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Zhang X, Guo J, Zhang X, Zhang Q. Physiological Effects of a Garden Plant Smellscape from the Perspective of Perceptual Interaction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5004. [PMID: 36981912 PMCID: PMC10048905 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological recovery effects of olfactory, visual and olfactory-visual stimuli associated with garden plants. In a randomized controlled study design, ninety-five Chinese university students were randomly selected to be exposed to stimulus materials, namely the odor of Osmanthus fragrans and a corresponding panoramic image of a landscape featuring the plant. Physiological indexes were measured by the VISHEEW multiparameter biofeedback instrument and a NeuroSky EEG tester in a virtual simulation laboratory. The results showed the following: (1) In the olfactory stimulation group, from before to during exposure to the stimuli, the subjects' diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (ΔDBP = 4.37 ± 1.69 mmHg, p < 0.05) and pulse pressure (PP) values increased (ΔPP = -4.56 ± 1.24 mmHg, p < 0.05), while their pulse (p) values decreased (ΔP = -2.34 ± 1.16 bmp, p < 0.05) significantly. When compared to the control group, only the amplitudes of α and β brainwaves increased significantly (Δα = 0.37 ± 2.09 µV, Δβ = 0.34 ± 1.01 µV, p < 0.05). (2) In the visual stimulation group, the amplitudes of skin conductance (SC) (ΔSC = 0.19 ± 0.01 µΩ, p < 0.05), α brainwaves (Δα = 6.2 ± 2.26 µV, p < 0.05) and β brainwaves (Δβ = 5.51 ± 1.7 µV, p < 0.05) all increased significantly relative to the control group. (3) In the olfactory-visual stimulus group, DBP (ΔDBP = 3.26 ± 0.45 mmHg, p < 0.05) values increased, and PP values decreased (ΔPP = -3.48 ± 0.33 bmp, p < 0.05) significantly from before to during exposure to the stimuli. The amplitudes of SC (ΔSC = 0.45 ± 0.34 µΩ, p < 0.05), α brainwaves (Δα = 2.28 ± 1.74 µV, p < 0.05) and β brainwaves (Δβ = 1.4 ± 0.52 µV, p < 0.05) all increased significantly relative to the control group. The results of this study show that the interaction of olfactory and visual stimuli associated with a garden plant odor landscape was able to relax and refresh the body to a certain extent, and this physiological health effect was greater with regards to the integrated response of the autonomic nervous system and central nervous system than the effect of only smelling or viewing the stimuli. In the planning and designing of plant smellscapes in garden green space, it should be ensured that plant odors and corresponding landscapes are present at the same time in order to ensure the best health effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jiayu Guo
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiaowan Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
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Kazour F, Atanasova B, Mourad M, El Hachem C, Desmidt T, Richa S, El-Hage W. Mania associated olfactory dysfunction: A comparison between bipolar subjects in mania and remission. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 156:330-338. [PMID: 36323136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the olfactory functions of patients with bipolar disorder in manic phase and to compare them to those of bipolar subjects in remission and healthy controls. METHODS We recruited 96 participants divided in 3 groups: bipolar mania (MB), euthymic bipolar in remission (EB) and healthy controls (HC). All participants underwent an assessment of their olfactory functions using the Sniffin' sticks threshold and identification tests. Odors' pleasantness, intensity, familiarity and emotion were assessed. All participants were screened for the presence of psychiatric disorder through the MINI questionnaire. Clinical evaluation explored dimensions of mania, depression, anxiety respectively through YMRS, MADRS and STAI scales. Anhedonia was explored through the Chapman physical and social anhedonia questionnaire. RESULTS Patients in mania had deficits in identifying positive smells compared to bipolar subjects in remission and to healthy controls (MB < EB < HC; p < 0.001). Hedonic (MB < EB = HC; p < 0.001) and emotional (MB < EB = HC; p < 0.001) ratings of positive smells were lower in patients in manic phase compared to remitted subjects or controls. Mania was associated to higher emotion rating of negative smells compared to remitted subjects and controls (MB > EB = HC; p < 0.001). There was no difference between the 3 groups in the ratings of intensity and familiarity of smells, as well as in the olfactory threshold testing. The 3 groups showed no difference in the identification of negative smells. CONCLUSIONS Patients in manic episodes showed deficits in identifying positive odors. They evaluated these smells as less pleasant and less emotional compared to remitted bipolar subjects and healthy controls. These olfactory dysfunctions may constitute potential indicators of manic state. The persistence of olfactory dysfunction in remission phase (deficit in the olfactory identification of positive odors compared to healthy controls) may constitute a potential trait indicator of bipolarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Kazour
