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Jung EJ, Jo JH, Uwamahoro C, Jang SI, Lee WJ, Hwang JM, Bae JW, Kwon WS. Ritonavir Has Reproductive Toxicity Depending on Disrupting PI3K/PDK1/AKT Signaling Pathway. TOXICS 2024; 12:73. [PMID: 38251029 PMCID: PMC10819985 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Ritonavir (RTV) is an antiviral and a component of COVID-19 treatments. Moreover, RTV demonstrates anti-cancer effects by suppressing AKT. However, RTV has cytotoxicity and suppresses sperm functions by altering AKT activity. Although abnormal AKT activity is known for causing detrimental effects on sperm functions, how RTV alters AKT signaling in spermatozoa remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate reproductive toxicity of RTV in spermatozoa through phosphoinositide 3-kinase/phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1/protein kinase B (PI3K/PDK1/AKT) signaling. Duroc spermatozoa were treated with various concentrations of RTV, and capacitation was induced. Sperm functions (sperm motility, motion kinematics, capacitation status, and cell viability) and expression levels of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and PI3K/PDK1/AKT pathway-related proteins were evaluated. In the results, RTV significantly suppressed sperm motility, motion kinematics, capacitation, acrosome reactions, and cell viability. Additionally, RTV significantly increased levels of phospho-tyrosine proteins and PI3K/PDK1/AKT pathway-related proteins except for AKT and PI3K. The expression level of AKT was not significantly altered and that of PI3K was significantly decreased. These results suggest RTV may suppress sperm functions by induced alterations of PI3K/PDK1/AKT pathway through abnormally increased tyrosine phosphorylation. Therefore, we suggest people who use or prescribe RTV need to consider its male reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Jung
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.J.); (C.U.); (S.-I.J.); (W.-J.L.); (J.-M.H.); (J.-W.B.)
| | - Jae-Hwan Jo
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Claudine Uwamahoro
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.J.); (C.U.); (S.-I.J.); (W.-J.L.); (J.-M.H.); (J.-W.B.)
| | - Seung-Ik Jang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.J.); (C.U.); (S.-I.J.); (W.-J.L.); (J.-M.H.); (J.-W.B.)
| | - Woo-Jin Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.J.); (C.U.); (S.-I.J.); (W.-J.L.); (J.-M.H.); (J.-W.B.)
| | - Ju-Mi Hwang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.J.); (C.U.); (S.-I.J.); (W.-J.L.); (J.-M.H.); (J.-W.B.)
| | - Jeong-Won Bae
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.J.); (C.U.); (S.-I.J.); (W.-J.L.); (J.-M.H.); (J.-W.B.)
| | - Woo-Sung Kwon
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.J.); (C.U.); (S.-I.J.); (W.-J.L.); (J.-M.H.); (J.-W.B.)
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea;
- Research Institute for Innovative Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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2
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Luo H, Yang Z, Li J, Jin H, Jiang M, Shan C. Deletion of PDK 1 Caused Cardiac Malmorphogenesis and Heart Defects Due to Profound Protein Phosphorylation Changes Mediated by SHP 2. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2023; 16:1220-1231. [PMID: 36988860 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-023-10380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1), a master kinase and involved in multiple signaling transduction, participates in regulating embryonic cardiac development and postnatal cardiac remodeling. Germline PDK1 knockout mice displayed no heart development; in this article, we deleted PDK1 in heart tissue with different cre to characterize the temporospatial features and find the relevance with congenital heart disease(CHD), furthermore to investigate the underlying mechanism. Knocking out PDK1 with Nkx2.5-cre, the heart showed prominent pulmonic stenosis. Ablated PDK1 with Mef2cSHF-cre, the second heart field (SHF) exhibited severe hypoplasia. And deleted PDK1 with αMHC-cre, the mice displayed dilated heart disease, protein analysis indicated PI3K and ERK were activated; meanwhile, PDK1-AKT-GSK3, and S6K-S6 were disrupted; phosphorylation level of Akt473, S6k421/424, and Gsk3α21 enhanced; however, Akt308, S6k389, and Gsk3β9 decreased. In mechanism investigation, we found SHP2 membrane localization and phosphorylation level of SHP2542 elevated, which suggested SHP2 likely mediated the disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Luo
- Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Dongguan, 523808, China.
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, China.
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Jie Li
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Hengwei Jin
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Mingyang Jiang
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Congjia Shan
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, China
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3
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Rose MM, Nassar KW, Sharma V, Schweppe RE. AKT-independent signaling in PIK3CA-mutant thyroid cancer mediates resistance to dual SRC and MEK1/2 inhibition. Med Oncol 2023; 40:299. [PMID: 37713162 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare and aggressive disease with 90% of patients succumbing to this disease 1 year after diagnosis. The approval of the combination therapy of a BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib with the MEK1/2 inhibitor trametinib has improved the overall survival of ATC patients. However, resistance to therapy remains a major problem. We have previously demonstrated combined inhibition of Src with dasatinib and MEK1/2 with trametinib synergistically inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in BRAF- and RAS-mutant thyroid cancer cells, however PIK3CA-mutant cells exhibit a mixed response. Herein, we determined that AKT is not a major mediator of sensitivity and instead PIK3CA-mutants that are resistant to combined dasatinib and trametinib have sustained activation of PDK1 signaling. Furthermore, combined inhibition of PDK1 and MEK1/2 was sufficient to reduce cell viability. These data indicate PDK1 inhibition is a therapeutic option for PIK3CA mutations that do not respond to combined Src and MEK1/2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison M Rose
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8106, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Kelsey W Nassar
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8106, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Vibha Sharma
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8106, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Rebecca E Schweppe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8106, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Hanim A, Mohamed IN, Mohamed RMP, Mokhtar MH, Makpol S, Naomi R, Bahari H, Kamal H, Kumar J. Alcohol Dependence Modulates Amygdalar mTORC2 and PKCε Expression in a Rodent Model. Nutrients 2023; 15:3036. [PMID: 37447362 PMCID: PMC10346598 DOI: 10.3390/nu15133036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple alcohol use disorder (AUD)-related behavioral alterations are governed by protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε), particularly in the amygdala. Protein kinase C (PKC) is readily phosphorylated at Ser729 before activation by the mTORC2 protein complex. In keeping with this, the current study was conducted to assess the variations in mTORC2 and PKCε during different ethanol exposure stages. The following groups of rats were employed: control, acute, chronic, ethanol withdrawal (EW), and EW + ethanol (EtOH). Ethanol-containing and non-ethanol-containing modified liquid diets (MLDs) were administered for 27 days. On day 28, either saline or ethanol (2.5 g/kg, 20% v/v) was intraperitoneally administered, followed by bilateral amygdala extraction. PKCε mRNA levels were noticeably increased in the amygdala of the EW + EtOH and EW groups. Following chronic ethanol consumption, the stress-activated map kinase-interacting protein 1 (Sin1) gene expression was markedly decreased. In the EW, EW + EtOH, and chronic ethanol groups, there was a profound increase in the protein expression of mTOR, Sin1, PKCε, and phosphorylated PKCε (Ser729). The PKCε gene and protein expressions showed a statistically significant moderate association, according to a correlation analysis. Our results suggest that an elevated PKCε protein expression in the amygdala during EW and EW + EtOH occurred at the transcriptional level. However, an elevation in the PKCε protein expression, but not its mRNA, after chronic ethanol intake warrants further investigation to fully understand the signaling pathways during different episodes of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athirah Hanim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (A.H.); (M.H.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Isa N. Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Rashidi M. P. Mohamed
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Helmy Mokhtar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (A.H.); (M.H.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Suzana Makpol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Ruth Naomi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (R.N.); (H.B.)
| | - Hasnah Bahari
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (R.N.); (H.B.)
| | - Haziq Kamal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (A.H.); (M.H.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (A.H.); (M.H.M.); (H.K.)
