonged drought periods due to global climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Wexler
- Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Doron Shkolnik
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Seller CA, Schroeder JI. Distinct guard cell-specific remodeling of chromatin accessibility during abscisic acid- and CO 2-dependent stomatal regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2310670120. [PMID: 38113262 PMCID: PMC10756262 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310670120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, epidermal guard cells integrate and respond to numerous environmental signals to control stomatal pore apertures, thereby regulating gas exchange. Chromatin structure controls transcription factor (TF) access to the genome, but whether large-scale chromatin remodeling occurs in guard cells during stomatal movements, and in response to the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) in general, remains unknown. Here, we isolate guard cell nuclei from Arabidopsis thaliana plants to examine whether the physiological signals, ABA and CO2 (carbon dioxide), regulate guard cell chromatin during stomatal movements. Our cell type-specific analyses uncover patterns of chromatin accessibility specific to guard cells and define cis-regulatory sequences supporting guard cell-specific gene expression. We find that ABA triggers extensive and dynamic chromatin remodeling in guard cells, roots, and mesophyll cells with clear patterns of cell type specificity. DNA motif analyses uncover binding sites for distinct TFs enriched in ABA-induced and ABA-repressed chromatin. We identify the Abscisic Acid Response Element (ABRE) Binding Factor (ABF) bZIP-type TFs that are required for ABA-triggered chromatin opening in guard cells and roots and implicate the inhibition of a clade of bHLH-type TFs in controlling ABA-repressed chromatin. Moreover, we demonstrate that ABA and CO2 induce distinct programs of chromatin remodeling, whereby elevated atmospheric CO2 had only minimal impact on chromatin dynamics. We provide insight into the control of guard cell chromatin dynamics and propose that ABA-induced chromatin remodeling primes the genome for abiotic stress resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Seller
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093-0116
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093-0116
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kushwaha P, Tran A, Quintero D, Song M, Yu Q, Yu R, Downes M, Evans RM, Babst-Kostecka A, Schroeder JI, Maier RM. Zinc accumulation in Atriplex lentiformis is driven by plant genes and the soil microbiome. Sci Total Environ 2023; 899:165667. [PMID: 37478925 PMCID: PMC10529914 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Successful phytoremediation of acidic metal-contaminated mine tailings requires amendments to condition tailings properties prior to plant establishment. This conditioning process is complex and includes multiple changes in tailings bio-physico-chemical properties. The objective of this project is to identify relationships between tailings properties, the soil microbiome, and plant stress response genes during growth of Atriplex lentiformis in compost-amended (10 %, 15 %, 20 % w/w) mine tailings. Analyses include RNA-Seq for plant root gene expression, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing for bacterial/archaeal communities, metal concentrations in both tailings and plant organs, and phenotypic measures of plant stress. Zn accumulation in A. lentiformis leaves varied with compost levels and was the highest in the intermediate treatment (15 %, TC15). Microbial analysis identified Alicyclobacillus, Hydrotalea, and Pseudolabrys taxa with the highest relative abundance in TC15, and these taxa were strongly associated with Zn accumulation. Furthermore, we identified 190 root genes with significant gene expression changes. These root genes were associated with different pathways including, abscisic acid and auxin signaling, defense responses, ion channels, metal ion binding, oxidative stress, transcription regulation, and transmembrane transport. However, root gene expression changes were not driven by the increasing levels of compost. For example, there were 15 genes that were up-regulated in TC15, whereas 106 genes were down-regulated in TC15. The variables analyzed explained 86 % of the variance in Zn accumulation in A. lentiformis leaves. Importantly, Zn accumulation was driven by Zn shoot concentrations, leaf stress symptoms, plant root genes, and microbial taxa. Therefore, our results suggest there are strong plant-microbiome associations that drive Zn accumulation in A. lentiformis and different plant gene pathways are involved in alleviating varying levels of metal stress. Future work is needed to gain a mechanistic understanding of these plant-microbiome interactions to optimize phytoremediation strategies as they will govern the success or failure of the revegetation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kushwaha
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Alexandria Tran
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology & Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Diego Quintero
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology & Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Miranda Song
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology & Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qi Yu
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology & Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ruth Yu
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alicja Babst-Kostecka
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology & Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Raina M Maier
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Seller CA, Schroeder JI. Distinct guard cell specific remodeling of chromatin accessibility during abscisic acid and CO 2 dependent stomatal regulation. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.11.540345. [PMID: 37215031 PMCID: PMC10197618 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.11.540345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In plants, epidermal guard cells integrate and respond to numerous environmental signals to control stomatal pore apertures thereby regulating gas exchange. Chromatin structure controls transcription factor access to the genome, but whether large-scale chromatin remodeling occurs in guard cells during stomatal movements, and in response to the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) in general, remain unknown. Here we isolate guard cell nuclei from Arabidopsis thaliana plants to examine whether the physiological signals, ABA and CO2, regulate guard cell chromatin during stomatal movements. Our cell type specific analyses uncover patterns of chromatin accessibility specific to guard cells and define novel cis-regulatory sequences supporting guard cell specific gene expression. We find that ABA triggers extensive and dynamic chromatin remodeling in guard cells, roots, and mesophyll cells with clear patterns of cell-type specificity. DNA motif analyses uncover binding sites for distinct transcription factors enriched in ABA-induced and ABA-repressed chromatin. We identify the ABF/AREB bZIP-type transcription factors that are required for ABA-triggered chromatin opening in guard cells and implicate the inhibition of a set of bHLH-type transcription factors in controlling ABA-repressed chromatin. Moreover, we demonstrate that ABA and CO2 induce distinct programs of chromatin remodeling. We provide insight into the control of guard cell chromatin dynamics and propose that ABA-induced chromatin remodeling primes the genome for abiotic stress resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Seller
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fan W, Liao X, Tan Y, Wang X, Schroeder JI, Li Z. Arabidopsis PLANT U-BOX44 down-regulates osmotic stress signaling by mediating Ca2+-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE4 degradation. Plant Cell 2023; 35:3870-3888. [PMID: 37338064 PMCID: PMC10533340 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+)-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) are essential regulators of plant responses to diverse environmental stressors, including osmotic stress. CPKs are activated by an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels triggered by osmotic stress. However, how the levels of active CPK protein are dynamically and precisely regulated has yet to be determined. Here, we demonstrate that NaCl/mannitol-induced osmotic stress promoted the accumulation of CPK4 protein by disrupting its 26S proteasome-mediated CPK4 degradation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We isolated PLANT U-BOX44 (PUB44), a U-box type E3 ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitinates CPK4 and triggers its degradation. A calcium-free or kinase-inactive CPK4 variant was preferentially degraded compared to the Ca2+-bound active form of CPK4. Furthermore, PUB44 exhibited a CPK4-dependent negative role in the response of plants to osmotic stress. Osmotic stress induced the accumulation of CPK4 protein by inhibiting PUB44-mediated CPK4 degradation. The present findings reveal a mechanism for regulating CPK protein levels and establish the relevance of PUB44-dependent CPK4 regulation in modulating plant osmotic stress responses, providing insights into osmotic stress signal transduction mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiliang Liao
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yanqiu Tan
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiruo Wang
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zixing Li
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Azoulay-Shemer T, Schulze S, Nissan-Roda D, Bosmans K, Shapira O, Weckwerth P, Zamora O, Yarmolinsky D, Trainin T, Kollist H, Huffaker A, Rappel WJ, Schroeder JI. A role for ethylene signaling and biosynthesis in regulating and accelerating CO 2 - and abscisic acid-mediated stomatal movements in Arabidopsis. New Phytol 2023; 238:2460-2475. [PMID: 36994603 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about long-distance mesophyll-driven signals that regulate stomatal conductance. Soluble and/or vapor-phase molecules have been proposed. In this study, the involvement of the gaseous signal ethylene in the modulation of stomatal conductance in Arabidopsis thaliana by CO2 /abscisic acid (ABA) was examined. We present a diffusion model which indicates that gaseous signaling molecule/s with a shorter/direct diffusion pathway to guard cells are more probable for rapid mesophyll-dependent stomatal conductance changes. We, therefore, analyzed different Arabidopsis ethylene-signaling and biosynthesis mutants for their ethylene production and kinetics of stomatal responses to ABA/[CO2 ]-shifts. According to our research, higher [CO2 ] causes Arabidopsis rosettes to produce more ethylene. An ACC-synthase octuple mutant with reduced ethylene biosynthesis exhibits dysfunctional CO2 -induced stomatal movements. Ethylene-insensitive receptor (gain-of-function), etr1-1 and etr2-1, and signaling, ein2-5 and ein2-1, mutants showed intact stomatal responses to [CO2 ]-shifts, whereas loss-of-function ethylene receptor mutants, including etr2-3;ein4-4;ers2-3, etr1-6;etr2-3 and etr1-6, showed markedly accelerated stomatal responses to [CO2 ]-shifts. Further investigation revealed a significantly impaired stomatal closure to ABA in the ACC-synthase octuple mutant and accelerated stomatal responses in the etr1-6;etr2-3, and etr1-6, but not in the etr2-3;ein4-4;ers2-3 mutants. These findings suggest essential functions of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling components in tuning/accelerating stomatal conductance responses to CO2 and ABA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Azoulay-Shemer
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
- Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Sebastian Schulze
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Dikla Nissan-Roda
- Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Krystal Bosmans
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Or Shapira
- Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Philipp Weckwerth
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Olena Zamora
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Dmitry Yarmolinsky
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Taly Trainin
- Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Wouter-Jan Rappel
