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He Y, Liu T, He Q, Ke W, Li X, Du J, Deng S, Shu Z, Wu J, Yang B, Wang Y, Mao Y, Rao Y, Shu Y, Peng B. Microglia facilitate and stabilize the response to general anesthesia via modulating the neuronal network in a brain region-specific manner. eLife 2023; 12:RP92252. [PMID: 38131301 PMCID: PMC10746144 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia leads to a loss of consciousness and an unrousable state in patients. Although general anesthetics are widely used in clinical practice, their underlying mechanisms remain elusive. The potential involvement of nonneuronal cells is unknown. Microglia are important immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that play critical roles in CNS function and dysfunction. We unintentionally observed delayed anesthesia induction and early anesthesia emergence in microglia-depleted mice. We found that microglial depletion differentially regulates neuronal activities by suppressing the neuronal network of anesthesia-activated brain regions and activating emergence-activated brain regions. Thus, microglia facilitate and stabilize the anesthesia status. This influence is not mediated by dendritic spine plasticity. Instead, it relies on the activation of microglial P2Y12 and subsequent calcium influx, which facilitates the general anesthesia response. Together, we elucidate the regulatory role of microglia in general anesthesia, extending our knowledge of how nonneuronal cells modulate neuronal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Taohui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Quansheng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Ke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jinjin Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouChina
| | - Suixin Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhenfeng Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jialin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Baozhi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouChina
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouChina
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanxia Rao
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Laboratory Animal Science, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yousheng Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Co-Innovation Center of Neurodegeneration, Nantong UniversityNantongChina
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Kubica J, Adamski P, Dobrzycki S, Gajda R, Gąsior M, Gierlotka M, Jaguszewski M, Legutko J, Lesiak M, Navarese EP, Niezgoda P, Ostrowska M, Pawłowski T, Tycińska A, Umińska JM, Witkowski A, Gil R. Cangrelor - Expanding therapeutic options in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Cardiol J 2023; 31:133-146. [PMID: 37964649 PMCID: PMC10919555 DOI: 10.5603/cj.96076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cangrelor is the only intravenous P2Y12 receptor antagonist. It is an adenosine triphosphate analog that selectively, directly, and reversibly binds to the platelet P2Y12 receptors exerting its antiaggregatory effect. Cangrelor is characterized by linear, dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and rapid onset of action providing potent platelet inhibition exceeding 90%. Cangrelor is rapidly metabolized by endothelial endonucleotidase; thus, its half-life is 2.9 to 5.5 min, and its antiplatelet effect subsides within 60 to 90 min. Data originating from three pivotal cangrelor trials (CHAMPION PLATFORM, CHAMPION PCI, and CHAMPION PHOENIX) indicate that cangrelor reduces the risk of periprocedural thrombotic complications during percutaneous coronary intervention at the expense of mild bleedings. Its unique pharmacological properties allow it to overcome the limitations of oral P2Y12 receptor inhibitors, mainly related to the delayed and decreased bioavailability and antiplatelet effect of these agents, which are often observed in the setting of acute coronary syndrome. Subgroups of patients who could theoretically benefit the most from cangrelor include those in whom pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral P2Y12 receptor antagonists are most disturbed, namely patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, those treated with opioids, with mild therapeutic hypothermia, or in cardiogenic shock. Cangrelor could also be useful if bridging is required in patients undergoing surgery. According to the current guidelines cangrelor may be considered in P2Y12 receptor inhibitor-naïve patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in both acute and stable settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Kubica
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Piotr Adamski
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Dobrzycki
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Mariusz Gąsior
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marek Gierlotka
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Legutko
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Clinical Department of Interventional Cardiology, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Lesiak
- Chair and 1st Department of Cardiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Eliano P Navarese
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Piotr Niezgoda
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Ostrowska
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pawłowski
- Department of Cardiology, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Julia M Umińska
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Adam Witkowski
- Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Gil
- Department of Cardiology, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
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Yang Y, Li B. Novel Peptide Motifs Containing Asp-Glu-Gly Target P 2Y 12 and Thromboxane A2 Receptors to Inhibit Platelet Aggregation and Thrombus Formation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:785-793. [PMID: 35016500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that collagen peptides have multiple biological activities. Our previous study has separated and identified antiplatelet aggregation peptides Asp-Glu-Gly-Pro (DEGP) from Salmo salar skin. This study is to investigate the cellular target of DEGP on platelets and its underlying mechanism. DEGP inhibited platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner induced by 2MeS-ADP and U46619 and significantly attenuated tail thrombosis formation by 30% in mice at the dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. Mechanically, DEGP displayed apparent antagonism effects on TP and P2Y12 receptors by the drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) technique to regulate the phosphorylation of RhoAS188, PLCβ3S537, as well as VASPS157. The molecular docking results revealed a stronger binding energy with the target protein of modified peptides DEGI and DDEGL. Practically, DEGI exhibited the highest inhibition activity against 2MeS-ADP- and U46619-induced platelet aggregation in vitro with IC50 values of 0.88 ± 0.10 and 0.85 ± 0.10 mM, respectively, and comparable antithrombosis activity with aspirin at the dose of 25 mg/kg body weight in vivo. These results indicated the possibility that the peptide motifs containing Asp-Glu-Gly could potentially be developed as a novel therapeutic agent in the prevention and treatment of thrombotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Yang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
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Fukawa N, Ueda T, Ogoshi T, Kitazawa Y, Takahashi J. Vascular Endothelial Repair and the Influence of Circulating Antiplatelet Drugs in a Carotid Coil Model. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2021; 13:11795735211011786. [PMID: 34104032 PMCID: PMC8145582 DOI: 10.1177/11795735211011786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Clinicians may choose to administer antiplatelet medications to patients with cerebral aneurysms following endovascular coiling to prevent thrombus formation and vascular occlusion, if they fear a thrombus will form on the platinum wire where it diverges into the vessel from the aneurysm sac. However, the mechanism by which vascular endothelial cells repair a vessel in the living body in the event of a coil deviation and the effects of antiplatelet drugs on these cells have not been fully elucidated. We aimed to investigate the association between endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and endothelium formation at the surface of the platinum coils deployed in the carotid artery of rats, and to determine the effects of different antiplatelet drugs on this process. Subjects and Methods: We established an experimental model using normal and diabetic rats at 12 months of age. The diabetic rats were assigned to 4 different diet groups, distinguished by whether they were fed plain rat feed, or the same feed supplemented by 1 of 3 antiplatelet drugs (cilostazol, aspirin, or clopidogrel: all 0.1%) for 2 weeks, and the carotid artery was perforated by an embolization coil (“carotid coil model”). We monitored the process by which vascular endothelial cells formed the new endothelium on the surface of the coil by sampling and evaluating the region at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after placement. This repair process was also compared among 3 groups treated with different antiplatelet drugs (i.e. aspirin, clopidogrel, and cilostazol). One-way analysis of variance tests were performed to evaluate the differences in vascular thickness between groups, and P < .05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The diabetic rats showed delayed neoendothelialization and marked intimal hyperplasia. Cilostazol and clopidogrel effectively counteracted this delayed endothelial repair process. Flk1 immunostaining revealed greater expression in the diabetic rats administered cilostazol, second only to normal rats, suggesting that this agent acted to recruit EPCs. Conclusion: Neoendothelialization is delayed when vascular endothelial cells fail to function normally, which consequently leads to the formation of hyperplastic tissue. Cilostazol may remedy this dysfunction by recruiting EPCs to the site of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Fukawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kindai University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ueda
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tottori University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
- Takahiro Ueda, Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tottori University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nish-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan.