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Min X, Sun N, Wang S, Zhang X, Kim KM. Sequestration of Gβγ by deubiquitinated arrestins into the nucleus as a novel desensitization mechanism of G protein-coupled receptors. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:11. [PMID: 36658650 PMCID: PMC9854190 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-01013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) refers to a rapid attenuation of responsiveness that occurs with repeated or continuous exposure to agonists. GRK-mediated phosphorylation and subsequent binding with arrestins in the activated receptor cytoplasmic cavity in competition with G proteins has been suggested as the conventional mechanism of desensitization. Along with widely accepted conventional mechanism of desensitization, studies of various GPCRs including dopamine D2-like receptors (D2R, D3R, D4R) have suggested the existence of another desensitization mechanism. In this study, loss-of-function approaches and D2-like receptor mutants that display different desensitization properties were used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for desensitization. RESULTS Desensitization development entailed the signaling cascade composed of Src, PDK1, and Akt, the latter of which in turn interacted with USP33, an arrestin deubiquitinase, to promote arrestin deubiquitination. The deubiquitinated arrestin subsequently formed a complex with Gβγ and translocated to the nucleus via an importin complex, wherein it sequestered Gβγ from the receptor and Gα, thereby attenuating receptor signaling. As in D2-like receptors, both USP33 and importin β1 were involved in the desensitization of the β2 adrenoceptor. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the conventional mechanism of desensitization, which occurs on the plasma membrane and in the cytosol, this study provides a new insight that another desensitization pathway in which nuclear trafficking plays a critical role is operating. It is plausible that multiple, complementary desensitization measures are in place to properly induce desensitization depending on receptor characteristics or the surrounding environment. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Min
- grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Ningning Sun
- grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Shujie Wang
- grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea ,grid.443382.a0000 0004 1804 268XCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025 Guizhou China
| | - Kyeong-Man Kim
- grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
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GRP78 plays a key role in sperm function via the PI3K/PDK1/AKT pathway. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 113:103-109. [PMID: 35973673 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), which is commonly found in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is involved in stabilizing ER proteins and inducing the unfolded protein response. Furthermore, GRP78 is expressed on the surface of most common cancer cells, such as cells of breast, lung, liver, and prostate cancers, and plays a role in apoptosis and cell proliferation via the PI3K/PDK1/AKT signaling pathway. Therefore, various trials have been performed for evaluating cancer treatment by inhibiting GRP78. Moreover, GRP78 is expressed on the surface of spermatozoa; however, its role in spermatozoa physiology remains unclear. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of GRP78 on sperm function during capacitation and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Boar spermatozoa were exposed to various concentrations of HA15, a GRP78 antagonist, and sperm kinematic parameters, capacitation status, cell viability, levels of PI3K/PDK1/AKT-pathway related proteins, and tyrosine phosphorylation were evaluated. GRP78 inhibition significantly decreased sperm motility, kinematic parameters, capacitated and acrosome-reacted spermatozoa counts, and cell viability. Moreover, GRP78 expression was significantly decreased in HA15-treated spermatozoa compared to that in the control group, and levels of PI3K/PDK1/AKT-pathway related proteins changed significantly. Furthermore, tyrosine phosphorylation was significantly altered in the HA15-treated group. The results of this study suggest that GRP78 inhibition in cancer therapy may negatively affect sperm function. These results lay a strong foundation for future studies aiming to identify the molecular mechanisms related to GRP78 in spermatozoa.
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Beyond controlling cell size: functional analyses of S6K in tumorigenesis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:646. [PMID: 35879299 PMCID: PMC9314331 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
As a substrate and major effector of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), the biological functions of ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K) have been canonically assigned for cell size control by facilitating mRNA transcription, splicing, and protein synthesis. However, accumulating evidence implies that diverse stimuli and upstream regulators modulate S6K kinase activity, leading to the activation of a plethora of downstream substrates for distinct pathobiological functions. Beyond controlling cell size, S6K simultaneously plays crucial roles in directing cell apoptosis, metabolism, and feedback regulation of its upstream signals. Thus, we comprehensively summarize the emerging upstream regulators, downstream substrates, mouse models, clinical relevance, and candidate inhibitors for S6K and shed light on S6K as a potential therapeutic target for cancers.
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Molinaro C, Martoriati A, Lescuyer A, Fliniaux I, Tulasne D, Cailliau K. 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) mediates crosstalk between Src and Akt pathways in MET receptor signaling. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:2655-2664. [PMID: 34551132 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptor MET plays a pivotal role in several facets of cell regulation. Although its mitogenic effect is well documented, some aspects of connection patterns between signaling pathways involved in cell cycle progression remain to be deciphered. We have used a tractable heterologous expression system, the Xenopus oocyte, to detect connections between distinct MET signaling cascades involved in G2/M progression. Our results reveal that Src acts as an adapter via its SH2 domain to recruit 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) to the MET signaling complex leading to Akt phosphorylation. These data define an original crosstalk between Src and Akt signaling pathways that contributes to MET-induced entry into the M phase, and deserves further investigation in pathologies harboring deregulation of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Molinaro
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Alain Martoriati
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Arlette Lescuyer
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Ingrid Fliniaux
- Inserm U1003-PHYCEL-Cellular Physiology, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - David Tulasne
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020 - UMR1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Katia Cailliau
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
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Kim H, Lee J, Cho Y. PDK1 is a negative regulator of axon regeneration. Mol Brain 2021; 14:31. [PMID: 33579325 PMCID: PMC7881570 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration in the central nervous system is inefficient. However, the neurons in the peripheral nervous system display robust regeneration after injury, indicating that axonal regeneration is differentially controlled under various conditions. To identify those molecules regulating axon regeneration, comparative analysis from dorsal root ganglion neurons at embryonic or adult stages is utilized, which reveals that PDK1 is functions as a negative regulator of axon regeneration. PDK1 is downregulated in embryonic neurons after axotomy. In contrast, sciatic nerve axotomy upregulated PDK1 at protein levels from adult mice. The knockdown of PDK1 or the chemical inhibition of PDK1 promotes axon regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Here we present PDK1 as a new player to negatively regulate axon regeneration and as a potential target in the development of therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongcheol Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Wang LM, Gan YH. Cancer-derived IgG involved in cisplatin resistance through PTP-BAS/Src/PDK1/AKT signaling pathway. Oral Dis 2020; 27:464-474. [PMID: 32730654 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore whether knockdown of cancer-derived IgG (CIgG) could enhance cisplatin-induced anti-cancer effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cancer-derived IgG was knocked down by siRNA or Tet-on shRNA in the absence or presence of cisplatin in WSU-HN6 or CAL27 cells. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and mobility were evaluated using CCK-8, flow cytometry, and transwell assays, respectively. Molecular events were investigated using real-time PCR and Western blot assays. RESULTS Knockdown of CIgG significantly promoted cisplatin-induced apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Cisplatin upregulated CIgG expression and phosphorylation of AKT and PDK1, while knockdown of CIgG downregulated phosphorylation of AKT and PDK1, and blocked cisplatin-induced upregulation of AKT and PDK1 phosphorylation. Moreover, knockdown of CIgG blocked cisplatin-induced upregulation of Src phosphorylation, and knockdown of Src blocked cisplatin-induced upregulation of AKT and PDK1 phosphorylation. Overexpression of Src upregulated AKT and PDK1 phosphorylation. Furthermore, knockdown of CIgG upregulated PTP-BAS mRNA and protein expression, whereas cisplatin downregulated PTP-BAS protein, but not mRNA expression; knockdown of PTP-BAS upregulated phosphorylation of Src, PDK1, AKT, and blocked CIgG knockdown-mediated enhancement of cisplatin-induced inhibition of cell proliferation. CONCLUSION Knockdown of CIgG enhanced the anti-cancer effects of cisplatin through PTP-BAS/Src/PDK1/AKT signaling pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Ming Wang