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, Tours, France; Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, CHU de Tours, Tours, France; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | | | - Marc Mourad
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Charline El Hachem
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Thomas Desmidt
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, Tours, France; Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sami Richa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wissam El-Hage
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, Tours, France; Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
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Larsen EM, Donaldson KR, Jonas KG, Lian W, Bromet EJ, Kotov R, Mohanty A. Pleasant and unpleasant odor identification ability is associated with distinct dimensions of negative symptoms transdiagnostically in psychotic disorders. Schizophr Res 2022; 248:183-193. [PMID: 36084492 PMCID: PMC10774004 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Negative symptoms are among the greatest sources of functional impairment for individuals with schizophrenia, yet their mechanisms remain poorly understood. Olfactory impairment is associated with negative symptoms. The processing of pleasant olfactory stimuli is subserved by reward-related neural circuitry while unpleasant olfactory processing is subserved by emotion-related neural circuitry, suggesting that these two odor dimensions may offer a window into differential mechanisms of negative symptoms. We examined whether pleasant and unpleasant odor identification bears differential relationships with avolition and inexpressivity dimensions of negative symptoms, whether these relationships are transdiagnostic, and whether pleasant and unpleasant odor processing also relate differently to other domains of functioning in a sample of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (N = 54), other psychotic disorders (N = 65), and never-psychotic adults (N = 160). Hierarchical regressions showed that pleasant odor identification was uniquely associated with avolition, while unpleasant odor identification was uniquely associated with inexpressivity. These relationships were largely transdiagnostic across groups. Additionally, pleasant and unpleasant odor identification displayed signs of specificity with other functional and cognitive measures. These results align with past work suggesting dissociable pathomechanisms of negative symptoms and provide a potential avenue for future work using valence-specific olfactory dysfunction as a semi-objective and low-cost marker for understanding and predicting the severity of specific negative symptom profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmett M. Larsen
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | | | - Katherine G. Jonas
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Wenxuan Lian
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Evelyn J. Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Aprajita Mohanty
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
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Beaton AA, Jones L, Benton D, Richards G. Judgements of attractiveness of the opposite sex and nostril differences in self-rated mood: The effects of androstenol. Biol Psychol 2021; 167:108237. [PMID: 34864067 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Androstenol has been reported to influence judgements of attractiveness and to affect participants' mood. In the present study, participants were asked to sniff androstenol or a control odour (pure ethanol) unilaterally with the left or right nostril. Subsequently, they rated the attractiveness of photographs of the opposite sex and their own feelings on four mood scales. Participants rated the photographs as significantly more attractive after sniffing androstenol compared with the control odour. This did not depend upon androstenol being perceived as pleasant. Androstenol made male participants feel more lively, and both male and female participants more sexy, when sniffed through the right compared with the left nostril. Participants rated themselves as more irritable and aggressive when exposed to androstenol through the left nostril. The findings are discussed in relation to the effects of arousal on attraction and in the context of current theories of hemispheric differences in emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan A Beaton
- Department of Psychology, College of Human and Health Sciences, University of Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, UK; Department of Psychology, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales SY23 3UX, UK.