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yeh CY, Wang YS, Takahashi Y, Kuusk K, Paul K, Arjus T, Yadlos O, Schroeder JI, Ilves I, Garcia-Sosa AT, Kollist H. MPK12 in stomatal CO 2 signaling: function beyond its kinase activity. New Phytol 2023. [PMID: 36978283 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a major molecular switch involved in the regulation of stomatal opening and closure. Previous research defined interaction between MAP kinase 12 and Raf-like kinase HT1 as a required step for stomatal movements caused by changes in CO2 concentration. However, whether MPK12 kinase activity is required for regulation of CO2 -induced stomatal responses warrants in-depth investigation. We apply genetic, biochemical, and structural modeling approaches to examining the noncatalytic role of MPK12 in guard cell CO2 signaling that relies on allosteric inhibition of HT1. We show that CO2 /HCO3 - -enhanced MPK12 interaction with HT1 is independent of its kinase activity. By analyzing gas exchange of plant lines expressing various kinase-dead and constitutively active versions of MPK12 in a plant line where MPK12 is deleted, we confirmed that CO2 -dependent stomatal responses rely on MPK12's ability to bind to HT1, but not its kinase activity. We also demonstrate that purified MPK12 and HT1 proteins form a heterodimer in the presence of CO2 /HCO3 - and present structural modeling that explains the MPK12:HT1 interaction interface. These data add to the model that MPK12 kinase-activity-independent interaction with HT1 functions as a molecular switch by which guard cells sense changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yueh Yeh
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Yuh-Shuh Wang
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Katarina Kuusk
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Karnelia Paul
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Triinu Arjus
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Oleksii Yadlos
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Ivar Ilves
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | | | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Verslues PE, Bailey-Serres J, Brodersen C, Buckley TN, Conti L, Christmann A, Dinneny JR, Grill E, Hayes S, Heckman RW, Hsu PK, Juenger TE, Mas P, Munnik T, Nelissen H, Sack L, Schroeder JI, Testerink C, Tyerman SD, Umezawa T, Wigge PA. Burning questions for a warming and changing world: 15 unknowns in plant abiotic stress. Plant Cell 2023; 35:67-108. [PMID: 36018271 PMCID: PMC9806664 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We present unresolved questions in plant abiotic stress biology as posed by 15 research groups with expertise spanning eco-physiology to cell and molecular biology. Common themes of these questions include the need to better understand how plants detect water availability, temperature, salinity, and rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels; how environmental signals interface with endogenous signaling and development (e.g. circadian clock and flowering time); and how this integrated signaling controls downstream responses (e.g. stomatal regulation, proline metabolism, and growth versus defense balance). The plasma membrane comes up frequently as a site of key signaling and transport events (e.g. mechanosensing and lipid-derived signaling, aquaporins). Adaptation to water extremes and rising CO2 affects hydraulic architecture and transpiration, as well as root and shoot growth and morphology, in ways not fully understood. Environmental adaptation involves tradeoffs that limit ecological distribution and crop resilience in the face of changing and increasingly unpredictable environments. Exploration of plant diversity within and among species can help us know which of these tradeoffs represent fundamental limits and which ones can be circumvented by bringing new trait combinations together. Better defining what constitutes beneficial stress resistance in different contexts and making connections between genes and phenotypes, and between laboratory and field observations, are overarching challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Bailey-Serres
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Craig Brodersen
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Lucio Conti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Alexander Christmann
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - José R Dinneny
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Erwin Grill
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - Scott Hayes
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Robert W Heckman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Po-Kai Hsu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Thomas E Juenger
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Paloma Mas
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Teun Munnik
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam NL-1098XH, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Christa Testerink
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen D Tyerman
- ARC Center Excellence, Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Taishi Umezawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 6708 PB, Japan
| | - Philip A Wigge
- Leibniz-Institut für Gemüse- und Zierpflanzenbau, Großbeeren 14979, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Takahashi Y, Bosmans KC, Hsu PK, Paul K, Seitz C, Yeh CY, Wang YS, Yarmolinsky D, Sierla M, Vahisalu T, McCammon JA, Kangasjärvi J, Zhang L, Kollist H, Trac T, Schroeder JI. Stomatal CO 2/bicarbonate sensor consists of two interacting protein kinases, Raf-like HT1 and non-kinase-activity requiring MPK12/MPK4. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabq6161. [PMID: 36475789 PMCID: PMC9728965 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq6161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The continuing rise in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration causes stomatal closing, thus critically affecting transpirational water loss, photosynthesis, and plant growth. However, the primary CO2 sensor remains unknown. Here, we show that elevated CO2 triggers interaction of the MAP kinases MPK4/MPK12 with the HT1 protein kinase, thus inhibiting HT1 kinase activity. At low CO2, HT1 phosphorylates and activates the downstream negatively regulating CBC1 kinase. Physiologically relevant HT1-mediated phosphorylation sites in CBC1 are identified. In a genetic screen, we identify dominant active HT1 mutants that cause insensitivity to elevated CO2. Dominant HT1 mutants abrogate the CO2/bicarbonate-induced MPK4/12-HT1 interaction and HT1 inhibition, which may be explained by a structural AlphaFold2- and Gaussian-accelerated dynamics-generated model. Unexpectedly, MAP kinase activity is not required for CO2 sensor function and CO2-triggered HT1 inhibition and stomatal closing. The presented findings reveal that MPK4/12 and HT1 together constitute the long-sought primary stomatal CO2/bicarbonate sensor upstream of the CBC1 kinase in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Takahashi
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
- Corresponding author. (Y.T.); (J.I.S.)
| | - Krystal C. Bosmans
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Po-Kai Hsu
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Karnelia Paul
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Christian Seitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chung-Yueh Yeh
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Yuh-Shuh Wang
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Dmitry Yarmolinsky
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Maija Sierla
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Triin Vahisalu
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - J. Andrew McCammon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Thien Trac
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
- Corresponding author. (Y.T.); (J.I.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Karanam A, He D, Hsu PK, Schulze S, Dubeaux G, Karmakar R, Schroeder JI, Rappel WJ. Boolink: a graphical interface for open access Boolean network simulations and use in guard cell CO2 signaling. Plant Physiol 2021; 187:2311-2322. [PMID: 34618035 PMCID: PMC8644243 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Signaling networks are at the heart of almost all biological processes. Most of these networks contain large number of components, and often either the connections between these components are not known or the rate equations that govern the dynamics of soluble signaling components are not quantified. This uncertainty in network topology and parameters can make it challenging to formulate detailed mathematical models. Boolean networks, in which all components are either on or off, have emerged as viable alternatives to detailed mathematical models that contain rate constants and other parameters. Therefore, open-source platforms of Boolean models for community use are desirable. Here, we present Boolink, a freely available graphical user interface that allows users to easily construct and analyze existing Boolean networks. Boolink can be applied to any Boolean network. We demonstrate its application using a previously published network for abscisic acid (ABA)-driven stomatal closure in Arabidopsis spp. (Arabidopsis thaliana). We also show how Boolink can be used to generate testable predictions by extending the network to include CO2 regulation of stomatal movements. Predictions of the model were experimentally tested, and the model was iteratively modified based on experiments showing that ABA effectively closes Arabidopsis stomata at near-zero CO2 concentrations (1.5-ppm CO2). Thus, Boolink enables public generation and the use of existing Boolean models, including the prior developed ABA signaling model with added CO2 signaling components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Karanam
- Physics Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - David He
- Physics Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Po-Kai Hsu
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Sebastian Schulze
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Guillaume Dubeaux
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Richa Karmakar
- Physics Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Wouter-Jan Rappel
- Physics Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Author for communication:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dubeaux G, Hsu PK, Ceciliato PHO, Swink KJ, Rappel WJ, Schroeder JI. Deep dive into CO2-dependent molecular mechanisms driving stomatal responses in plants. Plant Physiol 2021; 187:2032-2042. [PMID: 35142859 PMCID: PMC8644143 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances are revealing mechanisms mediating CO2-regulated stomatal movements in Arabidopsis, stomatal architecture and stomatal movements in grasses, and the long-term impact of CO2 on growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Dubeaux
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Po-Kai Hsu
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Paulo H O Ceciliato
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Kelsey J Swink
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Wouter-Jan Rappel
- Physics Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
- Author for communication:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hsu PK, Takahashi Y, Merilo E, Costa A, Zhang L, Kernig K, Lee KH, Schroeder JI. Raf-like kinases and receptor-like (pseudo)kinase GHR1 are required for stomatal vapor pressure difference response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2107280118. [PMID: 34799443 PMCID: PMC8617523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107280118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomatal pores close rapidly in response to low-air-humidity-induced leaf-to-air vapor pressure difference (VPD) increases, thereby reducing excessive water loss. The hydroactive signal-transduction mechanisms mediating high VPD-induced stomatal closure remain largely unknown. The kinetics of stomatal high-VPD responses were investigated by using time-resolved gas-exchange analyses of higher-order mutants in guard-cell signal-transduction branches. We show that the slow-type anion channel SLAC1 plays a relatively more substantial role than the rapid-type anion channel ALMT12/QUAC1 in stomatal VPD signaling. VPD-induced stomatal closure is not affected in mpk12/mpk4GC double mutants that completely disrupt stomatal CO2 signaling, indicating that VPD signaling is independent of the early CO2 signal-transduction pathway. Calcium imaging shows that osmotic stress causes cytoplasmic Ca2+ transients in guard cells. Nevertheless, osca1-2/1.3/2.2/2.3/3.1 Ca2+-permeable channel quintuple, osca1.3/1.7-channel double, cngc5/6-channel double, cngc20-channel single, cngc19/20crispr-channel double, glr3.2/3.3-channel double, cpk-kinase quintuple, cbl1/4/5/8/9 quintuple, and cbl2/3rf double mutants showed wild-type-like stomatal VPD responses. A B3-family Raf-like mitogen-activated protein (MAP)-kinase kinase kinase, M3Kδ5/RAF6, activates the OST1/SnRK2.6 kinase in plant cells. Interestingly, B3 Raf-kinase m3kδ5 and m3kδ1/δ5/δ6/δ7 (raf3/6/5/4) quadruple mutants, but not a 14-gene raf-kinase mutant including osmotic stress-linked B4-family Raf-kinases, exhibited slowed high-VPD responses, suggesting that B3-family Raf-kinases play an important role in stomatal VPD signaling. Moreover, high VPD-induced stomatal closure was impaired in receptor-like pseudokinase GUARD CELL HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-RESISTANT1 (GHR1) mutant alleles. Notably, the classical transient "wrong-way" VPD response was absent in ghr1 mutant alleles. These findings reveal genes and signaling mechanisms in the elusive high VPD-induced stomatal closing response pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Kai Hsu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ebe Merilo