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ye-Hua Gan
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Sharma I, Deng F, Liao Y, Kanwar YS. Myo-inositol Oxygenase (MIOX) Overexpression Drives the Progression of Renal Tubulointerstitial Injury in Diabetes. Diabetes 2020; 69:1248-1263. [PMID: 32169892 PMCID: PMC7243294 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Conceivably, upregulation of myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) is associated with altered cellular redox. Its promoter includes oxidant-response elements, and we also discovered binding sites for XBP1, a transcription factor of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Previous studies indicate that MIOX's upregulation in acute tubular injury is mediated by oxidant and ER stress. Here, we investigated whether hyperglycemia leads to accentuation of oxidant and ER stress while these boost each other's activities, thereby augmenting tubulointerstitial injury/fibrosis. We generated MIOX-overexpressing transgenic (MIOX-TG) and MIOX knockout (MIOX-KO) mice. A diabetic state was induced by streptozotocin administration. Also, MIOX-KO were crossbred with Ins2 Akita to generate Ins2 Akita/KO mice. MIOX-TG mice had worsening renal functions with kidneys having increased oxidant/ER stress, as reflected by DCF/dihydroethidium staining, perturbed NAD-to-NADH and glutathione-to-glutathione disulfide ratios, increased NOX4 expression, apoptosis and its executionary molecules, accentuation of TGF-β signaling, Smads and XBP1 nuclear translocation, expression of GRP78 and XBP1 (ER stress markers), and accelerated tubulointerstitial fibrosis. These changes were not seen in MIOX-KO mice. Interestingly, such changes were remarkably reduced in Ins2 Akita/KO mice and, likewise, in vitro experiments with XBP1 siRNA. These findings suggest that MIOX expression accentuates, while its deficiency shields kidneys from, tubulointerstitial injury by dampening oxidant and ER stress, which mutually enhance each other's activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Fei Deng
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Yingjun Liao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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12
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Gao J, Song T, Che D, Li C, Jiang J, Pang J, Yang Y, Li P. Deficiency of Pdk1 contributes to primordial follicle activation via the upregulation of YAP expression and the pro‑inflammatory response. Int J Mol Med 2019; 45:647-657. [PMID: 31894307 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the activation of primordial follicles are poorly understood. The serine/threonine protein kinase phosphoinositide‑dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), a pivotal downstream effector of phosphatidyl inositol‑3 kinase (PI3K) signaling, plays a vital role in cellular signaling. In order to identify the function of PDK1 in ovarian follicle development, this study used conditional Pdk1 deletion in mouse oocytes by crossing Pdk1loxP/loxP mice with transgenic mice carrying Gdf‑9 promoter‑mediated Cre recombinase and found that Pdk1flx/flxGdf9Cre mice were subfertile with increased serum follicle‑stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels compared with Pdk1flx/flx mice. The deletion of Pdk1 in oocytes induced massive primordial follicle activation, leading to premature ovarian failure (POF). Further investigation revealed that enhanced Yes‑associated protein (YAP) expression and an increased pro‑inflammatory response also contributed to massive primordial follicle activation. PDK1 formed the complex with the core kinases of Hippo signaling and regulated the expression levels of YAP. On the whole, the findings of the present study demonstrate that PDK1 serves as an indispensable gatekeeper for maintaining the primordial follicle pool and provide a deeper understanding of POF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Tiefang Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Dehong Che
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Changmin Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Jingyao Pang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Yujuan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Peiling Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
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Jia S, Agarwal M, Yang J, Horowitz JC, White ES, Kim KK. Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 Signaling Regulates Fibroblast Apoptosis through PDK1/Akt. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 59:295-305. [PMID: 29652518 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0419oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive fibrosis is a complication of many chronic diseases, and collectively, organ fibrosis is the leading cause of death in the United States. Fibrosis is characterized by accumulation of activated fibroblasts and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, especially type I collagen. Extensive research has supported a role for matrix signaling in propagating fibrosis, but type I collagen itself is often considered an end product of fibrosis rather than an important regulator of continued collagen deposition. Type I collagen can activate several cell surface receptors, including α2β1 integrin and discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2). We have previously shown that mice deficient in type I collagen have reduced activation of DDR2 and reduced accumulation of activated myofibroblasts. In the present study, we found that DDR2-null mice are protected from fibrosis. Surprisingly, DDR2-null fibroblasts have a normal and possibly exaggerated activation response to transforming growth factor-β and do not have diminished proliferation compared with wild-type fibroblasts. DDR2-null fibroblasts are significantly more prone to apoptosis, in vitro and in vivo, than wild-type fibroblasts, supporting a paradigm in which fibroblast resistance to apoptosis is critical for progression of fibrosis. We have identified a novel molecular mechanism by which DDR2 can promote the activation of a PDK1 (3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1)/Akt survival pathway, and we have found that inhibition of PDK1 can augment fibroblast apoptosis. Furthermore, our studies demonstrate that DDR2 expression is heavily skewed to mesenchymal cells compared with epithelial cells and that idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis cells and tissue demonstrate increased activation of DDR2 and PDK1. Collectively, these findings identify a promising target for fibrosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijing Jia
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Manisha Agarwal
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Jibing Yang
- 2 Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Eric S White
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Kevin K Kim
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
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14
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Liao HR, Chen IS, Liu FC, Lin SZ, Tseng CP. 2’,3-dihydroxy-5-methoxybiphenyl suppresses fMLP-induced superoxide anion production and cathepsin G release by targeting the β-subunit of G-protein in human neutrophils. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 829:26-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Pompura SL, Dominguez-Villar M. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in regulatory T-cell development, stability, and function. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1065-1076. [PMID: 29357116 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mir0817-349r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is an essential node in mammalian cells that controls cell growth, migration, proliferation, and metabolism. During the last decade, a number of works have demonstrated an important role for the PI3K/AKT pathway in regulatory T cell development, function, and stability. This review summarizes our current knowledge of how the PI3K/AKT pathway regulates thymic and peripheral Treg generation and function, with an emphasis on translation of these observations to therapies targeting Tregs in several pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saige L Pompura
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurology, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Margarita Dominguez-Villar
- Department of Neurology, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Syk Plays a Critical Role in the Expression and Activation of IRAK1 in LPS-Treated Macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:1506248. [PMID: 28680194 PMCID: PMC5478860 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1506248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To address how interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) is controlled by other enzymes activated by toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, we investigated the possibility that spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), a protein tyrosine kinase that is activated at an earlier stage during TLR4 activation, plays a central role in regulating the functional activation of IRAK1. Indeed, we found that overexpression of myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), an adaptor molecule that drives TLR signaling, induced IRAK1 expression and that piceatannol, a Syk inhibitor, successfully suppressed the MyD88-dependent upregulation of IRAK1 under LPS treatment conditions. Interestingly, in Syk-knockout RAW264.7 cells, IRAK1 activity was almost completely blocked after LPS treatment, while providing a Syk-recovery gene to the knockout cells successfully restored IRAK1 expression. According to our measurements of IRAK1 mRNA levels, the transcriptional upregulation of IRAK1 was induced by LPS treatment between 4 and 60 min, and this can be suppressed in Syk knockout cells, providing an effect similar that that seen under piceatannol treatment. The overexpression of Syk reverses this effect and leads to a significantly higher IRAK1 mRNA level. Collectively, our results strongly suggest that Syk plays a critical role in regulating both the activity and transcriptional level of IRAK1.
