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Lima CC, de Holanda-Angelin-Alves CM, Pereira-Gonçalves Á, Kennedy-Feitosa E, Evangelista-Costa E, Bezerra MAC, Coelho-de-Souza AN, Leal-Cardoso JH. Antispasmodic effects of the essential oil of Croton zehnteneri, anethole, and estragole, on tracheal smooth muscle. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05445. [PMID: 33251351 PMCID: PMC7679260 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Croton zehntneri is a plant well adapted to the semi-arid climate of northeastern region of Brazil. The essential oil of C. zehntneri (EOCz) has been described to have several pharmacologic properties, including effect on airflow resistance of in vivo respiratory system. For this reason, we investigated the hypothesis that EOCz and its major constituents, anethole and estragole, have antispasmodic activity on tracheal muscle. In tracheal rings of Wistar rats, maintained in Krebs-Henseleit's solution, EOCz, anethole and estragole inhibited contractions induced by 60mM [K+], ACh (10μM), Ba2+ and Phorbol dibutirate (1 μM). For EOCz, anethole and estragole, the IC50 for inhibition of KCl-induced contractions were 145.8 ± 14.8, 89.9 ± 7.4 and 181.0 ± 23.3 μg/mL, respectively, and for ACh-induced contraction, they were 606.1 ± 122.0, 160.5 ± 33.0 and 358.6 ± 49.2 μg/mL. Pharmacodynamic efficacy was maximal in all cases. These data in Ba2+-induced contraction and the differential IC50 suggested that blockade of Voltage Dependent Calcium Channels (VDCC) is a component of the mechanism of action of the three agents. Evaluation of the direct effect of anethole, on VDCC, showed inhibition of the Ca2+ current through this type of channel. These results show that EOCz and the constituents have antispasmodic activity and the mechanism includes blockade of VDCC channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystianne Calado Lima
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Physiology, Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Átila Pereira-Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology, Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Kennedy-Feitosa
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid, Mossorró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Eder Evangelista-Costa
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology, Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Henrique Leal-Cardoso
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology, Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Wang X, Batubara I, Yamauchi K, Mitsunaga T. Identification and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of chemical constituents from Daemonorops draco (Willd.) Blume and selected commercial flavonoids on anti-osteoclastogenesis activity. Fitoterapia 2019; 138:104280. [PMID: 31376421 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclastogenesis-related bone diseases including osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Paget's disease and periodontitis are worldwide occurred and cause severe health problems including bone fracture and bone cancer. However, A few studies have shown that Daemonorops draco (Willd.) Blume may decrease bone destruction and relieve bone cancer pain. In this research, we isolated and purified four known and two novel compounds from D. draco and investigated their anti-osteoclastogenesis activity using RAW264.7 cells. Among them, com.1 exhibited the most effective inhibitory activity on osteoclastogenesis with 78% inhibition at 10 μM and identified to be a novel natural flavan; and com.2 displayed a bit slighter inhibition (50% at 10 μM), indicating that the methylation of 7-hydroxyl group increased the anti-osteoclastogenesis activity. Moreover, nineteen commercial flavonoids were also performed in this study to investigate their inhibitory activity on osteoclastogenesis, and furtherly develop the SAR profile in flavonoid skeleton combined with the information of isolated compounds. Interestingly, the absence of substituents in B-ring and (3R)-hydroxyl group seems to play a crucial role in increasing anti-osteoclastogenesis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Irmanida Batubara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, Bogor Agriculture University, Bogor 16128, Indonesia
| | - Kosei Yamauchi
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tohru Mitsunaga
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
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Gontijo DC, Gontijo PC, Brandão GC, Diaz MAN, de Oliveira AB, Fietto LG, Leite JPV. Antioxidant study indicative of antibacterial and antimutagenic activities of an ellagitannin-rich aqueous extract from the leaves of Miconia latecrenata. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 236:114-123. [PMID: 30853643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance; Several plant species of Miconia genus are commonly used in Brazilian folk medicine as anti-inflammatory agents and for the treatment of infectious diseases. Infusions and extracts of Miconia species are also reported as analgesic, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antimutagenic, and antitumoral. Aim of the study; To determine the phytochemical composition of an aqueous extract of Miconia latecrenata leaves and to evaluate its antioxidant, antibacterial, antimutagenic and antigenotoxic activities. Materials and Methods; The following methods were used for the different effects: I) antioxidant - β-carotene/linoleic acid, lipid peroxidation, and DPPH• radical scavenging; II) antibacterial - agar well diffusion and MIC methods); III) antimutagenic assays - Ames Test; and IV) antigenotoxic - Plasmid cleavage test. The phytochemical analysis and phenolic quantification were carried out by UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS and colorimetry, respectively. In addition, statistical correlation analysis was performed aiming to evaluate the Pearson correlation between phenolic compounds and biological assays. Results; A high content of tannins was