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Zhang P, Yue L, Leng Q, Chang C, Gan C, Ye T, Cao D. Targeting FGFR for cancer therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2024; 17:39. [PMID: 38831455 PMCID: PMC11149307 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-024-01558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The FGFR signaling pathway is integral to cellular activities, including proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Dysregulation of this pathway is implicated in numerous human cancers, positioning FGFR as a prominent therapeutic target. Here, we conduct a comprehensive review of the function, signaling pathways and abnormal alterations of FGFR, as well as its role in tumorigenesis and development. Additionally, we provide an in-depth analysis of pivotal phase 2 and 3 clinical trials evaluating the performance and safety of FGFR inhibitors in oncology, thereby shedding light on the current state of clinical research in this field. Then, we highlight four drugs that have been approved for marketing by the FDA, offering insights into their molecular mechanisms and clinical achievements. Our discussion encompasses the intricate landscape of FGFR-driven tumorigenesis, current techniques for pinpointing FGFR anomalies, and clinical experiences with FGFR inhibitor regimens. Furthermore, we discuss the inherent challenges of targeting the FGFR pathway, encompassing resistance mechanisms such as activation by gatekeeper mutations, alternative pathways, and potential adverse reactions. By synthesizing the current evidence, we underscore the potential of FGFR-centric therapies to enhance patient prognosis, while emphasizing the imperative need for continued research to surmount resistance and optimize treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhang
- Division of Abdominal Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Yue
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Liver Disease, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - QingQing Leng
- Division of Abdominal Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chen Chang
- Division of Abdominal Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Cailing Gan
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Liver Disease, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tinghong Ye
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Liver Disease, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Dan Cao
- Division of Abdominal Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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2
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Lamarca A, Ostios L, McNamara MG, Garzon C, Gleeson JP, Edeline J, Herrero A, Hubner RA, Moreno V, Valle JW. Resistance mechanism to fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors in cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2023; 121:102627. [PMID: 37925878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2023.102627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine is a major achievement that has impacted on management of patients diagnosed with advanced cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) over the last decade. Molecular profiling of CCA has identified targetable alterations, such as fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR-2) fusions, and has thus led to the development of a wide spectrum of compounds. Despite favourable response rates, especially with the latest generation FGFRi, there are still a proportion of patients who will not achieve a radiological response to treatment, or who will have disease progression as the best response. In addition, for patients who do respond to treatment, secondary resistance frequently develops and mechanisms of such resistance are not fully understood. This review will summarise the current state of development of FGFR inhibitors in CCA, their mechanism of action, activity, and the hypothesised mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lamarca
- Department of Medical Oncology - OncoHealth Institute - Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias FJD, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Lorena Ostios
- START-FJD Phase I Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mairéad G McNamara
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Garzon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Infanta Elena University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jack P Gleeson
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Cancer Res @UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Julien Edeline
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Ana Herrero
- Department of Medical Oncology, Villalba University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard A Hubner
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Moreno
- START-FJD Phase I Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan W Valle
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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3
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Liu Q, Huang J, Yan W, Liu Z, Liu S, Fang W. FGFR families: biological functions and therapeutic interventions in tumors. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e367. [PMID: 37750089 PMCID: PMC10518040 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There are five fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), namely, FGFR1-FGFR5. When FGFR binds to its ligand, namely, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), it dimerizes and autophosphorylates, thereby activating several key downstream pathways that play an important role in normal physiology, such as the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, phospholipase C gamma/diacylglycerol/protein kinase c, and signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways. Furthermore, as an oncogene, FGFR genetic alterations were found in 7.1% of tumors, and these alterations include gene amplification, gene mutations, gene fusions or rearrangements. Therefore, FGFR amplification, mutations, rearrangements, or fusions are considered as potential biomarkers of FGFR therapeutic response for tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, it is worth noting that with increased use, resistance to TKIs inevitably develops, such as the well-known gatekeeper mutations. Thus, overcoming the development of drug resistance becomes a serious problem. This review mainly outlines the FGFR family functions, related pathways, and therapeutic agents in tumors with the aim of obtaining better outcomes for cancer patients with FGFR changes. The information provided in this review may provide additional therapeutic ideas for tumor patients with FGFR abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Cancer CenterIntegrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Jiyu Huang