| | - Lowri Jones
- Department of Psychology, College of Human and Health Sciences, University of Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, UK
| | - David Benton
- Department of Psychology, College of Human and Health Sciences, University of Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gareth Richards
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Dame Margaret Barbour Building, Wallace Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, England NE2 4DR, UK
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Feng Q, Liu H, Zhang H, Liu Y, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Liu G, Han T. Objective Assessment of Hyposmia in Alzheimer's Disease From Image and Behavior by Combining Pleasant Odor With Unpleasant Odor. Front Neurol 2021; 12:697487. [PMID: 34566843 PMCID: PMC8459611 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.697487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Olfactory functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of responses to a pleasant odor (PO) (lavender) can objectively evaluate olfactory dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. The brain responses to a PO and unpleasant odor (UPO) were shown to differ in normal young people. Whether AD patients with olfactory dysfunction have the same brain response is not yet known. Objective: Our aim was to explore whether olfactory fMRI with both a PO and UPO can provide more information regarding olfactory impairment in AD than a PO alone. Methods: Twenty-five normal controls (NC), 26 individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 22 AD patients underwent olfactory fMRI with lavender and pyridine odorants at three concentrations (0.10, 0.33, and 1.00%) with a 3.0-T MRI scanner. Results: There were no differences in the number of activated voxels in the primary olfactory cortex (POC) between PO and UPO conditions in the NC, MCI, and AD groups (SPM, paired t-test, uncorrected p < 0.001, extent threshold = 70). In the right inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part (F3O), the number of activated voxels was greater with the UPO than with the PO in the NC group (SPM, paired t-test, uncorrected p < 0.001, extent threshold = 70), but there were no differences in the MCI and AD groups. Regardless of PO or UPO conditions, there were significant differences in the number of activated voxels in the POC among the NC, MCI, and AD groups. With increasing odor concentration, the number of activated voxels in the POC decreased in the NC group but increased in the AD group. When 0.10% UPO was presented, the NC group (21/25) showed a lower breathing amplitude and shorter inhalation time, whereas the AD patients (0/22) did not show such changes in breathing. Conclusions: After PO and UPO inhalation, brain activation and respiratory behavior in AD patients were significantly different than in NC patients. Therefore, olfactory fMRI using both PO and UPO stimulation, compared with PO stimulation only, can provide more objective information regarding hyposmia associated with AD based on imaging and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanzhi Feng
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Radiology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huihong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tong Han
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin, China
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Gotow N, Hoshi A, Kobayakawa T. Background stimulus delays detection of target stimulus in a familiar odor-odor combination. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11987. [PMID: 34099772 PMCID: PMC8184818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Familiarity of odor–odor combinations is enhanced through food intake in daily life. As familiarity increases, the perceptual boundary between two odors may become ambiguous; therefore, we hypothesized that exposure to one odor would delay detection of the other in a high-familiarity combination but not in a low-familiarity combination. To test this hypothesis, we measured the speed of odor detection using two types of background stimuli (black tea odor and odorless air) and two types of target stimuli (lemon odor and almond odor). For Japanese participants, the combination of black tea and lemon odor has high familiarity, whereas the combination of black tea and almond odors has low familiarity. Reaction time for detection of target stimulus was measured by inserting a pulsed target stimulus into the flow of the background stimulus (i.e., replacing the background stimulus with the target stimulus for a short time). Reaction time for detection of lemon odor was significantly longer under the black tea odor condition than under the odorless air condition. Reaction time for detection of almond odor was similar between the black tea odor and odorless air conditions. These results are in line with the hypothesis that familiarity of an odor–odor combination affects odor detection speed. Further investigations are required to reach more robust conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Gotow
- Human Informatics Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Ayaka Hoshi
- KIRIN Central Research Institute, Research & Development Division, Kirin Holdings Company, Limited, 1-13-5, Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tatsu Kobayakawa
- Human Informatics Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan.
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Insula and Olfaction: A Literature Review and Case Report. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020198. [PMID: 33562799 PMCID: PMC7914678 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: It is well established that the insula is involved in olfaction, though its specific role in olfactory processing remains uncertain. In this paper, we first review the current literature on the insula and olfaction. Then, we describe the case of a 56-year-old man with a left insular cavernoma that caused olfactory disturbances. (2) Results: Structural neuroimaging studies suggest that insular gray matter volume is related to olfactory function, and functional neuroimaging shows that various types of stimuli lead to either lateralized or bilateral insular activations. Studies using electro-cortical stimulation reveal a specific region of the insular cortex, around the central insular sulcus, that could be related to unpleasant odor processing. Previous cases of insular lesions leading to olfactory disturbances suggest that left-sided insular lesions may more frequently lead to olfactory changes. In our patient with a left insular cavernoma, odors that were previously perceived as pleasant started smelling unpleasant and were hard to distinguish. Despite these subjective complaints, olfactory function assessed with the Sniffin’ Sticks test was normal. (3) Conclusions: Current tests may not be sensitive to all types of olfactory impairments associated with insular damage, and further studies should be conducted to develop olfactory tests assessing the hedonic appreciation of odors.