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Alex Costa
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Li Zhang
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Klara Kernig
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Katie H Lee
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang L, Takahashi Y, Schroeder JI. Protein kinase sensors: an overview of new designs for visualizing kinase dynamics in single plant cells. Plant Physiol 2021; 187:527-536. [PMID: 35142856 PMCID: PMC8491035 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase dynamics play key roles in regulation of cell differentiation, growth, development and in diverse cell signaling networks. Protein kinase sensors enable visualization of protein kinase activity in living cells and tissues in time and space. These sensors have therefore become important and powerful molecular tools for investigation of diverse kinase activities and can resolve long-standing and challenging biological questions. In the present Update, we review new advanced approaches for genetically encoded protein kinase biosensor designs developed in animal systems together with the basis of each biosensor's working principle and components. In addition, we review recent first examples of real time plant protein kinase activity biosensor development and application. We discuss how these sensors have helped to resolve how stomatal signal transduction in response to elevated CO2 merges with abscisic acid signaling downstream of a resolved basal SnRK2 kinase activity in guard cells. Furthermore, recent advances, combined with the new strategies described in this Update, can help deepen the understanding of how signaling networks regulate unique functions and responses in distinct plant cell types and tissues and how different stimuli and signaling pathways can interact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zamora O, Schulze S, Azoulay-Shemer T, Parik H, Unt J, Brosché M, Schroeder JI, Yarmolinsky D, Kollist H. Jasmonic acid and salicylic acid play minor roles in stomatal regulation by CO 2 , abscisic acid, darkness, vapor pressure deficit and ozone. Plant J 2021; 108:134-150. [PMID: 34289193 PMCID: PMC8842987 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) regulate stomatal closure, preventing pathogen invasion into plants. However, to what extent abscisic acid (ABA), SA and JA interact, and what the roles of SA and JA are in stomatal responses to environmental cues, remains unclear. Here, by using intact plant gas-exchange measurements in JA and SA single and double mutants, we show that stomatal responsiveness to CO2 , light intensity, ABA, high vapor pressure deficit and ozone either did not or, for some stimuli only, very slightly depended upon JA and SA biosynthesis and signaling mutants, including dde2, sid2, coi1, jai1, myc2 and npr1 alleles. Although the stomata in the mutants studied clearly responded to ABA, CO2 , light and ozone, ABA-triggered stomatal closure in npr1-1 was slightly accelerated compared with the wild type. Stomatal reopening after ozone pulses was quicker in the coi1-16 mutant than in the wild type. In intact Arabidopsis plants, spraying with methyl-JA led to only a modest reduction in stomatal conductance 80 min after treatment, whereas ABA and CO2 induced pronounced stomatal closure within minutes. We could not document a reduction of stomatal conductance after spraying with SA. Coronatine-induced stomatal opening was initiated slowly after 1.5-2.0 h, and reached a maximum by 3 h after spraying intact plants. Our results suggest that ABA, CO2 and light are major regulators of rapid guard cell signaling, whereas JA and SA could play only minor roles in the whole-plant stomatal response to environmental cues in Arabidopsis and Solanum lycopersicum (tomato).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olena Zamora
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Sebastian Schulze
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tamar Azoulay-Shemer
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel, and
| | - Helen Parik
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Jaanika Unt
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dmitry Yarmolinsky
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
- For correspondence ()
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jalakas P, Takahashi Y, Waadt R, Schroeder JI, Merilo E. Molecular mechanisms of stomatal closure in response to rising vapour pressure deficit. New Phytol 2021; 232:468-475. [PMID: 34197630 PMCID: PMC8455429 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Vapour pressure deficit (VPD), the difference between the saturation and actual air vapour pressures, indicates the level of atmospheric drought and evaporative pressure on plants. VPD increases during climate change due to changes in air temperature and relative humidity. Rising VPD induces stomatal closure to counteract the VPD-mediated evaporative water loss from plants. There are important gaps in our understanding of the molecular VPD-sensing and signalling mechanisms in stomatal guard cells. Here, we discuss recent advances, research directions and open questions with respect to the three components that participate in VPD-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis, including: (1) abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent and (2) ABA-independent regulation of the protein kinase OPEN STOMATA 1 (OST1), and (3) the passive hydraulic stomatal response. In the ABA-dependent component, two models are proposed: ABA may be rapidly synthesised or its basal levels may be involved in the stomatal VPD response. Further studies on stomatal VPD signalling should clarify: (1) whether OST1 activation above basal activity is needed for VPD responses, (2) which components are involved in ABA-independent regulation of OST1, (3) the role of other potential OST1 targets in VPD signalling, and (4) to which extent OST1 contributes to stomatal VPD sensitivity in other plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pirko Jalakas
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Rainer Waadt
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Ebe Merilo
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jobe TO, Yu Q, Hauser F, Xie Q, Meng Y, Maassen T, Kopriva S, Schroeder JI. The SLIM1 transcription factor is required for arsenic resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:1696-1707. [PMID: 33960401 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulators of arsenic-induced gene expression remain largely unknown. Sulfur assimilation is tightly linked with arsenic detoxification. Here, we report that mutant alleles in the SLIM1 transcription factor are substantially more sensitive to arsenic than cadmium. Arsenic treatment caused high levels of oxidative stress in the slim1 mutants, and slim1 alleles were impaired in both thiol accumulation and sulfate accumulation. We further found enhanced arsenic accumulation in roots of slim1 mutants. Transcriptome analyses indicate an important role for SLIM1 in arsenic-induced tolerance mechanisms. The present study identifies the SLIM1 transcription factor as an essential component in arsenic tolerance and arsenic-induced gene expression. Our results suggest that the severe arsenic sensitivity of the slim1 mutants is caused by altered redox status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy O Jobe
- Biocenter, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Qi Yu
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA.,School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Felix Hauser
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Qingqing Xie
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Meng
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tim Maassen
- Biocenter, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Biocenter, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xie Q, Yu Q, Jobe TO, Pham A, Ge C, Guo Q, Liu J, Liu H, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Xue S, Hauser F, Schroeder JI. An amiRNA screen uncovers redundant CBF and ERF34/35 transcription factors that differentially regulate arsenite and cadmium responses. Plant Cell Environ 2021; 44:1692-1706. [PMID: 33554343 PMCID: PMC8068611 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic stress causes rapid transcriptional responses in plants. However, transcriptional regulators of arsenic-induced gene expression in plants remain less well known. To date, forward genetic screens have proven limited for dissecting arsenic response mechanisms. We hypothesized that this may be due to the extensive genetic redundancy present in plant genomes. To overcome this limitation, we pursued a forward genetic screen for arsenite tolerance using a randomized library of plants expressing >2,000 artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs). This library was designed to knock-down diverse combinations of homologous gene family members within sub-clades of transcription factor and transporter gene families. We identified six transformant lines showing an altered response to arsenite in root growth assays. Further characterization of an amiRNA line targeting closely homologous CBF and ERF transcription factors show that the CBF1,2 and 3 transcription factors negatively regulate arsenite sensitivity. Furthermore, the ERF34 and ERF35 transcription factors are required for cadmium resistance. Generation of CRISPR lines, higher-order T-DNA mutants and gene expression analyses, further support our findings. These ERF transcription factors differentially regulate arsenite sensitivity and cadmium tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Xie
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Qi Yu
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
- School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, P. R. China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Timothy O. Jobe
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Allis Pham
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Chennan Ge
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Qianqian Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Jianxiu Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Honghong Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yunde Zhao
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Shaowu Xue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Felix Hauser
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schulze S, Dubeaux G, Ceciliato PHO, Munemasa S, Nuhkat M, Yarmolinsky D, Aguilar J, Diaz R, Azoulay-Shemer T, Steinhorst L, Offenborn JN, Kudla J, Kollist H, Schroeder JI. A role for calcium-dependent protein kinases in differential CO 2 - and ABA-controlled stomatal closing and low CO 2 -induced stomatal opening in Arabidopsis. New Phytol 2021; 229:2765-2779. [PMID: 33187027 PMCID: PMC7902375 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Low concentrations of CO2 cause stomatal opening, whereas [CO2 ] elevation leads to stomatal closure. Classical studies have suggested a role for Ca2+ and protein phosphorylation in CO2 -induced stomatal closing. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) and calcineurin-B-like proteins (CBLs) can sense and translate cytosolic elevation of the second messenger Ca2+ into specific phosphorylation events. However, Ca2+ -binding proteins that function in the stomatal CO2 response remain unknown. Time-resolved stomatal conductance measurements using intact plants, and guard cell patch-clamp experiments were performed. We isolated cpk quintuple mutants and analyzed stomatal movements in response to CO2 , light and abscisic acid (ABA). Interestingly, we found that cpk3/5/6/11/23 quintuple mutant plants, but not other analyzed cpk quadruple/quintuple mutants, were defective in high CO2 -induced stomatal closure and, unexpectedly, also in low CO2 -induced stomatal opening. Furthermore, K+ -uptake-channel activities were reduced in cpk3/5/6/11/23 quintuple mutants, in correlation with the stomatal opening phenotype. However, light-mediated stomatal opening remained unaffected, and ABA responses showed slowing in some experiments. By contrast, CO2 -regulated stomatal movement kinetics were not clearly affected in plasma membrane-targeted cbl1/4/5/8/9 quintuple mutant plants. Our findings describe combinatorial cpk mutants that function in CO2 control of stomatal movements and support the results of classical studies showing a role for Ca2+ in this response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schulze