- Cancer CenterIntegrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Weiwei Yan
- Cancer CenterIntegrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Zhen Liu
- Cancer CenterIntegrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and DegradationBasic School of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Breast SurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Weiyi Fang
- Cancer CenterIntegrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
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4
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Ratti M, Orlandi E, Hahne JC, Vecchia S, Citterio C, Anselmi E, Toscani I, Ghidini M. Targeting FGFR Pathways in Gastrointestinal Cancers: New Frontiers of Treatment. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2650. [PMID: 37893023 PMCID: PMC10603875 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In carcinogenesis of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the deregulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling plays a critical role. The aberrant activity of this pathway is described in approximately 10% of gastric cancers and its frequency increases in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (iCCAs), with an estimated frequency of 10-16%. Several selective FGFR inhibitors have been developed in the last few years with promising results. For example, targeting the FGFR pathway is now a fundamental part of clinical practice when treating iCCA and many clinical trials are ongoing to test the safety and efficacy of anti-FGFR agents in gastric, colon and pancreatic cancer, with variable results. However, the response rates of anti-FGFR drugs are modest and resistances emerge rapidly, limiting their efficacy and causing disease progression. In this review, we aim to explore the landscape of anti-FGFR inhibitors in relation to GI cancer, with particular focus on selective FGFR inhibitors and drug combinations that may lead to overcoming resistance mechanisms and drug-induced toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Ratti
- Oncology and Hematology Department, Piacenza General Hospital, Via Taverna 49, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Elena Orlandi
- Oncology and Hematology Department, Piacenza General Hospital, Via Taverna 49, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Jens Claus Hahne
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Stefano Vecchia
- Pharmacy Unit, Piacenza General Hospital, Via Taverna 49, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Chiara Citterio
- Oncology and Hematology Department, Piacenza General Hospital, Via Taverna 49, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Elisa Anselmi
- Oncology and Hematology Department, Piacenza General Hospital, Via Taverna 49, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Ilaria Toscani
- Oncology and Hematology Department, Piacenza General Hospital, Via Taverna 49, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Michele Ghidini
- Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
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5
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Type I Diabetes Pathoetiology and Pathophysiology: Roles of the Gut Microbiome, Pancreatic Cellular Interactions, and the 'Bystander' Activation of Memory CD8 + T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043300. [PMID: 36834709 PMCID: PMC9964837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) arises from the failure of pancreatic β-cells to produce adequate insulin, usually as a consequence of extensive pancreatic β-cell destruction. T1DM is classed as an immune-mediated condition. However, the processes that drive pancreatic β-cell apoptosis remain to be determined, resulting in a failure to prevent ongoing cellular destruction. Alteration in mitochondrial function is clearly the major pathophysiological process underpinning pancreatic β-cell loss in T1DM. As with many medical conditions, there is a growing interest in T1DM as to the role of the gut microbiome, including the interactions of gut bacteria with Candida albicans fungal infection. Gut dysbiosis and gut permeability are intimately associated with raised levels of circulating lipopolysaccharide and suppressed butyrate levels, which can act to dysregulate immune responses and systemic mitochondrial function. This manuscript reviews broad bodies of data on T1DM pathophysiology, highlighting the importance of alterations in the mitochondrial melatonergic pathway of pancreatic β-cells in driving mitochondrial dysfunction. The suppression of mitochondrial melatonin makes pancreatic β-cells susceptible to oxidative stress and dysfunctional mitophagy, partly mediated by the loss of melatonin's induction of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), thereby suppressing mitophagy and increasing autoimmune associated major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-1. The immediate precursor to melatonin, N-acetylserotonin (NAS), is a brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mimic, via the activation of the BDNF receptor, TrkB. As both the full-length and truncated TrkB play powerful roles in pancreatic β-cell function and survival, NAS is another important aspect of the melatonergic pathway relevant to pancreatic β-cell destruction in T1DM. The incorporation of the mitochondrial melatonergic pathway in T1DM pathophysiology integrates wide bodies of previously disparate data on pancreatic intercellular processes. The suppression of Akkermansia muciniphila, Lactobacillus johnsonii, butyrate, and the shikimate pathway-including by bacteriophages-contributes to not only pancreatic β-cell apoptosis, but also to the bystander activation of CD8+ T cells, which increases their effector function and prevents their deselection in the thymus. The gut microbiome is therefore a significant determinant of the mitochondrial dysfunction driving pancreatic β-cell loss as well as 'autoimmune' effects derived from cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. This has significant future research and treatment implications.