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Kermen F, Mandairon N, Chalençon L. Odor hedonics coding in the vertebrate olfactory bulb. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:485-493. [PMID: 33515292 PMCID: PMC7873110 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03372-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Whether an odorant is perceived as pleasant or unpleasant (hedonic value) governs a range of crucial behaviors: foraging, escaping danger, and social interaction. Despite its importance in olfactory perception, little is known regarding how odor hedonics is represented and encoded in the brain. Here, we review recent findings describing how odorant hedonic value is represented in the first olfaction processing center, the olfactory bulb. We discuss how olfactory bulb circuits might contribute to the coding of innate and learned odorant hedonics in addition to the odorant's physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Kermen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7030, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Nathalie Mandairon
- CNRS. UMR 5292: INSERM, U1028: Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon, University Lyon1, F-69000, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laura Chalençon
- CNRS. UMR 5292: INSERM, U1028: Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon, University Lyon1, F-69000, Villeurbanne, France
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Gaby JM, Tepper BJ. A comparison of hedonic and emotional responses to common odors delivered by qPODs (Portable Olfactive Devices) and traditional sniff jars. Food Qual Prefer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.103804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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10
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Fujio H, Inokuchi G, Kuroki S, Tatehara S, Katsunuma S, Kowa H, Nibu KI. Three-year prospective study on olfaction of patients with Parkinson's disease. Auris Nasus Larynx 2019; 47:899-904. [PMID: 31506174 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We conducted a 3-year prospective study on olfaction of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) in order to examine the severity and frequency of smell disorder in PD using odor identification test, Open Essence (OE) and to verify the validity of olfactory tests as a predictor of cognitive symptom onset of PD. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a prospective study by performing an annual examination over a 3-year period. For 56 cases diagnosed with PD by the Department of Neurology at our hospital, OE and Jet Stream Olfactometry (JSO) were performed to assess the olfactory function, and Mini-Mental-State Examination (MMSE) was conducted to measure cognitive impairment. RESULTS At the beginning, 56 cases were examined, of which 42 remained to be followed up for 3 years. Based on the results of baseline, we found a correlation between OE and the average cognitive thresholds of JSO, but did not find any correlation between OE and MMSE. OE (median 4.0→4.0) and the average cognitive thresholds of JSO (median 2.2→1.6) decreased after 3 years, and MMSE (median 29→29) also declined, but not significantly. At the 3rd year, 6 cases with MMSE score of 23 or less were identified as suspected dementia and 36 cases with more than 24 points were defined as an invariant group. In order to distinguish these two groups, OE scores of baselines were evaluated with a combination of 12 odors. Sensitivity 1.0 and specificity 0.722 were obtained and the sensitivity+specificity value (1.722) was the highest when the number of correct answers was 4 or less using an odor combination of lumber, menthol, Japanese orange, gas for household use, Hinoki cypress and condensed milk. CONCLUSION When the number of correct answers of 6 odors (lumber, menthol, Japanese orange, gas for household use, Hinoki cypress and condensed milk) is 4 or less in patients with PD, there is a possibility that MMSE declines in 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisami Fujio
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Go Inokuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Kuroki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shun Tatehara
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sayaka Katsunuma
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hisamoto Kowa
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nibu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Xiao W, Lv Q, Gao X, Sun Z, Yan X, Wei Y. Different Brain Activation in Response to Repeated Odors of Pleasantness and Unpleasantness. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-019-09270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Moon WJ, Park M, Hwang M, Kim JK. Functional MRI as an Objective Measure of Olfaction Deficit in Patients with Traumatic Anosmia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018; 39:2320-2325. [PMID: 30409849 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE While posttraumatic anosmia is not uncommon, the olfactory function evaluation has strongly relied on subjective responses given by patients. We aimed to examine the utility of fMRI as an objective tool for diagnosing traumatic anosmia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen patients (11 men and 5 women; mean age, 42.2 ± 10.4 years) with clinically diagnosed traumatic anosmia and 19 healthy control subjects (11 men and 8 women; mean age, 29.3 ± 8.5 years) underwent fMRI during olfactory stimulation with citral (a pleasant odor) or β-mercaptoethanol (an unpleasant odor). All patients were subjected to a clinical olfactory functional assessment and nasal endoscopic exploration. Two-sample t tests were conducted with age as a covariate to examine group differences in brain activation responses to olfactory stimulation (false discovery rate-corrected P < .05). RESULTS Compared with healthy control subjects, patients with traumatic anosmia had reduced activation in the bilateral primary and secondary olfactory cortices and the limbic system in response to β-mercaptoethanol stimulation, whereas reduced activation was observed only in the left frontal subgyral region in response to citral stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Brain activation was decreased in the bilateral primary and secondary olfactory cortices as well as the limbic system in response to olfactory stimulation in patients with traumatic anosmia compared with healthy control subjects. These preliminary results may shed light on the potential of fMRI for the diagnosis of traumatic anosmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-J Moon
- Department of Radiology (W.-J.M., M.P.), Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - M Park
- Department of Radiology (W.-J.M., M.P.), Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - M Hwang
- GE Healthcare (M.H.), Seoul, Korea
| | - J K Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (J.K.K.), Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Totsuka M, Soh Z, Sasaoka T, Yamawaki S, Tsuji T. Towards Objective Olfactory Evaluation Based On Peripheral Arterial Stiffness And Heart Rate Variability Indices. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018; 2018:5618-5623. [PMID: 30441610 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8513577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes an olfactory stimulation-biological response measurement system aiming for quantitative and objective evaluation the odor quality. The system calculates arterial stiffness index $\beta $ proposed by our group, the low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF), and heart rate (HR) during presenting odor stimuli. An experiment of olfactory sensory assessment using the proposed system is conducted. The experiment results showed that unpleasant odor increases arterial stiffness index $\beta $ and (LF/HF).
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Gotow N, Kobayakawa T. Trial measurement of brain activity underlying olfactory-gustatory synchrony perception using event-related potentials from five female participants. J Neurosci Res 2018; 97:253-266. [PMID: 30125987 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Temporal synchrony between odor and taste plays an important role in flavor perception. When we investigate temporal synchrony between odor and taste, it is necessary to pay attention not only to physical simultaneity of the presentation of olfactory and gustatory stimuli, but also to the perceptual simultaneity between the two stimuli. In this study, we examined short-latency brain activity underlying synchrony perception for olfactory-gustatory combinations. While five female participants performed a simultaneity judgment (SJ) task using soy sauce odor and salt solution, single-channel event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded at the position of Cz. In each trial, the participant was asked whether olfactory and gustatory stimuli were perceived simultaneously or successively. Based on the judgment responses acquired from participants (i.e., simultaneous or successive), ERP data were classified into two datasets. The means of ERPs from each participant were calculated for each type of judgment response, considering the onset of olfactory or gustatory stimuli (OERPs or GERPs, respectively) as the starting point. The latencies of the P1 component of GERPs were very similar between simultaneous and successive judgment responses, whereas the P1 amplitudes differed significantly. These results indicated that neural activity affecting SJ for an olfactory-gustatory combination is generated during a period of about 130 ms from the onset of gustatory stimulus. Thus, olfactory and gustatory information processing related to flavor perception (more specially, synchrony perception between odor and taste) might be initiated at a relatively early stage of the central pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Gotow
- Human Informatics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tatsu Kobayakawa
