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Zafar N, Khan MA. Effects of Dietary Zinc on Growth, Haematological Indices, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Tissue Mineralization, Antioxidant and Immune Status of Fingerling Heteropneustes fossilis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1249-1263. [PMID: 37392362 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
A 12 week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary zinc levels on Heteropneustes fossilis. Triplicate groups of fish were fed isoproteic (CP; 400 g/kg) and isocaloric (GE; 17.89 kJ/g) diets increasing levels of zinc (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 mg/kg) achieved by supplementing zinc sulphate heptahydrate to basal diet. Analysed concentrations of zinc in diets were 10.68, 15.83, 21.34, 26.74, 30.61, 34.91 and 41.34 mg/kg. Growth indices increased linearly (P<0.05) up to 26.74 mg/kg Zn. The protein and ash content of whole body also improved significantly up to 26.74 mg/kg Zn. Whole body fat content showed inverse pattern. Haematological parameters also showed an improving trend with the increase in dietary zinc up to 26.74 mg/kg and then levelled off. Activities of antioxidant enzymes were improved with the increase in dietary zinc level up to 26.74 mg/kg followed by no significant change (P>0.05). Serum lysozyme activity also exhibited the similar pattern. Immune response in terms of the activities of lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase and myeloperoxidase was also improved with the increase in dietary zinc levels up to 26.74 mg/kg. Dietary zinc levels affected significantly the whole body as well as vertebrae mineralization. Broken-line regression analysis of weight gain, vertebrae zinc activity, serum superoxide dismutase and protease activity against increasing amounts of dietary zinc revealed that the inclusion of zinc in diet in the range of 26.82-29.84 mg/kg is optimum for growth, haematological indices, antioxidant status, immune response and tissue mineralization in fingerling H. fossilis. The information obtained from present study would be helpful in formulating the zinc-balanced commercial feeds to improve the growth and health status of this important fish, thus contributing to aquaculture production and strengthening the food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorin Zafar
- Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - Mukhtar A Khan
- Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
- Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India.
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Olasińska-Wiśniewska A, Urbanowicz T, Hanć A, Tomczak J, Begier-Krasińska B, Tykarski A, Filipiak KJ, Rzesoś P, Jemielity M, Krasiński Z. The Diagnostic Value of Trace Metal Concentrations in Hair in Carotid Artery Disease. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6794. [PMID: 37959259 PMCID: PMC10649577 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies showed the role of trace elements in the increase in human susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases. Carotid artery stenosis is a leading cause of ischemic neurological events. We aimed to analyze the potential role of trace elements in hair as biomarkers of atherosclerotic carotid artery disease. Materials and Methods: Fifty-seven (n = 31 (54%) men and n = 26 (46%) women) individuals with a mean age of 67.7 ± 7.7 years who were white, European, non-Hispanic, and non-Latino were diagnosed and treated in hypertensiology/internal medicine and surgical departments over three consecutive months. Of these patients, forty were diagnosed with advanced carotid artery disease, and seventeen comprised a group of healthy controls. Inflammatory and oncological diseases were exclusion criteria. Hair samples were collected, and 14 trace elements were analyzed. Clinical and laboratory data were compared and revealed differences in the co-existence of diabetes (p = 0.036) and smoking history (p = 0.041). In the multivariable analysis, zinc, chrome, and copper revealed predictive value for the occurrence of carotid artery disease, and their combined receiver operating curve showed area under the curve of 0.935, with a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 82.4%. Conclusion: Our report shows the significance of trace elements analyses in patients with advanced carotid artery disease. We revealed that zinc, copper, and chrome concentrations are of particular importance in differentiating atherosclerotic disease and may serve as biomarkers of carotid atherosclerosis. Hair samples represent an easily obtained and beneficial biomatrix for the assessment of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Olasińska-Wiśniewska
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland; (T.U.)
| | - Tomasz Urbanowicz
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland; (T.U.)
| | - Anetta Hanć
- Department of Trace Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jolanta Tomczak
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Angiology and Phlebology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland
| | - Beata Begier-Krasińska
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Tykarski
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof J. Filipiak
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland
- Institute of Clinical Science, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, 00-136 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Rzesoś
- Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Jemielity
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland; (T.U.)
| | - Zbigniew Krasiński
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Angiology and Phlebology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland
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Hou P, Li B, Wang Y, Li D, Huang X, Sun W, Liang X, Zhang E. The Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Zinc Amino Acids on Immunity, Antioxidant Capacity, and Gut Microbiota Composition in Calves. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091570. [PMID: 37174607 PMCID: PMC10177098 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with zinc (Zn) amino acids at different concentrations on immunity, antioxidant capacity, and gut microbiota composition in calves. Twenty-four one-month-old healthy Angus calves of comparable body weight were randomly divided into three groups (four males and four females in each group) based on the amount of Zn supplementation added to the feed the animals received: group A, 40 mg/kg DM; group B, 80 mg/kg DM; and group C, 120 mg/kg DM. The experiment ended when calves reached three months of age (weaning period). The increase in dietary Zn amino acid content promoted the growth of calves, and the average daily weight gain increased by 36.58% (p < 0.05) in group C compared with group A. With the increase in the content of dietary Zn amino acids, the indexes of serum immune functions initially increased and then decreased; in particular, the content of immunoglobulin M in group A and group B was higher than that in group C (p < 0.05), whereas the content of interleukin-2 in group B was higher than that in the other two groups (p < 0.05). In addition, the content of superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity in the serum of calves in group B was higher than that in group C (p < 0.05), and the MDA level was lower than in group C (p < 0.05). Moreover, alpha diversity in the gut microbiota of calves in group B was higher than that in group A and group C (p < 0.05); the dominant phyla were Firmicutes and Bacteroidota, whereas the dominant genera were Unclassified-Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcus. Linear discriminant analysis showed that the relative abundance of Bacteroides in the gut microbiota of calves in group B was higher than that in group A, and the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae-UCG-003 was higher compared to that in experimental group C. Thus, dietary supplementation of 80 mg/kg of Zn amino acids to calves could improve the immune function and antioxidant capacity, as well as enrich and regulate the equilibrium of gut microbiota, thus promoting the healthy growth of calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxia Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Wenyang Sun
- Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Institute of Animal, Yinchuan 750002, China
| | - Xiaojun Liang
- Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Institute of Animal, Yinchuan 750002, China
| | - Enping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
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Abstract
Zinc is structurally and functionally essential for more than 300 enzymes and 2000 transcription factors in human body. Intracellular labile zinc is the metabolically effective zinc and tiny changes in its concentrations significantly affect the intracellular signaling and enzymatic responses. Zinc is crucial for the embrionic and fetal development of heart. Therefore, it is shown to be related with a variety of congenital heart defects. It is involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation including endocardial cushion development, which is necessary for atrioventricular septation as well as the morphogenesis of heart valves. In atherosclerosis, monocyte endothelial adhesion, and diapedesis, activation and transformation into macrophages and forming foam cells by the ingestion of oxidized LDL are monocyte related steps which need zinc. Intracellular zinc increases intracellular calcium through a variety of pathways and furthermore, zinc itself can work as a second messenger as calcium. These demonstrate the significance of intracellular zinc in heart failure and arterial hypertension. However, extracellular zinc has an opposite effect by blocking calcium channels, explaining decreased serum zinc levels, contrary to the increased cardiomyocyte and erythrocyte zinc levels in hypertensive subjects. These and other data in the literature demonstrate that zinc has important roles in healthy and diseased cardiovascular system but zinc-cardiovascular system relationship is so complex that, it has not been explained in all means. In this article, we try to review some of the available knowledge about this complex relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhan Ozyildirim
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology Institute, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Urbanowicz T, Hanć A, Olasińska-Wiśniewska A, Rodzki M, Witkowska A, Michalak M, Perek B, Haneya A, Jemielity M. Serum copper concentration reflect inflammatory activation in the complex coronary artery disease - A pilot study. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 74:127064. [PMID: 36058104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronary artery disease possess inflammatory background related to enzymatic processes with trace elements involvements as co-factors. The aim of the study was to compare serum, urine and salivary copper, magnesium, calcium and zinc levels with inflammatory indices obtained from the whole blood count in patients with complex coronary artery disease. MATERIAL AND METHOD Fifty-two (42(81 %) males, 10 (19 %) females) consecutive patients (mean (SD) age 68 (9) years with symptomatic complex coronary artery disease were enrolled into prospective single center study in 2021. Serum, saliva and urine samples were collected at the day of admission for trace elements concentration (copper, zinc, magnesium, calcium) and compared with inflammatory indexes obtained from preoperative and perioperative period. RESULTS Multivariable regression analysis revealed relation between the copper serum concentration and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and systemic inflammatory index (SII). CONCLUSION Serum copper concentration interplay with preoperative inflammatory activation in complex coronary disease measured by NLR and SII. The copper serum concentration possesses the strongest relation to preoperative inflammatory activation in patients reffered for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Urbanowicz
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Anetta Hanć
- Department of Trace Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Olasińska-Wiśniewska
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Rodzki
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Witkowska
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Michalak
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Perek
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Assad Haneya
- Klinik für Herz, und Gefäßchirurgie, Universitat Klinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Marek Jemielity
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Banik S, Ghosh A. Zinc status and coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 73:127018. [PMID: 35709561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between serum zinc (Zn) levels and coronary artery disease (CAD) has been elucidated, but no previous meta-analysis was done to provide firm evidence. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed to investigate the possible association between serum Zn levels and CAD patients. METHODS Relevant studies were identified using various electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) searching up to May 2021. The Review Manager V5.3 was used to calculate the pooled standard mean difference (SMD) with the corresponding 95 % confidence interval (CI) using the random-effects model. RESULTS A total of 10 studies with 614 cases (CAD patients) and 508 controls were included in this meta-analysis based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The pooled results of the meta-analysis showed that CAD patients had significantly lower levels of Zn [SMD (95 % CI): -3.76 (-5.21, -2.31), Z = 5.08, P < 0.00001; I2= 98 %, P < 0.00001] compared with control subjects. The statistical evaluations of Begg's and Egger's tests indicated that there was no publication bias. CONCLUSION The findings of the meta-analysis suggest that relatively low levels of Zn might have a potential role in the pathogenesis of CAD. Furthermore, large-scale observational studies are highly recommended in order to fully understand the association between Zn status and CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Banik
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh; Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Antara Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
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Dziedzic EA, Gąsior JS, Tuzimek A, Paleczny J, Kwaśny M, Dąbrowski M, Jankowski P. No Association of Hair Zinc Concentration with Coronary Artery Disease Severity and No Relation with Acute Coronary Syndromes. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070862. [PMID: 35883417 PMCID: PMC9313242 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Although zinc (Zn) was reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and protective properties in CVDs, its association with coronary artery disease (CAD) is still unclear. As methods commonly used to assess Zn levels in blood and urine do not show the full picture of the microelement supply, in this study, the nutritional status of Zn in patients with angiographically confirmed CAD was assessed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. We found no association between Zn and the severity of CAD evaluated with the Coronary Artery Surgery Study Score (p = 0.67). There were no statistically significant differences in Zn levels between patients with acute coronary syndrome and those with stable CAD (p = 0.937). A statically significant negative correlation was observed between Zn content and serum triglyceride concentration (p < 0.05). Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were found to have a significantly lower hair Zn content compared to non-diabetic individuals (p < 0.01). The role of Zn in the pathogenesis of CAD and its complications need further well-designed research as the moderation and supplementation of Zn dietary intake could be a simple intervention to reduce the CVDs risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina A. Dziedzic
- Medical Faculty, Lazarski University in Warsaw, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatric Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland; (A.T.); (P.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-792-207-779
| | - Jakub S. Gąsior
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Tuzimek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatric Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland; (A.T.); (P.J.)