| | - Tomofumi Ogoshi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tottori University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Kitazawa
- Kindai University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kindai University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
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Martins TA, Schmassmann P, Shekarian T, Boulay JL, Ritz MF, Zanganeh S, Vom Berg J, Hutter G. Microglia-Centered Combinatorial Strategies Against Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:571951. [PMID: 33117364 PMCID: PMC7552736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated microglia (MG) and macrophages (MΦ) are important components of the glioblastoma (GBM) immune tumor microenvironment (iTME). From the recent advances in understanding how MG and GBM cells evolve and interact during tumorigenesis, we emphasize the cooperation of MG with other immune cell types of the GBM-iTME, mainly MΦ and T cells. We provide a comprehensive overview of current immunotherapeutic clinical trials and approaches for the treatment of GBM, which in general, underestimate the counteracting contribution of immunosuppressive MG as a main factor for treatment failure. Furthermore, we summarize new developments and strategies in MG reprogramming/re-education in the GBM context, with a focus on ways to boost MG-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis and associated experimental models and methods. This ultimately converges in our proposal of novel combinatorial regimens that locally modulate MG as a central paradigm, and therefore may lead to additional, long-lasting, and effective tumoricidal responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás A Martins
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Tala Shekarian
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Boulay
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Françoise Ritz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven Zanganeh
- Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Johannes Vom Berg
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Hutter
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Shatoor AS, Shati A, Humayed SA, Al-Qahtani S, Alkhateeb M. Opposite Modulatory Effects of Crataegus aronia Aqueous Extract on Platelet Aggregation in Rats. Chin J Integr Med 2020; 27:696-704. [PMID: 32418179 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-020-3187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To reveal the mechanisms behind the dual effects of Crataegus aronia (C. aronia) aqueous extract on platelet aggregation by focusing on function, regulation, expression, and signaling of platelets P2Y12 receptors. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats (120 ± 10 g) were classified as control received the vehicle, C. aronia (200 mg/kg), and C. aronia (2,000 mg/kg)-treated rats. After treatments for consecutive 7 days, hematological and molecular experiments were conducted to detect alterations in platelet aggregation, thromboxane B2 (THXB2) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content; protein levels of P2Y12, p-Akt, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), phosphorylated vasodilator-stimulated-phosphoprotein (p-VASP), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), P-selectin, and etc. in platelets were determined by Western blot; mRNA expressions of P2Y12 and some inflammatory markers were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS At a concentration of 200 mg/kg, C. aronia inhibited platelet aggregation through multiple interconnected mechanisms including downregulation P2Y12 synthesis and expression, stimulating intracellular cAMP levels and protein levels of p-VASP, inhibiting platelets THXB2 release and protein levels of P-selectin. Also, it inhibited platelets level of ROS and of NF-κB, a major signaling pathway that stimulates the expression of P2Y12 and THXA2 synthesis. Opposite findings were seen in platelets of rats received C. aronia at a concentration of 2,000 mg/kg. Interestingly, co-administration of N-acetylcysteine prevented all hematological and molecular alterations exerted by the high dose of the extract and inhibited platelet aggregation. CONCLUSION Oral administration of C. aronia at low dose inhibits platelet aggregation by reducing THXB2 release, expression of P-selectin and activating cAMP and Akt signaling through two major mechanisms including downregulation of P2Y12 and inhibition of ROS-induced activation of NF-κB, an effect that is observed to be in the opposite direction with its high dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S Shatoor
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Section, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 64121, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali Shati
- Department of Biology, College of Science, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 64121, Saudi Arabia
| | - S Al Humayed
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Section, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 64121, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Al-Qahtani
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Alkhateeb
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia
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Feliu C, Peyret H, Brassart-Pasco S, Oszust F, Poitevin G, Nguyen P, Millart H, Djerada Z. Ticagrelor Prevents Endothelial Cell Apoptosis through the Adenosine Signalling Pathway in the Early Stages of Hypoxia. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050740. [PMID: 32397519 PMCID: PMC7277469 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have reported the beneficial effects of anti-platelet drugs in cardioprotection against ischaemia-reperfusion injuries. To date, no studies have focused on the indirect cytoprotective effects of ticagrelor via adenosine receptor on the endothelium. METHOD By evaluating cell viability and cleaved caspase 3 expression, we validated a model of endothelial cell apoptosis induced by hypoxia. In hypoxic endothelial cells treated with ticagrelor, we quantified the extracellular concentration of adenosine, and then we studied the involvement of adenosine pathways in the cytoprotective effect of ticagrelor. RESULTS Our results showed that 10 µM ticagrelor induced an anti-apoptotic effect in our model associated with an increase of extracellular adenosine concentration. Similar experiments were conducted with cangrelor but did not demonstrate an anti-apoptotic effect. We also found that A2B and A3 adenosine receptors were involved in the anti-apoptotic effect of ticagrelor in endothelial cells exposed to 2 h of hypoxia stress. CONCLUSION we described an endothelial cytoprotective mechanism of ticagrelor against hypoxia stress, independent of blood elements. We highlighted a mechanism triggered mainly by the increased extracellular bioavailability of adenosine, which activates A2B and A3 receptors on the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Feliu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hémostase et Remodelage Vasculaire post-Ischémie (HERVI) E.A.3801, SFR CAP-santé, Reims University Hospital, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51095 Reims CEDEX, France; (C.F.); (H.P.); (F.O.); (H.M.)
| | - Hélène Peyret
- Department of Pharmacology, Hémostase et Remodelage Vasculaire post-Ischémie (HERVI) E.A.3801, SFR CAP-santé, Reims University Hospital, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51095 Reims CEDEX, France; (C.F.); (H.P.); (F.O.); (H.M.)
| | - Sylvie Brassart-Pasco
- UMR CNRS/URCA 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Reims University Hospital, SFR CAP-santé, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51095 Reims CEDEX, France;
| | - Floriane Oszust
- Department of Pharmacology, Hémostase et Remodelage Vasculaire post-Ischémie (HERVI) E.A.3801, SFR CAP-santé, Reims University Hospital, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51095 Reims CEDEX, France; (C.F.); (H.P.); (F.O.); (H.M.)
| | - Gaël Poitevin
- Laboratory of Hematology, E.A.3801, SFR CAP-santé, Reims University Hospital, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51095 Reims CEDEX, France; (G.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Philippe Nguyen
- Laboratory of Hematology, E.A.3801, SFR CAP-santé, Reims University Hospital, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51095 Reims CEDEX, France; (G.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Hervé Millart
- Department of Pharmacology, Hémostase et Remodelage Vasculaire post-Ischémie (HERVI) E.A.3801, SFR CAP-santé, Reims University Hospital, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51095 Reims CEDEX, France; (C.F.); (H.P.); (F.O.); (H.M.)
| | - Zoubir Djerada
- Department of Pharmacology, Hémostase et Remodelage Vasculaire post-Ischémie (HERVI) E.A.3801, SFR CAP-santé, Reims University Hospital, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51095 Reims CEDEX, France; (C.F.); (H.P.); (F.O.); (H.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-3-26-83-27-82; Fax: +33-3-26-78-84-56
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Meta-Analysis of the Role of Cangrelor for Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Am J Cardiol 2019; 123:1069-1075. [PMID: 30654930 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of the P2Y12 receptor by an oral P2Y12 inhibitor with loading doses along with Cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition by aspirin is considered a first-line treatment strategy in patients with the acute coronary syndrome and patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Limitations associated with oral P2Y12 receptor inhibitors include a requirement for in vivo conversion (thienopyridines), delayed onset of action, suboptimal inhibition, irreversible inhibition (thienopyridines), and delayed offset. In the acute setting, therapy with potent platelet inhibitors that have a fast onset and offset is desirable to attenuate thrombotic complications. Cangrelor, an intravenous agent, is an adenosine triphosphate analog, selectively and explicitly blocking P2Y12 receptor-mediated platelet activation. Cangrelor has been studied in a series of CHAMPION trials. A patient-level, meta-analysis of all 3 phase III trials (24,910 patients), demonstrated that cangrelor significantly reduced the rate of the composite outcome of death, myocardial infarction, ischemia-driven revascularization, or stent thrombosis at 48 hours and 30 days compared with clopidogrel, with no significant increase in major bleeding. It is approved for clinical use in patients undergoing PCI to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization, and stent thrombosis in patients who have not been treated with a P2Y12 platelet inhibitor and are not being given a GPIIbIIIa inhibitor. In conclusion, patients unable to take oral medications undergoing emergent/urgent PCI and those who had recent PCI with drug eluting stent in need for urgent cardiac or noncardiac surgery are potential candidates for cangrelor.