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Guillaume Dubeaux
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Paulo H. O. Ceciliato
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Shintaro Munemasa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700–8530, Japan
| | - Maris Nuhkat
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Dmitry Yarmolinsky
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Jaimee Aguilar
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Renee Diaz
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Tamar Azoulay-Shemer
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
- Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Leonie Steinhorst
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Niklas Offenborn
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yu Q, Zhang ZC, Wang MY, Scavo A, Schroeder JI, Qiu BS. Identification and characterization of SaeIF1 from the eukaryotic translation factor SUI1 family in cadmium hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii. Planta 2021; 253:12. [PMID: 33389204 PMCID: PMC7847809 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03539-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Cadmium-sensitive yeast screening resulted in the isolation of protein translation factor SaeIF1 from the hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii which has both general and special regulatory roles in controlling cadmium accumulation. The hyperaccumulator of Sedum alfredii has the extraordinary ability to hyperaccumulate cadmium (Cd) in shoots. To investigate its underlying molecular mechanisms of Cd hyperaccumulation, a cDNA library was generated from leaf tissues of S. alfredii. SaeIF1, belonging to the eukaryotic protein translation factor SUI1 family, was identified by screening Cd-sensitive yeast transformants with this library. The full-length cDNA of SaeIF1 has 582 bp and encodes a predicted protein with 120 amino acids. Transient expression assays showed subcellular localization of SaeIF1 in the cytoplasm. SaeIF1 was constitutively and highly expressed in roots and shoots of the hyperaccumulator of S. alfredii, while its transcript levels showed over 100-fold higher expression in the hyperaccumulator of S. alfredii relative to the tissues of a nonhyperaccumulating ecotype of S. alfredii. However, the overexpression of SaeIF1 in yeast cells increased Cd accumulation, but conferred more Cd sensitivity. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing SaeIF1 accumulated more Cd in roots and shoots without changes in the ratio of Cd content in shoots and roots, but were more sensitive to Cd stress than wild type. Both special and general roles of SaeIF1 in Cd uptake, transportation, and detoxification are discussed, and might be responsible for the hyperaccumulation characteristics of S. alfredii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Zhong-Chun Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao-Yu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Alexander Scavo
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Bao-Sheng Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hsu PK, Dubeaux G, Takahashi Y, Schroeder JI. Signaling mechanisms in abscisic acid-mediated stomatal closure. Plant J 2021; 105:307-321. [PMID: 33145840 PMCID: PMC7902384 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a central role in the regulation of stomatal movements under water-deficit conditions. The identification of ABA receptors and the ABA signaling core consisting of PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors, PP2C protein phosphatases and SnRK2 protein kinases has led to studies that have greatly advanced our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms mediating ABA-induced stomatal closure in the past decade. This review focuses on recent progress in illuminating the regulatory mechanisms of ABA signal transduction, and the physiological importance of basal ABA signaling in stomatal regulation by CO2 and, as hypothesized here, vapor-pressure deficit. Furthermore, advances in understanding the interactions of ABA and other stomatal signaling pathways are reviewed here. We also review recent studies investigating the use of ABA signaling mechanisms for the manipulation of stomatal conductance and the enhancement of drought tolerance and water-use efficiency of plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Kai Hsu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Guillaume Dubeaux
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dressano K, Weckwerth PR, Poretsky E, Takahashi Y, Villarreal C, Shen Z, Schroeder JI, Briggs SP, Huffaker A. Dynamic regulation of Pep-induced immunity through post-translational control of defence transcript splicing. Nat Plants 2020; 6:1008-1019. [PMID: 32690890 PMCID: PMC7482133 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0724-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The survival of all living organisms requires the ability to detect attacks and swiftly counter them with protective immune responses. Despite considerable mechanistic advances, the interconnectivity of signalling modules often remains unclear. A newly characterized protein, IMMUNOREGULATORY RNA-BINDING PROTEIN (IRR), negatively regulates immune responses in both maize and Arabidopsis, with disrupted function resulting in enhanced disease resistance. IRR associates with and promotes canonical splicing of transcripts encoding defence signalling proteins, including the key negative regulator of pattern-recognition receptor signalling complexes, CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE 28 (CPK28). On immune activation by Plant Elicitor Peptides (Peps), IRR is dephosphorylated, disrupting interaction with CPK28 transcripts and resulting in the accumulation of an alternative splice variant encoding a truncated CPK28 protein with impaired kinase activity and diminished function as a negative regulator. We demonstrate a new mechanism linking Pep-induced post-translational modification of IRR with post-transcriptionally mediated attenuation of CPK28 function to dynamically amplify Pep signalling and immune output.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keini Dressano
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Elly Poretsky
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Carleen Villarreal
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Zhouxin Shen
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Steven P Briggs
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang L, Takahashi Y, Hsu PK, Kollist H, Merilo E, Krysan PJ, Schroeder JI. FRET kinase sensor development reveals SnRK2/OST1 activation by ABA but not by MeJA and high CO 2 during stomatal closure. eLife 2020; 9:e56351. [PMID: 32463362 PMCID: PMC7289597 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sucrose-non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase-2s (SnRK2s) are critical for plant abiotic stress responses, including abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Here, we develop a genetically encoded reporter for SnRK2 kinase activity. This sensor, named SNACS, shows an increase in the ratio of yellow to cyan fluorescence emission by OST1/SnRK2.6-mediated phosphorylation of a defined serine residue in SNACS. ABA rapidly increases FRET efficiency in N. benthamiana leaf cells and Arabidopsis guard cells. Interestingly, protein kinase inhibition decreases FRET efficiency in guard cells, providing direct experimental evidence that basal SnRK2 activity prevails in guard cells. Moreover, in contrast to ABA, the stomatal closing stimuli, elevated CO2 and MeJA, did not increase SNACS FRET ratios. These findings and gas exchange analyses of quintuple/sextuple ABA receptor mutants show that stomatal CO2 signaling requires basal ABA and SnRK2 signaling, but not SnRK2 activation. A recent model that CO2 signaling is mediated by PYL4/PYL5 ABA-receptors could not be supported here in two independent labs. We report a potent approach for real-time live-cell investigations of stress signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Po-Kai Hsu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Ebe Merilo
- Institute of Technology, University of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Patrick J Krysan
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cooper AM, Felix D, Alcantara F, Zaslavsky I, Work A, Watson PL, Pezzoli K, Yu Q, Zhu D, Scavo AJ, Zarabi Y, Schroeder JI. Monitoring and mitigation of toxic heavy metals and arsenic accumulation in food crops: A case study of an urban community garden. Plant Direct 2020; 4:e00198. [PMID: 31956855 PMCID: PMC6957986 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Urban community gardens have increased in prevalence as a means to generate fresh fruits and vegetables, including in areas lacking access to healthy food options. However, urban soils may have high levels of toxic heavy metals, including lead and cadmium and the metalloid arsenic, which can lead to severe health risks. In this study, fruit and vegetable samples grown at an urban community garden in southeastern San Diego, the Ocean View Growing Grounds, were sampled repeatedly over a four-year time period in order to measure potential contamination of toxic heavy metals and metalloids and to develop solutions for this problem. Metal nutrient, heavy metal, and metalloid concentrations were monitored in the leaf and fruit tissues of fruit trees over the sampling period. Several of the fruit trees showed uptake of lead in the leaf samples, with Black Mission fig measuring 0.843-1.531 mg/kg dry weight and Mexican Lime measuring 1.103-1.522 mg/kg dry weight over the sampling period. Vegetables that were grown directly in the ground at this community garden and surrounding areas showed arsenic, 0.80 + 0.073 mg/kg dry weight for Swiss chard, and lead, 0.84 ± 0.404 mg/kg dry weight for strawberries, in their edible tissues. The subsequent introduction of raised beds with uncontaminated soil is described, which eliminated any detectable heavy metal or metalloid contamination in these crops during the monitoring period. Recommendations for facilitating the monitoring of edible tissues and for reducing risk are discussed, including introduction of raised beds and collaborations with local universities and research groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Cooper
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology SectionUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Didra Felix
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology SectionUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Fatima Alcantara
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology SectionUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Ilya Zaslavsky
- Spatial Information Systems LaboratorySan Diego Supercomputer CenterLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Amy Work
- UC San Diego LibrarySan Diego Supercomputer CenterLa JollaCAUSA
| | | | - Keith Pezzoli
- Department of Urban Studies and PlanningBioregional Center for Sustainability Science, Planning and DesignUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Qi Yu
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology SectionUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative BiologySchool of Life SciencesCentral China Normal UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Dan Zhu
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology SectionUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Alexander J. Scavo
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology SectionUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Yasman Zarabi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology SectionUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology SectionUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bailey-Serres J, Parker JE, Ainsworth EA, Oldroyd GED, Schroeder JI. Genetic strategies for improving crop yields. Nature 2019; 575:109-118. [PMID: 31695205 PMCID: PMC7024682 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The current trajectory for crop yields is insufficient to nourish the world's population by 20501. Greater and more consistent crop production must be achieved against a backdrop of climatic stress that limits yields, owing to shifts in pests and pathogens, precipitation, heat-waves and other weather extremes. Here we consider the potential of plant sciences to address post-Green Revolution challenges in agriculture and explore emerging strategies for enhancing sustainable crop production and resilience in a changing climate. Accelerated crop improvement must leverage naturally evolved traits and transformative engineering driven by mechanistic understanding, to yield the resilient production systems that are needed to ensure future harvests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bailey-Serres