- Human Informatics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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Maharjan A, Wang E, Peng M, Cakmak YO. Improvement of Olfactory Function With High Frequency Non-invasive Auricular Electrostimulation in Healthy Humans. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:225. [PMID: 29740266 PMCID: PMC5928377 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In past literature on animal models, invasive vagal nerve stimulation using high frequencies has shown to be effective at modulating the activity of the olfactory bulb (OB). Recent advances in invasive vagal nerve stimulation in humans, despite previous findings in animal models, used low frequency stimulation and found no effect on the olfactory functioning. The present article aimed to test potential effects of non-invasive, high and low frequency vagal nerve stimulation in humans, with supplementary exploration of the orbitofrontal cortex using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Healthy, male adult participants (n = 18) performed two olfactory tests [odor threshold test (OTT) and supra-threshold test (STT)] before and after receiving high-, low frequency vagal nerve stimulation and placebo (no stimulation). Participant's olfactory functioning was monitored using NIRS, and assessed with two behavioral olfactory tests. NIRS data of separate stimulation parameters were statistically analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA across different stages. Data from olfactory tests were analyzed using paired parametric and non-parametric statistical tests. Only high frequency, non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation was able to positively modulate the performance of the healthy participants in the STT (p = 0.021, Wilcoxon sign-ranked test), with significant differences in NIRS (p = 0.014, post-hoc with Bonferroni correction) recordings of the right hemispheric, orbitofrontal cortex. The results from the current article implore further exploration of the neurocircuitry involved under vagal nerve stimulation and the effects of non-invasive, high frequency, vagal nerve stimulation toward olfactory dysfunction which showcase in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseases. Despite the sufficient effect size (moderate effect, correlation coefficient (r): 0.39 for the STT) of the current study, future research should replicate the current findings with a larger cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Maharjan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Eunice Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mei Peng
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yusuf O Cakmak
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
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16
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Hummel T, Fark T, Baum D, Warr J, Hummel CB, Schriever VA. The Rewarding Effect of Pictures with Positive Emotional Connotation upon Perception and Processing of Pleasant Odors-An FMRI Study. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:19. [PMID: 28377697 PMCID: PMC5359254 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This fMRI study was designed to investigate the effect of cross-modal conditioning in 28 female volunteers. Subjects underwent initial fMRI block design scanning during which three pleasant olfactory stimuli were presented and had to be rated with respect to intensity and pleasantness. This was followed by an odor identification task spread out over 3 days: the experimental group was rewarded for successful trials (correct odor identification) with emotionally salient photos, whilst the control group only received randomly displayed, emotionally neutral, pictures. In the final scanning session, the odors were again presented, and subjects rated pleasantness and intensity. Both pleasantness ratings and fMRI data showed effects of the rewarding procedure. Activation in nucleus accumbens and the orbitofrontal cortex confirmed the hypothesis that learnt association of odors with visual stimuli of emotionally positive valence not only increases pleasantness of the olfactory stimuli but is also reflected in the activation of brain structures relevant for hedonic and reward processing. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to report successful cross-modal conditioning of olfactory stimuli with visual clues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Therese Fark
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel Baum
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonathan Warr
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Cornelia B Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Valentin A Schriever
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
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17
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Human amygdala activations during nasal chemoreception. Neuropsychologia 2015; 78:171-94. [PMID: 26459095 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review serves as a comprehensive discussion of chemosensory stimulation of the amygdala in healthy humans. Following an introduction of the neuroanatomy of chemosensory processing in primary and secondary olfactory structures, functional resonance magnetic imaging and positron imaging tomography studies are systematically categorized based on valence of stimuli, stimulus concentration, and paradigm-dependent amygdala activation. The amygdala shows patterns of lateralization due to stimulus valence. Main findings include pleasant odors being associated with bilateral or left amygdala activation, and unpleasant odors being associated with activation of the right amygdala, suggesting a crucial role of the right amygdala in evolutionary preservation. Potentially threatening social stimuli, however, might be processed apart from the olfactory system and tend to activate the left amygdala. Amygdala response to chemosensory stimuli correlated with simultaneous activation in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), piriform cortex (PC), and insula, suggesting a close-knit network of these areas during stimulus processing.