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Tantry U, Chaudhary R, Kubica J, Bliden K, Gurbel PA. Cangrelor for the treatment of patients with Arterial Thrombosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018; 19:1389-1398. [PMID: 30102083 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1506767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION All oral P2Y12 receptor blockers are associated with some degree of delayed onset and offset of pharmacodynamic (PD) effects in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Although intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors are associated with rapid onset of action, they are also associated with delayed offset and other limitations such as elevated bleeding risk and thrombocytopenia. Areas covered: In this review, the authors focus on cangrelor, an intravenous, reversible P2Y12 receptor blocker with fast onset and offset of effects. The authors also describe the pharmacologic effects of cangrelor and its pharmacologic interaction with other P2Y12 receptor inhibitors. Finally, the authors discuss the large-scale clinical trials that compared the efficacy and safety of cangrelor with clopidogrel. Expert opinion: In ACS patients undergoing PCI, cangrelor is most desirable to effectively prevent periprocedural ischemic events and to avoid excessive bleeding. Indeed, any high-risk patient with ST-segment elevation myocardial infraction or patient who is unable to take oral medications is a potential candidate for intravenous cangrelor therapy. Furthermore, stable patients with coronary artery disease, who are considered for ad hoc PCI following coronary angiography, may be considered for treatment with cangrelor to reduce post-PCI thrombotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udaya Tantry
- a Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Drug Development , Inova Heart and Vascular Institute , Falls Church , VA , USA
| | - Rahul Chaudhary
- a Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Drug Development , Inova Heart and Vascular Institute , Falls Church , VA , USA
| | - Jacek Kubica
- b Cardiovascular Institute, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum , Nicolaus CopernicusUniversity , Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Kevin Bliden
- a Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Drug Development , Inova Heart and Vascular Institute , Falls Church , VA , USA
| | - Paul A Gurbel
- a Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Drug Development , Inova Heart and Vascular Institute , Falls Church , VA , USA
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Abe H, Abe T, Shiba M, Satake M. Restored response to ADP downstream of purinergic P2Y 12 receptor in apheresis platelets after pathogen-reducing xenon flash treatment. Transfusion 2018; 58:1117-1125. [PMID: 29575062 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study revealed that pathogen-reducing filtered xenon flash-treated platelets (fXe-PLTs) showed sustained aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), but apheresis-collected PLTs (Aph-PLTs) showed reversible aggregation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Aph-PLTs, fXe-PLTs, and freshly prepared PLTs (PRP-PLTs) from whole blood were used to investigate the following responses to ADP: concentration response and effects of ADP receptor antagonists on aggregation, the cytosolic calcium (Ca2+ ) flux downstream of P2Y1 receptor signaling, and phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) and signaling intermediate protein Akt downstream of the P2Y12 receptor. RESULTS The aggregation of Aph-PLTs by ADP (10 µM) changed from reversible to sustained in an fXe flash dose-dependent manner. The concentration-response curve of Aph-PLTs showed a fivefold higher 50% effective concentration compared with PRP-PLTs, and fXe treatment decreased it to threefold. While the basal Ca2+ level was higher both in Aph- and fXe-PLTs than in PRP-PLTs, the increase of cytosolic Ca2+ by ADP remained unchanged in Aph- and PRP-PLTs, but was slightly reduced in fXe-PLTs. Although the forskolin-induced VASP phosphorylation was significantly reduced in Aph-PLTs, and partially restored by the fXe treatment, ADP stimulation attenuated this phosphorylation to an equivalent extent among the three PLT types. The ADP-stimulated time-dependent Akt phosphorylation was weak in Aph-PLTs, whereas fXe-PLTs and PRP-PLTs showed a marked increase. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the reversible aggregation of Aph-PLTs is the consequence of insufficient Akt phosphorylation. The fXe treatment restores the increase of phosphorylated Akt, resulting in the sustained aggregation of fXe-PLTs similar to those of PRP-PLTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Abe
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Abe
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shiba
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Satake
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
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Medrano MP, Bejarano CA, Battista AG, Venera GD, Bernabeu RO, Faillace MP. Injury-induced purinergic signalling molecules upregulate pluripotency gene expression and mitotic activity of progenitor cells in the zebrafish retina. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:443-465. [PMID: 28710541 PMCID: PMC5714835 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9572-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage in fish activates retina repair that restores sight. The purinergic signalling system serves multiple homeostatic functions and has been implicated in cell cycle control of progenitor cells in the developing retina. We examined whether changes in the expression of purinergic molecules were instrumental in the proliferative phase after injury of adult zebrafish retinas with ouabain. P2RY1 messenger RNA (mRNA) increased early after injury and showed maximal levels at the time of peak progenitor cell proliferation. Extracellular nucleotides, mainly ADP, regulate P2RY1 transcriptional and protein expression. The injury-induced upregulation of P2RY1 is mediated by an autoregulated mechanism. After injury, the transcriptional expression of ecto-nucleotidases and ecto-ATPases also increased and ecto-ATPase activity inhibitors decreased Müller glia-derived progenitor cell amplification. Inhibition of P2RY1 endogenous activation prevented progenitor cell proliferation at two intervals after injury: one in which progenitor Müller glia mitotically activates and the second one in which Müller glia-derived progenitor cells amplify. ADPβS induced the expression of lin28a and ascl1a genes in mature regions of uninjured retinas. The expression of these genes, which regulate multipotent Müller glia reprogramming, was significantly inhibited by blocking the endogenous activation of P2RY1 early after injury. We consistently observed that the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-BrdU-positive Müller cells after injury was larger in the absence than in the presence of the P2RY1 antagonist. Ecto-ATPase activity inhibitors or P2RY1-specific antagonists did not modify apoptotic cell death at the time of peak progenitor cell proliferation. The results suggested that ouabain injury upregulates specific purinergic signals which stimulates multipotent progenitor cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías P Medrano
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Prof. Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO-Houssay), UBA y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB) Prof. Alejandro Paladini, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio A Bejarano
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Prof. Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO-Houssay), UBA y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariadna G Battista
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB) Prof. Alejandro Paladini, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela D Venera
- Instituto Universitario Italiano de Rosario (IUNIR), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ramón O Bernabeu
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Prof. Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO-Houssay), UBA y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Paula Faillace
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Prof. Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO-Houssay), UBA y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- IFIBIO-Houssay, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155 7° piso, C1121ABG, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Role of New Antiplatelet Drugs on Cardiovascular Disease: Update on Cangrelor. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2017; 18:66. [PMID: 27714642 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-016-0617-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dual therapy with a P2Y12 receptor antagonist in addition to aspirin is the antiplatelet treatment of choice in patients with acute coronary syndromes or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, available oral P2Y12 antagonists have several limitations, mostly due to their pharmacological profile, which can affect outcomes in certain clinical settings. Cangrelor is an intravenous, direct-acting, potent P2Y12 inhibitor with rapid onset and offset of action, which has been recently approved for clinical use in patients undergoing PCI. In clinical trials, cangrelor has demonstrated greater efficacy than clopidogrel with a favorable safety profile among PCI patients not receiving pretreatment with oral P2Y12 antagonists. However, its definitive role in contemporary practice is yet to be determined. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of knowledge on cangrelor, focusing on its pharmacological properties, clinical development, and the potential applications of this newly available agent.
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Amison R, Arnold S, O'Shaughnessy B, Cleary S, Ofoedu J, Idzko M, Page C, Pitchford S. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced pulmonary neutrophil recruitment and platelet activation is mediated via the P2Y1 and P2Y14 receptors in mice. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2017; 45:62-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Cangrelor (Kengrexal(®), Kengreal(™)) is an intravenously administered P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. It is direct-acting and reversible, with a very rapid onset and offset of action. The randomized, double-blind, multinational, phase III CHAMPION PHOENIX trial compared the efficacy of intravenous cangrelor with that of oral clopidogrel in patients requiring percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for stable angina pectoris, a non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome or ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI). The primary composite efficacy endpoint of death from any cause, MI, ischaemia-drive revascularization or stent thrombosis in the 48 h following randomization occurred in significantly fewer cangrelor than clopidogrel recipients. The rate of severe or life-threatening non-coronary artery bypass graft-related, GUSTO-defined bleeding at 48 h did not significantly differ between cangrelor and clopidogrel recipients. In conclusion, intravenous cangrelor is an important new option for use in patients undergoing PCI who have not been treated with oral P2Y12 inhibitors.