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Yang S, Kim Y, Jeong D, Kim JH, Kim S, Son YJ, Yoo BC, Jeong EJ, Kim TW, Lee ISH, Cho JY. Pyrrole-Derivative of Chalcone, ( E)-3-Phenyl-1-(2-Pyrrolyl)-2-Propenone, Inhibits Inflammatory Responses via Inhibition of Src, Syk, and TAK1 Kinase Activities. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2016; 24:595-603. [PMID: 27469142 PMCID: PMC5098538 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
(E)-3-Phenyl-1-(2-pyrrolyl)-2-propenone (PPP) is a pyrrole derivative of chalcone, in which the B-ring of chalcone linked to β-carbon is replaced by pyrrole group. While pyrrole has been studied for possible Src inhibition activity, chalcone, especially the substituents on the B-ring, has shown pharmaceutical, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant properties via inhibition of NF-κB activity. Our study is aimed to investigate whether this novel synthetic compound retains or enhances the pharmaceutically beneficial activities from the both structures. For this purpose, inflammatory responses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells were analyzed. Nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA expression, and the intracellular inflammatory signaling cascade were measured. Interestingly, PPP strongly inhibited NO release in a dose-dependent manner. To further investigate this anti-inflammatory activity, we identified molecular pathways by immunoblot analyses of nuclear fractions and whole cell lysates prepared from LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells with or without PPP pretreatment. The nuclear levels of p50, c-Jun, and c-Fos were significantly inhibited when cells were exposed to PPP. Moreover, according to the luciferase reporter gene assay after cotransfection with either TRIF or MyD88 in HEK293 cells, NF-κB-mediated luciferase activity dose-dependently diminished. Additionally, it was confirmed that PPP dampens the upstream signaling cascade of NF-κB and AP-1 activation. Thus, PPP inhibited Syk, Src, and TAK1 activities induced by LPS or induced by overexpression of these genes. Therefore, our results suggest that PPP displays anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of Syk, Src, and TAK1 activity, which may be developed as a novel anti-inflammatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjae Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Jeong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Kim
- Research and Business Foundation, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Son
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong Chul Yoo
- Colorectal Cancer Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Jeong
- Department of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sook Han Lee
- Department of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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18
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McManus S, Bisson M, Chamberland R, Roy M, Nazari S, Roux S. Autophagy and 3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Kinase 1 (PDK1)-Related Kinome in Pagetic Osteoclasts. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:1334-43. [PMID: 26848537 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In Paget's disease of bone (PDB), a major contributory factor are osteoclasts (OCs) that are larger, more numerous, resistant to apoptosis, and hyperactive. The aim of this human in vitro study was to identify kinase cascades involved in the OC phenotype and to determine their impact on downstream processes. Basal phosphorylation levels of Akt and ERK were found to be elevated in PDB OCs. Given our previous findings that 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) associates with the crucial adaptor p62 in OCs, we hypothesized that PDK1 may play an important role in OC-related kinome regulation. The increased phosphorylation of Akt and its substrate GSK3β observed in PDB OCs was reduced significantly upon PDK1 inhibition, as well as that of 4EBP1 and Raptor. This suggests a PDK1/Akt-dependent activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in PDB OCs. The resistance to apoptosis and the bone resorption were also overcome upon PDK1 inhibition. Studying autophagy by LC3B expression, we found a less inducible autophagy compared with control cells, which was reversed by PDK1 inhibition. In addition, PBD OCs exhibited higher LC3B-II/LC3B-I ratios and numbers of p62 and LC3B puncta per OC area, which did not further increase in the presence of lysosomal protease inhibitors, suggesting an accumulation of non-degradative autophagosomes. Together these results indicate a strong potential regulatory role for PDK1 in OC stimulatory pathways (Akt, ERK) and autophagy induction (via mTORC1), which may contribute to the OC phenotype in PDB. We also identified defects in late autophagosome maturation in these cells, the mechanism of which remains to be determined. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen McManus
- Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Martine Bisson
- Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Richard Chamberland
- Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Michèle Roy
- Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Shekeba Nazari
- Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Sophie Roux
- Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
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Kuo WT, Lee TC, Yu LCH. Eritoran Suppresses Colon Cancer by Altering a Functional Balance in Toll-like Receptors That Bind Lipopolysaccharide. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4684-95. [PMID: 27328732 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinogenesis is affected by overexpression of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptors CD14 and TLR4, which antagonize each other by affecting epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis. Eritoran is an investigational drug for sepsis treatment that resembles the lipid A moiety of LPS and therefore acts as a TLR4 inhibitor. In the present study, we explored the potential therapeutic uses and mechanisms of action of eritoran in reducing colon cancer progression. Eritoran administration via intracolonic, intragastric, or intravenous routes significantly reduced tumor burden in a chemically induced mouse model of colorectal carcinoma. Decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis were observed in mouse tumor cells after eritoran treatment. In vitro cultures of mouse primary tumor spheroids and human cancer cell lines displayed increased cell proliferation and cell-cycle progression following LPS challenge. This effect was inhibited by eritoran and by silencing CD14 or TLR4. In contrast, apoptosis induced by eritoran was eliminated by silencing CD14 or protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ) but not TLR4. Lastly, LPS and eritoran caused hyperphosphorylation of PKCζ in a CD14-dependent and TLR4-independent manner. Blocking PKCζ activation by a Src kinase inhibitor and a PKCζ-pseudosubstrate prevented eritoran-induced apoptosis. In summary, our work offers a preclinical proof of concept for the exploration of eritoran as a clinical treatment, with a mechanistic rationale to reposition this drug to improve the management of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res; 76(16); 4684-95. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chun Lee
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan. Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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20
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Kim Y, Jeong EJ, Han Lee IS, Kim MY, Cho JY. (E)-3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2-pyrrolyl)-2-propenone displays suppression of inflammatory responses via inhibition of Src, Syk, and NF-κB. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 20:91-9. [PMID: 26807028 PMCID: PMC4722197 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.1.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
(E)-3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2-pyrrolyl)-2-propenone (MPP) is an aldol condensation product resulting from pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde and m- and p- substituted acetophenones. However, its biological activity has not yet been evaluated. Since it has been reported that some propenone-type compounds display anti-inflammatory activity, we investigated whether MPP could negatively modulate inflammatory responses. To do this, we employed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells and examined the inhibitory levels of nitric oxide (NO) production and transcriptional activation, as well as the target proteins involved in the inflammatory signaling cascade. Interestingly, MPP was found to reduce the production of NO in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells, without causing cytotoxicity. Moreover, this compound suppressed the mRNA levels of inflammatory genes, such as inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Using luciferase reporter gene assays performed in HEK293 cells and immunoblotting analysis with nuclear protein fractions, we determined that MPP reduced the transcriptional activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Furthermore, the activation of a series of upstream signals for NF-κB activation, composed of Src, Syk, Akt, and IκBα, were also blocked by this compound. It was confirmed that MPP was able to suppress autophosphorylation of overexpressed Src and Syk in HEK293 cells. Therefore, these results suggest that MPP can function as an anti-inflammatory drug with NF-κB inhibitory properties via the suppression of Src and Syk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Jeong
- Department of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - In-Sook Han Lee
- Department of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
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Fan Y, Wang Y, Wang K. Prostaglandin E2 stimulates normal bronchial epithelial cell growth through induction of c-Jun and PDK1, a kinase implicated in oncogenesis. Respir Res 2015; 16:149. [PMID: 26684827 PMCID: PMC4699375 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a bioactive eicosanoid, has been implicated in many biological processes including reproduction, inflammation and tumor growth. We previously showed that PGE2 stimulated lung cancer cell growth and progression through PGE2 receptor EP2/EP4-mediated kinase signaling pathways. However, the role of PGE2 in controlling lung airway epithelial cell phenotype remains unknown. We evaluated the effects of c-Jun and 3-phosphoinositede dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) in mediating epithelial cell hyperplasia induced by PGE2. Method The bronchial epithelial cell lines BEAS-2B and HBEc14-KT were cultured and then treated with PGE2. PDK1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) and a PDK1 inhibitor, an antagonist of the PGE2 receptor subtype EP4 and EP4 siRNA, c-Jun siRNA, and overexpressions of c-Jun and PDK1 have been used to evaluate the effects on cell proliferation. Results We demonstrated that PGE2 increased normal bronchial epithelial cell proliferation through induction of PDK1, an ankyrin repeat-containing Ser/Thr kinase implicated in the induction of apoptosis and the suppression of tumor growth. PDK1 siRNA and a PDK1 inhibitor blocked the effects of PGE2 on normal cell growth. The PGE2-induced PDK1 expression was blocked by an antagonist of the PGE2 receptor subtype EP4 and by EP4 siRNA. In addition, we showed that induction of PDK1 by PGE2 was associated with induction of the transcription factor, c-Jun protein. Silencing of c-Jun using siRNA and point mutations of c-Jun sites in the PDK1 gene promoter resulted in blockade of PDK1 expression and promoter activity induced by PGE2. In contrast, overexpression of c-Jun induced PDK1 gene promoter activity and expression followed increased cell proliferation. Conclusion PGE2 increases normal bronchial epithelial cell proliferation through increased PDK1 gene expression that is dependent on EP4 and induction of c-Jun. Therewith, our data suggest a new role of c-Jun and PDK1 in mediating epithelial cell hyperplasia induced by PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China. .,Department of Radiotherapy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China.
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China.
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China.