| | - Justyna Paleczny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Mirosław Kwaśny
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marek Dąbrowski
- Department of Cardiology, Bielanski Hospital, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Jankowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatric Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland; (A.T.); (P.J.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-826 Warszawa, Poland
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Hu Y, Zhou H, Liu T, Yang M, Zhang Q, Pan C, Lin J. Construction of Mussel-Inspired Dopamine-Zn 2+ Coating on Titanium Oxide Nanotubes to Improve Hemocompatibility, Cytocompatibility, and Antibacterial Activity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:884258. [PMID: 35433663 PMCID: PMC9009227 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.884258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc ions (Zn2+) are a highly potent bioactive factor with a broad spectrum of physiological functions. In situ continuous and controllable release of Zn2+ from the biomaterials can effectively improve the biocompatibility and antibacterial activity. In the present study, inspired by the adhesion and protein cross-linking in the mussel byssus, with the aim of improving the biocompatibility of titanium, a cost-effective one-step metal-catecholamine assembly strategy was developed to prepare a biomimetic dopamine-Zn2+ (DA-Zn2+) coating by immersing the titanium oxide nanotube (TNT) arrays on the titanium surface prepared by anodic oxidation into an aqueous solution containing dopamine (DA) and zinc ions (Zn2+). The DA-Zn2+ coatings with the different zinc contents exhibited excellent hydrophilicity. Due to the continuous release of zinc ions from the DA-Zn2+ coating, the coated titanium oxide nanotubes displayed excellent hemocompatibility characterized by platelet adhesion and activation and hemolysis assay. Moreover, the DA-Zn2+-coated samples exhibited an excellent ability to enhance endothelial cell (EC) adhesion and proliferation. In addition, the DA-Zn2+ coating can also enhance the antibacterial activity of the nanotubes. Therefore, long-term in situ Zn2+-releasing coating of the present study could serve as the bio-surfaces for long-term prevention of thrombosis, improvement of cytocompatibility to endothelial cells, and antibacterial activity. Due to the easy operation and strong binding ability of the polydopamine on various complicated shapes, the method of the present study can be further applied to other blood contact biomaterials or implantable medical devices to improve the biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youdong Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and YuYing Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hualan Zhou
- The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai’an, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai’an, China
| | - Minhui Yang
- Faculty of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Advanced Medical Devices, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai’an, China
| | - Qiuyang Zhang
- Faculty of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Advanced Medical Devices, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai’an, China
| | - Changjiang Pan
- Faculty of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Advanced Medical Devices, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai’an, China
| | - Jiafeng Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and YuYing Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Rolles B, Wessels I, Doukas P, Kotelis D, Rink L, Vieri M, Beier F, Jacobs M, Gombert A. Retrospective observational study evaluating zinc plasma level in patients undergoing thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair and its correlation with outcome. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24348. [PMID: 34934131 PMCID: PMC8692510 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03877-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair is related to a relevant morbidity and in-hospital mortality rate. In this retrospective observational single-center study including serum zinc levels of 33 patients we investigated the relationship between zinc and patients' outcome following TAAA repair. Six patients died during the hospital stay (18%). These patients showed significantly decreased zinc levels before the intervention (zinc levels before intervention: 60.09 µg/dl [survivors] vs. 45.92 µg/dl [non-survivors]). The post-interventional intensive care SOFA-score (Sepsis-related organ failure assessment) (at day 2) as well as the SAPS (Simplified Acute Physiology Score) (at day 2) showed higher score points in case of low pre-interventional zinc levels. No significant correlation between patient comorbidities and zinc level before intervention, except for peripheral arterial disease (PAD), which was significantly correlated to reduced baseline zinc levels, was observed. Septic shock, pneumonia and urinary tract infections were not associated to reduced zinc levels preoperatively as well as during therapy. Patients with adverse outcome after TAAA repair showed reduced pre-interventional zinc levels. We speculate that decreased zinc levels before intervention may be related to a poorer outcome because of poorer physical status as well as negatively altered perioperative inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Rolles
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology, Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Inga Wessels
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Panagiotis Doukas
- Department of Vascular Surgery, European Vascular Center Aachen-Maastricht, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Drosos Kotelis
- Department of Vascular Surgery, European Vascular Center Aachen-Maastricht, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Margherita Vieri
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology, Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Fabian Beier
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology, Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Jacobs
- Department of Vascular Surgery, European Vascular Center Aachen-Maastricht, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Gombert
- Department of Vascular Surgery, European Vascular Center Aachen-Maastricht, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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Mattern L, Chen C, McClure LA, Brockman J, Cushman M, Judd S, Kahe K. Serum Zinc Levels and Incidence of Ischemic Stroke: The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study. Stroke 2021; 52:3953-3960. [PMID: 34412513 PMCID: PMC8608709 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.033187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Despite zinc's role as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, prospective studies relating zinc levels to ischemic stroke risk are lacking. To examine the association between serum zinc levels and incidence of ischemic stroke in a US population. METHODS Using a case-cohort study nested within the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke cohort, participants were randomly selected from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke cohort to generate a sub-cohort (n=2346). All incident ischemic stroke cases as of September 2012 (n=660) were included, with 62 incident cases overlapping in the sub-cohort. Serum zinc levels were measured at baseline. Barlow-weighted Cox's proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios and the corresponding 95% CI of ischemic stroke by serum zinc levels. RESULTS The median zinc level for the sub-cohort was 121.19 µg/dL (interquartile range, 104.86-140.39 µg/dL). Serum zinc levels were inversely associated with incidence of ischemic stroke after adjustment for potential confounders (quartile 4 versus quartile 1: hazard ratio, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.61-0.98], P=0.03 for trend). When stratified by prespecified factors (sex, race, region), only sex showed a significant modification (P=0.03 for interaction). The inverse association was more pronounced among females (quartile 4 versus quartile 1: hazard ratio, 0.58 [95% CI, 0.41-0.84], P<0.01 for trend) than males (quartile 4 versus quartile 1: hazard ratio, 1.08 [95% CI, 0.78-1.51], P=0.92 for trend). CONCLUSIONS Serum zinc concentration was inversely associated with incidence of ischemic stroke, especially among women, indicating that low zinc levels may be a risk factor for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Mattern
- Department of Anthropology, College of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Leslie A. McClure
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John Brockman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Mary Cushman
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Suzanne Judd
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Ka Kahe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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11
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Coni P, Pichiri G, Lachowicz JI, Ravarino A, Ledda F, Fanni D, Gerosa C, Piras M, Coghe F, Gibo Y, Cau F, Castagnola M, Van Eyken P, Saba L, Piludu M, Faa G. Zinc as a Drug for Wilson's Disease, Non-Alcoholic Liver Disease and COVID-19-Related Liver Injury. Molecules 2021; 26:6614. [PMID: 34771023 PMCID: PMC8587580 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc is the second most abundant trace element in the human body, and it plays a fundamental role in human physiology, being an integral component of hundreds of enzymes and transcription factors. The discovery that zinc atoms may compete with copper for their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract let to introduce zinc in the therapy of Wilson's disease, a congenital disorder of copper metabolism characterized by a systemic copper storage. Nowadays, zinc salts are considered one of the best therapeutic approach in patients affected by Wilson's disease. On the basis of the similarities, at histological level, between Wilson's disease and non-alcoholic liver disease, zinc has been successfully introduced in the therapy of non-alcoholic liver disease, with positive effects both on insulin resistance and oxidative stress. Recently, zinc deficiency has been indicated as a possible factor responsible for the susceptibility of elderly patients to undergo infection by SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we present the data correlating zinc deficiency with the insurgence and progression of Covid-19 with low zinc levels associated with severe disease states. Finally, the relevance of zinc supplementation in aged people at risk for SARS-CoV-2 is underlined, with the aim that the zinc-based drug, classically used in the treatment of copper overload, might be recorded as one of the tools reducing the mortality of COVID-19, particularly in elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Coni
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (P.C.); (A.R.); (F.L.); (D.F.); (C.G.); (M.P.); (F.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Giuseppina Pichiri
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (P.C.); (A.R.); (F.L.); (D.F.); (C.G.); (M.P.); (F.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Joanna Izabela Lachowicz
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (P.C.); (A.R.); (F.L.); (D.F.); (C.G.); (M.P.); (F.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Alberto Ravarino
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (P.C.); (A.R.); (F.L.); (D.F.); (C.G.); (M.P.); (F.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Francesca Ledda
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (P.C.); (A.R.); (F.L.); (D.F.); (C.G.); (M.P.); (F.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Daniela Fanni
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (P.C.); (A.R.); (F.L.); (D.F.); (C.G.); (M.P.); (F.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Clara Gerosa
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (P.C.); (A.R.); (F.L.); (D.F.); (C.G.); (M.P.); (F.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Monica Piras
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (P.C.); (A.R.); (F.L.); (D.F.); (C.G.); (M.P.); (F.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Ferdinando Coghe
- Dipartimento Servizi di Diagnosi e Cura, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Cagliari (A.O.U.), University of Cagliari, 09024 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Yukio Gibo
- Hepatology Clinic, 1-34-20 Muraimachiminami, Matsumoto, Nagano 399-0036, Japan;
| | - Flaviana Cau
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (P.C.); (A.R.); (F.L.); (D.F.); (C.G.); (M.P.); (F.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Laboratorio di Proteomica e Metabonomica-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00013 Rome, Italy;
| | - Peter Van Eyken
- Department of Pathology, Genk Regional Ziekenhuis, 3600 Genk, Belgium;
| | - Luca Saba
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), di Cagliari—Polo di Monserrato s.s. 554, 09045 Monserrato, Italy;
| | - Marco Piludu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy;
| | - Gavino Faa
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (P.C.); (A.R.); (F.L.); (D.F.); (C.G.); (M.P.); (F.C.); (G.F.)