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Azran S, Danino O, Förster D, Kenigsberg S, Reiser G, Dixit M, Singh V, Major DT, Fischer B. Identification of Highly Promising Antioxidants/Neuroprotectants Based on Nucleoside 5'-Phosphorothioate Scaffold. Synthesis, Activity, and Mechanisms of Action. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8427-43. [PMID: 26447940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With a view to identify novel and biocompatible neuroprotectants, we designed nucleoside 5'-thiophosphate analogues, 6-11. We identified 2-SMe-ADP(α-S), 7A, as a most promising neuroprotectant. 7A reduced ROS production in PC12 cells under oxidizing conditions, IC50 of 0.08 vs 21 μM for ADP. Furthermore, 7A rescued primary neurons subjected to oxidation, EC50 of 0.04 vs 19 μM for ADP. 7A is a most potent P2Y1-R agonist, EC50 of 0.0026 μM. Activity of 7A in cells involved P2Y1/12-R as indicated by blocking P2Y12-R or P2Y1-R. Compound 7A inhibited Fenton reaction better than EDTA, IC50 of 37 vs 54 μM, due to radical scavenging, IC50 of 12.5 vs 30 μM for ADP, and Fe(II)-chelation, IC50 of 80 vs >200 μM for ADP (ferrozine assay). In addition, 7A was stable in human blood serum, t1/2 of 15 vs 1.5 h for ADP, and resisted hydrolysis by NPP1/3, 2-fold vs ADP. Hence, we propose 7A as a highly promising neuroprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagit Azran
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Ortal Danino
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Daniel Förster
- Otto von Guericke University , Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Kenigsberg
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Georg Reiser
- Otto von Guericke University , Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mudit Dixit
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Vijay Singh
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Dan T Major
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Bilha Fischer
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Cooke NM, Spillane CD, Sheils O, O'Leary J, Kenny D. Aspirin and P2Y12 inhibition attenuate platelet-induced ovarian cancer cell invasion. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:627. [PMID: 26353776 PMCID: PMC4565001 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1634-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet-cancer cell interactions play a key role in successful haematogenous metastasis. Disseminated malignancy is the leading cause of death among ovarian cancer patients. It is unknown why different ovarian cancers have different metastatic phenotypes. To investigate if platelet-cancer cell interactions play a role, we characterized the response of ovarian cancer cell lines to platelets both functionally and at a molecular level. METHODS Cell lines 59 M and SK-OV-3 were used as in vitro model systems of metastatic ovarian cancer. Platelet cloaking of each cell line was quantified by flow cytometry. Matrigel invasion chamber assays were used to assess the invasive capacity of the cell lines. The induction of an EMT was assessed by morphology analysis and by gene expression analysis of a panel of 11 EMT markers using TaqMan RT-PCR. RESULTS SK-OV-3 cells adhered to and activated more platelets than 59 M cells (p = 0.0333). Platelets significantly promoted the ability of only SK-OV-3 cells to invade (p ≤ 0.0001). Morphology and transcritpome analysis indicated that platelets induce an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition phenotype in both cells lines, with a more exaggerated response in SK-OV-3 cells. Next, we investigated if antiplatelet agents could abrogate the platelet-induced aggressive phenotype in SK-OV-3 cells. Both aspirin (p ≤ 0.05) and 2-methylthioadenosine 5'-monophosphate triethylammonium salt hydrate (P2Y12 inhibitor; p ≤ 0.01) significantly decreased their invasion capacity, and effectively reverted invasion to levels comparable to SK-OV-3 cells alone. CONCLUSION While there is increasing evidence for the cancer-protective effect of aspirin, this study suggests P2Y12 inhibition may also play a role. Understanding these complex interactions between platelets and cancer cells could ultimately allow the establishment of therapies tailored to inhibiting metastasis, thus significantly reducing cancer morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M Cooke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,The Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Cathy D Spillane
- The Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland. .,Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Pathology Department, Coombe Women's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Orla Sheils
- The Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland. .,Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - John O'Leary
- The Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland. .,Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Pathology Department, Coombe Women's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Dermot Kenny
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,The Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
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18
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Karim ZA, Vemana HP, Alshbool FZ, Lin OA, Alshehri AM, Javaherizadeh P, Paez Espinosa EV, Khasawneh FT. Characterization of a novel function-blocking antibody targeted against the platelet P2Y1 receptor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:637-44. [PMID: 25593131 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Platelet hyperactivity is associated with vascular disease and contributes to the genesis of thrombotic disorders. ADP plays an important role in platelet activation and activates platelets through 2 G-protein-coupled receptors, the Gq-coupled P2Y1 receptor (P2Y1R), and the Gi-coupled P2Y12 receptor. Although the involvement of the P2Y1R in thrombogenesis is well established, there are no antagonists that are currently available for clinical use. APPROACH AND RESULTS Our goal is to determine whether a novel antibody targeting the ligand-binding domain, ie, second extracellular loop (EL2) of the P2Y1R (EL2Ab) could inhibit platelet function and protect against thrombogenesis. Our results revealed that the EL2Ab does indeed inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation, in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, EL2Ab was found to inhibit integrin GPIIb-IIIa activation, dense and α granule secretion, and phosphatidylserine exposure. These inhibitory effects translated into protection against thrombus formation, as evident by a prolonged time for occlusion in a FeCl3-induced thrombosis model, but this was accompanied by a prolonged tail bleeding time. We also observed a dose-dependent displacement of the radiolabeled P2Y1R antagonist [(3)H]MRS2500 from its ligand-binding site by EL2Ab. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings demonstrate that EL2Ab binds to and exhibits P2Y1R-dependent function-blocking activity in the context of platelets. These results add further evidence for a role of the P2Y1R in thrombosis and validate the concept that targeting it is a relevant alternative or complement to current antiplatelet strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair A Karim
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | - Hari Priya Vemana
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | - Fatima Z Alshbool
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | - Olivia A Lin
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | - Abdullah M Alshehri
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | - Payam Javaherizadeh
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | - Enma V Paez Espinosa
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | - Fadi T Khasawneh
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA.
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Cleator JH, Duvernay MT, Holinstat M, Colowick NE, Hudson WJ, Song Y, Harrell FE, Hamm HE. Racial differences in resistance to P2Y12 receptor antagonists in type 2 diabetic subjects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:33-43. [PMID: 25052834 PMCID: PMC4165026 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.215616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although resistance to the P2Y12 antagonist clopidogrel is linked to altered drug metabolism, some studies suggest that these pharmacokinetic abnormalities only partially account for drug resistance. To circumvent pharmacokinetic complications and target P2Y12 receptor function we applied the direct P2Y12 antagonist 2-methylthio-AMP (2-methylthioadenosine 5'-monophosphate triethylammonium salt) to purified platelets ex vivo. Platelets were purified from healthy and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and stimulated with thrombin or the selective protease-activated receptor agonists, protease-activated receptor 1-activating peptide (PAR1-AP), or PAR4-AP. Platelet activation as measured by αIIbβ3 activation, and P-selectin expression was monitored in 141 subjects. Our results demonstrate that, compared with healthy subjects, platelets from diabetic patients are resistant to inhibition by 2-methylthio-AMP, demonstrating P2Y12 pharmacodynamic defects among diabetic patients. Inhibition of thrombin-mediated αIIbβ3 activation by 2-methylthio-AMP was lower in diabetic platelets versus healthy platelets. Subgroup analysis revealed a racial difference in the resistance to 2-methylthio-AMP. We found no resistance in platelets from diabetic African Americans; they were inhibited by 2-methylthio-AMP equally as well as platelets from healthy African Americans. In contrast, platelets from Caucasian patients with diabetes were resistant to P2Y12 antagonism compared with healthy Caucasians. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that other variables, such as obesity, age, or gender, could not account for the differential resistance to 2-methylthio-AMP among races. These results suggest that in addition to altered drug metabolism, P2Y12 receptor function itself is altered in the Caucasian diabetic population. The racial difference in platelet function in T2DM is a novel finding, which may lead to differences in treatment as well as new targets for antiplatelet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Cleator
- Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.H.C.), Department of Pharmacology (J.H.C., M.T.D., M.H., N.E.C., W.J.H., H.E.H.), and Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.E.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.H.)
| | - Matthew T Duvernay
- Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.H.C.), Department of Pharmacology (J.H.C., M.T.D., M.H., N.E.C., W.J.H., H.E.H.), and Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.E.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.H.)
| | - Michael Holinstat
- Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.H.C.), Department of Pharmacology (J.H.C., M.T.D., M.H., N.E.C., W.J.H., H.E.H.), and Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.E.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.H.)
| | - Nancy E Colowick
- Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.H.C.), Department of Pharmacology (J.H.C., M.T.D., M.H., N.E.C., W.J.H., H.E.H.), and Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.E.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.H.)
| | - Willie J Hudson
- Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.H.C.), Department of Pharmacology (J.H.C., M.T.D., M.H., N.E.C., W.J.H., H.E.H.), and Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.E.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.H.)
| | - Yanna Song
- Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.H.C.), Department of Pharmacology (J.H.C., M.T.D., M.H., N.E.C., W.J.H., H.E.H.), and Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.E.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.H.)
| | - Frank E Harrell
- Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.H.C.), Department of Pharmacology (J.H.C., M.T.D., M.H., N.E.C., W.J.H., H.E.H.), and Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.E.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.H.)
| | - Heidi E Hamm
- Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.H.C.), Department of Pharmacology (J.H.C., M.T.D., M.H., N.E.C., W.J.H., H.E.H.), and Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.E.H.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.H.)
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Agonist-bound structure of the human P2Y12 receptor. Nature 2014; 509:119-22. [PMID: 24784220 PMCID: PMC4128917 DOI: 10.1038/nature13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The P2Y12 receptor (P2Y12R), one of eight members of the P2YR family expressed in humans, has been identified as one of the most prominent clinical drug targets for inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consequently, extensive mutagenesis and modeling studies of the P2Y12R have revealed many aspects of agonist/antagonist binding1-4. However, the details of agonist and antagonist recognition and function at the P2Y12R remain poorly understood at the molecular level. Here, we report the structures of the human P2Y12R in complex with a full agonist 2-methylthio-adenosine-5′-diphosphate (2MeSADP, a close analogue of endogenous agonist ADP) at 2.5 Å resolution, and the corresponding ATP derivative 2-methylthio-adenosine-5′-triphosphate (2MeSATP) at 3.1 Å resolution. Analysis of these structures, together with the structure of the P2Y12R with antagonist ethyl 6-(4-((benzylsulfonyl)carbamoyl)piperidin-1-yl)-5-cyano-2-methylnicotinate (AZD1283)5, reveals dramatic conformational changes between nucleotide and non-nucleotide ligand complexes in the extracellular regions, providing the first insight into a different ligand binding landscape in the δ-group of class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Agonist and non-nucleotide antagonist adopt different orientations in the P2Y12R, with only partially overlapped binding pockets. The agonist-bound P2Y12R structure answers long-standing ambiguities surrounding P2Y12R-agonist recognition, and reveals interactions with several residues that had not been reported to be involved in agonist binding. As a first example of a GPCR where agonist access to the binding pocket requires large scale rearrangements in the highly malleable extracellular region, the structural studies therefore will provide invaluable insight into the pharmacology and mechanisms of action of agonists and different classes of antagonists for the P2Y12R and potentially for other closely related P2YRs.