observed and the ellagitannin isomers of 1,2,3,5-tris-galloyl-4,6-HHDP-glucose were identified as the main constituents of the leaves aqueous extract. High antioxidant effect, in different tests, high antibacterial activity to gram-positive and negative strains, as well as high antimutagenic activity were observed. Statistical analysis showed a high Pearson correlation for the tannin content in relation to the results of the antioxidant and antibacterial tests. In general, the antioxidant action of the aqueous extract showed low correlation with the antimutagenic activity. Conclusions; The present results confirmed the expectations regarding the pharmacological profile of M. latecrenata supporting its therapeutic potential in relation to ROS/RNS related disorders. Furthermore, the phenolic compounds of M. latecrenata can act, in turn, minimizing or inhibiting the biological macromolecules damage, especially DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Costa Gontijo
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n - Campus Universitário, CEP, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Pablo Costa Gontijo
- Setor de Agronomia, Instituto Federal Goiano, Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, CEP, 75901-970, Rio Verde, GO, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Célio Brandão
- Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Morro do Cruzeiro, s/n, CEP, 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Marisa Alves Nogueira Diaz
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n - Campus Universitário, CEP, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Alaíde Braga de Oliveira
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciano Gomes Fietto
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n - Campus Universitário, CEP, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Viana Leite
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n - Campus Universitário, CEP, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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Sharma A, Flores-Vallejo RDC, Cardoso-Taketa A, Villarreal ML. Antibacterial activities of medicinal plants used in Mexican traditional medicine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 208:264-329. [PMID: 27155134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE We provide an extensive summary of the in vitro antibacterial properties of medicinal plants popularly used in Mexico to treat infections, and we discuss the ethnomedical information that has been published for these species. MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a bibliographic investigation by analyzing local and international peer-reviewed papers selected by consulting internationally accepted scientific databases from 1995 to 2014. We provide specific information about the evaluated plant parts, the type of extracts, the tested bacterial strains, and the inhibitory concentrations for each one of the species. We recorded the ethnomedical information for the active species, as well as their popular names and local distribution. Information about the plant compounds that has been identified is included in the manuscript. This review also incorporates an extensive summary of the available toxicological reports on the recorded species, as well as the worldwide registries of plant patents used for treating bacterial infections. In addition, we provide a list with the top plant species with antibacterial activities in this review RESULTS: We documented the in vitro antibacterial activities of 343 plant species pertaining to 92 botanical families against 72 bacterial species, focusing particularly on Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plant families Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae and Euphorbiaceae included the largest number of active species. Information related to popular uses reveals that the majority of the plants, in addition to treating infections, are used to treat other conditions. The distribution of Mexican plants extended from those that were reported to grow in just one state to those that grow in all 32 Mexican states. From 75 plant species, 225 compounds were identified. Out of the total plant species, only 140 (40.57%) had at least one report about their toxic effects. From 1994 to July 2014 a total of 11,836 worldwide antibacterial patents prepared from different sources were recorded; only 36 antibacterial patents from plants were registered over the same time period. We offered some insights on the most important findings regarding the antibacterial effects, current state of the art, and research perspectives of top plant species with antibacterial activities in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Studies of the antibacterial in vitro activity of medicinal plants popularly used in Mexico to treat infections indicate that both the selection of plant material and the investigation methodologies vary. Standardized experimental procedures as well as in vivo pharmacokinetic studies to document the effectiveness of plant extracts and compounds are necessary. This review presents extensive information about the medicinal plants possessing antibacterial activity that has been scientifically studied and are popularly used in Mexico. We anticipate that this review will be of use for future studies because it constitutes a valuable information tool for selecting the most significant plants and their potential antibacterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Sharma
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Alimentos, Biotecnología y Agronomía (ESIABA), Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Querétaro, México
| | - Rosario Del Carmen Flores-Vallejo
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca Morelos 62209, México
| | - Alexandre Cardoso-Taketa
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca Morelos 62209, México
| | - María Luisa Villarreal
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca Morelos 62209, México