- UOC Anatomia Patologica, AOU Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
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12
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Nessabian S, Zarei A, Chamani M, Sadeghi AA, Seidavi A. Effects of different levels of zinc-glycine and zinc hydroxide on the performance, carcass quality, immunity and duodenum morphometric of the broiler chickens. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1953408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Nessabian
- Department of Animal Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Zarei
- Department of Animal Science, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Chamani
- Department of Animal Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Sadeghi
- Department of Animal Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Seidavi
- Department of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
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13
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Abdel-Hady E, Mohamed F, Ahmed M, Abdel-Salam M, Ayobe M. Supplementation of Lipoic Acid, Zinc and Clopidogrel Reduces Mortality Rate and Incidence of Ventricular Arrhythmia in Experimental Myocardial Infarction. Front Physiol 2021; 12:582223. [PMID: 33815129 PMCID: PMC8009994 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.582223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant advances in management of coronary heart diseases, myocardial infarction (MI) is still associated with a high mortality rate. The present study was planned to investigate the possible protective effects of the anti-oxidants lipoic acid and zinc sulfate as well as the anti-platelet clopidogrel on cardiac dysfunction in experimental isoproterenol (ISO)-induced MI, aiming at achieving useful means for protection and therapy against MI. Wistar rats of both sexes were allocated into five groups: control, untreated MI and MI pre-treated with lipoic acid, zinc, or clopidogrel. All rats were subjected to ECG recording and measurement of plasma levels of troponin I, creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) unit, triglycerides and total cholesterol. The hearts were isolated and studied on Langendorff preparation for assessment of intrinsic cardiac activities. The results revealed that the percent mortality was markedly reduced upon pre-treatment and the total arrhythmia was also decreased except for the zinc pre-treated rats. The ST-segment elevation was significantly reduced and the plasma levels of CK-MB were only decreased in lipoic acid and clopidogrel pre-treated rats with variable hypolipidemic effect. Hearts of clopidogrel pre-treated rats showed augmented inotropic activity both basal and in response to β-adrenergic stimulation. While zinc pre-treated hearts revealed improved rate of contraction and increased myocardial flow rate. Overall, these results indicate that lipoic acid, zinc and clopidogrel were variably effective in modifying the ISO-induced MI insults and offered partial protection against experimental myocardial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Abdel-Hady
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma Mohamed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona Ahmed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Salam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Ayobe
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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14
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Grüngreiff K, Gottstein T, Reinhold D. Zinc Deficiency-An Independent Risk Factor in the Pathogenesis of Haemorrhagic Stroke? Nutrients 2020; 12:E3548. [PMID: 33228216 PMCID: PMC7699494 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element for human health and plays a fundamental role in metabolic, immunological and many other biological processes. The effects of zinc are based on the intra- and extracellular regulatory function of the zinc ion (Zn2+) and its interactions with proteins. The regulation of cellular zinc homeostasis takes place via a complex network of metal transporters and buffering systems that react to changes in the availability of zinc in nutrition, chronic diseases, infections and many other processes. Zinc deficiency is associated with impairment of numerous metabolic processes, reduced resistance to infections due to impaired immune functions, changes in skin and its appendages and disorders of wound healing and haemostasis. While ischemic heart attacks (myocardial infarction) occur more frequently with meat-based normal diets, haemorrhagic strokes are more frequently observed with vegetarian/vegan diets. The causes are discussed as deficiencies of various micronutrients, such as vitamin B12, vitamin D, various amino acids and also zinc. In the present review, after a description of the functions of zinc and its resorption, a discussion of daily food intake will follow, with a special focus on the importance of food composition and preparation for the zinc balance. The close interrelationships between proteins, especially albumin and zinc will be discussed. Finally, the possible causes and consequences of a zinc deficiency on the blood vessels and blood coagulation are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Grüngreiff
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, City Hospital Magdeburg GmbH, 39130 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Thomas Gottstein
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, City Hospital Magdeburg GmbH, 39130 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Dirk Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
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15
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Lu R, Ishikawa T, Tanaka M, Tsuboi T, Yokoyama S. Zinc Increases ABCA1 by Attenuating Its Clearance Through the Modulation of Calmodulin Activity. J Atheroscler Thromb 2020; 28:261-270. [PMID: 32581187 PMCID: PMC8049148 DOI: 10.5551/jat.55384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We previously revealed that Ca++-activated calmodulin binds to ABCA1 by the region near the PEST sequence and retards its calpain-mediated degradation to increase HDL biogenesis. Calmodulin activity is reportedly modulated also by other nutritional divalent cations; thus, we attempted to determine whether Zn++ is involved in the regulation of ABCA1 stability through the modulation of calmodulin activity. Methods: The effects of Zn++ on ABCA1 expression was investigated in J774 mouse macrophage cell-line cells and HepG2 human hepatoma cell-line cells. Results: Zn++ increased ABCA1 expression, not by increasing the mRNA but by attenuating its decay rate, more prominently in the presence of cAMP. Accordingly, it enhanced cell cholesterol release with extracellular apolipo-protein A-I. Calmodulin binding to ABCA1 was increased by Zn++ and Ca++. Zn++ suppressed calpain-mediated hydrolysis of the peptide of ABCA1 cytosolic loop, including the PEST sequence and the calmodulin-binding site, in a calmodulin-dependent fashion, in the presence of the minimum amount of Ca++ to activate calpain, but not calmodulin. Calpain activity was not directly inhibited by Zn++ at the concentration for enhancing calmodulin binding to ABCA1. Conclusion: Nutritional divalent cation Zn++ is involved in the regulation of ABCA1 activity and biogenesis of HDL through the modulation of calmodulin activity. The results were consistent with previous clinical findings that Zn++ increased plasma HDL in the conditions of sympathetic activation, such as type 2 diabetes and chronic hemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lu
- Food and Nutritional Sciences,Chubu University
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16
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Liu P, Liu J, Wu Y, Xi W, Wei Y, Yuan Z, Zhuo X. Zinc supplementation protects against diabetic endothelial dysfunction via GTP cyclohydrolase 1 restoration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:1049-1054. [PMID: 31732151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study explored whether zinc supplementation alleviates diabetic endothelial dysfunction and the possible mechanisms underlying. We found that high glucose exposure significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased guanosine 5'-triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1 (GTPCH1) and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) levels in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) in a time-dependent manner. High glucose increased zinc release from GTPCH1 in a similar trend. Zinc supplementation restored GTPCH1 and BH4 levels and blocked ROS accumulation in both BACEs and wild type GTPCH1 transfected HEK293 cells, but not in the zinc-free C141R mutant of GTPCH1 transfected ones. In vivo experiments showed that exogenous supplementation of zinc to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice partially improved the impaired maximal endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, reversed the aberrant reduction of GTPCH1 and BH4, and suppressed the elevation of ROS in the aortas. In conclusion, our study demonstrated a novel mechanism that via GTPCH1 restoration zinc supplementation exerts a protective benefit on diabetic endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peining Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junhui Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen Xi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zuyi Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaozhen Zhuo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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17