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Kubica J, Kozinski M, Navarese EP, Tantry U, Kubica A, Siller-Matula JM, Jeong YH, Fabiszak T, Andruszkiewicz A, Gurbel PA. Cangrelor: an emerging therapeutic option for patients with coronary artery disease. Curr Med Res Opin 2014; 30:813-28. [PMID: 24393016 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2014.880050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To perform a systematic up-to-date review and critical discussion of potential clinical applications of cangrelor based on its pharmacologic properties and the main findings from randomized clinical studies. METHODS A database search (PubMed, CENTRAL and Google Scholar) by two independent investigators, including proceedings from scientific sessions of ACC, AHA, ESC, TCT and EuroPCR, from January 1998 through December 2013. RESULTS Cangrelor is a potent, intravenous, direct-acting P2Y12 antagonist with rapid onset and quickly reversible action. In contrast to ticagrelor, cangrelor's interaction with thienopiridines requires termination of cangrelor infusion before switching to clopidogrel or prasugrel. According to randomized trials, a cangrelor-clopidogrel combination is relatively safe and more effective than the standard clopidogrel regimen in both urgent and elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) settings, with the advantage of this drug combination fully evident when the universal definition of myocardial infarction is applied. In contrast to available antiplatelet drugs with delayed onset and offset of action, its favorable properties make cangrelor a desirable agent for ad hoc elective PCI, high risk acute coronary syndromes treated with immediate coronary stenting and for bridging those surgery patients who require periprocedural P2Y12 inhibition. Current evidence on cangrelor therapy is limited by the lack of adequately powered studies assessing cangrelor co-administration either with prasugrel or ticagrelor, suboptimal design of some of the trials favoring cangrelor, potentially attenuated benefits with modern stent design, and finally, by the lack of survival advantage. CONCLUSIONS With its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic advantages, allowing consistent and strong P2Y12 inhibition, and with its rapid onset and swift reversal of action devoid of need for an antidote, cangrelor might improve clinical outcomes in clopidogrel-treated patients by reducing ischemic events, while maintaining a favorable safety profile. However, further studies, addressing the safety and efficacy of cangrelor on top of novel oral P2Y12 inhibitors, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Kubica
- Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University , Bydgoszcz , Poland
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Faghih Akhlaghi M, Amidi S, Esfahanizadeh M, Daeihamed M, Kobarfard F. Synthesis of N-arylmethyl Substituted Indole Derivatives as New Antiplatelet Aggregation Agents. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2014; 13:35-42. [PMID: 24711827 PMCID: PMC3977051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A number of N-arylmethyl substituted indole derivatives have been synthesized and their effectiveness against ADP and arachidonic acid induced platelet aggregation in human plasma was determined. The desired compounds were synthesized by reacting the appropriate aniline derivative with isatin (or substituted isatin) to form the corresponding imine structures. The so formed compound was then activated using sodium hydride and reacted with the proper substituted benzyl halides. Among the tested compounds, derivatives 4a, 4c, 4d, 4f-i and 4k were the most potent compounds with satisfactory IC50 values (under 38.5 μM) for inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid. All indole derivatives without substitution on position 1 of the indole ring, exhibited either weaker activities or were not active at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Faghih Akhlaghi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Vali Asr Ave, Niayesh Junction, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Salimeh Amidi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Vali Asr Ave, Niayesh Junction, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Marjan Esfahanizadeh
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
| | - Marjan Daeihamed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Paharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Vali Asr Ave, Niayesh Junction, Tehran, Iran.,Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran.,Corresponding author:
E-mail:.
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Relationship between Platelet PPARs, cAMP Levels, and P-Selectin Expression: Antiplatelet Activity of Natural Products. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:861786. [PMID: 24324520 PMCID: PMC3845334 DOI: 10.1155/2013/861786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are no longer considered simply as cells participating in thrombosis. In atherosclerosis, platelets are regulators of multiple processes, with the recruitment of inflammatory cells towards the lesion sites, inflammatory mediators release, and regulation of endothelial function. The antiplatelet therapy has been used for a long time in an effort to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. However, limited efficacy in some patients, drug resistance, and side effects are limitations of current antiplatelet therapy. In this context, a large number of natural products (polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, and fatty acids) have been reported with antiplatelet activity. In this sense, the present paper describes mechanisms of antiplatelet action of natural products on platelet P-selectin expression through cAMP levels and its role as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors agonists.
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Effects of cangrelor in coronary artery disease patients with and without diabetes mellitus: an in vitro pharmacodynamic investigation. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2013. [PMID: 23184484 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-012-0846-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Platelets from patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are hyper-reactive and whether cangrelor, a potent intravenous P2Y(12) receptor blocker, has differential pharmacodynamic (PD) effects according DM status is unknown. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the in vitro PD effects of cangrelor in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with and without DM. This prospective study enrolled 120 clopidogrel-naïve patients with CAD on aspirin therapy. PD assessments using cangrelor (500 nmol/l) in vitro included vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein assay to obtain the P2Y(12) reactivity index (PRI), and multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA). In a 20 patients subgroup, dose-dependent response was assessed following exposure to escalating concentrations (baseline, 5, 50, 500 and 5,000 nmol/l); thrombin generation processes were evaluated by thromboelastography (TEG). PD data were evaluable in 103 patients. No differences in baseline PD parameters were observed in DM (n = 48) and non-DM (n = 45) subjects. Cangrelor reduced PRI values irrespective of DM status (p < 0.0001), yielding no difference in patients with and without DM (16.1 ± 12.3 vs. 16.8 ± 11.3; p = 0.346). All MEA values were significantly reduced, although this was of greater magnitude with purinergic compared to non-purinergic agonists. A trend analysis showed a dose-dependent effect on platelet inhibition, with no interaction due to DM status, whereas no significant dose-dependent effect was observed for TEG-derived parameters. Therefore, in vitro cangrelor provides potent and dose-dependent blockade of the platelet P2Y(12) receptor, with no differential effect in DM and non-DM patients. In addition, in vitro cangrelor exerts moderate inhibitory effects on non-purinergic platelet signaling pathways, without modulating platelet-derived thrombin generation processes.
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McManus DD, Beaulieu LM, Mick E, Tanriverdi K, Larson MG, Keaney JF, Benjamin EJ, Freedman JE. Relationship among circulating inflammatory proteins, platelet gene expression, and cardiovascular risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2666-73. [PMID: 23968978 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.301112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular disease is a complex disorder influenced by interactions of genetic variants with environmental factors. However, there is no information from large community-based studies examining the relationship of circulating cell-specific RNA to inflammatory proteins. In light of the associations among inflammatory biomarkers, obesity, platelet function, and cardiovascular disease, we sought to examine the relationships of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) to the expression of key inflammatory transcripts in platelets. APPROACH AND RESULTS We quantified circulating levels of CRP and IL-6 in 1625 participants of the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) Offspring cohort examination 8 (mean age, 66.6 ± 6.6 years; 46% men). We measured the expression of 15 relevant genes by high-throughput quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction from platelet-derived RNA and used multivariable regression to relate serum concentrations of CRP and IL-6 with gene expression. Levels of CRP and IL-6 were associated with 10 of the 15 platelet-derived inflammatory transcripts, ALOX5, CRP, IFIT1, IL6, PTGER2, S100A9, SELENBP1, TLR2, TLR4, and TNFRSF1B (P<0.001). Associations between platelet mRNA expression with CRP and IL-6 persisted after multivariable adjustment for potentially confounding factors. Six genes positively associated with CRP or IL-6 in the FHS sample were also upregulated in megakaryocytes in response to CRP or IL-6 exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight the strong connection between the circulating inflammatory biomarkers CRP and IL-6 and platelet gene expression, adjusting for cardiovascular disease risk factors. Our results also suggest that body weight may directly influence these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D McManus
- From the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (D.D.M., K.T., M.G.L., J.E.F.); Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (D.D.M, L.M.B., K.T., J.F.K., J.E.F.) and Epidemiology Division, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (D.D.M, E.M.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (E.J.B.) and Department of Mathematics and Statistics (M.G.L.), Boston University, Boston, MA; Preventive Medicine Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (E.J.B.); and Department of Epidemiology (E.J.B.) and Department of Biostatistics (M.G.L.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Chlorin e6 Prevents ADP-Induced Platelet Aggregation by Decreasing PI3K-Akt Phosphorylation and Promoting cAMP Production. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:569160. [PMID: 23997795 PMCID: PMC3755423 DOI: 10.1155/2013/569160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of reagents that prevent thrombosis have been developed but were found to have serious side effects. Therefore, we sought to identify complementary and alternative medicinal materials that are safe and have long-term efficacy. In the present studies, we have assessed the ability of chlorine e6 (CE6) to inhibit ADP-induced aggregation of rat platelets and elucidated the underlying mechanism. CE6 inhibited platelet aggregation induced by 10 µM ADP in a concentration-dependent manner and decreased intracellular calcium mobilization and granule secretion (i.e., ATP and serotonin release). Western blotting revealed that CE6 strongly inhibited the phosphorylations of PI3K, Akt, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and different mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) as well as p38-MAPK. Our study also demonstrated that CE6 significantly elevated intracellular cAMP levels and decreased thromboxane A2 formation in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, we determined that CE6 initiated the activation of PKA, an effector of cAMP. Taken together, our findings indicate that CE6 may inhibit ADP-induced platelet activation by elevating cAMP levels and suppressing PI3K/Akt activity. Finally, these results suggest that CE6 could be developed as therapeutic agent that helps prevent thrombosis and ischemia.