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6
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von Bohlen Und Halbach O. Neurotrophic Factors and Dendritic Spines. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 34:223-254. [PMID: 37962797 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-36159-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are highly dynamic structures that play important roles in neuronal plasticity. The morphologies and the numbers of dendritic spines are highly variable, and this diversity is correlated with the different morphological and physiological features of this neuronal compartment. Dendritic spines can change their morphology and number rapidly, allowing them to adapt to plastic changes. Neurotrophic factors play important roles in the brain during development. However, these factors are also necessary for a variety of processes in the postnatal brain. Neurotrophic factors, especially members of the neurotrophin family and the ephrin family, are involved in the modulation of long-lasting effects induced by neuronal plasticity by acting on dendritic spines, either directly or indirectly. Thereby, the neurotrophic factors play important roles in processes attributed, for example, to learning and memory.
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7
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Chang H, Bennett AM, Cameron WD, Floro E, Au A, McFaul CM, Yip CM, Rocheleau JV. Targeting Apollo-NADP + to Image NADPH Generation in Pancreatic Beta-Cell Organelles. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3308-3317. [PMID: 36269889 PMCID: PMC9706804 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
NADPH/NADP+ redox state supports numerous reactions related to cell growth and survival; yet the full impact is difficult to appreciate due to organelle compartmentalization of NADPH and NADP+. To study glucose-stimulated NADPH production in pancreatic beta-cell organelles, we targeted the Apollo-NADP+ sensor by first selecting the most pH-stable version of the single-color sensor. We subsequently targeted mTurquoise2-Apollo-NADP+ to various organelles and confirmed activity in the cytoplasm, mitochondrial matrix, nucleus, and peroxisome. Finally, we measured the glucose- and glutamine-stimulated NADPH responses by single- and dual-color imaging of the targeted sensors. Overall, we developed multiple organelle-targeted Apollo-NADP+ sensors to reveal the prominent role of beta-cell mitochondria in determining NADPH production in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and peroxisome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huntley
H. Chang
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada,Toronto
General Hospital Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Alex M. Bennett
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada,Toronto
General Hospital Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - William D. Cameron
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada,Toronto
General Hospital Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Eric Floro
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada,Toronto
General Hospital Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Aaron Au
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Christopher M. McFaul
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Christopher M. Yip
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Jonathan V. Rocheleau
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada,Toronto
General Hospital Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada,Department
of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada,Banting
and Best Diabetes Centre, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada,
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8
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Molecular targeted therapy for anticancer treatment. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1670-1694. [PMID: 36224343 PMCID: PMC9636149 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00864-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the initial clinical approval in the late 1990s and remarkable anticancer effects for certain types of cancer, molecular targeted therapy utilizing small molecule agents or therapeutic monoclonal antibodies acting as signal transduction inhibitors has served as a fundamental backbone in precision medicine for cancer treatment. These approaches are now used clinically as first-line therapy for various types of human cancers. Compared to conventional chemotherapy, targeted therapeutic agents have efficient anticancer effects with fewer side effects. However, the emergence of drug resistance is a major drawback of molecular targeted therapy, and several strategies have been attempted to improve therapeutic efficacy by overcoming such resistance. Herein, we summarize current knowledge regarding several targeted therapeutic agents, including classification, a brief biology of target kinases, mechanisms of action, examples of clinically used targeted therapy, and perspectives for future development.
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9
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Laminin matrix regulates beta-cell FGFR5 expression to enhance glucose-stimulated metabolism. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6110. [PMID: 35414066 PMCID: PMC9005713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that pancreatic beta-cells plated on laminin matrix express reduced levels of FGFR1, a receptor linked to beta-cell metabolism and differentiation. Due to recent evidence that adult beta-cells also express FGFR5, a co-receptor for FGFR1, we now aim to determine the effect of laminin on FGFR5 expression and consequent effects on beta-cell metabolism. Using a genetically encoded sensor for NADPH/NADP+ redox state (Apollo-NADP+), we show overexpression of FGFR5 enhances glucose-stimulated NADPH metabolism in beta-cell lines as well as mouse and human beta-cells. This enhanced response was accompanied by increased insulin secretion as well as increased expression of transcripts for glycolytic enzymes (Glucokinase/GCK, PKM2) and the functional maturity marker Urocortin 3 (UCN3). Culturing beta-cells on laminin matrix also stimulated upregulation of endogenous FGFR5 expression, and similarly enhanced beta-cell glucose-stimulated NADPH-metabolism as well as GCK and PKM2 transcript expression. The metabolism and transcript responses triggered by laminin were disrupted by R5ΔC, a truncated receptor isoform that inhibits the FGFR5/FGFR1 signaling complex. Collectively these data reveal that beta-cells respond to laminin by increasing FGFR5 expression to enhance beta-cell glucose metabolism.