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Long T, Wang R, Wang J, Wang F, Xu Y, Wei Y, Zhou L, Zhang X, Yuan J, Yao P, Wei S, Guo H, Yang H, Wu T, He M. Plasma metals and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 129:497-506. [PMID: 31158596 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metals exposure from natural environment and pollution have been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, whether associations existing between plasma multiple metals and incident cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is unknown. OBJECTIVES We conducted a prospective cohort study to investigate whether plasma levels of metals are associated with incident CVD risk in patients with T2D. METHODS In a prospective study of 3897 type 2 diabetes embedded in the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort, fasting blood samples were collected in 2008 at baseline and in 2013 in the first follow-up period. Plasma concentrations of 23 metals were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The associations between plasma metal concentrations and CVD risk in patients with T2D were investigated with Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS During an average of 6.2 years follow-up, 1114 participants developed CVD. In the single-metal models adjusting for established cardiovascular risk factors, plasma zinc and selenium levels were negatively and strontium was positively associated with incident CVD risk in patients with T2D. Similar results were obtained in the multiple-metal model, the HRs (95% CIs) for zinc, selenium, and strontium comparing extreme quartiles were 0.78 (95% CI: 0.65-0.93; P trend = 0.011), 0.76 (95% CI: 0.64-0.91; P trend = 0.001), and 1.51 (95% CI: 1.26-1.81; P trend <0.001), respectively. In the joint association analyses of two metals, individuals with high plasma levels of zinc and selenium had significantly lower risk of incident CVD in patients with T2D than those with low levels (HR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.65-0.91). CONCLUSIONS The present study suggested that plasma levels of zinc and selenium had an inverse association with incident CVD risk in patients with T2D, while strontium had a positive correlation. Plasma zinc and selenium combinedly decreased incident CVD risk in patients with T2D. Further research is still needed to verify these findings in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Long
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ruixin Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Department of Preventive Medicine in School of Public Health and Management and Center for Environment and Health in Water Source Area of South to North Water Diversion, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yali Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yue Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lue Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sheng Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huan Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Handong Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dongfeng Central Hospital, Dongfeng Motor Corporation and Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meian He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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18
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Acute dietary zinc deficiency in rats exacerbates myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury through depletion of glutathione. Br J Nutr 2019; 121:961-973. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519000230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractZn plays an important role in maintaining the anti-oxidant status within the heart and helps to counter the acute redox stress that occurs during myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion. Individuals with low Zn levels are at greater risk of developing an acute myocardial infarction; however, the impact of this on the extent of myocardial injury is unknown. The present study aimed to compare the effects of dietary Zn depletion with in vitro removal of Zn (N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridinylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (TPEN)) on the outcome of acute myocardial infarction and vascular function. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed either a Zn-adequate (35 mg Zn/kg diet) or Zn-deficient (<1 mg Zn/kg diet) diet for 2 weeks before heart isolation. Perfused hearts were subjected to a 30 min ischaemia/2 h reperfusion (I/R) protocol, during which time ventricular arrhythmias were recorded and after which infarct size was measured, along with markers of anti-oxidant status. In separate experiments, hearts were challenged with the Zn chelator TPEN (10 µm) before ischaemia onset. Both dietary and TPEN-induced Zn depletion significantly extended infarct size; dietary Zn depletion was associated with reduced total cardiac glutathione (GSH) levels, while TPEN decreased cardiac superoxide dismutase 1 levels. TPEN, but not dietary Zn depletion, also suppressed ventricular arrhythmias and depressed vascular responses to nitric oxide. These findings demonstrate that both modes of Zn depletion worsen the outcome from I/R but through different mechanisms. Dietary Zn deficiency, resulting in reduced cardiac GSH, is the most appropriate model for determining the role of endogenous Zn in I/R injury.
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19
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Zalewski PD, Beltrame JF, Wawer AA, Abdo AI, Murgia C. Roles for endothelial zinc homeostasis in vascular physiology and coronary artery disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:3511-3525. [PMID: 29999409 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1495614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the roles of nitric oxide (NO) in cardiovascular signaling has led to a revolution in the understanding of cardiovascular disease. A new perspective to this story involving zinc (Zn) is emerging. Zn and its associated Zn transporter proteins are important for the integrity and functions of both the large conduit vessels and the microvascular resistance vessels. The Zn and NO pathways are tightly coordinated. Zn ions are required for the dimerization of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and subsequent generation of NO while generation of NO leads to a rapid mobilization of endothelial Zn stores. Labile Zn may mediate important downstream actions of NO including vascular cytoprotection and vasodilation. Several vascular disease risk factors (including aging, smoking and diabetes) interfere with Zn homeostatic mechanisms and both hypozincaemia and Zn transporter protein abnormalities are linked to atherosclerosis and microvascular disease. Some vegetarian diets and long-term use of certain anti-hypertensives may also impact on Zn status. The available evidence supports the existence of a Zn regulatory pathway in the vascular wall that is coupled to the generation and actions of NO and which is compromised in Zn deficiency with consequent implications for the pathogenesis and therapy of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Zalewski
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Woodville, South Australia
| | - J F Beltrame
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Woodville, South Australia
| | - A A Wawer
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Woodville, South Australia
| | - A I Abdo
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Woodville, South Australia
| | - C Murgia
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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20
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Choi S, Liu X, Pan Z. Zinc deficiency and cellular oxidative stress: prognostic implications in cardiovascular diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1120-1132. [PMID: 29926844 PMCID: PMC6289396 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2018.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential nutrient for human health and has anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory functions. The association between zinc deficiency and the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has been supported by numerous studies. Supplementing zinc can reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and protect against myocardial infarction and ischemia/reperfusion injury. In this review we summarize the evidence in the literature, to consolidate the current knowledge on the dysregulation of zinc homeostasis in CVDs, and to explore the significant roles of the zinc homeostasis-regulatory proteins in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. Moreover, this review also deliberates on the potential diagnostic and prognostic implications of zinc/zinc homeostasis-associated molecules (ZIP, ZnT, and MTs) in CVDs.
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21
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Elgendy R, Palazzo F, Castellani F, Giantin M, Grotta L, Cerretani L, Dacasto M, Martino G. Transcriptome profiling and functional analysis of sheep fed with high zinc-supplemented diet: A nutrigenomic approach. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Malavolta M, Costarelli L, Giacconi R, Basso A, Piacenza F, Pierpaoli E, Provinciali M, Ogo OA, Ford D. Changes in Zn homeostasis during long term culture of primary endothelial cells and effects of Zn on endothelial cell senescence. Exp Gerontol 2017; 99:35-45. [PMID: 28918363 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell senescence and Zn nutritional status influence cardiovascular disease. The influence of Zn appears dichotomous, hence it is imperative to understand the relationship with cellular senescence to improve knowledge about the molecular and cellular basis of the disease. Here we aimed to determine: 1) the impact of chronic exposure to a moderately high dose of Zn on senescence of endothelial cells; 2) the changes in Zn homeostasis during the lifespan of primary cultured endothelial cells; and 3) the susceptibility of proliferating and senescent endothelial cells to cell death after short term exposure to increasing doses of Zn and of the Zn chelator TPEN. Chronic exposure to Zn accelerated senescence and untreated cells at later passages, where doubling time had increased, displayed relocation of labile Zn and altered expression of genes involved in the response to Zn toxicity, including SLC30A1, SLC39A6, SLC30A5, SLC30A10 and metallothioneins, indicating that senescent cells have altered zinc homeostasis. Most Zn-dependent genes that were expressed differently between early and late passages were correlated with changes in the expression of anti-apoptotic genes. Short-term treatment with a high dose of Zn leads to cell death, but only in the population of cells at both earlier and later passages that had already entered senescence. In contrast, Zn depletion led to death of cells at earlier but not later passages, which suggests that there are sub-populations of senescent cells that are resistant to Zn depletion. This resistant senescent cell population may accumulate under conditions of Zn deficiency and contribute to vascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Malavolta
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific and Technological Pole, Italian National Institute of Health and Science on Aging (INRCA), Ancona, Italy.