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Azran S, Förster D, Danino O, Nadel Y, Reiser G, Fischer B. Highly efficient biocompatible neuroprotectants with dual activity as antioxidants and P2Y receptor agonists. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4938-52. [PMID: 23751098 DOI: 10.1021/jm400197m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is a need for novel, biocompatible, and effective neuroprotectants for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury associated with oxidative damage. Here, we developed nucleotide-based neuroprotectants acting dually as antioxidants and P2Y-R agonists. To improve the potency, selectivity, and metabolic stability of ATP/ADP, we substituted adenine C2-position by Cl and Pα/Pβ position by borano group, 6-9. Nucleotides 6-9 inhibited oxidation in cell-free systems (Fe(II)-H2O2), as detected by ESR (IC50 up to 175 μM), and ABTS assay (IC50 up to 40 μM). They also inhibited FeSO4-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells (IC50 of 80-200 nM). 2-Cl-ADP(α-BH3), 7a, was found to be the most potent P2Y1-R agonist currently known (EC50 7 nM) and protected primary cortical neurons from FeSO4 insult (EC50 170 nM). In addition, it proved to be metabolically stable in human blood serum (t(1/2) 7 vs 1.5 h for ADP). Hence, we propose 7a as a highly promising neuroprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagit Azran
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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28
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Blackburn GM, Bowler MW, Jin Y, Waltho JP. Reflections on biocatalysis involving phosphorus. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 77:1083-96. [PMID: 23157289 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791210001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Early studies on chemical synthesis of biological molecules can be seen to progress to preparation and biological evaluation of phosphonates as analogues of biological phosphates, with emphasis on their isosteric and isopolar character. Work with such mimics progressed into structural studies with a range of nucleotide-utilising enzymes. The arrival of metal fluorides as analogues of the phosphoryl group, PO(3)(-), for transition state (TS) analysis of enzyme reactions stimulated the symbiotic deployment of (19)F NMR and protein crystallography. Characteristics of enzyme transition state analogues are reviewed for a range of reactions. From the available MF(x) species, trifluoroberyllate gives tetrahedral mimics of ground states (GS) in which phosphate is linked to carboxylate and phosphate oxyanions. Tetrafluoroaluminate is widely employed as a TS mimic, but it necessarily imposes octahedral geometry on the assembled complexes, whereas phosphoryl transfer involves trigonal bipyramidal (tbp) geometry. Trifluoromagnesate (MgF(3)(-)) provides the near-ideal solution, delivering tbp geometry and correct anionic charge. Some of the forty reported tbp structures assigned as having AlF(3)(0) cores have been redefined as trifluoromagnesate complexes. Transition state analogues for a range of kinases, mutases, and phosphatases provide a detailed description of mechanism for phosphoryl group transfer, supporting the concept of charge balance in their TS and of concerted-associative pathways for biocatalysis. Above all, superposition of GS and TS structures reveals that in associative phosphoryl transfer, the phosphorus atom migrates through a triangle of three, near-stationary, equatorial oxygens. The extension of these studies to near attack conformers further illuminates enzyme catalysis of phosphoryl transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Blackburn
- Krebs Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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The P2Y(12) antagonists, 2MeSAMP and cangrelor, inhibit platelet activation through P2Y(12)/G(i)-dependent mechanism. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51037. [PMID: 23236426 PMCID: PMC3516503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ADP is an important physiological agonist that induces integrin activation and platelet aggregation through its receptors P2Y1 (Gαq-coupled) and P2Y12 (Gαi-coupled). P2Y12 plays a critical role in platelet activation and thrombosis. Adenosine-based P2Y12 antagonists, 2-methylthioadenosine 5′-monophosphate triethylammonium salt hydrate (2MeSAMP) and Cangrelor (AR-C69931MX) have been widely used to demonstrate the role of P2Y12 in platelet function. Cangrelor is being evaluated in clinical trials of thrombotic diseases. However, a recent study reported that both 2MeSAMP and Cangrelor raise intra-platelet cAMP levels and inhibit platelet aggregation through a P2Y12-independent mechanism. Methodology/Principal Findings The present work, using P2Y12 deficient mice, sought to clarify previous conflicting reports and to elucidate the mechanisms by which 2MeSAMP and Cangrelor inhibit platelet activation and thrombosis. 2MeSAMP and Cangrelor inhibited aggregation and ATP release of wild-type but not P2Y12 deficient platelets. 2MeSAMP and Cangrelor neither raised intracellular cAMP concentrations nor induced phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) in washed human or mouse platelets. Furthermore, unlike the activators (PGI2 and forskolin) of the cAMP pathway, 2MeSAMP and Cangrelor failed to inhibit Ca2+ mobilization, Akt phosphorylation, and Rap1b activation in P2Y12 deficient platelets. Importantly, while injection of Cangrelor inhibited thrombus formation in a FeCl3-induced thrombosis model in wild-type mice, it failed to affect thrombus formation in P2Y12 deficient mice. Conclusions These data together demonstrate that 2MeSAMP and Cangrelor inhibit platelet function through the P2Y12-dependent mechanism both in vitro and in vivo.
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Wieschhaus AJ, Le Breton GC, Chishti AH. Headpiece domain of dematin regulates calcium mobilization and signaling in platelets. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41218-31. [PMID: 23060452 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.364679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dematin is a broadly expressed membrane cytoskeletal protein that has been well characterized in erythrocytes and to a lesser extent in non-erythroid cells. However, dematin's function in platelets is not known. Here, we show that dematin is abundantly expressed in both human and mouse platelets. Platelets harvested from the dematin headpiece knock-out (HPKO) mouse model exhibit a striking defect in the mobilization of calcium in response to multiple agonists of platelet activation. The reduced calcium mobilization in HPKO platelets is associated with concomitant inhibition of platelet aggregation and granule secretion. Integrin α(IIb)β(3) activation in response to agonists is attenuated in the HPKO platelets. The mutant platelets show nearly normal spreading on fibrinogen and an unaltered basal cAMP level; however, the clot retraction was compromised in the mutant mice. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that dematin is present both at the dense tubular system and plasma membrane fractions of platelets. Proteomic analysis of dematin-associated proteins in human platelets identified inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase isoform B (IP3KB) as a binding partner, which was confirmed by immunoprecipitation analysis. IP3KB, a dense tubular system protein, is a major regulator of calcium homeostasis. Loss of the dematin headpiece resulted in a decrease of IP3KB at the membrane and increased levels of IP3KB in the cytosol. Collectively, these findings unveil dematin as a novel regulator of internal calcium mobilization in platelets affecting multiple signaling and cytoskeletal functions. Implications of a conserved role of dematin in the regulation of calcium homeostasis in other cell types will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Wieschhaus
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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Moheimani F, Jackson DE. P2Y12 receptor: platelet thrombus formation and medical interventions. Int J Hematol 2012; 96:572-87. [PMID: 23054651 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-012-1188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Platelets express a wide range of receptors and proteins that play essential roles in thrombus formation. Among these, the P2Y(12) receptor, a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family, has attracted a significant amount of attention. Stimulation of the P2Y(12) receptor by ADP results in activation of various signaling pathways involved in amplification of platelet activation and aggregation. There have been extensive attempts to design an ideal antithrombotic agent to block P2Y(12), which shows selective expression, as an intervention for cardiovascular disease. Current inhibitors of the P2Y(12) receptor include indirect inhibitor members of the thienopyridine family (ticlopidine, clopidogrel, and prasugrel), and direct P2Y(12) inhibitors (ticagrelor, cangrelor and elinogrel). Of these, clopidogrel is the most commonly prescribed P2Y(12) blocker; however, this product does not fulfill the ideal therapeutic requirements. The main limitations of clopidogrel administration include slow onset, prevention of recovery of platelet functions, and interindividual variability. Hence, advanced studies have been carried out to achieve more efficient and safer P2Y(12) blockade. In this review, we provide a brief but comprehensive report on P2Y(12), its role on platelet thrombus formation, and the targeting of this receptor as an intervention for cardiovascular disease, for the benefit of basic science and clinical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moheimani
- Thrombosis and Vascular Diseases Laboratory, Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia.