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10
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Chen K, Rao Z, Dong S, Chen Y, Wang X, Luo Y, Gong F, Li X. Roles of the fibroblast growth factor signal transduction system in tissue injury repair. BURNS & TRAUMA 2022; 10:tkac005. [PMID: 35350443 PMCID: PMC8946634 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Following injury, tissue autonomously initiates a complex repair process, resulting in either partial recovery or regeneration of tissue architecture and function in most organisms. Both the repair and regeneration processes are highly coordinated by a hierarchy of interplay among signal transduction pathways initiated by different growth factors, cytokines and other signaling molecules under normal conditions. However, under chronic traumatic or pathological conditions, the reparative or regenerative process of most tissues in different organs can lose control to different extents, leading to random, incomplete or even flawed cell and tissue reconstitution and thus often partial restoration of the original structure and function, accompanied by the development of fibrosis, scarring or even pathogenesis that could cause organ failure and death of the organism. Ample evidence suggests that the various combinatorial fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and receptor signal transduction systems play prominent roles in injury repair and the remodeling of adult tissues in addition to embryonic development and regulation of metabolic homeostasis. In this review, we attempt to provide a brief update on our current understanding of the roles, the underlying mechanisms and clinical application of FGFs in tissue injury repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Siyang Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
- Department of breast surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Yajing Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Xulan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Yongde Luo
- Correspondence. Xiaokun Li, ; Fanghua Gong, ; Yongde Luo,
| | - Fanghua Gong
- Correspondence. Xiaokun Li, ; Fanghua Gong, ; Yongde Luo,
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Correspondence. Xiaokun Li, ; Fanghua Gong, ; Yongde Luo,
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Margiotta A. All Good Things Must End: Termination of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signal. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126342. [PMID: 34198477 PMCID: PMC8231876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are membrane receptors that regulate many fundamental cellular processes. A tight regulation of RTK signaling is fundamental for development and survival, and an altered signaling by RTKs can cause cancer. RTKs are localized at the plasma membrane (PM) and the major regulatory mechanism of signaling of RTKs is their endocytosis and degradation. In fact, RTKs at the cell surface bind ligands with their extracellular domain, become active, and are rapidly internalized where the temporal extent of signaling, attenuation, and downregulation are modulated. However, other mechanisms of signal attenuation and termination are known. Indeed, inhibition of RTKs’ activity may occur through the modulation of the phosphorylation state of RTKs and the interaction with specific proteins, whereas antagonist ligands can inhibit the biological responses mediated by the receptor. Another mechanism concerns the expression of endogenous inactive receptor variants that are deficient in RTK activity and take part to inactive heterodimers or hetero-oligomers. The downregulation of RTK signals is fundamental for several cellular functions and the homeostasis of the cell. Here, we will review the mechanisms of signal attenuation and termination of RTKs, focusing on FGFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Margiotta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
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12
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Pathophysiological Implications of Imbalances in Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in the Development of Diabetes. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10122583. [PMID: 34208131 PMCID: PMC8230948 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10122583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational studies have associated the increase in fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 levels, the main regulator of phosphate levels, with the onset of diabetes. These studies open the debate on the plausible existence of undescribed diabetogenic mechanisms derived from chronic supraphysiological levels of FGF23, a prevalent condition in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. These maladaptive and diabetogenic responses to FGF23 may occur at different levels, including a direct effect on the pancreatic ß cells, and an indirect effect derived from the stimulation of the synthesis of pro-inflammatory factors. Both mechanisms could be mediated by the binding of FGF23 to noncanonical receptor complexes with the subsequent overactivation of signaling pathways that leads to harmful effects. The canonical binding of FGF23 to the receptor complex formed by the receptor FGFR1c and the coreceptor αKlotho activates Ras/MAPK/ERK signaling. However, supraphysiological concentrations of FGF23 favor non-αKlotho-dependent binding of this molecule to other FGFRs, which could generate an undesired overactivation of the PLCγ/CN/NFAT pathway, as observed in cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes. Moreover, the decrease in αKlotho expression may constitute a contributing factor to the appearance of these effects by promoting the nonspecific activation of the PLCγ/CN/NFAT to the detriment of the αKlotho-dependent Ras/MAPK/ERK pathway. The description of these mechanisms would allow the development of new therapeutic targets susceptible to be modified by dietary changes or by pharmacological intervention.