| | - Laura Costarelli
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific and Technological Pole, Italian National Institute of Health and Science on Aging (INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | - Robertina Giacconi
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific and Technological Pole, Italian National Institute of Health and Science on Aging (INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Basso
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific and Technological Pole, Italian National Institute of Health and Science on Aging (INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piacenza
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific and Technological Pole, Italian National Institute of Health and Science on Aging (INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisa Pierpaoli
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific and Technological Pole, Italian National Institute of Health and Science on Aging (INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | - Mauro Provinciali
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific and Technological Pole, Italian National Institute of Health and Science on Aging (INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | - Ogo A Ogo
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dianne Ford
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Pan Z, Choi S, Ouadid-Ahidouch H, Yang JM, Beattie JH, Korichneva I. Zinc transporters and dysregulated channels in cancers. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2017; 22:623-643. [PMID: 27814637 DOI: 10.2741/4507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As a nutritionally essential metal ion, zinc (Zn) not only constitutes a structural element for more than 3000 proteins but also plays important regulatory functions in cellular signal transduction. Zn homeostasis is tightly controlled by regulating the flux of Zn across cell membranes through specific transporters, i.e. ZnT and ZIP family proteins. Zn deficiency and malfunction of Zn transporters have been associated with many chronic diseases including cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying Zn regulatory functions in cellular signaling and their impact on the pathogenesis and progression of cancers remain largely unknown. In addition to these acknowledged multifunctions, Zn modulates a wide range of ion channels that in turn may also play an important role in cancer biology. The goal of this review is to propose how zinc deficiency, through modified Zn homeostasis, transporter activity and the putative regulatory function of Zn can influence ion channel activity, and thereby contribute to carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis. This review intends to stimulate interest in, and support for research into the understanding of Zn-modulated channels in cancers, and to search for novel biomarkers facilitating effective clinical stratification of high risk cancer patients as well as improved prevention and therapy in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zui Pan
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,
| | - Sangyong Choi
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Halima Ouadid-Ahidouch
- University of Picardie Jules Verne, UFR Sciences, EA 4667, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Physiology, SFR CAP-SANTE (FED 4231), Amiens, France
| | - Jin-Ming Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Penn State University, 500 University Drive Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - John H Beattie
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Irina Korichneva
- University of Picardie Jules Verne, UFR Sciences, EA 4667, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Physiology, SFR CAP-SANTE (FED 4231), Amiens, France
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24
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Chu A, Foster M, Samman S. Zinc Status and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-A Systematic Review of Prospective Cohort Studies. Nutrients 2016; 8:E707. [PMID: 27827959 PMCID: PMC5133094 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element with proposed therapeutic effects in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), however, the associations between zinc status and the prospective risks of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and Type 2 DM have not been evaluated. The current systematic review aims to determine the relationships between zinc intake or plasma/serum zinc levels and prospective incidence of CVD and Type 2 DM. Fourteen papers describing prospective cohort studies were included, reporting either CVD (n = 91,708) and/or Type 2 DM (n = 334,387) outcomes. Primary analyses from four out of five studies reported no association between zinc intake and CVD events, when adjusted for multiple variables. Higher serum zinc level was associated with lower risk of CVD in three out of five studies; pronounced effects were observed in vulnerable populations, specifically those with Type 2 DM and patients referred to coronary angiography. The limited evidence available suggests no association between zinc status and Type 2 DM risk. Further investigations into the mechanisms of zinc's action on the pathogenesis of chronic diseases and additional evidence from observational studies are required to establish a recommendation for dietary zinc in relation to the prevention of CVD and Type 2 DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chu
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Meika Foster
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Samir Samman
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- Discipline of Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia.
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25
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Ilyas A, Shah MH. Multivariate statistical evaluation of trace metal levels in the blood of atherosclerosis patients in comparison with healthy subjects. Heliyon 2016; 2:e00054. [PMID: 27441237 PMCID: PMC4945853 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2015.e00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous epidemiological studies have suggested that metal exposure may promote the atherosclerosis disorder in humans. OBJECTIVE This study is carried out to assess the distribution, correlation and multivariate apportionment of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in the blood of atherosclerosis patients in comparison with healthy donors. METHOD The quantification of metals is done by atomic absorption spectrometry, after wet-acid digestion of the blood samples. RESULTS Significantly higher concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, iron and manganese are found in the blood of atherosclerosis patients. The correlation study shows diverse relationships among the metals in blood of the patients and controls. Multivariate cluster analysis based on the metal levels in patients and controls reveals clearly separate grouping for the patients and healthy donors. Moreover, principal component analysis shows divergent grouping of the metals for the patients and healthy donors, which may be associated with the altered metabolism of the metals in atherosclerosis patients. CONCLUSION Overall, the distribution, correlation and multivariate apportionment of selected metals in atherosclerosis patients and healthy donors are significantly divergent. Hence, present findings suggest that the trace and redox metals accumulated in the body may pose a high risk for atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Ilyas
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Munir H Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
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26
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Abstract
Urolithiasis affects around 10% of the US population with an increasing rate of prevalence, recurrence and penetrance. The causes for the formation of most urinary calculi remain poorly understood, but obtaining the chemical composition of these stones might help identify key aspects of this process and new targets for treatment. The majority of urinary stones are composed of calcium that is complexed in a crystalline matrix with organic and inorganic components. Surprisingly, mitigation of urolithiasis risk by altering calcium homeostasis has not been very effective. Thus, studies to identify other therapeutic stone-specific targets, using proteomics, metabolomics and microscopy techniques, have been conducted, revealing a high level of complexity. The data suggest that numerous metals other than calcium and many nonmetals are present within calculi at measurable levels and several have distinct distribution patterns. Manipulation of the levels of some of these elemental components of calcium-based stones has resulted in clinically beneficial changes in stone chemistry and rate of stone formation. The elementome--the full spectrum of elemental content--of calcium-based urinary calculi is emerging as a new concept in stone research that continues to provide important insights for improved understanding and prevention of urinary stone disease.
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27
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Ranasinghe P, Wathurapatha WS, Ishara MH, Jayawardana R, Galappatthy P, Katulanda P, Constantine GR. Effects of Zinc supplementation on serum lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2015; 12:26. [PMID: 26244049 PMCID: PMC4523910 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-015-0023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is a mineral that plays a vital role in many biological processes and plays an important role in insulin action and carbohydrate metabolism. It may also have a protective role in the prevention of atherogenesis. Numerous studies have evaluated the effects of Zinc supplementation on serum lipids in humans and have demonstrated varying results. We systematically evaluated the literature and performed a meta-analysis on the effects of Zinc supplementation on serum lipids. A five staged comprehensive search of the literature was conducted in the following databases; PubMed, Web of Science and SciVerse Scopus for studies published before 31st December 2014. All controlled clinical trial in humans, that included a Zinc supplement intervention, either alone or in combination with other micronutrients and evaluated effects on serum lipids (total cholesterol [TC], triglycerides [TG], LDL cholesterol [LDL-c] and HDL cholesterol [HDL-c]). A meta-analysis of selected studies was performed using RevMan v5.3. The Jaded scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the trials included in the systematic review. A total of 24 studies were included in Meta analysis, which included a total of 33 Zinc interventions, in a total of 14,515 participants in the Zinc intervention or control group. The duration of Zinc supplementation ranged from 1 month to 7.5 years. The dose of elemental Zinc supplemented ranged from 15–240 mg/day. The pooled mean difference for TC between Zinc supplemented and placebo groups from random effects analysis was −10.92 mg/dl (95 % CI: −15.33, −6.52; p < 0.0001, I2 = 83 %), while for HDL cholesterol it was 2.12 mg/dl (95 % CI: −0.74, 4.98; p = 0.15, I2 = 83 %). The pooled mean difference for LDL-c between Zinc supplemented and placebo group from random effect analysis was −6.87 mg/dl (95 % CI: −11.16,-2.58; p < 0.001, I2 = 31) and for TG it was −10.92 mg/dl (95 % CI: −18.56, − 3.28; p < 0.01, I2 = 69 %). In conclusion, Zinc supplementation has favourable effects on plasma lipid parameters. Zinc supplementation significantly reduced total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Therefore it may have the potential to reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis related morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanga Ranasinghe
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - W S Wathurapatha
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - M H Ishara
- Ministry of Health Care and Nutrition, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - R Jayawardana
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland Australia ; Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - P Galappatthy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - P Katulanda
- Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - G R Constantine
- Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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28