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Abstract
During thrombotic or hemostatic episodes, platelets bind collagen and release ADP and thromboxane A(2), recruiting additional platelets to a growing deposit that distorts the flow field. Prediction of clotting function under hemodynamic conditions for a patient's platelet phenotype remains a challenge. A platelet signaling phenotype was obtained for 3 healthy donors using pairwise agonist scanning, in which calcium dye-loaded platelets were exposed to pairwise combinations of ADP, U46619, and convulxin to activate the P2Y(1)/P2Y(12), TP, and GPVI receptors, respectively, with and without the prostacyclin receptor agonist iloprost. A neural network model was trained on each donor's pairwise agonist scanning experiment and then embedded into a multiscale Monte Carlo simulation of donor-specific platelet deposition under flow. The simulations were compared directly with microfluidic experiments of whole blood flowing over collagen at 200 and 1000/s wall shear rate. The simulations predicted the ranked order of drug sensitivity for indomethacin, aspirin, MRS-2179 (a P2Y(1) inhibitor), and iloprost. Consistent with measurement and simulation, one donor displayed larger clots and another presented with indomethacin resistance (revealing a novel heterozygote TP-V241G mutation). In silico representations of a subject's platelet phenotype allowed prediction of blood function under flow, essential for identifying patient-specific risks, drug responses, and novel genotypes.
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Krajewski S, Kurz J, Neumann B, Greiner TO, Stolz A, Balkau B, Peter K, Unertl K, Wendel HP, Straub A. Short-acting P2Y12 blockade to reduce platelet dysfunction and coagulopathy during experimental extracorporeal circulation and hypothermia. Br J Anaesth 2012; 108:912-21. [PMID: 22369765 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aer518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracorporeal circulation (ECC) and hypothermia are routinely used in cardiac surgery to maintain stable circulatory parameters and to increase the ischaemic tolerance of the patient. However, ECC and hypothermia cause platelet activation and dysfunction possibly followed by a devastating coagulopathy. Stimulation of the adenosinediphosphate (ADP) receptor P(2)Y(12) plays a pivotal role in platelet activation. This experimental study tested P(2)Y(12) receptor blockade as an approach to protect platelets during ECC. METHODS Human blood was treated with the short-acting P(2)Y(12) blocker cangrelor (1 µM, t(1/2)<5 min) or the P(2)Y(12) inhibitor 2-MeSAMP (100 µM) and circulated in an ex vivo ECC model at normothermia (37°C) and hypothermia (28°C). Before and after circulation, markers of platelet activation and of coagulation (thrombin-antithrombin complex generation) were analysed. During hypothermic ECC in pigs, the effect of reversible P(2)Y(12) blockade on platelet function was evaluated by cangrelor infusion (0.075 µg kg(-1) min(-1)). RESULTS During ex vivo hypothermic ECC, P(2)Y(12) blockade inhibited platelet granule release (P<0.01), platelet-granulocyte binding (P<0.05), and platelet loss (P<0.001), whereas no effects on platelet-ECC binding, platelet CD42bα expression, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa activation, or thrombin-antithrombin complex generation were observed. During hypothermic ECC in pigs, cangrelor inhibited platelet-fibrinogen binding (P<0.05) and ADP-induced platelet aggregation (P<0.001). Platelet function was rapidly restored after termination of cangrelor infusion. CONCLUSIONS P(2)Y(12) blockade by cangrelor prevents platelet activation during ECC and hypothermia. Owing to its short half-life, platelet inhibition can be well controlled, thus potentially reducing bleeding complications. This novel pharmacological strategy has the potential to reduce complications associated with ECC and hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Krajewski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Suzuki T, Obara Y, Moriya T, Nakata H, Nakahata N. Functional interaction between purinergic receptors: effect of ligands for A2A
and P2Y12
receptors on P2Y1
receptor function. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3978-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Stefanini L, Boulaftali Y, Ouellette TD, Holinstat M, Désiré L, Leblond B, Andre P, Conley PB, Bergmeier W. Rap1-Rac1 circuits potentiate platelet activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 32:434-41. [PMID: 22075250 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.239194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to investigate the potential crosstalk between Rap1 and Rac1, 2 small GTPases central to platelet activation, particularly downstream of the collagen receptor GPVI. METHODS AND RESULTS We compared the activation response of platelets with impaired Rap signaling (double knock-out; deficient in both the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, CalDAG-GEFI, and the Gi-coupled receptor for ADP, P2Y12), to that of wild-type platelets treated with a small-molecule Rac inhibitor, EHT 1864 (wild-type /EHT). We found that Rac1 is sequentially activated downstream of Rap1 on stimulation via GPVI. In return, Rac1 provides important feedback for both CalDAG-GEFI- and P2Y12-dependent activation of Rap1. When analyzing platelet responses controlled by Rac1, we observed (1) impaired lamellipodia formation, clot retraction, and granule release in both double knock-out and EHT 1864-treated wild-type platelets; and (2) reduced calcium store release in EHT 1864-treated wild-type but not double knock-out platelets. Consistent with the latter finding, we identified 2 pools of Rac1, one activated immediately downstream of GPVI and 1 activated downstream of Rap1. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate important crosstalk between Rap1 and Rac1 downstream of GPVI. Whereas Rap1 signaling directly controls sustained Rac1 activation, Rac1 affects CalDAG-GEFI- and P2Y12-dependent Rap1 activation via its role in calcium mobilization and granule/ADP release, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Stefanini
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 98 Manning Drive, 306a Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Wijeyeratne YD, Heptinstall S. Anti-platelet therapy: ADP receptor antagonists. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 72:647-57. [PMID: 21518389 PMCID: PMC3187865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2Y(12) receptor on platelets with which ADP interacts has an important role in promoting platelet function and thereby platelet involvement in both haemostasis and thrombosis. Agents that act as antagonists at this receptor are thus likely to provide effective antithrombotic therapy, provided that there are no adverse effects on haemostasis. Here we describe the ADP receptor antagonists that are available and in development. We also consider their mode of action and ask whether there are additional mechanisms through which they exert their inhibitory effects on platelet function.