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13
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Huang X, Shen H, Liu Y, Qiu S, Guo Y. Fisetin attenuates periodontitis through FGFR1/TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 95:107505. [PMID: 33725636 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the pharmacological effect of Fisetin on experimental periodontitis in rats and explore its potential mechanism. The ligature/LPS method was used to induce periodontitis in rats. LPS was employed to cause inflammation in Human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). The transfections with FGFR1 SiRNA, NLRP3 SiRNA and the selective TLR4 inhibitor TAK242 were used to investigate the mechanism of Fisetin-mediated inflammatory reaction in LPS-induced HGF. As a result, Fisetin reduced the alveolar bone gap, reversed histopathological lesion and inhibited serum inflammatory cytokine concentration in periodontitis rats. Fisetin decreased the inflammatory cytokine contents in the supernatant of LPS-induced HGF. The inhibitory effect of Fisetin might be attributed to FGFR1/TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway both in vivo and in vitro. The suppressions of FGFR1, TLR4 and NLRP3 proved that FGFR1/TLR4/NLRP3 signaling was involved in the Fisetin-mediated inflammatory response. Fisetin also inhibited NLRP3 priming. The data demonstrated that Fisetin attenuated periodontitis by inhibiting inflammatory reaction via FGFR1/TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yiran Liu
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Sainan Qiu
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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14
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Ferguson HR, Smith MP, Francavilla C. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) and Noncanonical Partners in Cancer Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:1201. [PMID: 34068954 PMCID: PMC8156822 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that success of targeted therapies in the treatment of cancer is context-dependent and is influenced by a complex crosstalk between signaling pathways and between cell types in the tumor. The Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)/FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling axis highlights the importance of such context-dependent signaling in cancer. Aberrant FGFR signaling has been characterized in almost all cancer types, most commonly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), breast cancer, glioblastoma, prostate cancer and gastrointestinal cancer. This occurs primarily through amplification and over-expression of FGFR1 and FGFR2 resulting in ligand-independent activation. Mutations and translocations of FGFR1-4 are also identified in cancer. Canonical FGF-FGFR signaling is tightly regulated by ligand-receptor combinations as well as direct interactions with the FGFR coreceptors heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and Klotho. Noncanonical FGFR signaling partners have been implicated in differential regulation of FGFR signaling. FGFR directly interacts with cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, contributing to invasive and migratory properties of cancer cells, whereas interactions with other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulate angiogenic, resistance to therapy, and metastatic potential of cancer cells. The diversity in FGFR signaling partners supports a role for FGFR signaling in cancer, independent of genetic aberration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet R. Ferguson
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Michael P. Smith
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Chiara Francavilla
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
- Manchester Breast Centre, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
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15
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Liu Y, Wang C, Li J, Zhu J, Zhao C, Xu H. Novel Regulatory Factors and Small-Molecule Inhibitors of FGFR4 in Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:633453. [PMID: 33981224 PMCID: PMC8107720 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.633453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) is a tyrosine kinase receptor that is a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family and is stimulated by highly regulated ligand binding. Excessive expression of the receptor and its ligand, especially FGF19, occurs in many types of cancer. Abnormal FGFR4 production explains these cancer formations, and therefore, this receptor has emerged as a potential target for inhibiting cancer development. This review discusses the diverse mechanisms of oncogenic activation of FGFR4 and highlights some currently available inhibitors targeting FGFR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Canwei Wang
- Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jifa Li
- Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiandong Zhu
- Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chengguang Zhao
- Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huanhai Xu
- Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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16
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Klimaschewski L, Claus P. Fibroblast Growth Factor Signalling in the Diseased Nervous System. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3884-3902. [PMID: 33860438 PMCID: PMC8280051 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) act as key signalling molecules in brain development, maintenance, and repair. They influence the intricate relationship between myelinating cells and axons as well as the association of astrocytic and microglial processes with neuronal perikarya and synapses. Advances in molecular genetics and imaging techniques have allowed novel insights into FGF signalling in recent years. Conditional mouse mutants have revealed the functional significance of neuronal and glial FGF receptors, not only in tissue protection, axon regeneration, and glial proliferation but also in instant behavioural changes. This review provides a summary of recent findings regarding the role of FGFs and their receptors in the nervous system and in the pathogenesis of major neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Klimaschewski