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Jura-Morawiec J, Tulik M. Dragon's blood secretion and its ecological significance. CHEMOECOLOGY 2016; 26:101-105. [PMID: 27239099 PMCID: PMC4863904 DOI: 10.1007/s00049-016-0212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dragon's blood is the name given to a red exudate produced by some plant species belonging to the genera Daemonorops, Dracaena, Croton and Pterocarpus. These are endemic to various parts of the globe. It is classified as a resin or latex depending on its mode of secretion and its chemical composition, which is species specific. This red substance functions in defence and is produced (a) constitutively and stored in preformed anatomical structures, or (b) by induction in response to traumatic events, such as mechanical injury, pathogen attack or invasion by insects. Apart from its defensive role in plants, dragon's blood is also a valuable natural resource renowned since antiquity for its diverse medicinal properties and uses in art. Despite the great importance of dragon's blood, our knowledge of the biological basis for its secretion is still incomplete. This review summarizes recent advances in the study of the anatomical basis for its secretion, and discusses its classification and ecological function. Bringing some clarity to these issues may also help in the commercial sourcing of dragon's blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jura-Morawiec
- />Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - Centre for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mirela Tulik
- />Department of Forest Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-WULS, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Bailon-Moscoso N, Romero-Benavides JC, Tinitana-Imaicela F, Ostrosky-Wegman P. Medicinal plants of Ecuador: a review of plants with anticancer potential and their chemical composition. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Montopoli M, Bertin R, Chen Z, Bolcato J, Caparrotta L, Froldi G. Croton lechleri sap and isolated alkaloid taspine exhibit inhibition against human melanoma SK23 and colon cancer HT29 cell lines. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 144:747-753. [PMID: 23123266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Croton lechleri Mull. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) is a traditional medicinal plant which produces a red sap, traditionally known as "Sangre de Drago"; it is used in folk medicine externally for wounds, fractures, and haemorrhoids, internally for intestinal and stomach ulcers and also for the empirical cure of cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the effects of Croton lechleri sap and taspine in comparison with taxol and vinblastine on the growth of human cancer cell lines of SK23 (melanoma), LoVo and HT29 (colorectal cancer) using MTT and Trypan blue assays. Further, we studied cell cycle by flow cytometry and detected acetylated-α-tubulin by confocal microscope. RESULTS Croton lechleri inhibited cell proliferation starting from 1 μg/mL in SK23 cells, whereas 10 times higher concentrations were required for growth inhibition of HT-29 and LoVo cell lines. Also taspine (0.1 μg/mL) inhibited the SK23 and HT29 cell proliferation. Further, assay was assessed on SK23 and HT29 cell lines with 24-48 h treatment with sap and taspine. Both sap and taspine inhibited cancer cell proliferation; taspine showed higher activity on SK23 cells, which was significantly increased after 48 h of SK23 treatment. Using confocal microscopy we observed that Croton lechleri (1 μg/mL) caused a loss of microtubule structure, whereas taspine (0.5 μg/mL) caused an increase in acetylated α-tubulin and a modification of cellular morphology, mainly in SK23 cells. Croton lechleri sap 10 and 50 μg/mL influence cell cycle; 50 μg/mL sap caused a dramatic reduction of cells in G(1)/G(0) and S phases with a great increase of subG(0) cells. CONCLUSIONS The data showed that Croton lechleri and taspine could inhibit cell proliferation with higher potency against melanoma SK23 cells, supporting the empirical use of the sap as anticancer in ethnomedicine and taspine as a possible anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Montopoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Padua University, Largo E. Meneghetti 2, Padua, Italy
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Alonso-Castro AJ, Ortiz-Sánchez E, Domínguez F, López-Toledo G, Chávez M, Ortiz-Tello ADJ, García-Carrancá A. Antitumor effect of Croton lechleri Mull. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 140:438-42. [PMID: 22301443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED ETHNOPHARMAGOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Medicinal plants are an important source of antitumor compounds. This study evaluated the acute toxicity in mice, as well as the cytotoxic and antitumoral effects of methanolic extracts of Croton lechleri leaves (CLE). MATERIALS AND METHODS The cytotoxicity of CLE on human cancer cell lines and human non-cancerous cells was evaluated using the MTT and apoptosis assays. Apoptosis induced by CLE on human cancer cell lines was determined using flow cytometry with annexin-Alexa 488/propidium iodide. The acute toxicity in mice was performed according to the Lorke procedure. Different doses of CLE were injected intraperitoneally daily into athymic mice bearing tumor during 18 days. The growth and weight of tumors was measured. RESULTS CLE showed low IC(50) values on HeLa (17μg/ml) cells but lack toxic effects against human normal cells. Induction of cell death in HeLa cells by CLE was confirmed by an increase of apoptosis (Annexin/PI) by 30% compared to untreated cells. The LD(50) was 356mg/kg by intraperitoneal route (i.p.) and 500mg/kg by oral route. CLE administrated at 1, 10 and 50mg/kg i.p. inhibited the tumor growth by 38%, 48% and 59%, respectively, in mice bearing HeLa tumor. CONCLUSION Croton lechleri shows moderate toxic effects in vivo, exerts cytotoxic effects on HeLa cells and has antitumor effects in mice bearing HeLa tumor.