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Julian I Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
The current trajectory for crop yields is insufficient to nourish the world's population by 20501. Greater and more consistent crop production must be achieved against a backdrop of climatic stress that limits yields, owing to shifts in pests and pathogens, precipitation, heat-waves and other weather extremes. Here we consider the potential of plant sciences to address post-Green Revolution challenges in agriculture and explore emerging strategies for enhancing sustainable crop production and resilience in a changing climate. Accelerated crop improvement must leverage naturally evolved traits and transformative engineering driven by mechanistic understanding, to yield the resilient production systems that are needed to ensure future harvests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bailey-Serres
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Julian I Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang J, De-Oliveira-Ceciliato P, Takahashi Y, Schulze S, Dubeaux G, Hauser F, Azoulay-Shemer T, Tõldsepp K, Kollist H, Rappel WJ, Schroeder JI. Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of CO 2-Mediated Regulation of Stomatal Movements. Curr Biol 2019; 28:R1356-R1363. [PMID: 30513335 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants must continually balance the influx of CO2 for photosynthesis against the loss of water vapor through stomatal pores in their leaves. This balance can be achieved by controlling the aperture of the stomatal pores in response to several environmental stimuli. Elevation in atmospheric [CO2] induces stomatal closure and further impacts leaf temperatures, plant growth and water-use efficiency, and global crop productivity. Here, we review recent advances in understanding CO2-perception mechanisms and CO2-mediated signal transduction in the regulation of stomatal movements, and we explore how these mechanisms are integrated with other signaling pathways in guard cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Zhang
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Paulo De-Oliveira-Ceciliato
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sebastian Schulze
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Guillaume Dubeaux
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Felix Hauser
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tamar Azoulay-Shemer
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kadri Tõldsepp
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Wouter-Jan Rappel
- Physics Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
In response to abiotic stresses, plants produce the hormone abscisic acid (ABA). The ABA signaling pathway is highly complex and relies on a large number of gene copies encoding homologous signaling components, theoretically enabling numerous permutations. In this issue, Ruschhaupt et al (2019) used yeast as a reconstitution system to examine the functionality, plasticity, and efficiency of this complex and highly multiplexed core signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Dubeaux
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Park J, Kim TH, Takahashi Y, Schwab R, Dressano K, Stephan AB, Ceciliato PHO, Ramirez E, Garin V, Huffaker A, Schroeder JI. Chemical genetic identification of a lectin receptor kinase that transduces immune responses and interferes with abscisic acid signaling. Plant J 2019; 98:492-510. [PMID: 30659683 PMCID: PMC6488365 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Insight into how plants simultaneously cope with multiple stresses, for example, when challenged with biotic stress from pathogen infection and abiotic stress from drought, is important both for understanding evolutionary trade-offs and optimizing crop responses to these stresses. Mechanisms by which initial plant immune signaling antagonizes abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction require further investigation. Using a chemical genetics approach, the small molecule [5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)furan-2-yl]-piperidine-1-ylmethanethione (DFPM) has previously been identified due to its ability to suppress ABA signaling via plant immune signaling components. Here, we have used forward chemical genetics screening to identify DFPM-insensitive loci by monitoring the activity of ABA-inducible pRAB18::GFP in the presence of DFPM and ABA. The ability of DFPM to attenuate ABA signaling was reduced in rda mutants (resistant to DFPM inhibition of ABA signaling). One of the mutants, rda2, was mapped and is defective in a gene encoding a lectin receptor kinase. RDA2 functions in DFPM-mediated inhibition of ABA-mediated reporter expression. RDA2 is required for DFPM-mediated activation of immune signaling, including phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 3 (MPK3) and MPK6, and induction of immunity marker genes. Our study identifies a previously uncharacterized receptor kinase gene that is important for DFPM-mediated immune signaling and inhibition of ABA signaling. We demonstrate that the lectin receptor kinase RDA2 is essential for perceiving the DFPM signal and activating MAPKs, and that MKK4 and MKK5 are required for DFPM interference with ABA signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Park
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Tae-Houn Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Duksung Women’s University, 01369, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Rebecca Schwab
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Keini Dressano
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Aaron B Stephan
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Paulo HO Ceciliato
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Eduardo Ramirez
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Vince Garin
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla CA 92093-0116, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hauser F, Ceciliato PHO, Lin YC, Guo D, Gregerson JD, Abbasi N, Youhanna D, Park J, Dubeaux G, Shani E, Poomchongkho N, Schroeder JI. A seed resource for screening functionally redundant genes and isolation of new mutants impaired in CO2 and ABA responses. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:641-651. [PMID: 30346611 PMCID: PMC6322574 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The identification of homologous genes with functional overlap in forward genetic screens is severely limited. Here, we report the generation of over 14000 artificial microRNA (amiRNA)-expressing plants that enable screens of the functionally redundant gene space in Arabidopsis. A protocol was developed for isolating robust and reproducible amiRNA mutants. Examples of validation approaches and essential controls are presented for two new amiRNA mutants that exhibit genetically redundant phenotypes and circumvent double mutant lethality. In a forward genetic screen for abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated inhibition of seed germination, amiRNAs that target combinations of known redundant ABA receptor and SnRK2 kinase genes were rapidly isolated, providing a strong proof of principle for this approach. A new ABA-insensitive amiRNA line that targets three avirulence-induced gene 2(-like) genes was isolated . A thermal imaging screen for plants with impaired stomatal opening in response to low CO2 exposure led to the isolation of a new amiRNA targeting two essential proteasomal subunits, PAB1 and PAB2. The seed library of 11000 T2 amiRNA lines (with 3000 lines in progress) generated here provides a new platform for forward genetic screens and has been made available to the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center (ABRC). Optimized procedures for amiRNA screening and controls are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hauser
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paulo H O Ceciliato
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Chen Lin
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - DanDan Guo
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - J D Gregerson
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nazia Abbasi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Diana Youhanna
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jiyoung Park
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Guillaume Dubeaux
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eilon Shani
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Nusra Poomchongkho
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ceciliato PHO, Zhang J, Liu Q, Shen X, Hu H, Liu C, Schäffner AR, Schroeder JI. Intact leaf gas exchange provides a robust method for measuring the kinetics of stomatal conductance responses to abscisic acid and other small molecules in Arabidopsis and grasses. Plant Methods 2019; 15:38. [PMID: 31019545 PMCID: PMC6472101 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0423-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guard cells perceive external and internal stimuli and regulate stomatal conductance in plants. With the use of gas exchange analyzers, time-resolved stomatal conductance responses to light intensity, [CO2] concentration and relative humidity changes can be measured. This is more difficult to achieve when measuring stomatal responses to small soluble molecules such as the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) or the bacterial peptide flagellin 22 (flg22), in particular when investigating mutants with response phenotypes. RESULTS A method to evaluate the dynamic effects of small molecules on stomatal conductance in a time-resolved fashion using gas exchange analyzers is presented here. ABA-induced stomatal closure was investigated by adding ABA to the transpiration stream of intact leaves placed in a microcentrifuge tube containing water. Strong ABA responses were resolved in time- and in a dose-dependent manner in wild-type Arabidopsis leaves, whereas the same response was not observed in leaves of the ABA-insensitive mutant open stomata 1-3 (ost1-3). Moreover, when leaves of the Plasma membrane Intrinsic Protein (PIP) aquaporin quadruple mutant pip1;1 pip1;2 pip2;1 pip2;2 were tested, robust wild-type-like responses to ABA were observed. When the bacterial peptide flg22 was added to the transpiration stream of intact wild-type leaves, a strong flg22-induced stomatal closure effect was observed. Finally, the proposed technique was further developed and optimized for evaluation of stomatal conductance responses to small molecules in leaves of grasses using the reference plant Brachypodium distachyon. CONCLUSIONS Due to the variable size of stomata in Arabidopsis and the limited dynamic response of stomata in isolated epidermal strips, evaluation of the effect of small molecules on stomatal physiology has been challenging and has led in some cases to inconsistent results. Moreover, potential signals from the mesophyll are missing when using epidermal peels to evaluate stomatal aperture responses. Here we propose a less invasive technique which allows for time-resolved measurements of stomatal conductance responses to small molecules optimized for both Arabidopsis and Brachypodium distachyon leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo H. O. Ceciliato
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116 USA
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116 USA
| | - Qing Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Xin Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Honghong Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Chen Liu
- Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anton R. Schäffner
- Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116 USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tõldsepp K, Zhang J, Takahashi Y, Sindarovska Y, Hõrak H, Ceciliato PHO, Koolmeister K, Wang YS, Vaahtera L, Jakobson L, Yeh CY, Park J, Brosche M, Kollist H, Schroeder JI. Mitogen-activated protein kinases MPK4 and MPK12 are key components mediating CO 2 -induced stomatal movements. Plant J 2018; 96:1018-1035. [PMID: 30203878 PMCID: PMC6261798 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Respiration in leaves and the continued elevation in the atmospheric CO2 concentration cause CO2 -mediated reduction in stomatal pore apertures. Several mutants have been isolated for which stomatal responses to both abscisic acid (ABA) and CO2 are simultaneously defective. However, there are only few mutations that impair the stomatal response to elevated CO2 , but not to ABA. Such mutants are invaluable in unraveling the molecular mechanisms of early CO2 signal transduction in guard cells. Recently, mutations in the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, MPK12, have been shown to partially impair CO2 -induced stomatal closure. Here, we show that mpk12 plants, in which MPK4 is stably silenced specifically in guard cells (mpk12 mpk4GC homozygous double-mutants), completely lack CO2 -induced stomatal responses and have impaired activation of guard cell S-type anion channels in response to elevated CO2 /bicarbonate. However, ABA-induced stomatal closure, S-type anion channel activation and ABA-induced marker gene expression remain intact in the mpk12 mpk4GC double-mutants. These findings suggest that MPK12 and MPK4 act very early in CO2 signaling, upstream of, or parallel to the convergence of CO2 and ABA signal transduction. The activities of MPK4 and MPK12 protein kinases were not directly modulated by CO2 /bicarbonate in vitro, suggesting that they are not direct CO2 /bicarbonate sensors. Further data indicate that MPK4 and MPK12 have distinguishable roles in Arabidopsis and that the previously suggested role of RHC1 in stomatal CO2 signaling is minor, whereas MPK4 and MPK12 act as key components of early stomatal CO2 signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kadri Tõldsepp
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Yana Sindarovska
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Hanna Hõrak
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Paulo H O Ceciliato
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | | | - Yuh-Shuh Wang
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Lauri Vaahtera
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Liina Jakobson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Chung-Yueh Yeh
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Jiyoung Park
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Mikael Brosche
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhang J, Wang N, Miao Y, Hauser F, McCammon JA, Rappel WJ, Schroeder JI. Identification of SLAC1 anion channel residues required for CO 2/bicarbonate sensing and regulation of stomatal movements. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11129-11137. [PMID: 30301791 PMCID: PMC6217375 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807624115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Increases in CO2 concentration in plant leaves due to respiration in the dark and the continuing atmospheric [CO2] rise cause closing of stomatal pores, thus affecting plant-water relations globally. However, the underlying CO2/bicarbonate (CO2/HCO3-) sensing mechanisms remain unknown. [CO2] elevation in leaves triggers stomatal closure by anion efflux mediated via the SLAC1 anion channel localized in the plasma membrane of guard cells. Previous reconstitution analysis has suggested that intracellular bicarbonate ions might directly up-regulate SLAC1 channel activity. However, whether such a CO2/HCO3- regulation of SLAC1 is relevant for CO2 control of stomatal movements in planta remains unknown. Here, we computationally probe for candidate bicarbonate-interacting sites within the SLAC1 anion channel via long-timescale Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) simulations. Mutations of two putative bicarbonate-interacting residues, R256 and R321, impaired the enhancement of the SLAC1 anion channel activity by CO2/HCO3- in Xenopus oocytes. Mutations of the neighboring charged amino acid K255 and residue R432 and the predicted gate residue F450 did not affect HCO3- regulation of SLAC1. Notably, gas-exchange experiments with slac1-transformed plants expressing mutated SLAC1 proteins revealed that the SLAC1 residue R256 is required for CO2 regulation of stomatal movements in planta, but not for abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closing. Patch clamp analyses of guard cells show that activation of S-type anion channels by CO2/HCO3-, but not by ABA, was impaired, indicating the relevance of R256 for CO2 signal transduction. Together, these analyses suggest that the SLAC1 anion channel is one of the physiologically relevant CO2/HCO3- sensors in guard cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Zhang
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116
| | - Nuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Yinglong Miao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Center for Computational Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Felix Hauser
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116
| | - J Andrew McCammon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Wouter-Jan Rappel
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0354
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116;
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang C, Zhang J, Wu J, Brodsky D, Schroeder JI. Cytosolic malate and oxaloacetate activate S-type anion channels in Arabidopsis guard cells. New Phytol 2018; 220:178-186. [PMID: 29971803 PMCID: PMC6115288 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular malate-starch interconversion plays an important role in stomatal movements. We investigated whether malate or oxaloacetate from the cytosolic membrane side regulate anion channels in the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells. Physiological concentrations of cytosolic malate have been reported in the range of 0.4-3 mM in leaf cells. Guard cell patch clamp and two-electrode oocyte voltage-clamp experiments were pursued. We show that a concentration of 1 mM cytosolic malate greatly activates S-type anion channels in Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells. Interestingly, 1 mM cytosolic oxaloacetate also activates S-type anion channels. Malate activation was abrogated at 10 mM malate and in SLAC1 anion channel mutant alleles. Interestingly, malate activation of S-type anion currents was disrupted at below resting cytosolic-free calcium concentrations ([Ca2+ ]cyt ), suggesting a key role for basal [Ca2+ ]cyt signaling. Cytosolic malate was not able to directly activate or enhance SLAC1-mediated anion currents in Xenopus oocytes, whereas in positive controls, cytosolic NaHCO3 enhanced SLAC1 activity, suggesting that malate may not directly modulate SLAC1. Cytosolic malate activation of S-type anion currents was impaired in ost1 and in cpk5/6/11/23 quadruple mutant guard cells. Together these findings show that these cytosolic organic anions function in guard cell 'plasma membrane' ion channel regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cun Wang
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
- College of Life Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Juyou Wu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Dennis Brodsky
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Negi J, Munemasa S, Song B, Tadakuma R, Fujita M, Azoulay-Shemer T, Engineer CB, Kusumi K, Nishida I, Schroeder JI, Iba K. Eukaryotic lipid metabolic pathway is essential for functional chloroplasts and CO 2 and light responses in Arabidopsis guard cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:9038-9043. [PMID: 30127035 PMCID: PMC6130404 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810458115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomatal guard cells develop unique chloroplasts in land plant species. However, the developmental mechanisms and function of chloroplasts in guard cells remain unclear. In seed plants, chloroplast membrane lipids are synthesized via two pathways: the prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathways. Here we report the central contribution of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived chloroplast lipids, which are synthesized through the eukaryotic lipid metabolic pathway, in the development of functional guard cell chloroplasts. We gained insight into this pathway by isolating and examining an Arabidopsis mutant, gles1 (green less stomata 1), which had achlorophyllous stomatal guard cells and impaired stomatal responses to CO2 and light. The GLES1 gene encodes a small glycine-rich protein, which is a putative regulatory component of the trigalactosyldiacylglycerol (TGD) protein complex that mediates ER-to-chloroplast lipid transport via the eukaryotic pathway. Lipidomic analysis revealed that in the wild type, the prokaryotic pathway is dysfunctional, specifically in guard cells, whereas in gles1 guard cells, the eukaryotic pathway is also abrogated. CO2-induced stomatal closing and activation of guard cell S-type anion channels that drive stomatal closure were disrupted in gles1 guard cells. In conclusion, the eukaryotic lipid pathway plays an essential role in the development of a sensing/signaling machinery for CO2 and light in guard cell chloroplasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juntaro Negi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 819-0395 Fukuoka, Japan;
| | - Shintaro Munemasa
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Boseok Song
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 819-0395 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tadakuma
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 819-0395 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mayumi Fujita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 819-0395 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tamar Azoulay-Shemer
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Cawas B Engineer
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Kensuke Kusumi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 819-0395 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ikuo Nishida
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 338-8570 Saitama, Japan
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Koh Iba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 819-0395 Fukuoka, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Azoulay‐Shemer T, Schwankl N, Rog I, Moshelion M, Schroeder JI. Starch biosynthesis by
AGP
ase, but not starch degradation by
BAM
1/3 and
SEX
1, is rate‐limiting for
CO
2
‐regulated stomatal movements under short‐day conditions. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2739-2759. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Azoulay‐Shemer
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | - Nikki Schwankl
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | - Ido Rog
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Menachem Moshelion
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot Israel
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Nishimura N, Tsuchiya W, Moresco JJ, Hayashi Y, Satoh K, Kaiwa N, Irisa T, Kinoshita T, Schroeder JI, Yates JR, Hirayama T, Yamazaki T. Control of seed dormancy and germination by DOG1-AHG1 PP2C phosphatase complex via binding to heme. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2132. [PMID: 29875377 PMCID: PMC5989226 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates abiotic stress and developmental responses including regulation of seed dormancy to prevent seeds from germinating under unfavorable environmental conditions. ABA HYPERSENSITIVE GERMINATION1 (AHG1) encoding a type 2C protein phosphatase (PP2C) is a central negative regulator of ABA response in germination; however, the molecular function and regulation of AHG1 remain elusive. Here we report that AHG1 interacts with DELAY OF GERMINATION1 (DOG1), which is a pivotal positive regulator in seed dormancy. DOG1 acts upstream of AHG1 and impairs the PP2C activity of AHG1 in vitro. Furthermore, DOG1 has the ability to bind heme. Binding of DOG1 to AHG1 and heme are independent processes, but both are essential for DOG1 function in vivo. Our study demonstrates that AHG1 and DOG1 constitute an important regulatory system for seed dormancy and germination by integrating multiple environmental signals, in parallel with the PYL/RCAR ABA receptor-mediated regulatory system. The hormone abscisic acid (ABA) prevents seeds from germination when conditions are not suitable. Here the authors show that DOG1, a positive regulator of germination, impairs ABA signaling via genetic and physical interactions with the AHG1 phosphatase and that DOG1 binding to heme is required for this activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Nishimura
- Radiation Breeding Division, Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2425 Kamimurata, Hitachiohmiya, Ibaraki, 319-2293, Japan. .,Division of Basic Research, Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan.