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Yue S, Li Y, Chen X, Wang J, Li M, Chen Y, Wu D. FGFR-TKI resistance in cancer: current status and perspectives. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:23. [PMID: 33568192 PMCID: PMC7876795 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) play key roles in promoting the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of cancer cell. Inactivation of FGFRs by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) has achieved great success in tumor-targeted therapy. However, resistance to FGFR-TKI has become a concern. Here, we review the mechanisms of FGFR-TKI resistance in cancer, including gatekeeper mutations, alternative signaling pathway activation, lysosome-mediated TKI sequestration, and gene fusion. In addition, we summarize strategies to overcome resistance, including developing covalent inhibitors, developing dual-target inhibitors, adopting combination therapy, and targeting lysosomes, which will facilitate the transition to precision medicine and individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Yue
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Structural Biology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yukun Li
- Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Structural Biology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Meixiang Li
- Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Structural Biology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Daichao Wu
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Structural Biology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China. .,W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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18
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Drug delivery platforms for neonatal brain injury. J Control Release 2021; 330:765-787. [PMID: 33417984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), initiated by the interruption of oxygenated blood supply to the brain, is a leading cause of death and lifelong disability in newborns. The pathogenesis of HIE involves a complex interplay of excitotoxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress that results in acute to long term brain damage and functional impairments. Therapeutic hypothermia is the only approved treatment for HIE but has limited effectiveness for moderate to severe brain damage; thus, pharmacological intervention is explored as an adjunct therapy to hypothermia to further promote recovery. However, the limited bioavailability and the side-effects of systemic administration are factors that hinder the use of the candidate pharmacological agents. To overcome these barriers, therapeutic molecules may be packaged into nanoscale constructs to enable their delivery. Yet, the application of nanotechnology in infants is not well examined, and the neonatal brain presents unique challenges. Novel drug delivery platforms have the potential to magnify therapeutic effects in the damaged brain, mitigate side-effects associated with high systemic doses, and evade mechanisms that remove the drugs from circulation. Encouraging pre-clinical data demonstrates an attenuation of brain damage and increased structural and functional recovery. This review surveys the current progress in drug delivery for treating neonatal brain injury.
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19
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Lacouture ME, Sibaud V, Anadkat MJ, Kaffenberger B, Leventhal J, Guindon K, Abou‐Alfa G. Dermatologic Adverse Events Associated with Selective Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors: Overview, Prevention, and Management Guidelines. Oncologist 2021; 26:e316-e326. [PMID: 33021006 PMCID: PMC7873330 DOI: 10.1002/onco.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinases, which are expressed on the cell membrane, are involved in a wide range of biological functions such as cell proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation. The identification of FGFR fusions and other alterations in a wide range of solid tumors, including cholangiocarcinoma and bladder cancer, has resulted in the development of several selective FGFR inhibitors for use in these indications, for example, infigratinib, erdafitinib, derazantinib, pemigatinib, and futibatinib. In addition to the typical adverse events associated with tyrosine kinases, the FGFR inhibitors appear to give rise to a number of adverse events affecting the skin. Here we describe these skin events, which include the more common nail adverse events (e.g., onycholysis), palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome, and stomatitis, as well as less common reactions such as calciphylaxis. This review aims to provide oncologists with an understanding of these dermatologic events and proposes guidelines for the management of treatment-emergent dermatologic adverse events. Awareness of possible adverse events associated with specific drugs should allow physicians to educate patients as to what to expect and implement effective management plans at the earliest possible opportunity, thereby preventing premature discontinuation while maintaining patient quality of life. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Identification of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) aberrations in cholangiocarcinoma and bladder cancer led to development of selective FGFR inhibitors for these indications, based on clinical benefit and safety profiles. The most frequent adverse events (AEs) include those affecting skin, hair, and nails, a unique class effect of these agents. These are usually mild to moderate in severity. This work reviewed skin AEs reported with FGFR inhibitors and provides management guidelines for physicians, aiming to increase awareness of skin events and provide effective treatment strategies. Early intervention and effective management may improve treatment adherence, optimize outcomes, and improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent Sibaud
- Department of Oncodermatology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse OncopoleToulouseFrance
| | - Milan J. Anadkat
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMissouriUSA
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20