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Akinboro A, Mohamed KB, Asmawi MZ, Othman AS, Ying TH, Maidin SM. Mutagenic and antimutagenic assessment of methanol leaf extract ofMyristica fragrans(Houtt.) usingin vitroandin vivogenetic assays. Drug Chem Toxicol 2011; 35:412-22. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2011.638300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Chemical fingerprinting and bioactivity of Amazonian Ecuador Croton lechleri Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) stem bark essential oil: A new functional food ingredient? Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Tradtrantip L, Namkung W, Verkman AS. Crofelemer, an antisecretory antidiarrheal proanthocyanidin oligomer extracted from Croton lechleri, targets two distinct intestinal chloride channels. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 77:69-78. [PMID: 19808995 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.061051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Crofelemer, a purified proanthocyanidin oligomer extracted from the bark latex of Croton lechleri, is in clinical trials for secretory diarrheas of various etiologies. We investigated the antisecretory mechanism of crofelemer by determining its effect on the major apical membrane transport and signaling processes involved in intestinal fluid transport. Using cell lines and measurement procedures to isolate the effects on individual membrane transport proteins, crofelemer at 50 microM had little or no effect on the activity of epithelial Na(+) or K(+) channels or on cAMP or calcium signaling. Crofelemer inhibited the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) Cl(-) channel with maximum inhibition of approximately 60% and an IC(50) approximately 7 microM. Crofelemer action at an extracellular site on CFTR produced voltage-independent block with stabilization of the channel closed state. Crofelemer did not affect the potency of glycine hydrazide or thiazolidinone CFTR inhibitors. Crofelemer action resisted washout, with <50% reversal of CFTR inhibition after 4 h. Crofelemer was also found to strongly inhibit the intestinal calcium-activated Cl(-) channel TMEM16A by a voltage-independent inhibition mechanism with maximum inhibition >90% and IC(50) approximately 6.5 microM. The dual inhibitory action of crofelemer on two structurally unrelated prosecretory intestinal Cl(-) channels may account for its intestinal antisecretory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukmanee Tradtrantip
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, USA
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Kaleeswaran S, Sriram P, Prabhu D, Mathuram LN. Anti- and pro-mutagenic effects of silymarin in the Ames bacterial reverse mutation assay. Phytother Res 2009; 23:1378-84. [PMID: 19277970 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin, a polyphenolic flavonoid isolated from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), is being used clinically in Europe and Asia for the treatment of liver diseases. Silymarin has a strong antioxidative action capable of scavenging both free radicals and reactive oxygen species responsible for cancer. Silymarin, a powerful hepatoprotective and antioxidant, was chosen in the present study and was tested for its antimutagenic activity using an in vitro test, the Ames bacterial reverse mutation assay. The results indicated that silymarin showed a significant mutagenicity in frame shift mutant strains (TA97a and TA98) with metabolic activation. This compound also showed stronger antimutagenic effect against 2-aminofluorene and 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide induced mutation. When pre-, co- and post-treatment of silymarin was carried out, it showed stronger antimutagenic activity in the post-treatment with 2-aminofluorene and 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide in TA97a and TA98 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampath Kaleeswaran
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Madras Veterinary College, Vepery, Chennai 600007, India
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Gupta D, Bleakley B, Gupta RK. Dragon's blood: botany, chemistry and therapeutic uses. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 115:361-380. [PMID: 18060708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Dragon's blood is one of the renowned traditional medicines used in different cultures of world. It has got several therapeutic uses: haemostatic, antidiarrhetic, antiulcer, antimicrobial, antiviral, wound healing, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, etc. Besides these medicinal applications, it is used as a coloring material, varnish and also has got applications in folk magic. These red saps and resins are derived from a number of disparate taxa. Despite its wide uses, little research has been done to know about its true source, quality control and clinical applications. In this review, we have tried to overview different sources of Dragon's blood, its source wise chemical constituents and therapeutic uses. As well as, a little attempt has been done to review the techniques used for its quality control and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Gupta