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Wu X, Liu Z, Guo J, Wan C, Zhang T, Cui H, Yang F, Gao X. Influence of dietary zinc and copper on apparent mineral retention and serum biochemical indicators in young male mink (Mustela vison). Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 165:59-66. [PMID: 25586620 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted in a 3 × 3 (Cu × Zn) factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of dietary copper and zinc on apparent mineral retention and serum biochemical indicators in young male mink on a corn-fish meal based diet. Animals were fed basal diets supplemented with Cu from copper sulfate (CuSO4) and Zn from zinc sulfate (ZnSO4). Supplemental Cu levels were 0, 15, and 30 mg/kg copper, respectively, while supplemental Zn levels were 0, 150, and 300 mg/kg, respectively. A metabolism trial of 4 days was conducted during the last week of experimental feeding. Blood samples were collected via the toe clip to determine blood hematology and blood metabolites. Copper excretion, retention, and digestibility were influenced by dietary copper (P < 0.05), however, there was also a zinc-copper interaction. Copper digestibility and retention were substantially reduced when zinc was added to the low copper diet but showed little change with zinc supplementation of the high copper diet. Both plasma Cu and plasma Zn were influenced by dietary level of the respective mineral (P < 0.05). There was no influence of dietary copper on plasma zinc; however, high Zn in the diet reduced plasma Cu concentrations. There was a zinc-copper interaction for plasma Cu (P = 0.053). Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD) activity tended to be influenced by dietary zinc (P = 0.065) and dietary copper (P = 0.035). Dietary copper had a significant effect on ceruloplasmin (CER) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations (P < 0.05). Our results show that moderately high Zn in the diet (Zn:Cu ratio of 40:1) significantly reduce the apparent Cu digestibility. Our results also show that moderately high Cu in the diet increases Cu retention, but not reduces Zn absorption, and moderately high Zn in the diet reduced plasma Cu concentrations and CER activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhuang Wu
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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29
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Sena-Evangelista KCM, Pedrosa LFC, Paiva MSMO, Dias PCS, Ferreira DQC, Cozzolino SMF, Faulin TES, Abdalla DSP. The hypolipidemic and pleiotropic effects of rosuvastatin are not enhanced by its association with zinc and selenium supplementation in coronary artery disease patients: a double blind randomized controlled study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119830. [PMID: 25785441 PMCID: PMC4365008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Statins treatment may modify the levels of zinc and selenium, minerals that can improve vascular function and reduce oxidative damage and inflammation in atherosclerotic patients. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of rosuvastatin, alone or associated with zinc and selenium supplementation, on lipid profile, antioxidant enzymes and mineral status in coronary artery disease patients. Material and Methods A double-blind randomized clinical trial was performed in which patients (n = 76) were treated with 10 mg rosuvastatin over 4 months associated or not with zinc (30 mg/d) and selenium (150 μg/d) supplementation. The following parameters were analyzed before and after the intervention: anthropometric measurements, lipid profile, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), electronegative low density lipoprotein (LDL(-)) concentrations, activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), zinc and selenium concentrations in blood plasma and erythocytes. Significance was determined using an α of 5% (two-tailed). Results We found that rosuvastatin therapy was efficient in reducing total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and hs-CRP independently of mineral supplementation. Neither treatment was associated with significant changes in LDL(-). Similarly, the antioxidant enzymes GPx and SOD activity were unchanged by treatments. Neither treatment was associated with significant differences in concentrations of zinc or selenium in blood plasma and erythocytes of studied groups. Conclusion Rosuvastatin treatment did not affect zinc and selenium levels in coronary artery disease patients. The zinc and selenium supplementation at doses used in this study did not change lipid profile or SOD and GPx activity in patients receiving rosuvastatin. Further studies should be focused on testing alternative doses and supplements in different populations to contribute for a consensus on the ideal choice of antioxidants to be used as possible complementary therapies in atherosclerotic patients. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01547377
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tanize Espírito Santo Faulin
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dulcinéia Saes Parra Abdalla
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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30
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Shin MY, Kwun IS. Zinc Restored the Decreased Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Viability under Atherosclerotic Calcification Conditions. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2014; 19:363-6. [PMID: 25580404 PMCID: PMC4287332 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2014.19.4.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc is considered to be involved in maintaining healthy vascular condition. Atherosclerotic calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) occurs via the mechanism of cell death; therefore, cell viability is a critical factor for preventing VSMC calcification. In this study, we tested whether zinc affected VSMC viability under both normal physiological non-calcifying (0 mM P) and atherosclerotic calcifying conditions (3 and 5 mM P), since VSMC physiological characters change during the VSMC calcification process. The study results showed that an optimal zinc level (15 μM) restored the decreased VSMC viability which was induced under low zinc levels (0 and 1 μM) and calcifying conditions (3 and 5 mM P) at 9 and 15 days culture. This zinc-protecting effect for VSMC viability is more prominent under atherosclerotic calcifying condition (3 and 5 mM P) than normal condition (0 mM P). Also, the increased VSMC viability was consistent with the decreased Ca and P accumulation in VSMC cell layers. The results suggested that zinc could be an effective biomineral for preventing VSMC calcification under atherosclerotic calcifying conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Young Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Andong National University, Gyeongbuk 760-749, Korea
| | - In-Sook Kwun
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Andong National University, Gyeongbuk 760-749, Korea
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31
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Guler I, Himmetoglu O, Turp A, Erdem A, Erdem M, Onan MA, Taskiran C, Taslipinar MY, Guner H. Zinc and homocysteine levels in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients with insulin resistance. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 158:297-304. [PMID: 24664271 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-9941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, our objective was to evaluating the value of serum zinc levels as an etiologic and prognostic marker in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. We conducted a prospective study, including 53 women with polycystic ovarian syndrome and 33 healthy controls. We compared serum zinc levels, as well as clinical and metabolic features, of the cases. We also compared serum zinc levels between patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome with insulin resistance. Mean zinc levels were found to be significantly lower in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome than healthy controls. Multiple logistic regression analysis of significant metabolic variables between polycystic ovarian syndrome and control groups (serum zinc level, body mass index, the ratio of triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and homocysteine) revealed that zinc level was the most significant variable to predict polycystic ovarian syndrome. Mean serum zinc levels tended to be lower in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome with impaired glucose tolerance than patients with normal glucose tolerance, but the difference was not statistically significant. In conclusion, zinc deficiency may play a role in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome and may be related with its long-term metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Guler
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, 06500 Besevler, Ankara, Turkey,
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Dias PCS, Sena-Evangelista KCM, Paiva MSMDO, Ferreira DQC, Ururahy MAG, Rezende AA, Abdalla DSP, Pedrosa LFC. The beneficial effects of rosuvastatin are independent of zinc supplementation in patients with atherosclerosis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2014; 28:194-199. [PMID: 24560278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins have multiple antiatherosclerotic effects, but can reduce blood plasma concentrations of minerals, including zinc. As zinc possesses antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects, low zinc status can promote injuries or inadequate tissue repair in endothelial cells. Metallothionein (MT) expression might modulate responses induced by statins in patients with atherosclerosis. However, research regarding mineral status and the use of statins is scarce. This study evaluated the effects of zinc supplementation on zinc status and expression of the zinc-dependent MT1F and MT2A genes in patients with atherosclerosis treated with rosuvastatin. METHODS A double-blind, randomized clinical trial was performed with 54 participants treated with 10mg rosuvastatin for 4 months with or without zinc supplementation (30mg/day). Diet, lipid profile, high-sensitivity reactive protein C (hs-CRP), plasma and erythrocyte zinc concentrations, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and MT1F and MT2A genes expression were analyzed before and after intervention. RESULTS Rosuvastatin therapy was effective in reducing low- and non-high-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and hs-CRP levels, independent of zinc supplementation. Additionally, zinc treatment had no effect on SOD enzyme activity (P=0.201), plasma (P>0.671) and erythrocyte (P>0.123) zinc concentrations, or the pattern of MT1F and MT2A genes expression (P=0.088 and P=0.229, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of rosuvastatin treatment is independent of the effects of zinc supplementation. Moreover, rosuvastatin treatment did not have a significant impact on zinc status or MT1F and MT2A genes expression in patients with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Adriana Augusto Rezende
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Dulcinéia Saes Parra Abdalla
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Tomat AL, Juriol LV, Gobetto MN, Veiras LC, Mendes Garrido Abregú F, Zilberman J, Fasoli H, Elesgaray R, Costa MÁ, Arranz CT. Morphological and functional effects on cardiac tissue induced by moderate zinc deficiency during prenatal and postnatal life in male and female rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H1574-83. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00578.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether moderate zinc restriction in rats throughout fetal life, lactation, and/or postweaning growth results in early changes in cardiac morphology predisposing the onset of cardiac dysfunction in adult life as well as sex-related differences in the adaptation to this nutritional injury. Female Wistar rats received low or control zinc diets from the beginning of pregnancy up to offspring weaning. After being weaned, offspring were fed either a low or control zinc diet until 81 days. Systolic blood pressure was measured. Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic examinations, morphological experiments, and apoptosis by TUNEL assay were performed in the left ventricle. In the early stages, zinc-deficient male and female offspring showed an increase in cardiomyocyte diameter, probably associated with an increase in cardiac apoptotic cells, but smaller myocyte diameters in adulthood. In adult males, this nutritional injury induced decreased contractility and dilatation of the left ventricle, not allowing the heart to compensate the higher levels of blood pressure, and hypertrophic remodeling of coronary arteries associated with increased blood pressure. Adequate zinc intake during postweaning life did not overcome blood pressure levels but reversed some of the detrimental effects of earlier zinc deficiency in cardiac morphology and function. Females were less sensitive to this deficiency, exhibiting normal levels of blood pressure and no structural or functional heart alterations in adult life. The present study demonstrates that the effects of zinc deficiency on blood pressure, cardiac morphology, and function differ between sexes, with males more predisposed to develop cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analia Lorena Tomat
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Lorena Vanesa Juriol
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - María Natalia Gobetto
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Luciana Cecilia Veiras
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Facundo Mendes Garrido Abregú
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Judith Zilberman
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Héctor Fasoli