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Byelinska IV, Lynchak OV, Tsyvinska SM, Rybalchenko VK. [MORPHOFUNCTIONAL STATE OF BLOOD CELLS AFTER CHRONIC EXPOSURE OF THE PROTEIN KINASES INHIBITOR MALEIMIDE DERIVATIVE]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 61:71-7. [PMID: 26552308 DOI: 10.15407/fz61.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the protein kinases inhibitor maleimide derivative (MI-1, 1-(4-Cl-benzyl)-3-Cl-4-(CF3-phenylamino)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione), inhibitor of VEGF-R1,2,3, FGF-R1, EGF-R(h), PDK1, Src(h), Syk(h), YES, ZAP70 et al. with antineoplastic activity, on blood cells parameters of rats after chronic exposure has been studied. Administration of MI-1 at doses 0.027 and 2.7 mg/kg (suppress colon carcinogenesis) for 20 and 26 weeks does not affect the morphofunctional state of red blood cells in healthy rats. This is confirmed by the lack of differences in the concentration of hemoglobin in blood, red blood cells count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume, and the number of reticulocytes in blood after 20 and 26 weeks of exposure compared with the control group. MI-1 at indicated doses does not influence total leukocytes count and content (eosinophilic and neutrophilic granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes) and does not inhibit thrombocytopoiesis (platelet count remains unchanged). No negative effect of MI-1 on hematopoiesis is not limited (by the hemopoietic system) use of this compound as a potential antitumor drug
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Huang N, Cheng S, Mi X, Tian Q, Huang Q, Wang F, Xu Z, Xie Z, Chen J, Cheng Y. Downregulation of nitrogen permease regulator like-2 activates PDK1-AKT1 and contributes to the malignant growth of glioma cells. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1613-1626. [PMID: 26455908 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Si Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Xiujuan Mi
- Department of neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology; Chongqing China
| | - Qin Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
- Institute of Life Sciences; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Zongye Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Zongyi Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
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Kim JH, Kim MY, Kim JH, Cho JY. Fisetin Suppresses Macrophage-Mediated Inflammatory Responses by Blockade of Src and Syk. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:414-20. [PMID: 26336580 PMCID: PMC4556200 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids, such as fisetin (3,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxyflavone), are plant secondary metabolites. It has been reported that fisetin is able to perform numerous pharmacological roles including anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer activities; however, the exact anti-inflammatory mechanism of fisetin is not understood. In this study, the pharmacological action modes of fisetin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage-like cells were elucidated by using immunoblotting analysis, kinase assays, and an overexpression strategy. Fisetin diminished the release of nitric oxide (NO) and reduced the mRNA levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without displaying cytotoxicity. This compound also blocked the nuclear translocation of p65/nuclear factor (NF)-κB. In agreement, the upstream phosphorylation events for NF-κB activation, composed of Src, Syk, and IκBα, were also reduced by fisetin. The phospho-Src level, triggered by overexpression of wild-type Src, was also inhibited by fisetin. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that fisetin can be considered a bioactive immunomodulatory compound with anti-inflammatory properties through suppression of Src and Syk activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- School of Systems Biological Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746
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Sung NY, Kim MY, Cho JY. Scutellarein Reduces Inflammatory Responses by Inhibiting Src Kinase Activity. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:441-9. [PMID: 26330757 PMCID: PMC4553404 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.5.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are plant pigments that have been demonstrated to exert various pharmacological effects including anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the molecular mechanisms in terms of exact target proteins of flavonoids are not fully elucidated yet. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of scutellarein (SCT), a flavonoid isolated from Erigeron breviscapus, Clerodendrum phlomidis and Oroxylum indicum Vent that have been traditionally used to treat various inflammatory diseases in China and Brazil. For this purpose, a nitric oxide (NO) assay, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nuclear fractionation, immunoblot analysis, a kinase assay, and an overexpression strategy were employed. Scutellarein significantly inhibited NO production in a dose-dependent manner and reduced the mRNA expression levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, SCT also dampened nuclear factor (NF)-κB-driven expression of a luciferase reporter gene upon transfection of a TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) construct into Human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cells; similarly, NF-κ B nuclear translocation was inhibited by SCT. Moreover, the phosphorylation levels of various upstream signaling enzymes involved in NF-κB activation were decreased by SCT treatment in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Finally, SCT strongly inhibited Src kinase activity and also inhibited the autophosphorylation of overexpressed Src. Therefore, our data suggest that SCT can block the inflammatory response by directly inhibiting Src kinase activity linked to NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nak Yoon Sung
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- School of Systems Biological Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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ATP-Binding Pocket-Targeted Suppression of Src and Syk by Luteolin Contributes to Its Anti-Inflammatory Action. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:967053. [PMID: 26236111 PMCID: PMC4506822 DOI: 10.1155/2015/967053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Luteolin is a flavonoid identified as a major anti-inflammatory component of Artemisia asiatica. Numerous reports have demonstrated the ability of luteolin to suppress inflammation in a variety of inflammatory conditions. However, its exact anti-inflammatory mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory mode of action in activated macrophages of luteolin from Artemisia asiatica was examined by employing immunoblotting analysis, a luciferase reporter gene assay, enzyme assays, and an overexpression strategy. Luteolin dose-dependently inhibited the secretion of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and diminished the levels of mRNA transcripts of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) and pam3CSK-treated macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells without displaying cytotoxicity. Luteolin displayed potent NO-inhibitory activity and also suppressed the nuclear translocation of NF-κB (p65 and p50) via blockade of Src and Syk, but not other mitogen-activated kinases. Overexpression of wild type Src and point mutants thereof, and molecular modelling studies, suggest that the ATP-binding pocket may be the luteolin-binding site in Src. These results strongly suggest that luteolin may exert its anti-inflammatory action by suppressing the NF-κB signaling cascade via blockade of ATP binding in Src and Syk.
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Liao HR, Chien CR, Chen JJ, Lee TY, Lin SZ, Tseng CP. The anti-inflammatory effect of 2-(4-hydroxy-3-prop-2-enyl-phenyl)-4-prop-2-enyl-phenol by targeting Lyn kinase in human neutrophils. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 236:90-101. [PMID: 25980585 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The undesirable respiratory burst in neutrophils can lead to inflammation and tissue damage. This study investigates the effect and the underlying mechanism of 2-(4-hydroxy-3-prop-2-enyl-phenyl)-4-prop-2-enyl-phenol (honokiol), a lignan extracted from the stem bark of Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils (Magnoliaceae), on N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced respiratory burst in human neutrophils. Signaling pathways regulated by honokiol which modulate fMLP-induced respiratory burst and cathepsin G release were evaluated by phosphorylation of Src family kinase induced by fMLP, Src family kinases activities and by immunoblotting analysis of the downstream targets of Src kinase. Briefly, honokiol inhibited fMLP-induced superoxide anion production (IC50 = 9.80 ± 0.21 μM, n = 4), cathepsin G release (IC50 = 14.23 ± 1.43 μM, n = 4) and migration (IC50 = 5.69 ± 1.51 μM, n = 4) in a concentration dependent manner. Further, honokiol specifically suppresses fMLP-induced Lyn (a member of the Src kinase family) phosphorylation, by inhibiting Lyn kinase activity. Consequently, honokiol attenuated the downstream targets of Lyn kinase, such as Tec translocation from the cytosol to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, phosphorylation of AKT, P38, PLCγ2, protein kinase C and membrane localization of p47(phox). On the other hand, fMLP-induced phosphorylation of Hck, Fgr kinase activity (other members of Src kinase), downstream phosphorylation of Vav1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase remained unaffected. In addition, honokiol neither inhibited NADPH oxidase activity nor increased cyclic AMP levels. Honokiol is not a competitive or allosteric antagonist of fMLP. In conclusion, honokiol specifically modulates fMLP-mediated neutrophil activation by inhibiting Lyn activation which subsequently interferes with the activation of PLCγ2, AKT, p38, protein kinase C, and p47(phox).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Ruei Liao
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Ru Chien
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jung Chen
- Department of Pharmacy & Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ta-jen University, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Yan Lee
- Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zhi Lin
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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The dietary flavonoid Kaempferol mediates anti-inflammatory responses via the Src, Syk, IRAK1, and IRAK4 molecular targets. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:904142. [PMID: 25922567 PMCID: PMC4398932 DOI: 10.1155/2015/904142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though a lot of reports have suggested the anti-inflammatory activity of kaempferol (KF) in macrophages, little is known about its exact anti-inflammatory mode of action and its immunopharmacological target molecules. In this study, we explored anti-inflammatory activity of KF in LPS-treated macrophages. In particular, molecular targets for KF action were identified by using biochemical and molecular biological analyses. KF suppressed the release of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), downregulated the cellular adhesion of U937 cells to fibronectin (FN), neutralized the generation of radicals, and diminished mRNA expression levels of inflammatory genes encoding inducible NO synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, and cyclooxygenase- (COX-) 2 in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) and sodium nitroprusside- (SNP-) treated RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages. KF reduced NF-κB (p65 and p50) and AP-1 (c-Jun and c-Fos) levels in the nucleus and their transcriptional activity. Interestingly, it was found that Src, Syk, IRAK1, and IRAK4 responsible for NF-κB and AP-1 activation were identified as the direct molecular targets of KF by kinase enzyme assays and by measuring their phosphorylation patterns. KF was revealed to have in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity by the direct suppression of Src, Syk, IRAK1, and IRAK4, involved in the activation of NF-κB and AP-1.