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18
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Mesholam-Gately RI, Gibson LE, Seidman LJ, Green AI. Schizophrenia and co-occurring substance use disorder: reward, olfaction and clozapine. Schizophr Res 2014; 155:45-51. [PMID: 24685823 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Co-occurring substance use disorders (SUD), including alcohol, are common in schizophrenia (SZ) and are associated with poor outcome. Emerging data suggest that individuals with SZ have a dysfunctional brain reward circuit that may underlie their frequent use of alcohol and other substances, and further, that the atypical antipsychotic, clozapine (CLOZ), limits alcohol/substance use in these individuals, potentially by ameliorating this brain reward circuit dysfunction. To explore this hypothesis, reward functioning in a SZ sample with a history of co-occurring SUD, treated with either CLOZ (n=13) or typical antipsychotic agents (TYP), haloperidol or fluphenazine (n=14), as well as healthy controls (n=16), was evaluated through ratings of pleasurable and aversive odors, stimuli that are processed by several neural structures thought to play a key role in processing rewarding stimuli. Results suggest that CLOZ treatment is associated with broadening and strengthening the hedonic experience of these rewarding olfactory stimuli, both of a pleasant and unpleasant nature. This hedonic appraisal of odors appeared to be independent of odor perception (intensity ratings) and clinical symptoms. These preliminary findings provide important new data in support of the hypothesis that CLOZ ameliorates some aspects of abnormal brain reward functioning in individuals with co-occurring SZ and SUD. Further research may have valuable treatment implications for this population including interventions for other reward-associated deficits in learning, social interactions and other aspects of behavior and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquelle I Mesholam-Gately
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lauren E Gibson
- Psychology Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alan I Green
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, The Dartmouth Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, The Dartmouth Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Hanover, NH, USA
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Kavoi BM, Plendl J, Makanya AN, Ochieng' S, Kiama SG. Effects of anticancer drug docetaxel on the structure and function of the rabbit olfactory mucosa. Tissue Cell 2014; 46:213-24. [PMID: 24846480 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Docetaxel (DCT) is an anticancer drug which acts by disrupting microtubule dynamics in the highly mitotic cancer cells. Thus, this drug has a potential to affect function and organization of tissues exhibiting high cellular turnover. We investigated, in the rabbit, the effects of a single human equivalent dose (6.26 mg/kg, i.v.) of DCT on the olfactory mucosa (OM) through light and electron microscopy, morphometry, Ki-67 immunostaining, TUNEL assay and the buried food test for olfactory sensitivity. On post-exposure days (PED) 5 and 10, there was disarrangement of the normal cell layering in the olfactory epithelium (OE), apoptotic death of cells of the OE, Bowman's glands and axon bundles, and the presence (including on PED 3) of blood vessels in the bundle cores. A decrease in bundle diameters, olfactory cell densities and cilia numbers, which was most significant on PED 10 (49.3%, 63.4% and 50%, respectively), was also evident. Surprisingly by PED 15, the OM regained normal morphology. Furthermore, olfactory sensitivity decreased progressively until PED 10 when olfaction was markedly impaired, and with recovery from the impairment by PED 15. These observations show that DCT transiently alters the structure and function of the OM suggesting a high regenerative potential for this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boniface M Kavoi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Koserstrasse 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew N Makanya
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Balzerstrasse 2, CH-3000 Bern 9, Switzerland
| | - Shem Ochieng'
- International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Kasarani, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen G Kiama
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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20
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Patel RM, Pinto JM. Olfaction: anatomy, physiology, and disease. Clin Anat 2013; 27:54-60. [PMID: 24272785 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory system is an essential part of human physiology, with a rich evolutionary history. Although humans are less dependent on chemosensory input than are other mammals (Niimura 2009, Hum. Genomics 4:107-118), olfactory function still plays a critical role in health and behavior. The detection of hazards in the environment, generating feelings of pleasure, promoting adequate nutrition, influencing sexuality, and maintenance of mood are described roles of the olfactory system, while other novel functions are being elucidated. A growing body of evidence has implicated a role for olfaction in such diverse physiologic processes as kin recognition and mating (Jacob et al. 2002a, Nat. Genet. 30:175-179; Horth 2007, Genomics 90:159-175; Havlicek and Roberts 2009, Psychoneuroendocrinology 34:497-512), pheromone detection (Jacob et al. 200b, Horm. Behav. 42:274-283; Wyart et al. 2007, J. Neurosci. 27:1261-1265), mother-infant bonding (Doucet et al. 2009, PLoS One 4:e7579), food preferences (Mennella et al. 2001, Pediatrics 107:E88), central nervous system physiology (Welge-Lüssen 2009, B-ENT 5:129-132), and even longevity (Murphy 2009, JAMA 288:2307-2312). The olfactory system, although phylogenetically ancient, has historically received less attention than other special senses, perhaps due to challenges related to its study in humans. In this article, we review the anatomic pathways of olfaction, from peripheral nasal airflow leading to odorant detection, to epithelial recognition of these odorants and related signal transduction, and finally to central processing. Olfactory dysfunction, which can be defined as conductive, sensorineural, or central (typically related to neurodegenerative disorders), is a clinically significant problem, with a high burden on quality of life that is likely to grow in prevalence due to demographic shifts and increased environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi M Patel