| | - Wataru Tsuchiya
- Structural Biology Team, Advanced Analysis Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - James J Moresco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yuki Hayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kouji Satoh
- Radiation Breeding Division, Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2425 Kamimurata, Hitachiohmiya, Ibaraki, 319-2293, Japan
| | - Nahomi Kaiwa
- Radiation Breeding Division, Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2425 Kamimurata, Hitachiohmiya, Ibaraki, 319-2293, Japan
| | - Tomoko Irisa
- Radiation Breeding Division, Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2425 Kamimurata, Hitachiohmiya, Ibaraki, 319-2293, Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Takashi Hirayama
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Yamazaki
- Structural Biology Team, Advanced Analysis Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
He J, Zhang R, Peng K, Tagliavia C, Li S, Xue S, Liu A, Hu H, Zhang J, Hubbard KE, Held K, McAinsh MR, Gray JE, Kudla J, Schroeder JI, Liang Y, Hetherington AM. The BIG protein distinguishes the process of CO 2 -induced stomatal closure from the inhibition of stomatal opening by CO 2. New Phytol 2018; 218:232-241. [PMID: 29292834 PMCID: PMC5887946 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We conducted an infrared thermal imaging-based genetic screen to identify Arabidopsis mutants displaying aberrant stomatal behavior in response to elevated concentrations of CO2 . This approach resulted in the isolation of a novel allele of the Arabidopsis BIG locus (At3g02260) that we have called CO2 insensitive 1 (cis1). BIG mutants are compromised in elevated CO2 -induced stomatal closure and bicarbonate activation of S-type anion channel currents. In contrast with the wild-type, they fail to exhibit reductions in stomatal density and index when grown in elevated CO2 . However, like the wild-type, BIG mutants display inhibition of stomatal opening when exposed to elevated CO2 . BIG mutants also display wild-type stomatal aperture responses to the closure-inducing stimulus abscisic acid (ABA). Our results indicate that BIG is a signaling component involved in the elevated CO2 -mediated control of stomatal development. In the control of stomatal aperture by CO2 , BIG is only required in elevated CO2 -induced closure and not in the inhibition of stomatal opening by this environmental signal. These data show that, at the molecular level, the CO2 -mediated inhibition of opening and promotion of stomatal closure signaling pathways are separable and BIG represents a distinguishing element in these two CO2 -mediated responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceDepartment of Plant SciencesCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Ruo‐Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceDepartment of Plant SciencesCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Kai Peng
- School of Biological SciencesLife Sciences Building24 Tyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TQUK
| | | | - Siwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceDepartment of Plant SciencesCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Shaowu Xue
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Amy Liu
- Cell and Developmental Biology SectionDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Honghong Hu
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
- Cell and Developmental Biology SectionDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Cell and Developmental Biology SectionDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Katharine E. Hubbard
- Cell and Developmental Biology SectionDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of HullHullHU6 7RXUK
| | - Katrin Held
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der PflanzenUniversität MünsterSchlossplatz 7Münster48149Germany
| | | | - Julie E. Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldFirth Court, Western BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der PflanzenUniversität MünsterSchlossplatz 7Münster48149Germany
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology SectionDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Yun‐Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceDepartment of Plant SciencesCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Abscisic acid is a key phytohormone produced in response to abiotic stress conditions and is an activator of abiotic stress resistance mechanisms and a regulator during diverse developmental stages in plants. This SnapShot explores how ABA signaling operates and coordinates resistance during stress responses and modulates plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hauser
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zixing Li
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rainer Waadt
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Plant Developmental Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) control key growth and developmental processes in plants. Real-time monitoring of GA concentrations in living tissues is critical for understanding the actions of this hormone class. A first-generation optogenetic GA-nano-indicator now illuminates the effects of GA levels on cell length and light signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Azoulay-Shemer
- Department of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, R. H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Po-Kai Hsu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Pater D, Mullen JL, McKay JK, Schroeder JI. Screening for Natural Variation in Water Use Efficiency Traits in a Diversity Set of Brassica napus L. Identifies Candidate Variants in Photosynthetic Assimilation. Plant Cell Physiol 2017; 58:1700-1709. [PMID: 29048601 PMCID: PMC5921528 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Seed yield and quality of crop species are significantly reduced by water deficit. Stable isotope screening (δ13C) of a diversity set of 147 accessions of Brassica napus grown in the field identified several accessions with extremes in water use efficiency (WUE). We next conducted an investigation of the physiological characteristics of selected natural variants with high and low WUE to understand how these characteristics translate to differences in WUE. We identified an interesting Spring accession, G302 (Mozart), that exhibited the highest WUE in the field and high CO2 assimilation rates coupled with an increased electron transport capacity (Jmax) under the imposed conditions. Differences in stomatal density and stomatal index did not translate to differences in stomatal conductance in the investigated accessions. Stomatal conductance response to exogenous ABA was analyzed in selected high and low WUE accessions. Spring lines showed little variation in response to exogenous ABA, while one Semi-Winter line (SW047) showed a significantly more rapid response to exogenous ABA, that corresponded to the high WUE indicated by δ13C measurements. This research illustrates the importance of examining natural variation at a physiological level for investigation of the underlying mechanisms influencing the diversity of carbon isotope discrimination values in the field and identifies natural variants in B. napus with improved WUE and potential relevant traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Pater
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Jack L Mullen
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - John K McKay
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang C, Zhang J, Schroeder JI. Two-electrode Voltage-clamp Recordings in Xenopus laevis Oocytes: Reconstitution of Abscisic Acid Activation of SLAC1 Anion Channel via PYL9 ABA Receptor. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2114. [PMID: 28516122 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-Electrode Voltage-Clamp (TEVC) recording in Xenopus laevis oocytes provides a powerful method to investigate the functions and regulation of ion channel proteins. This approach provides a well-known tool to characterize ion channels or transporters expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The plasma membrane of the oocyte is impaled by two microelectrodes, one for voltage sensing and the other one for current injection. Here we list a protocol that allows robust reconstitution of multi-component signaling pathways. This protocol has been used to study plant ion channels, including the SLAC1 channel (SLOW ANION CHANNEL-ASSOCIATED 1), in particular SLAC1 activation by either the protein kinase OST1 (OPEN STOMATA 1), Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) or the GHR1 (GUARD CELL HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-RESISTANT 1) transmembrane receptor-like protein. Data are presented showing reconstitution of abscisic acid activation of the SLAC1 anion channel by the 'monomeric' ABA (abscisic acid) receptor RCAR1/PYL9 (PYRABACT INRESISTANCE1 [PYR1]/PYR1-LIKE [PYL]/REGULATORYCOMPONENTS OF ABA RECEPTORS [RCAR]) by co-expressing four components of the abscisic acid signaling core. This protocol is also suitable for studying other ion channel functions and regulation mechanisms, as well as transporter proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cun Wang
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Food and Fuel for the 21 Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Food and Fuel for the 21 Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Food and Fuel for the 21 Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jakobson L, Vaahtera L, Tõldsepp K, Nuhkat M, Wang C, Wang YS, Hõrak H, Valk E, Pechter P, Sindarovska Y, Tang J, Xiao C, Xu Y, Gerst Talas U, García-Sosa AT, Kangasjärvi S, Maran U, Remm M, Roelfsema MRG, Hu H, Kangasjärvi J, Loog M, Schroeder JI, Kollist H, Brosché M. Natural Variation in Arabidopsis Cvi-0 Accession Reveals an Important Role of MPK12 in Guard Cell CO2 Signaling. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e2000322. [PMID: 27923039 PMCID: PMC5147794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant gas exchange is regulated by guard cells that form stomatal pores. Stomatal adjustments are crucial for plant survival; they regulate uptake of CO2 for photosynthesis, loss of water, and entrance of air pollutants such as ozone. We mapped ozone hypersensitivity, more open stomata, and stomatal CO2-insensitivity phenotypes of the Arabidopsis thaliana accession Cvi-0 to a single amino acid substitution in MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN (MAP) KINASE 12 (MPK12). In parallel, we showed that stomatal CO2-insensitivity phenotypes of a mutant cis (CO2-insensitive) were caused by a deletion of MPK12. Lack of MPK12 impaired bicarbonate-induced activation of S-type anion channels. We demonstrated that MPK12 interacted with the protein kinase HIGH LEAF TEMPERATURE 1 (HT1)-a central node in guard cell CO2 signaling-and that MPK12 functions as an inhibitor of HT1. These data provide a new function for plant MPKs as protein kinase inhibitors and suggest a mechanism through which guard cell CO2 signaling controls plant water management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liina Jakobson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lauri Vaahtera
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kadri Tõldsepp
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maris Nuhkat
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Cun Wang
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yuh-Shuh Wang
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hanna Hõrak
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ervin Valk
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Pechter
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Jing Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanlei Xiao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ulvi Gerst Talas
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Uko Maran
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maido Remm
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M. Rob G. Roelfsema
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Honghong Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mart Loog
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
The exploration of plant behavior on a cellular scale in a minimal invasive manner is key to understanding plant adaptations to their environment. Plant hormones regulate multiple aspects of growth and development and mediate environmental responses to ensure a successful life cycle. To monitor the dynamics of plant hormone actions in intact tissue, we need qualitative and quantitative tools with high temporal and spatial resolution. Here, we describe a set of biological instruments (reporters) for the analysis of the distribution and signaling of various plant hormones. Furthermore, we provide examples of their utility for gaining novel insights into plant hormone action with a deeper focus on the drought hormone abscisic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Waadt