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Bär S, Rommelaere J, Nüesch JPF. PKCη/Rdx-driven phosphorylation of PDK1: a novel mechanism promoting cancer cell survival and permissiveness for parvovirus-induced lysis. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004703. [PMID: 25742010 PMCID: PMC4351090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic oncotropism and oncosuppressive activities of rodent protoparvoviruses (PVs) are opening new prospects for cancer virotherapy. Virus propagation, cytolytic activity, and spread are tightly connected to activation of the PDK1 signaling cascade, which delays stress-induced cell death and sustains functioning of the parvoviral protein NS1 through PKC(η)-driven modifications. Here we reveal a new PV-induced intracellular loop-back mechanism whereby PKCη/Rdx phosphorylates mouse PDK1:S138 and activates it independently of PI3-kinase signaling. The corresponding human PDK1phosphoS135 appears as a hallmark of highly aggressive brain tumors and may contribute to the very effective targeting of human gliomas by H-1PV. Strikingly, although H-1PV does not trigger PDK1 activation in normal human cells, such cells show enhanced viral DNA amplification and NS1-induced death upon expression of a constitutively active PDK1 mimicking PDK1phosphoS135. This modification thus appears as a marker of human glioma malignant progression and sensitivity to H-1PV-induced tumor cell killing. The H-1 protoparvovirus (H-1PV) is the first replication-competent member of the Parvoviridae family to undergo a phase I/IIa clinical trial in patients suffering from glioblastoma multiforme. Although the intrinsic oncotropism and oncolytic activity of protoparvoviruses are well known, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here we identify a PV-induced intracellular loop-back mechanism that promotes PV replication and cytotoxicity through PI3-kinase-independent stimulation of PDK1 and of the PKC and PKB/Akt1 downstream kinases. This mechanism involves PKCη/Rdx-mediated phosphorylation of PDK1 (at S138 in mouse or S135 in human). Interestingly, this phosphorylation appears as a hallmark of highly aggressive brain tumors. Although H-1PV does not promote it in normal human cells, experimentally administered activated PDK1 variants were able to sensitize these cells to virus infection. These data lead us to propose PDK1phosphoS135 as a new candidate marker for monitoring tumor progression and responsiveness to oncolytic parvovirotherapy, particularly in the case of highly aggressive brain tumors. Furthermore, the sensitivity of PDK1phosphoS135-positive cell lines to inhibitors of PKCη/Rdx argues for considering this complex as a potential target for anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Bär
- Infection and Cancer Program, Tumor Virology Division (F010), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean Rommelaere
- Infection and Cancer Program, Tumor Virology Division (F010), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürg P. F. Nüesch
- Infection and Cancer Program, Tumor Virology Division (F010), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Hossen MJ, Kim SC, Yang S, Kim HG, Jeong D, Yi YS, Sung NY, Lee JO, Kim JH, Cho JY. PDK1 disruptors and modulators: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:513-37. [PMID: 25684022 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1014801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 3-Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) is a master regulator of the AGC protein kinase family and is a critical activator of multiple pro-survival and oncogenic protein kinases, for which it has garnered considerable interest as an oncology drug target. AREAS COVERED This manuscript reviews small molecule patent literature disclosures between October 2011 and September 2014 for both PDK1 activators and inhibitors and restates the selective patents published before September 2011. PDK1 modulators are organized according to pharmaceutical company and chemical structural class. EXPERT OPINION Many academic institutions and pharmaceutical companies continue to research into the development of small molecules that can function as PDK1 inhibitors or modulators. To date, >50 patent publications on PDK1 disruptors and modulators have been published since the protein was first discovered in 1998. Most of these molecules act as ATP mimetics, forming similar hydrogen bonding patterns to PDK1 as ATP and functioning as hydrophobic pharmacophores. To achieve selectivity in PDK1 inhibition, the discovery of binding pockets structurally distinctive from the ATP site is a challenging but promising strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jahangir Hossen
- Sungkyunkwan University, Department of Genetic Engineering , 300 Chuncheon-Dong, Suwon 440-746 , Korea +82 31 290 7868 ; +82 31 290 7870 ;
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Kim DK, Kim YH, Hynx D, Wang Y, Yang KJ, Ryu D, Kim KS, Yoo EK, Kim JS, Koo SH, Lee IK, Chae HZ, Park J, Lee CH, Biddinger SB, Hemmings BA, Choi HS. PKB/Akt phosphorylation of ERRγ contributes to insulin-mediated inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Diabetologia 2014; 57:2576-85. [PMID: 25205222 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3366-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Insulin resistance, a major contributor to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, leads to increased hepatic glucose production (HGP) owing to an impaired ability of insulin to suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis. Nuclear receptor oestrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) is a major transcriptional regulator of hepatic gluconeogenesis. In this study, we investigated insulin-dependent post-translational modifications (PTMs) altering the transcriptional activity of ERRγ for the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis. METHODS We examined insulin-dependent phosphorylation and subcellular localisation of ERRγ in cultured cells and in the liver of C57/BL6, leptin receptor-deficient (db/db), liver-specific insulin receptor knockout (LIRKO) and protein kinase B (PKB) β-deficient (Pkbβ (-/-)) mice. To demonstrate the role of ERRγ in the inhibitory action of insulin on hepatic gluconeogenesis, we carried out an insulin tolerance test in C57/BL6 mice expressing wild-type or phosphorylation-deficient mutant ERRγ. RESULTS We demonstrated that insulin suppressed the transcriptional activity of ERRγ by promoting PKB/Akt-mediated phosphorylation of ERRγ at S179 and by eliciting translocation of ERRγ from the nucleus to the cytoplasm through interaction with 14-3-3, impairing its ability to promote hepatic gluconeogenesis. In addition, db/db, LIRKO and Pkbβ (-/-) mice displayed enhanced ERRγ transcriptional activity due to a block in PKBβ-mediated ERRγ phosphorylation during refeeding. Finally, the phosphorylation-deficient mutant ERRγ S179A was resistant to the inhibitory action of insulin on HGP. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results suggest that ERRγ is a major contributor to insulin action in maintaining hepatic glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don-Kyu Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Calleja V, Laguerre M, de Las Heras-Martinez G, Parker PJ, Requejo-Isidro J, Larijani B. Acute regulation of PDK1 by a complex interplay of molecular switches. Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 42:1435-40. [PMID: 25233428 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) is the master regulator of at least 23 other AGC kinases whose downstream signalling has often been implicated in various diseases and in particular in cancer. Therefore there has been great interest in determining how PDK1 is controlled and how it regulates its substrates spatially and temporally. The understanding of these mechanisms could offer new possibilities for therapeutic intervention. Over the years, a more comprehensive view of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of PDK1 has emerged and these comprise serine/threonine as well as tyrosine phosphorylation, subcellular localization, regulator binding and conformation status. In the present review, we discuss how various molecular mechanisms are together responsible for the conformational regulation behind the activation of PDK1 in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michel Laguerre
- ‡Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5248, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, F-33607 Pessac, France
| | | | | | - Jose Requejo-Isidro
- §Biophotonics Lab, Unidad de Biofísica CSIC-UPV/EHU, Barrio de Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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Zabkiewicz J, Pearn L, Hills RK, Morgan RG, Tonks A, Burnett AK, Darley RL. The PDK1 master kinase is over-expressed in acute myeloid leukemia and promotes PKC-mediated survival of leukemic blasts. Haematologica 2013; 99:858-64. [PMID: 24334295 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.096487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PDK1 is a master kinase that activates at least six protein kinase groups including AKT, PKC and S6K and is a potential target in the treatment of a range of malignancies. Here we show overexpression of PDK1 in over 40% of myelomonocytic acute leukemia patients. Overexpression of PDK1 occurred uniformly throughout the leukemic population, including putative leukemia-initiating cells. Clinical outcome analysis revealed PDK1 overexpression was associated with poorer treatment outcome. Primary acute myeloid leukemia blasts over-expressing PDK1 showed improved in vitro survival and ectopic expression of PDK1 promoted the survival of myeloid cell lines. Analysis of PDK1 target kinases revealed that PDK1 overexpression was most closely associated with increased phosphorylation of PKC isoenzymes and inhibition of PKC strongly inhibited the survival advantage of PDK1 over-expressing cells. Membrane localization studies implicated PKCα as a major target for PDK1 in this disease. PDK1 over-expressing blasts showed differential sensitivity to PDK1 inhibition (in the low micromolar range) suggesting oncogene addiction, whilst normal bone marrow progenitors were refractory to PDK1 inhibition at effective inhibitor concentrations. PDK1 inhibition also targeted subpopulations of leukemic blasts with a putative leukemia-initiating cell phenotype. Together these data show that overexpression of PDK1 is common in acute myelomonocytic leukemia and is associated with poorer treatment outcome, probably arising from the cytoprotective function of PDK1. We also show that therapeutic targeting of PDK1 has the potential to be both an effective and selective treatment for these patients, and is also compatible with current treatment regimes.