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Sobhani N, Fassl A, Mondani G, Generali D, Otto T. Targeting Aberrant FGFR Signaling to Overcome CDK4/6 Inhibitor Resistance in Breast Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:293. [PMID: 33535617 PMCID: PMC7912842 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide. Therapies targeting molecular pathways altered in BC had significantly enhanced treatment options for BC over the last decades, which ultimately improved the lives of millions of women worldwide. Among various molecular pathways accruing substantial interest for the development of targeted therapies are cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)-in particular, the two closely related members CDK4 and CDK6. CDK4/6 inhibitors indirectly trigger the dephosphorylation of retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein by blocking CDK4/6, thereby blocking the cell cycle transition from the G1 to S phase. Although the CDK4/6 inhibitors abemaciclib, palbociclib, and ribociclib gained FDA approval for the treatment of hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative BC as they significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) in randomized clinical trials, regrettably, some patients showed resistance to these therapies. Though multiple molecular pathways could be mechanistically responsible for CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy resistance, one of the most predominant ones seems to be the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway. FGFRs are involved in many aspects of cancer formation, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and growth. Importantly, FGFRs are frequently mutated in BC, and their overexpression and/or hyperactivation correlates with CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance and shortened PFS in BC. Intriguingly, the inhibition of aberrant FGFR activity is capable of reversing the resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors. This review summarizes the molecular background of FGFR signaling and discusses the role of aberrant FGFR signaling during cancer development in general and during the development of CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance in BC in particular, together with other possible mechanisms for resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors. Subsequently, future directions on novel therapeutic strategies targeting FGFR signaling to overcome such resistance during BC treatment will be further debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Sobhani
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anne Fassl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Giuseppina Mondani
- Department Breast Oncoplastic Surgery Royal Cornwall Hospital, Treliske, Truro TR13LJ, UK;
| | - Daniele Generali
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Tobias Otto
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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21
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Zou Y, Zheng WB, He JJ, Elsheikha HM, Zhu XQ, Lu YX. Toxocara canis Differentially Affects Hepatic MicroRNA Expression in Beagle Dogs at Different Stages of Infection. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:587273. [PMID: 33282932 PMCID: PMC7689213 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.587273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxocara canis is a neglected zoonotic parasite, which threatens the health of dogs and humans worldwide. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the progression of T. canis infection remain mostly unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that have been identified in T. canis; however, the regulation and role of miRNAs in the host during infection remain incompletely understood. In this study, we determined hepatic miRNA expression at different stages of T. canis infection in beagle dogs. Individual dogs were infected by 300 embryonated T. canis eggs, and their livers were collected at 12 hpi (hours post-infection), 24 hpi, and 36 dpi (days post-infection). The expression profiles of liver miRNAs were determined using RNA-sequencing. Compared to the control groups, 9, 16, and 34 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were detected in the livers of infected dogs at the three infection stages, respectively. Among those DEmiRNAs, the novel-294 and cfa-miR-885 were predicted to regulate inflammation-related genes at the initial stage of infection (12 hpi). The cfa-miR-1839 was predicted to regulate the target gene TRIM71, which may influence the development of T. canis larvae at 24 hpi. Moreover, cfa-miR-370 and cfa-miR-133c were associated with immune response at the final stage of infection (36 dpi). Some immunity-related Gene Ontology terms were enriched particularly at 24 hpi. Likewise, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that many significantly enriched pathways were involved in inflammation and immune responses. The expression level of nine DEmiRNAs was validated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). These results show that miRNAs play critical roles in the pathogenesis of T. canis during the hepatic phase of parasite development. Our data provide fundamental information for further investigation of the roles of miRNAs in the innate/adaptive immune response of dogs infected by T. canis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zou
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wen-Bin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun-Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Yi-Xin Lu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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22
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Saborowski A, Lehmann U, Vogel A. FGFR inhibitors in cholangiocarcinoma: what's now and what's next? Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920953293. [PMID: 32983265 PMCID: PMC7498964 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920953293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) face a highly dismal prognosis, due to late stage diagnosis, the relative chemoresistance of the disease, and an overall limited portfolio of established therapeutic concepts. In recent years, a number of next generation sequencing studies have provided detailed information on the molecular landscape of biliary malignancies, and have laid the groundwork for the evaluation of novel, targeted therapeutic opportunities. Although nearly 40% of patients harbor genetic alterations for which targeted options exist, rapid translation into clinical trials is hampered by the overall low patient numbers. One of the most frequent genetic events in patients with iCCAs are fusions that involve the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). Impressive results from pivotal phase II studies in pre-treated patients have confirmed that FGFR-inhibitors are a promising therapeutic option for this genetic subgroup, and the rapid pace with which these inhibitors are being clinically developed is clearly justified by the imminent benefit for the patients. However, the success of these agents should not blind us to key challenges that need to be addressed to optimize FGFR-directed therapies in the future. A better understanding of mechanisms that convey primary and secondary resistance will be crucial to improve up-front patient stratification, to prolong the duration of response, and to implement reasonable co-treatment approaches. In this review, we provide background information on the pathobiology of oncogenic FGFR fusions and selected genetic testing strategies, summarize the latest clinical data, and discuss future directions of FGFR-directed therapies in patients with iCCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Saborowski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endokrinologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Lehmann
- Institute of Pathology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arndt Vogel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany
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23
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Giacomini A, Grillo E, Rezzola S, Ribatti D, Rusnati M, Ronca R, Presta M. The FGF/FGFR system in the physiopathology of the prostate gland. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:569-610. [PMID: 32730114 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of proteins possessing paracrine, autocrine, or endocrine functions in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, angiogenesis, tissue homeostasis, wound repair, and cancer. Canonical FGFs bind and activate tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs), triggering intracellular signaling cascades that mediate their biological activity. Experimental evidence indicates that FGFs play a complex role in the physiopathology of the prostate gland that ranges from essential functions during embryonic development to modulation of neoplastic transformation. The use of ligand- and receptor-deleted mouse models has highlighted the requirement for FGF signaling in the normal development of the prostate gland. In adult prostate, the maintenance of a functional FGF/FGFR signaling axis is critical for organ homeostasis and function, as its disruption leads to prostate hyperplasia and may contribute to cancer progression and metastatic dissemination. Dissection of the molecular landscape modulated by the FGF family will facilitate ongoing translational efforts directed toward prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Giacomini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Grillo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Rezzola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Rusnati
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Ronca
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Presta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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24
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Quintanal-Villalonga A, Ferrer I, Molina-Pinelo S, Paz-Ares L. A patent review of FGFR4 selective inhibition in cancer (2007-2018). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:429-438. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1624720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Ferrer
- CNIO-H12O Lung Clinical Cancer Research Unit, Fundación de Investigación Biomédica i+12 & Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Molina-Pinelo
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS) (HUVR, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- CNIO-H12O Lung Clinical Cancer Research Unit, Fundación de Investigación Biomédica i+12 & Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre & Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Medical School, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Chen L, Qi H, Zhang L, Li H, Shao J, Chen H, Zhong M, Shi X, Ye T, Li Q. Effects of FGFR gene polymorphisms on response and toxicity of cyclophosphamide-epirubicin-docetaxel-based chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1038. [PMID: 30359238 PMCID: PMC6202826 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4951-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemotherapy resistance and toxicity of chemotherapy are major problems in breast cancer treatment. However, candidate biomarkers for predicting clinical outcomes and better prognosis remain lacking. METHODS In this study, we analyzed possible impact of 8 genetic variants of fibroblast growth factor receptor1-4 (FGFR1-4) on the treatment response and toxicities in 211 breast cancer patients. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood cells, and the genotypes were examined using the TaqMan Pre-Designed SNP Genotyping Assays. RESULTS The FGFR4 rs1966265 and FGFR2 rs2981578 contributed to clinical outcome of breast cancer treated with docetaxel-epirubicin-cyclophosphamide (CET)-based chemotherapy. For rs1966265, AA genotype had significant correlation with the clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) when compared with GG and AG/GG genotype (P = 0.019 and P = 0.004, respectively). Moreover, A allele of FGFR2 rs2981578 had significant rates of response (P = 0.025). In addition, rs2420946 CC genotype was associated with higher frequency of toxicities compared with TT and CT/TT genotypes (P = 0.038 and P = 0.019, respectively). Also, rs2981578 AG genotype showed higher frequency of toxicities compared with GG genotype (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest these polymorphisms, especially rs1966265 and rs2981578, might be candidate pharmacogenomics factors to the response and prognosis prediction for individualized CET-based chemotherapy in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijie Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liudi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haixia Li
- Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingkang Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojin Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Nursing Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qunyi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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