- Laboratorio de Química y Ciencia Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Fisicomatemáticas e Ingeniería, Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosana Elesgaray
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - María Ángeles Costa
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Cristina Teresa Arranz
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
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Xu Z, Zhou J. Zinc and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Biometals 2013; 26:863-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ou O, Allen‐Redpath K, Urgast D, Gordon M, Campbell G, Feldmann J, Nixon GF, Mayer C, Kwun I, Beattie JH. Plasma zinc's alter ego is a low‐molecular‐weight humoral factor. FASEB J 2013; 27:3672-82. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-228791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ou Ou
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | | | - Dagmar Urgast
- Trace Element Speciation LaboratoryUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | | | - Gill Campbell
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Jörg Feldmann
- Trace Element Speciation LaboratoryUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | | | | | - In‐Sook Kwun
- Department of Food Science and NutritionAndong National UniversityAndongKyungbookSouth Korea
| | - John H. Beattie
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
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Allen-Redpath K, Ou O, Beattie JH, Kwun IS, Feldmann J, Nixon GF. Marginal dietary zinc deficiency in vivo induces vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis in large arteries. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 99:525-34. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Lobo JC, Stockler-Pinto MB, Farage NE, Faulin TDES, Abdalla DSP, Torres JPM, Velarde LGC, Mafra D. Reduced plasma zinc levels, lipid peroxidation, and inflammation biomarkers levels in hemodialysis patients: implications to cardiovascular mortality. Ren Fail 2013; 35:680-5. [PMID: 23650973 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2013.789960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that low plasma zinc (Zn) levels play important roles in the oxidative stress, the relationships between lipid peroxidation and inflammation biomarkers with low plasma Zn levels have not been investigated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Zn plasma levels, electronegative LDL [LDL(-)] levels, and inflammation markers as predictors of cardiovascular (CV) mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Forty-five HD patients (28 men, 54.2 ± 12.7 years, 62.2 ± 51.4 months on dialysis and BMI 24.3 ± 4.1 kg/m(2)) were studied and compared to 20 healthy individuals (9 men, 51.6 ± 15.6 years, BMI 25.2 ± 3.9 kg/m(2)) and followed for 24 months to investigate the risks for CV mortality. LDL(-) levels were measured by ELISA, plasma Zn levels by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, C-reactive protein (CRP) level by immunoturbidimetric method, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels by a multiplex assay kit. HD patients presented low plasma Zn levels (54.9 ± 16.1 μg/dL) and high-LDL(-) (0.18 ± 0.12 U/L) and TNF-α (5.5 ± 2.2 pg/mL) levels when compared to healthy subjects (78.8 ± 9.4μ g/dL, 0.10 ± 0.08U/L, 2.4 ± 1.1 pg/mL, respectively, p < 0.05). Zn plasma levels were negatively correlated to TNF-α (r = -0.49; p = 0.0001) and LDL(-) (r = -0.33; p = 0.008). During the 2 years, 24.4% of the patients died, all due to CV disease. Analysis by the Cox model showed that high CRP, TNF-α, IL-6 levels, and long duration of HD were significant predictors of mortality. In conclusion, reduced Zn levels were associated with lipid peroxidation and inflammation, and we confirm here in a Brazilian cohort of HD patients that inflammation markers are strong predictors of CV death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Calixto Lobo
- Institute of Biophysic Carlos Chagas Filho, Health Sciense Centre, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Beattie JH, Gordon MJ, Duthie SJ, McNeil CJ, Horgan GW, Nixon GF, Feldmann J, Kwun IS. Suboptimal dietary zinc intake promotes vascular inflammation and atherogenesis in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1097-105. [PMID: 22760982 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Cardiovascular health is strongly influenced by diet. Zinc has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties but its long-term influence on vascular health at dietary intake levels relevant to the human population in developed countries has not been studied. We investigated the influence of suboptimal zinc intake in a Western-type diet on the development of vascular inflammation and arterial plaque in apoE knock-out (AEKO) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Weanling AEKO and wild-type (WT) controls were given high saturated fat (21% w/w) and high cholesterol (0.15%) semi-synthetic diets containing 3 or 35 mg Zn/kg (AEKO and WT) or 8 mg Zn/kg (AEKO only) for over 6 months. AEKO mice on zinc intakes of 3 and 8 mg Zn/kg (suboptimal zinc) developed significantly (p < 0.05) more aortic plaque than AEKO mice consuming 35 mg Zn/kg (adequate zinc). Circulating levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 were significantly (p < 0.05) raised at the lowest zinc intake in AEKO mice, as compared to zinc-adequate controls. Plasma total cholesterol and total protein were also significantly (p < 0.05) increased at the lowest zinc intake. CONCLUSION We propose that suboptimal dietary zinc intake raises circulating pro-atherogenic lipoprotein levels that promote vascular inflammation and enhance arterial plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Beattie
- Division of Lifelong Health, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
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Khadilkar AV, Chiplonkar SA, Pandit DS, Kinare AS, Khadilkar VV. Metabolic risk factors and arterial stiffness in Indian children of parents with metabolic syndrome. J Am Coll Nutr 2012; 31:54-62. [PMID: 22661627 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2012.10720009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the possible association between metabolic syndrome (MS) and arterial stiffness in Indian children with parental MS status. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in 140 overweight/obese and 60 normal-weight Indian children (mean age, 11.4 ± 2.8 years) along with one of their parents during 2008-2009. Data on weight, height, blood pressure, serum lipids, zinc, insulin, and glucose were collected. Intima media thickness (CIMT) and stiffness parameters were assessed in the right carotid artery. Physical activity and diet were assessed using structured questionnaires. Body composition was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS A gradual increase in the percentage of MS children with an increasing number of MS components in parents was observed. Mean values for arterial stiffness, pulse wave velocity, and elastic modulus were significantly higher in MS children of MS parents than in MS children of normal parents (p < 0.05). A significant correlation was observed for lifestyle, metabolic, and arterial parameters among child-parent pairs (p < 0.05). Multiple logistic regression revealed that children's CIMT and arterial stiffness were significantly associated (p < 0.01) with their serum levels of triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and zinc, as well as with parental MS-CIMT. CONCLUSION Parental MS status and lifestyle factors increase the risk of MS and arterial abnormalities in children.
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Curry-McCoy TV, Guidot DM, Joshi PC. Chronic alcohol ingestion in rats decreases Krüppel-like factor 4 expression and intracellular zinc in the lung. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 37:361-71. [PMID: 23013362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol ingestion alters the dynamic balance between granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFβ1) signaling within the alveolar space and, in parallel, impairs alveolar macrophage and epithelial cell function by inhibiting expression of the zinc importer ZIP4 and decreasing zinc bioavailability in the alveolar compartment. As the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4 ) binds to ZIP4 , we hypothesized that alcohol exposure and consequent perturbations in GM-CSF and TGFβ1 signaling could decrease cellular KLF4 expression and/or binding as a mechanism by which it inhibits ZIP4 expression and decreases cellular zinc levels. METHODS AND RESULTS Alcohol exposure in vitro or chronic ingestion in vivo decreased KLF4 expression in alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells. Treatment with GM-CSF or TGFβ1 showed an enhancing or dampening effect on KLF4 expression and binding, respectively. Further, treatment of a rat alveolar macrophage cell line with alcohol in vitro for 4 weeks decreased the expression of the zinc transporters ZIP4 and ZNT1, and of the zinc storage protein metallothionein 1. In parallel, treating these macrophages with KLF4 siRNA decreased ZIP4 expression and decreased cellular zinc and phagocytic capacity to levels equivalent to those following alcohol exposure. In epithelial monolayers, transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was significantly decreased by alcohol ingestion as compared with control diets, and it was restored by in vitro GM-CSF treatment. In contrast, in vitro TGFβ1 treatment of the epithelial monolayers from control-fed rats significantly decreased TER as compared with untreated control monolayers. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that within the alveolar space, chronic alcohol exposure decreases KLF4 and ZIP4 expression and consequently decreases zinc transport into cells, which, in turn, impairs their function. Furthermore, the dynamic decrease in the relative influence of GM-CSF versus TGFβ1 could mediate the zinc deficiency and consequent cellular dysfunction that characterize the "alcoholic lung" phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiana V Curry-McCoy
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Zinc and regulation of inflammatory cytokines: implications for cardiometabolic disease. Nutrients 2012; 4:676-94. [PMID: 22852057 PMCID: PMC3407988 DOI: 10.3390/nu4070676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus, the concomitant presence of low-grade systemic inflammation and mild zinc deficiency highlights a role for zinc nutrition in the management of chronic disease. This review aims to evaluate the literature that reports on the interactions of zinc and cytokines. In humans, inflammatory cytokines have been shown both to up- and down-regulate the expression of specific cellular zinc transporters in response to an increased demand for zinc in inflammatory conditions. The acute phase response includes a rapid decline in the plasma zinc concentration as a result of the redistribution of zinc into cellular compartments. Zinc deficiency influences the generation of cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α, and in response to zinc supplementation plasma cytokines exhibit a dose-dependent response. The mechanism of action may reflect the ability of zinc to either induce or inhibit the activation of NF-κB. Confounders in understanding the zinc-cytokine relationship on the basis of in vitro experimentation include methodological issues such as the cell type and the means of activating cells in culture. Impaired zinc homeostasis and chronic inflammation feature prominently in a number of cardiometabolic diseases. Given the high prevalence of zinc deficiency and chronic disease globally, the interplay of zinc and inflammation warrants further examination.
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The effects of new Alibernet red wine extract on nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production in spontaneously hypertensive rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:806285. [PMID: 22720118 PMCID: PMC3375118 DOI: 10.1155/2012/806285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to perform a chemical analysis of both Alibernet red wine and an alcohol-free Alibernet red wine extract (AWE) and to investigate the effects of AWE on nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production as well as blood pressure development in normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Total antioxidant capacity together with total phenolic and selected mineral content was measured in wine and AWE. Young 6-week-old male WKY and SHR were treated with AWE (24,2 mg/kg/day) for 3 weeks. Total NOS and SOD activities, eNOS and SOD1 protein expressions, and superoxide production were determined in the tissues. Both antioxidant capacity and phenolic content were significantly higher in AWE compared to wine. The AWE increased NOS activity in the left ventricle, aorta, and kidney of SHR, while it did not change NOS activity in WKY rats. Similarly, increased SOD activity in the plasma and left ventricle was observed in SHR only. There were no changes in eNOS and SOD1 expressions. In conclusion, phenolics and minerals included in AWE may contribute directly to increased NOS and SOD activities of SHR. Nevertheless, 3 weeks of AWE treatment failed to affect blood pressure of SHR.