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van Ameijde J, Overvoorde J, Knapp S, den Hertog J, Ruijtenbeek R, Liskamp RMJ. Real-Time Monitoring of the Dephosphorylating Activity of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases Using Microarrays with 3-Nitrophosphotyrosine Substrates. Chempluschem 2013; 78:1349-1357. [PMID: 31986648 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatases and kinases regulate the crucial phosphorylation post-translational modification. In spite of their similarly important role in many diseases and therapeutic potential, phosphatases have received arguably less attention. One reason for this is a scarcity of high-throughput phosphatase assays. Herein, a new real-time, dynamic protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) substrate microarray assay measuring product formation is described. PTP substrates comprising a novel 3-nitrophosphotyrosine residue are immobilized in discrete spots. After reaction catalyzed by a PTP a 3-nitrotyrosine residue is formed that can be detected by specific, sequence-independent antibodies. The resulting microarray was successfully evaluated with a panel of recombinant PTPs and cell lysates, which afforded results comparable to data from other assays. Its parallel nature, convenience, and low sample requirements facilitate investigation of the therapeutically relevant PTP enzyme family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van Ameijde
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) (0)30-253-6655.,Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CA Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - John Overvoorde
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3508 AD Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ (U.K.)
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3508 AD Utrecht (The Netherlands).,Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden (The Netherlands)
| | - Rob Ruijtenbeek
- Pamgene International Ltd. Wolvenhoek 10, 5200 BJ Den Bosch (The Netherlands)
| | - Rob M J Liskamp
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) (0)30-253-6655.,School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, Glasgow University, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ (U.K.)
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Characterization of fragmented 3-phosphoinsitide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) by phosphosite-specific antibodies. Life Sci 2013; 93:700-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Park J, Kwon K, Kim SH, Yi MH, Zhang E, Kong G, Kim DW, Park J. Astrocytic phosphorylation of PDK1 on Tyr9 following an excitotoxic lesion in the mouse hippocampus. Brain Res 2013; 1533:37-43. [PMID: 23973607 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) is suggested to play important roles in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and neuronal cell survival in the mature CNS. Although few studies have investigated the roles of PDK1, little is known about PDK1 changes in glial cells under neuropathological conditions. In current report, phosphorylation of PDK1 was monitored specially on tyrosine residues, following the induction of an excitotoxic lesion in rat brain by using kainic acid administration. In injured hippocampal CA3 region, Tyr9 phosphorylation of PDK1 was increased from 4h until 3 day post-injection. Double immunohistochemistry further evaluated that these phosphorylated forms of PDK1 were localized in astrocytes not other cells. Overexpression of unphosphorylatable mutant, PDK1-Y9F leads to inhibit Protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) activation and cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation. In conclusion, our results suggested for the first time that tyrosine phosphorylation of PDK1 is required for PKB and CREB activation in KA-mediated excitotoxic lesion in mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 301-747, South Korea
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Gain-of-function Lyn induces anemia: appropriate Lyn activity is essential for normal erythropoiesis and Epo receptor signaling. Blood 2013; 122:262-71. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-10-463158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Gain-of-function Lyn mice develop hemolytic anemia with acanthocyte red blood cells and display compensatory extramedullary erythropoiesis. Hyperactive Lyn notably alters Epo receptor signaling, particularly an Akt-FoxO3 pathway, enhancing viability and delaying differentiation.
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Kim JH, Lee YG, Yoo S, Oh J, Jeong D, Song WK, Yoo BC, Rhee MH, Park J, Cha SH, Hong S, Cho JY. Involvement of Src and the actin cytoskeleton in the antitumorigenic action of adenosine dialdehyde. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1042-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Byeon SE, Yu T, Yang Y, Lee YG, Kim JH, Oh J, Jeong HY, Hong S, Yoo BC, Cho WJ, Hong S, Cho JY. Hydroquinone regulates hemeoxygenase-1 expression via modulation of Src kinase activity through thiolation of cysteine residues. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 57:105-18. [PMID: 23290930 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hydroxylated benzene metabolite hydroquinone (HQ) is mainly generated from benzene, an important industrial chemical, and is also a common dietary component. Although numerous papers have addressed the potential role of HQ in tumorigenic responses, the immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects of hydroquinone have also been considered. In this study, we characterized the mechanism of the induction of hemeoxygenase (HO)-1 and other phase 2 enzymes by HQ and its derivatives. HQ upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of HO-1 by increasing the antioxidant-response element-dependent transcriptional activation of Nrf-2. Src knockdown or deficiency induced via siRNA treatment and infection with a retrovirus expressing shRNA targeting Src, as well as exposure to PP2, a Src kinase inhibitor, strongly abrogated HO-1 expression. Interestingly, HQ directly targeted and bound to the sulfhydryl group of cysteine-483 (C483) and C400 residues of Src, potentially leading to disruption of intracellular disulfide bonds. Src kinase activity was dramatically enhanced by mutation of these cysteine sites, implying that these sites may play an important role in the regulation of Src kinase activity. Therefore, our data suggest that Src and, particularly, its C483 target site can be considered as prime molecular targets of the HQ-mediated induction of phase 2 enzymes, which is potentially linked to HO-1-mediated cellular responses such as immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Eun Byeon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 446-746, Korea
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40
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Harris IS, Blaser H, Moreno J, Treloar AE, Gorrini C, Sasaki M, Mason JM, Knobbe CB, Rufini A, Hallé M, Elia AJ, Wakeham A, Tremblay ML, Melino G, Done S, Mak TW. PTPN12 promotes resistance to oxidative stress and supports tumorigenesis by regulating FOXO signaling. Oncogene 2013; 33:1047-54. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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41
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PKB-mediated PHF20 phosphorylation on Ser291 is required for p53 function in DNA damage. Cell Signal 2013; 25:74-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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42
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Bayliss A, Evans PD. Characterisation of AmphiAmR4, an amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae) α₂-adrenergic-like G-protein-coupled receptor. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2012. [PMID: 23183848 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-012-0145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the evolutionary relationship between vertebrate adrenergic receptors and invertebrate octopamine and tyramine receptors. The complexity of the adrenergic signalling system is believed to be an innovation of the vertebrate lineage but the presence of noradrenaline has been reported in some invertebrate species. The cephalochordate, amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae), is an ideal model organism for studying the evolution of vertebrate GPCRs, given its unique position at the base of the chordate lineage. Here, we describe the pharmacological characterisation and second messenger coupling abilities of AmphiAmR4, which clusters with α₂-adrenergic receptors in a phylogenetic tree but also shares a high sequence similarity to invertebrate octopamine/tyramine receptors in both BLAST and Hidden Markov Model analyses. Thus, it was of particular interest to determine if AmphiAmR4 displayed similar functional properties to the vertebrate α₂-adrenergic receptors or to invertebrate octopamine or tyramine receptors. When stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, noradrenaline couples the receptor to both the activation of adenylyl cyclase and to the activation of the MAPKinase pathway. Pharmacological studies with a wide range of agonists and antagonists suggest that AmphiAmR4 functions as an α₂-adrenergic-like receptor when expressed in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Bayliss
- The Inositide Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, The Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
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43
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Seong HA, Jung H, Manoharan R, Ha H. PDK1 protein phosphorylation at Thr354 by murine protein serine-threonine kinase 38 contributes to negative regulation of PDK1 protein activity. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:20811-22. [PMID: 22544756 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.331827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine protein serine-threonine kinase 38 (MPK38) is a member of the AMP-activated protein kinase-related serine/threonine kinase family, which acts as cellular energy sensors. In this study, MPK38-induced PDK1 phosphorylation was examined to elucidate the biochemical mechanisms underlying phosphorylation-dependent regulation of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) activity. The results showed that MPK38 interacted with and inhibited PDK1 activity via Thr(354) phosphorylation. MPK38-PDK1 complex formation was mediated by the amino-terminal catalytic kinase domain of MPK38 and the pleckstrin homology domain of PDK1. This activity was dependent on insulin, a PI3K/PDK1 stimulator, as well as various apoptotic stimuli, including TNF-α, H(2)O(2), thapsigargin, and ionomycin. MPK38 inhibited PDK1 activity in a kinase-dependent manner and alleviated PDK1-mediated suppression of TGF-β (or ASK1) signaling, probably via the phosphorylation of PDK1 at Thr(354). In addition, MPK38-mediated inhibition of PDK1 activity was accompanied by the modulation of PDK1 binding to its positive and negative regulators, serine/threonine kinase receptor-associated protein and 14-3-3, respectively. Together, these findings suggest an important role for MPK38-mediated phosphorylation of PDK1 in the negative regulation of PDK1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-A Seong
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea.