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Plant Developmental Biology, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section and Centre for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Po-Kai Hsu
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section and Centre for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section and Centre for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hõrak H, Sierla M, Tõldsepp K, Wang C, Wang YS, Nuhkat M, Valk E, Pechter P, Merilo E, Salojärvi J, Overmyer K, Loog M, Brosché M, Schroeder JI, Kangasjärvi J, Kollist H. A Dominant Mutation in the HT1 Kinase Uncovers Roles of MAP Kinases and GHR1 in CO2-Induced Stomatal Closure. Plant Cell 2016; 28:2493-2509. [PMID: 27694184 PMCID: PMC5134974 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the guard cell S-type anion channel SLAC1 is important for stomatal closure in response to diverse stimuli, including elevated CO2 The majority of known SLAC1 activation mechanisms depend on abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Several lines of evidence point to a parallel ABA-independent mechanism of CO2-induced stomatal regulation; however, molecular details of this pathway remain scarce. Here, we isolated a dominant mutation in the protein kinase HIGH LEAF TEMPERATURE1 (HT1), an essential regulator of stomatal CO2 responses, in an ozone sensitivity screen of Arabidopsis thaliana The mutation caused constitutively open stomata and impaired stomatal CO2 responses. We show that the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MPKs) MPK4 and MPK12 can inhibit HT1 activity in vitro and this inhibition is decreased for the dominant allele of HT1. We also show that HT1 inhibits the activation of the SLAC1 anion channel by the protein kinases OPEN STOMATA1 and GUARD CELL HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-RESISTANT1 (GHR1) in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Notably, MPK12 can restore SLAC1 activation in the presence of HT1, but not in the presence of the dominant allele of HT1. Based on these data, we propose a model for sequential roles of MPK12, HT1, and GHR1 in the ABA-independent regulation of SLAC1 during CO2-induced stomatal closure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Hõrak
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Maija Sierla
- Division of Plant Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kadri Tõldsepp
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Cun Wang
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Yuh-Shuh Wang
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Maris Nuhkat
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Ervin Valk
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Priit Pechter
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Ebe Merilo
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Jarkko Salojärvi
- Division of Plant Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirk Overmyer
- Division of Plant Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Loog
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
- Division of Plant Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Division of Plant Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Aleman F, Yazaki J, Lee M, Takahashi Y, Kim AY, Li Z, Kinoshita T, Ecker JR, Schroeder JI. An ABA-increased interaction of the PYL6 ABA receptor with MYC2 Transcription Factor: A putative link of ABA and JA signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28941. [PMID: 27357749 PMCID: PMC4928087 DOI: 10.1038/srep28941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that mediates abiotic stress tolerance and regulates growth and development. ABA binds to members of the PYL/RCAR ABA receptor family that initiate signal transduction inhibiting type 2C protein phosphatases. Although crosstalk between ABA and the hormone Jasmonic Acid (JA) has been shown, the molecular entities that mediate this interaction have yet to be fully elucidated. We report a link between ABA and JA signaling through a direct interaction of the ABA receptor PYL6 (RCAR9) with the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor MYC2. PYL6 and MYC2 interact in yeast two hybrid assays and the interaction is enhanced in the presence of ABA. PYL6 and MYC2 interact in planta based on bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation of the proteins. Furthermore, PYL6 was able to modify transcription driven by MYC2 using JAZ6 and JAZ8 DNA promoter elements in yeast one hybrid assays. Finally, pyl6 T-DNA mutant plants show an increased sensitivity to the addition of JA along with ABA in cotyledon expansion experiments. Overall, the present study identifies a direct mechanism for transcriptional modulation mediated by an ABA receptor different from the core ABA signaling pathway, and a putative mechanistic link connecting ABA and JA signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Aleman
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Junshi Yazaki
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA
| | - Melissa Lee
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Alice Y. Kim
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA
| | - Zixing Li
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Joseph R. Ecker
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Aleman F, Yazaki J, Lee M, Takahashi Y, Kim AY, Li Z, Kinoshita T, Ecker JR, Schroeder JI. An ABA-increased interaction of the PYL6 ABA receptor with MYC2 Transcription Factor: A putative link of ABA and JA signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28941. [PMID: 27357749 DOI: 10.1038/srep2894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that mediates abiotic stress tolerance and regulates growth and development. ABA binds to members of the PYL/RCAR ABA receptor family that initiate signal transduction inhibiting type 2C protein phosphatases. Although crosstalk between ABA and the hormone Jasmonic Acid (JA) has been shown, the molecular entities that mediate this interaction have yet to be fully elucidated. We report a link between ABA and JA signaling through a direct interaction of the ABA receptor PYL6 (RCAR9) with the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor MYC2. PYL6 and MYC2 interact in yeast two hybrid assays and the interaction is enhanced in the presence of ABA. PYL6 and MYC2 interact in planta based on bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation of the proteins. Furthermore, PYL6 was able to modify transcription driven by MYC2 using JAZ6 and JAZ8 DNA promoter elements in yeast one hybrid assays. Finally, pyl6 T-DNA mutant plants show an increased sensitivity to the addition of JA along with ABA in cotyledon expansion experiments. Overall, the present study identifies a direct mechanism for transcriptional modulation mediated by an ABA receptor different from the core ABA signaling pathway, and a putative mechanistic link connecting ABA and JA signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Aleman
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Junshi Yazaki
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA
| | - Melissa Lee
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Alice Y Kim
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA
| | - Zixing Li
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Joseph R Ecker
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Azoulay-Shemer T, Bagheri A, Wang C, Palomares A, Stephan AB, Kunz HH, Schroeder JI. Starch Biosynthesis in Guard Cells But Not in Mesophyll Cells Is Involved in CO2-Induced Stomatal Closing. Plant Physiol 2016; 171:788-98. [PMID: 27208296 PMCID: PMC4902578 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Starch metabolism is involved in stomatal movement regulation. However, it remains unknown whether starch-deficient mutants affect CO2-induced stomatal closing and whether starch biosynthesis in guard cells and/or mesophyll cells is rate limiting for high CO2-induced stomatal closing. Stomatal responses to [CO2] shifts and CO2 assimilation rates were compared in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants that were either starch deficient in all plant tissues (ADP-Glc-pyrophosphorylase [ADGase]) or retain starch accumulation in guard cells but are starch deficient in mesophyll cells (plastidial phosphoglucose isomerase [pPGI]). ADGase mutants exhibited impaired CO2-induced stomatal closure, but pPGI mutants did not, showing that starch biosynthesis in guard cells but not mesophyll functions in CO2-induced stomatal closing. Nevertheless, starch-deficient ADGase mutant alleles exhibited partial CO2 responses, pointing toward a starch biosynthesis-independent component of the response that is likely mediated by anion channels. Furthermore, whole-leaf CO2 assimilation rates of both ADGase and pPGI mutants were lower upon shifts to high [CO2], but only ADGase mutants caused impairments in CO2-induced stomatal closing. These genetic analyses determine the roles of starch biosynthesis for high CO2-induced stomatal closing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Azoulay-Shemer
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Andisheh Bagheri
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Cun Wang
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Axxell Palomares
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Aaron B Stephan
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Hans-Henning Kunz
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhu M, Monroe JG, Suhail Y, Villiers F, Mullen J, Pater D, Hauser F, Jeon BW, Bader JS, Kwak JM, Schroeder JI, McKay JK, Assmann SM. Molecular and systems approaches towards drought-tolerant canola crops. New Phytol 2016; 210:1169-1189. [PMID: 26879345 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
1169 I. 1170 II. 1170 III. 1172 IV. 1176 V. 1181 VI. 1182 1183 References 1183 SUMMARY: Modern agriculture is facing multiple challenges including the necessity for a substantial increase in production to meet the needs of a burgeoning human population. Water shortage is a deleterious consequence of both population growth and climate change and is one of the most severe factors limiting global crop productivity. Brassica species, particularly canola varieties, are cultivated worldwide for edible oil, animal feed, and biodiesel, and suffer dramatic yield loss upon drought stress. The recent release of the Brassica napus genome supplies essential genetic information to facilitate identification of drought-related genes and provides new information for agricultural improvement in this species. Here we summarize current knowledge regarding drought responses of canola, including physiological and -omics effects of drought. We further discuss knowledge gained through translational biology based on discoveries in the closely related reference species Arabidopsis thaliana and through genetic strategies such as genome-wide association studies and analysis of natural variation. Knowledge of drought tolerance/resistance responses in canola together with research outcomes arising from new technologies and methodologies will inform novel strategies for improvement of drought tolerance and yield in this and other important crop species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhu
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - J Grey Monroe
- Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Yasir Suhail
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Florent Villiers
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Jack Mullen
- Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Dianne Pater
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Food and Fuel for the 21st Century Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-016, USA
| | - Felix Hauser
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Food and Fuel for the 21st Century Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-016, USA
| | - Byeong Wook Jeon
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Joel S Bader
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - June M Kwak
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Food and Fuel for the 21st Century Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-016, USA
| | - John K McKay
- Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Sarah M Assmann
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| |
Collapse
|