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Patrushev N, Seidel-Rogol B, Salazar G. Angiotensin II requires zinc and downregulation of the zinc transporters ZnT3 and ZnT10 to induce senescence of vascular smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33211. [PMID: 22427991 PMCID: PMC3299759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence, a hallmark of mammalian aging, is associated with the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease. Angiotensin II (Ang II) signaling and zinc homeostasis dysfunction are increased with age and are linked to cardiovascular disease, but the relationship among these processes has not been investigated. We used a model of cellular senescence induced by Ang II in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to explore the role of zinc in vascular dysfunction. We found that Ang II-induced senescence is a zinc-dependent pathway mediated by the downregulation of the zinc transporters ZnT3 and ZnT10, which work to reduce cytosolic zinc. Zinc mimics Ang II by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS), activating NADPH oxidase activity and Akt, and by downregulating ZnT3 and ZnT10 and inducing senescence. Zinc increases Ang II-induced senescence, while the zinc chelator TPEN, as well as overexpression of ZnT3 or ZnT10, decreases ROS and prevents senescence. Using HEK293 cells, we found that ZnT10 localizes in recycling endosomes and transports zinc into vesicles to prevent zinc toxicity. Zinc and ZnT3/ZnT10 downregulation induces senescence by decreasing the expression of catalase. Consistently, ZnT3 and ZnT10 downregulation by siRNA increases ROS while downregulation of catalase by siRNA induces senescence. Zinc, siZnT3 and siZnT10 downregulate catalase by a post-transcriptional mechanism mediated by decreased phosphorylation of ERK1/2. These data demonstrate that zinc homeostasis dysfunction by decreased expression of ZnT3 or ZnT10 promotes senescence and that Ang II-induced senescence is a zinc and ROS-dependent process. Our studies suggest that zinc might also affect other ROS-dependent processes induced by Ang II, such as hypertrophy and migration of smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gloria Salazar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Murr C, Pilz S, Grammer TB, Kleber ME, Böhm BO, März W, Fuchs D. Low serum zinc levels in patients undergoing coronary angiography correlate with immune activation and inflammation. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2012; 26:26-30. [PMID: 22365070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low serum zinc concentrations are associated with adverse outcomes. To explain this phenomenon we aimed to investigate whether low zinc levels are related to immune activation, renal function and coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS Serum concentrations of zinc and the immune activation markers neopterin and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in 2048 patients derived from the LUdwigshafen RIsk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study, a cohort study among patients referred for coronary angiography. RESULTS Zinc concentrations did not differ between patients with CAD (mean±SD: 13.3±2.4 μmol/L) and controls (13.3±2.2 μmol/L; Welch's t test: p=n.s.) but CAD patients had higher neopterin (8.6±7.4 nmol/L) and CRP (9.7±19.6 mg/L) concentrations compared to controls (neopterin: 7.5±4.8 nmol/L, p=0.0005; CRP: 5.5±10.0 mg/L, p<0.0001). There was an inverse correlation between serum zinc concentrations and neopterin (Spearman's rank correlation: r(s)=-0.222) and CRP (r(s)=-0.166; both p<0.0001) concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate increased inflammatory processes in patients with low zinc levels. Further studies should clarify whether inflammation related processes such as renal wasting contribute to zinc deficiency and underlie the adverse health consequences of low serum zinc levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Murr
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz Pregl Strasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Abstract
Suboptimal intake of Zn is one of the most common nutritional problems worldwide. Previously, we have shown that Zn deficiency (ZD) produces oxidative and nitrosative stress in the lung of rats. We analyse the effect of moderate ZD on the expression of several intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton, as well as the effect of restoring Zn during the refeeding period. Adult male rats were divided into three groups: Zn-adequate control (CO) group; ZD group; Zn-refeeding group. CerbB-2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression was increased in the ZD group while the other parameters did not change. During the refeeding time, CerbB-2, cytokeratins, vimentin and PCNA immunostaining was higher than that in the CO group. The present findings indicate that the overexpression of some markers could lead to the fibrotic process in the lung. Perhaps ZD implications must be taken into account in health interventions because an inflammation environment is associated with ZD in the lung.
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Alissa EM, Ferns GA. Heavy metal poisoning and cardiovascular disease. J Toxicol 2011; 2011:870125. [PMID: 21912545 PMCID: PMC3168898 DOI: 10.1155/2011/870125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an increasing world health problem. Traditional risk factors fail to account for all deaths from CVD. It is mainly the environmental, dietary and lifestyle behavioral factors that are the control keys in the progress of this disease. The potential association between chronic heavy metal exposure, like arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, and CVD has been less well defined. The mechanism through which heavy metals act to increase cardiovascular risk factors may act still remains unknown, although impaired antioxidants metabolism and oxidative stress may play a role. However, the exact mechanism of CVD induced by heavy metals deserves further investigation either through animal experiments or through molecular and cellular studies. Furthermore, large-scale prospective studies with follow up on general populations using appropriate biomarkers and cardiovascular endpoints might be recommended to identify the factors that predispose to heavy metals toxicity in CVD. In this review, we will give a brief summary of heavy metals homeostasis, followed by a description of the available evidence for their link with CVD and the proposed mechanisms of action by which their toxic effects might be explained. Finally, suspected interactions between genetic, nutritional and environmental factors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M. Alissa
- Faculty of Medicine, King Abdul Aziz University, P.O. Box 12713, Jeddah 21483, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gordon A. Ferns
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Keele, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK
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Qin Z, Toursarkissian B, Lai B. Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence microscopy reveals a spatial association of copper on elastic laminae in rat aortic media. Metallomics 2011; 3:823-8. [PMID: 21589993 DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00033k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper, an essential trace metal in humans, plays an important role in elastic formation. However, little is known about the spatial association between copper, elastin, and elastin producing cells. The aorta is the largest artery; the aortic media is primarily composed of the elastic lamellae and vascular smooth muscle cells, which makes it a good model to address this issue. Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence microscopy (SRXRF) is a new generation technique to investigate the spatial topography of trace metals in biological samples. Recently, we utilized this technique to determine the topography of copper as well as other trace elements in aortic media of Sprague Dawley rats. A standard rat diet was used to feed Sprague Dawley rats, which contains the normal dietary requirements of copper and zinc. Paraffin embedded segments (4 μm of thickness) of thoracic aorta were analyzed using a 10 keV incident monochromatic X-ray beam focusing on a spot size of 0.3 μm × 0.2 μm (horizontal × vertical). The X-ray spectrum was measured using an energy-dispersive silicon drift detector for elemental topography. Our results showed that phosphorus, sulfur, and zinc are predominately distributed in the vascular smooth muscle cells, whereas copper is dramatically accumulated in elastic laminae, indicating a preferential spatial association of copper on elastic laminae in aortic media. This finding sheds new light on the role of copper in elastic formation. Our studies also demonstrate that SRXRF allows for the visualization of trace elements in tissues and cells of rodent aorta with high spatial resolution and provides an opportunity to study the role of trace elements in vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Qin
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
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Foster M, Samman S. Zinc and redox signaling: perturbations associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1549-73. [PMID: 20568953 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular signal transduction pathways are influenced by the zinc and redox status of the cell. Numerous chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM), have been associated with impaired zinc utilization and increased oxidative stress. In humans, mutations in the MT-1A and ZnT8 genes, both of which are involved in the maintenance of zinc homeostasis, have been linked with DM development. Changes in levels of intracellular free zinc may exacerbate oxidative stress in CVD and DM by impacting glutathione homeostasis, nitric oxide signaling, and nuclear factor-kappa B-dependent cellular processes. Zinc ions have been shown to influence insulin and leptin signaling via the phosphoinositide 3′-kinase/Akt pathway, potentially linking an imbalance of zinc at the cellular level to insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. The oxidative modification of cysteine residues in zinc coordination sites in proteins has been implicated in cellular signaling and regulatory pathways. Despite the many interactions between zinc and cellular stress responses, studies investigating the potential therapeutic benefit of zinc supplementation in the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress-related chronic disease in humans are few and inconsistent. Further well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the effects of zinc supplementation in populations at various stages of CVD and DM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meika Foster
- Discipline of Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Conway DE, Lee S, Eskin SG, Shah AK, Jo H, McIntire LV. Endothelial metallothionein expression and intracellular free zinc levels are regulated by shear stress. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 299:C1461-7. [PMID: 20861469 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00570.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of fluid shear stress on metallothionein (MT) gene and protein expression and intracellular free zinc in mouse aorta and in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Immunostaining of the endothelial surface of mouse aorta revealed increased expression of MT protein in the lesser curvature of the aorta relative to the descending thoracic aorta. HUVECs were exposed to high steady shear stress (15 dyn/cm(2)), low steady shear stress (1 dyn/cm(2)), or reversing shear stress (mean of 1 dyn/cm(2), 1 Hz) for 24 h. Gene expression of three MT-1 isoforms, MT-2A, and zinc transporter-1 was upregulated by low steady shear stress and reversing shear stress. HUVECs exposed to 15 dyn/cm(2) had increased levels of free zinc compared with cells under other shear stress regimes and static conditions. The increase in free zinc was partially blocked with an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, suggesting a role for shear stress-induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity. Cells subjected to reversing shear stress in zinc-supplemented media (50 μM ZnSO(4)) had increased intracellular free zinc, reduced surface intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression, and reduced monocyte adhesion compared with cells exposed to reversing shear stress in normal media. The sensitivity of intracellular free zinc to differences in shear stress suggests that intracellular zinc levels are important in the regulation of the endothelium and in the progression of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Conway
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0535, USA
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Giannoglou GD, Konstantinou DM, Kovatsi L, Chatzizisis YS, Mikhailidis DP. Association of reduced zinc status with angiographically severe coronary atherosclerosis: a pilot study. Angiology 2010; 61:449-55. [PMID: 20529979 DOI: 10.1177/0003319710366702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies attribute antiatherogenic and insulin-like properties to zinc (Zn). However, only a few conflicting clinical data exist concerning the relationship between Zn and coronary artery disease (CAD) as well as glycemic indices. We studied 72 patients without prior history of myocardial infarction or revascularization procedures, who underwent coronary angiography for evaluation of chest pain. Coronary artery disease severity was estimated using 3 angiographic scores. Zn in serum and 24-hour urine, as well as serum Zn/24-hour urine Zn ratio were determined. Serum Zn was not associated with CAD prevalence and severity. However, urinary Zn loss was significantly higher among patients with CAD and showed a positive association with CAD severity. Serum Zn/24-hour urine Zn ratio was inversely associated with CAD, as well as with diabetes mellitus prevalence, fasting glucose, and glycated hemoglobin levels. Low serum Zn/24-hour urine Zn ratio is associated with angiographically severe atherosclerosis and impaired glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Giannoglou
- 1st Cardiology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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