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44
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Yoon S, Yi YS, Kim SS, Kim JH, Park WS, Nam SW. SOCS5 and SOCS6 have similar expression patterns in normal and cancer tissues. Tumour Biol 2011; 33:215-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-011-0264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Mizrachy-Schwartz S, Cohen N, Klein S, Kravchenko-Balasha N, Levitzki A. Up-regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase in cancer cell lines is mediated through c-Src activation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:15268-77. [PMID: 21245141 PMCID: PMC3083231 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.211813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report that the activation level of AMP-dependent protein kinase AMPK is elevated in cancer cell lines as a hallmark of their transformed state. In OVCAR3 and A431 cells, c-Src signals through protein kinase Cα, phospholipase Cγ, and LKB1 to AMPK. AMPK controls internal ribosome entry site (IRES) dependent translation in these cells. We suggest that AMPK activation via PKC might be a general mechanism to regulate IRES-dependent translation in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Mizrachy-Schwartz
- From the Unit of Cellular Signaling, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Noam Cohen
- From the Unit of Cellular Signaling, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Shoshana Klein
- From the Unit of Cellular Signaling, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Nataly Kravchenko-Balasha
- From the Unit of Cellular Signaling, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Alexander Levitzki
- From the Unit of Cellular Signaling, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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46
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Pollock CB, Yin Y, Yuan H, Zeng X, King S, Li X, Kopelovich L, Albanese C, Glazer RI. PPARδ activation acts cooperatively with 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 to enhance mammary tumorigenesis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16215. [PMID: 21297860 PMCID: PMC3020974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorδ (PPARδ) is a transcription factor that is associated with metabolic gene regulation and inflammation. It has been implicated in tumor promotion and in the regulation of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1). PDK1 is a key regulator of the AGC protein kinase family, which includes the proto-oncogene AKT/PKB implicated in several malignancies, including breast cancer. To assess the role of PDK1 in mammary tumorigenesis and its interaction with PPARδ, transgenic mice were generated in which PDK1 was expressed in mammary epithelium under the control of the MMTV enhancer/promoter region. Transgene expression increased pT308AKT and pS9GSK3β, but did not alter phosphorylation of mTOR, 4EBP1, ribosomal protein S6 and PKCα. The transgenic mammary gland also expressed higher levels of PPARδ and a gene expression profile resembling wild-type mice maintained on a diet containing the PPARδ agonist, GW501516. Both wild-type and transgenic mice treated with GW501516 exhibited accelerated rates of tumor formation that were more pronounced in transgenic animals. GW501516 treatment was accompanied by a distinct metabolic gene expression and metabolomic signature that was not present in untreated animals. GW501516-treated transgenic mice expressed higher levels of fatty acid and phospholipid metabolites than treated wild-type mice, suggesting the involvement of PDK1 in enhancing PPARδ-driven energy metabolism. These results reveal that PPARδ activation elicits a distinct metabolic and metabolomic profile in tumors that is in part related to PDK1 and AKT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire B. Pollock
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Yuzhi Yin
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Hongyan Yuan
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Xiao Zeng
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Sruthi King
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Levy Kopelovich
- Chemoprevention Agent Development and Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chris Albanese
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Robert I. Glazer
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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Bayascas JR. PDK1: the major transducer of PI 3-kinase actions. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 346:9-29. [PMID: 20563709 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Most of the cellular responses to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate production are mediated by the activation of a group of AGC kinases comprising PKB, S6K, RSK, SGK and PKC isoforms, which play essential roles in regulating physiological processes related to cell growth, proliferation, survival and metabolism. All these growth-factor-stimulated AGC kinases possess a common upstream activator, namely PDK1, a master kinase, which, being constitutively active, is still able to phosphorylate and activate its AGC substrates in response to rises in the levels of the PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) second messenger. In this chapter, the biochemical, structural and genetic data on the mechanism of action and physiological roles of PDK1 are reviewed, and its potential as a pharmaceutical target for the design of drugs therapeutically beneficial to treat human disease such us diabetes and cancer is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ramón Bayascas
- Institut de Neurociències & Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
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48
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Gold nanoparticles downregulate VEGF-and IL-1β-induced cell proliferation through Src kinase in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2010; 91:769-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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49
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Masters TA, Calleja V, Armoogum DA, Marsh RJ, Applebee CJ, Laguerre M, Bain AJ, Larijani B. Regulation of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 activity by homodimerization in live cells. Sci Signal 2010; 3:ra78. [PMID: 20978239 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
3-Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) plays a central role in regulating the activity of protein kinases that are essential for signaling; however, how PDK1 itself is regulated is largely unknown. We found that homodimerization of PDK1 is a spatially and temporally regulated mechanism for controlling PDK1 activity. We used Förster resonance energy transfer monitored by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy to observe PDK1 homodimerization in live cells. A pleckstrin homology (PH) domain-dependent, basal dimeric association of PDK1 was increased upon cell stimulation with growth factors; this association was prevented by a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor and by a mutation in, or a complete deletion of, the PH domain of PDK1. The distinct spatial distribution of PDK1 homodimers relative to that of heterodimers of PDK1 and protein kinase B (PKB), and the ability of monomeric mutants of PDK1 to phosphorylate PKB, suggested that the monomer was the active conformation. Mutation of the autophosphorylation residue threonine-513 to glutamate, which was predicted to destabilize the homodimer interface, enhanced the interaction between PDK1 and PKB and the activity of PKB. Through in vitro, time-resolved fluorescence intensity and anisotropy measurements, combined with existing crystal structures and computational molecular modeling, we determined the geometrical arrangement of the PDK1 homodimer. With this approach, we calculated the size of the population of PDK1 dimers in cells. This description of a previously uncharacterized regulatory mechanism for the activation of PDK1 offers possibilities for controlling PDK1 activity therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Masters
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK
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50
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Shen X, Xi G, Radhakrishnan Y, Clemmons DR. PDK1 recruitment to the SHPS-1 signaling complex enhances insulin-like growth factor-i-stimulated AKT activation and vascular smooth muscle cell survival. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:29416-24. [PMID: 20643654 PMCID: PMC2937974 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.155325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vascular smooth muscle cells, exposed to hyperglycemia and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), SHPS-1 functions as a scaffold protein, and a signaling complex is assembled that leads to AKT activation. However, the underlying mechanism by which formation of this complex activates the kinase that phosphorylates AKT (Thr(308)) is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism of PDK1 recruitment to the SHPS-1 signaling complex and the consequences of disrupting PDK1 recruitment for downstream signaling. Our results show that following IGF-I stimulation, PDK1 is recruited to SHPS-1, and its recruitment is mediated by Grb2, which associates with SHPS-1 via its interaction with Pyk2, a component of the SHPS-1-associated complex. A proline-rich sequence in PDK1 bound to an Src homology 3 domain in Grb2 in response to IGF-I. Disruption of Grb2-PDK1 by expression of either a Grb2 Src homology 3 domain or a PDK1 proline to alanine mutant inhibited PDK1 recruitment to SHPS-1, leading to impaired IGF-I-stimulated AKT Thr(308) phosphorylation. Following its recruitment to SHPS-1, PDK1 was further activated via Tyr(373/376) phosphorylation, and this was required for a maximal increase in PDK1 kinase activity and AKT-mediated FOXO3a Thr(32) phosphorylation. PDK1 recruitment was also required for IGF-I to prevent apoptosis that occurred in response to hyperglycemia. Assembly of the Grb2-PDK1 complex on SHPS-1 was specific for IGF-I signaling because inhibiting PDK1 recruitment to SHPS-1 had no effect on EGF-stimulated AKT Thr(308) phosphorylation. These findings reveal a novel mechanism for recruitment of PDK1 to the SHPS-1 signaling complex, which is required for IGF-I-stimulated AKT Thr(308) phosphorylation and inhibition of apoptosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Cell Line
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- GRB2 Adaptor Protein/genetics
- GRB2 Adaptor Protein/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoprecipitation
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Transport/drug effects
- Protein Transport/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase
- RNA Interference
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Swine
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Shen
- From the Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Gang Xi
- From the Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Yashwanth Radhakrishnan
- From the Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - David R. Clemmons
- From the Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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