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Daniele S, Trincavelli ML, Gabelloni P, Lecca D, Rosa P, Abbracchio MP, Martini C. Agonist-induced desensitization/resensitization of human G protein-coupled receptor 17: a functional cross-talk between purinergic and cysteinyl-leukotriene ligands. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 338:559-67. [PMID: 21531793 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.178715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 17 is a P2Y-like receptor that responds to both uracil nucleotides (as UDP-glucose) and cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cysLTs, as LTD(4)). By bioinformatic analysis, two distinct binding sites have been hypothesized to be present on GPR17, but little is known on their putative cross-regulation and on GPR17 desensitization/resensitization upon agonist exposure. In this study, we investigated in GPR17-expressing 1321N1 cells the cross-regulation between purinergic- and cysLT-mediated responses and analyzed GPR17 regulation after prolonged agonist exposure. Because GPR17 receptors couple to G(i) proteins and adenylyl cyclase inhibition, both guanosine 5'-O-(3-[(35)S]thio)triphosphate ([(35)S]GTPγS) binding and the cAMP assay have been used to investigate receptor functional activity. UDP-glucose was found to enhance LTD(4) potency in mediating activation of G proteins and vice versa, possibly through an allosteric mechanism. Both UDP-glucose and LTD(4) induced a time- and concentration-dependent GPR17 loss of response (homologous desensitization) with similar kinetics. GPR17 homologous desensitization was accompanied by internalization of receptors inside cells, which occurred in a time-dependent manner with similar kinetics for both agonists. Upon agonist removal, receptor resensitization occurred with the typical kinetics of G protein-coupled receptors. Finally, activation of GPR17 by UDP-glucose (but not vice versa) induced a partial heterologous desensitization of LTD(4)-mediated responses, suggesting that nucleotides have a hierarchy in producing desensitizing signals. These findings suggest a functional cross-talk between purinergic and cysLT ligands at GPR17. Because of the recently suggested key role of GPR17 in brain oligodendrogliogenesis and myelination, this cross-talk may have profound implications in fine-tuning cell responses to demyelinating and inflammatory conditions when these ligands accumulate at lesion sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Daniele
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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André P, DeGuzman F, Haberstock-Debic H, Mills S, Pak Y, Inagaki M, Pandey A, Hollenbach S, Phillips DR, Conley PB. Thienopyridines, but Not Elinogrel, Result in Off-Target Effects at the Vessel Wall That Contribute to Bleeding. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 338:22-30. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.178574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Mendolicchio GL, Zavalloni D, Bacci M, Corrada E, Marconi M, Lodigiani C, Presbitero P, Rota L, Ruggeri ZM. Variable effect of P2Y12 inhibition on platelet thrombus volume in flowing blood. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:373-82. [PMID: 21083646 PMCID: PMC3030676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention receive aspirin and P2Y12 ADP receptor inhibitors to reduce thrombotic complications. The choice of methodology for monitoring the effects of treatment and assessing its efficacy is still a topic of debate. We evaluated how decreased P2Y12 function influences platelet aggregate (thrombus) size measured ex vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS We used confocal videomicroscopy to measure in real time the volume of platelet thrombi forming upon blood perfusion over fibrillar collagen type I at a wall shear rate of 1500 s(-1). The average volume was significantly smaller in 31 patients receiving aspirin and clopidogrel (19) or ticlopidine (12) than in 21 controls, but individual values were above the lower limit of the normal distribution, albeit mostly within the lower quartile, in 61.3% of cases. Disaggregation of platelet thrombi at later perfusion times occurred frequently in the patients. Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation, reflecting P2Y12 inhibition, was also decreased in the patient group, and only 22.6% of individual values were above the lower normal limit. We found no correlation between volume of thrombus formed on collagen fibrils and level of P2Y12 inhibition, suggesting that additional and individually variable factors can influence the inhibitory effect of treatment on platelet function. CONCLUSIONS Measurements of platelet thrombus formation in flowing blood reflects the consequences of antiplatelet therapy in a manner that is not proportional to P2Y12 inhibition. Combining the results of the two assays may improve the assessment of thrombotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Mendolicchio
- Thrombosis Center, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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Rauch BH, Rosenkranz AC, Ermler S, Böhm A, Driessen J, Fischer JW, Sugidachi A, Jakubowski JA, Schrör K. Regulation of functionally active P2Y12 ADP receptors by thrombin in human smooth muscle cells and the presence of P2Y12 in carotid artery lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:2434-42. [PMID: 21071695 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.213702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The platelet P2Y12 ADP receptor is a well-known target of thienopyridine-type antiplatelet drugs. This study is the first to describe increased transcriptional expression of a functionally active P2Y12 in response to thrombin in human vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). METHODS AND RESULTS On exposure to thrombin, P2Y12 mRNA was transiently increased, whereas total protein and cell surface expression of P2Y12 were markedly increased within 6 hours and remained elevated over 24 hours. This effect was mediated by activation of nuclear factor κB. Preincubation with thrombin significantly enhanced the efficacy of the P2Y receptor agonist 2-methylthio-ADP to induce interleukin 6 expression and SMC mitogenesis. Effects induced by 2-methylthio-ADP were prevented by RNA interference-mediated knockdown of P2Y12 and a selective P2Y12-antagonist R-138727, the active metabolite of prasugrel. In addition, positive P2Y12 immunostaining was shown in SMC of human carotid artery plaques and was found to colocalize with tissue factor, the rate-limiting factor of thrombin formation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the P2Y12 receptor not only is central to ADP-induced platelet activation but also may mediate platelet-independent responses, specifically under conditions of enhanced thrombin formation, such as local vessel injury and atherosclerotic plaque rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard H Rauch
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Germany
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Xiang B, Zhang G, Liu J, Morris AJ, Smyth SS, Gartner TK, Li Z. A G(i) -independent mechanism mediating Akt phosphorylation in platelets. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:2032-41. [PMID: 20586915 PMCID: PMC2965800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serine-threonine kinase Akt plays an important role in regulating platelet activation. Stimulation of platelets with various agonists results in Akt activation as indicated by Akt phosphorylation. However, the mechanisms of Akt phosphorylation in platelets are not completely understood. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS We used P2Y₁ knockout mice to address the role of P2Y₁₂ in Akt phosphorylation in response to thrombin receptors in platelets. RESULTS Thrombin or the PAR4 thrombin receptor peptide AYPGKF at high concentrations stimulated substantial phosphorylation of Akt residues Thr³⁰⁸ and Ser⁴⁷³ in P2Y₁₂-deficient platelets. AYPGKF-induced Akt phosphorylation is enhanced by expression of recombinant human PAR4 cDNA in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. P2Y₁₂ -independent Akt phosphorylation was not inhibited by integrin inhibitor peptide RGDS or integrin β₃ deficiency. Akt phosphorylation induced by thrombin or AYPGKF in P2Y₁₂-deficient platelets was inhibited by the calcium chelator dimethyl-BAPTA, the Src family kinase inhibitor PP2, and PI3K inhibitors, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal a novel P2Y₁₂-independent signaling pathway mediating Akt phosphorylation in response to thrombin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binggang Xiang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0200
| | - Guoying Zhang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0200
| | - Junling Liu
- The Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Andrew J. Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0200
| | - Susan S. Smyth
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0200
| | - T. Kent Gartner
- Department of Biology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0200
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cattaneo
- Unità di Medicina III, Ospedale San Paolo, Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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Daniele S, Lecca D, Trincavelli ML, Ciampi O, Abbracchio MP, Martini C. Regulation of PC12 cell survival and differentiation by the new P2Y-like receptor GPR17. Cell Signal 2010; 22:697-706. [PMID: 20056144 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The P2Y-like receptor GPR17 has been reported to respond to both uracil nucleotides and cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cysLTs), such as UDP-glucose and LTD(4). Our previous data suggest a potential role for GPR17 in regulation of both cell viability and differentiation state of central nervous system cells. On this basis, in the present paper we investigated the effect of GPR17 receptor ligands on PC12 cell viability, following induction of morphological differentiation by nerve growth factor (NGF). In addition, the role of GPR17 ligands, either alone or in combination with growth factors, on the degree of PC12 cell differentiation was investigated. GPR17, which was not basally expressed in undifferentiated PC12 cells, was specifically induced by a 10day-treatment with NGF, suggesting a role in the control of neuronal specification. Both UDP-glucose and LTD(4), agonists at the nucleotide and cysLT GPR17 binding sites, respectively, induced a significant pro-survival effect on PC12 cells after priming with NGF. By in vitro silencing experiments with specific small interfering RNAs and by using receptor antagonists, we confirmed that the agonist effects are indeed mediated by the selective activation of GPR17. We also demonstrated that GPR17 agonists act, both alone and synergistically with NGF, to promote neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. In addition, GPR17 ligands were able to confer an NGF-like activity to the epidermal growth factor (EGF), that, under these experimental conditions, also promoted cell differentiation and neurite elongation. Finally, we show that GPR17 ligands activate the intracellular phosphorylation of both ERK 1/2 and p38 kinases, that have been identified as important signalling pathways for neurotrophins in PC12 cells. Our results establish GPR17 as a neurotrophic regulator for neuronal-like cells and suggest a possible interplay between endogenous uracil derivatives, cysLTs and NGF in the signalling pathways involved in neuronal survival and differentiation. They also represent the first direct demonstration, in a native system, that GPR17 can indeed be activated by uracil nucleotides and cysLTs, in line with what previously demonstrated in recombinant expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Daniele
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Maloney SF, Brass LF, Diamond SL. P2Y12 or P2Y1 inhibitors reduce platelet deposition in a microfluidic model of thrombosis while apyrase lacks efficacy under flow conditions. Integr Biol (Camb) 2010; 2:183-92. [PMID: 20473398 DOI: 10.1039/b919728a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Determination of the patient-specific response to antiplatelet agents facilitates proper dosing for both acute and chronic prophylaxis. "Closed" systems (with or without flow) may fail to predict pharmacological potency in situations where platelets rapidly accumulate under flow conditions at a site of thrombosis ("Open" systems). Using an 8-channel microfluidic flow assay of human whole blood with corn trypsin inhibitor (+/- PPACK) perfused over focal zones of collagen, dose-response curves were measured for pharmacological agents at a wall shear rate of 210 s(-1). The P2Y(1) inhibitor MRS 2179 (IC(50) = 0.233 +/- 0.132 microM) and P2Y(12) inhibitor 2-MeSAMP (IC(50) = 2.558 +/- 0.799 microM) were potent blockers of secondary platelet accumulation under flow, while the P2X(1) inhibitor (NF 449) and apyrase failed to reduce platelet accumulation. MRS 2179 and 2-MeSAMP had undetectable effects on initial platelet adhesion to collagen. Numerical simulation of convective-diffusive transport and apyrase-mediated catalytic degradation of ADP indicated that ultra-high concentrations of apyrase ( approximately 2000 U mL(-1)) would be required to have the same effect under flow as much lower concentrations (1 U mL(-1)) currently used in closed systems (aggregometry or cone-and-plate viscometer). This is the first evaluation of IC(50) values for P2Y(12) and P2Y(1) antagonists under controlled flow conditions. Evaluation of antiplatelet agents in open flow systems demonstrates that inhibition of either ADP by apyrase or antagonism of P2X(1) signaling had no inhibitory effect on platelet accumulation. This technique provides a platform for rapidly investigating effects of antithrombotic therapies simultaneously in a model injury system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Maloney
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, 1024 Vagelos Research Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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