- University School of Biotechnology, GGS Indraprastha University, K. Gate, Delhi 110006, India
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Nardi GM, Dalbó S, Monache FD, Pizzolatti MG, Ribeiro-do-Valle RM. Antinociceptive effect of Croton celtidifolius Baill (Euphorbiaceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 107:73-8. [PMID: 16564657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Revised: 09/10/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Croton celtidifolius Baill (Euphorbiaceae) is a tree found in the Atlantic forest of southern Brazil. This plant is used in folk medicine for the treatment of several inflammatory diseases, leukaemia, ulcers and other pathologies. Previous studies demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and the objective of this work was to investigate a possible antinociceptive action of ethanolic extract of Croton celtidifolius bark (EE) and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), n-butanol fraction (FBuOH), and aqueous fraction (FAq) obtained from EE. Two standard rodent models of pain were employed for this investigation, the writhing test and the formalin test. In the writhing test, the pre-treatment with EE significantly reduced the writhing induced by 0.6% acetic acid injection and its effect persisted for 4 h. In the formalin test, the pre-treatment with EAF caused marked and dose-related inhibition of formalin-induced licking in mice in the first phase, while pre-treatment with EAF, FBuOH and FAq had a similar effect in the second phase, when given by intraperitoneal (i.p.) and orally (p.o.) route. However, given by i.p. route, the effect of fractions was about three to five-fold more potent in inhibiting licking than when administered by p.o. route. EE presented an antinociceptive effect only in the second phase, when given by i.p. or p.o. route. The oedema caused by formalin was significantly reduced in animals treated i.p. with EAF, FBuOH and FAq. Under the same experimental conditions, in animals treated with sub-fractions derived from EAF only the 63 sub-fraction significantly reduced nociception in both phases and oedema caused by formalin. The results obtained suggest that Croton celtidifolius possesses antinociceptive properties since the EE, fractions and a sub-fraction significantly reduced the writhing induced by acetic acid and the nociception in both phases of the formalin test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geisson Marcos Nardi
- Area de Ciências Biológicas da Saúde, ACBS, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, UNOESC, Joaçaba, SC, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Mansky
- Division of Intramural Research, National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Jones K. Review ofSangre de Drago(Croton lechleri) - A South American Tree Sap in the Treatment of Diarrhea, Inflammation, Insect Bites, Viral Infections, and Wounds: Traditional Uses to Clinical Research. J Altern Complement Med 2003; 9:877-96. [PMID: 14736360 DOI: 10.1089/107555303771952235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the pharmacologic evidence that may or may not support clinical and ethnomedical uses of the sap of sangre de drago (dragon's blood; Croton lechleri Müll. Arg.). Data sources used were BIOSIS, EMBASE, PubMed, TOXLIT, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, manual searches, papers on file from peer-reviewed journals, textbooks available at Armana Research, Inc., and researchers in the field of South American botanical medicine. CONCLUSIONS The results of in vitro and in vivo studies largely support the majority of ethnomedical uses of sangre de drago including the treatment of diarrhea, wounds, tumors, stomach ulcers, herpes infection, the itching, pain and swelling of insect bites, and other conditions. Clinical studies of sangre de drago products have reported positive results in the treatment of traveler's and watery diarrhea and the symptoms of insect bites. Because the sap has shown low toxicity and preparations used in clinical studies were well tolerated, further clinical and pharmacologic studies are anticipated. Acknowledgment of the diversity in the chemical makeup of the sap from one geographic area to another and the recent characterization of alkaloid chemotypes of sangre de drago will require that materials developed for clinical use are standardized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Jones
- Armana Research, Inc., Halfmoon Bay, British Columbia, Canada.
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