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Barresi M, Ciurleo R, Giacoppo S, Foti Cuzzola V, Celi D, Bramanti P, Marino S. Evaluation of olfactory dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurol Sci 2012; 323:16-24. [PMID: 23010543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is known that the olfactory dysfunction is involved in various neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Huntington's disease and motor neuron disease. In particular, the ability to identify and discriminate the odors, as well as the odor threshold, can be altered in these disorders. These changes often occur as early manifestation of the pathology and they are not always diagnosed on time. The aim of this review is to summarize the major neurological diseases which are preceded or accompanied by olfactory dysfunction. In addition, new instrumental approaches, such as psychophysical testing, olfactory event-related potentials (OERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements, supported by olfactometer for the stimuli delivery, and their combination in evaluation of olfactory function will be discussed. In particular, OERPs and fMRI might to be good candidates to become useful additional tools in clinical protocols for early diagnosis of neurological diseases.
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Tranel D, Welsh-Bohmer KA. Pervasive olfactory impairment after bilateral limbic system destruction. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2012; 34:117-25. [PMID: 22220560 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2011.633897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
What pattern of brain damage could completely obliterate the sense of olfaction in humans? We had an opportunity to address this intriguing question in Patient B., who has extensive bilateral damage to most of the limbic system, including the medial and lateral temporal lobes, orbital frontal cortex, insular cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and basal forebrain, caused by herpes simplex encephalitis. The patient demonstrated profound impairments in odor identification and recognition. Moreover, he could not discriminate between olfactory stimuli, and he had severe impairments in odor detection. Reliable stimulus detection was obtained only for solutions of the organic solvent acetone and highly concentrated solutions of ethanol. In contrast to the more circumscribed olfactory deficits demonstrated in patients with damage confined to either the temporal lobes or orbitofrontal cortex (which tend to involve odor identification but not odor detection), Patient B. demonstrated a strikingly severe and complete anosmia. This contrast in olfactory abilities and deficits as a result of different anatomical pathology affords new insights into the neural substrates of olfactory processing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tranel
- Department of Neurology, Division of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Hummel T, Hummel C, Iannilli E, Baur A, Gerber J, Chopra A. Olfactory Processing in Children and Young Adults. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-011-9114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Kokan N, Sakai N, Doi K, Fujio H, Hasegawa S, Tanimoto H, Nibu KI. Near-infrared spectroscopy of orbitofrontal cortex during odorant stimulation. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2011; 25:163-5. [PMID: 21679526 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For olfaction, several studies have reported near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) signal changes in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) during odor stimulation. However, the roles of human OFC in olfactory cognition are less well understood. This study was designed to better understand the roles of OFC for olfaction. METHODS Hemodynamic responses for phenyl ethyl alcohol or citral in the OFCs were measured with NIRS. After the experiment, participants were asked to describe the characteristics of the odor and to rate odor intensity and hedonic valence. RESULTS Statistical analysis of all participants' data showed significant changes in the concentration of total hemoglobin in the left OFC during the trial (p = 0.04). The total hemoglobin signal increased significantly in the right OFC (p = 0.0008) of the participants who successfully identified the odorant stimulus. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that NIRS combined with a questionnaire is a useful method for studying the functional neuroanatomy of OFC in terms of olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Kokan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Abstract
Olfaction represents an ancient, evolutionarily critical physiologic system. In humans, chemosensation mediates safety, nutrition, sensation of pleasure, and general well-being. Factors that affect human olfaction included structural aspects of the nasal cavity that can modulate airflow and therefore odorant access to the olfactory cleft, and inflammatory disease, which can affect both airflow as well as olfactory nerve function. After signals are generated, olfactory information is processed and coded in the olfactory bulb and disseminated to several areas in the brain. The discovery of olfactory receptors by Axel and Buck sparked greater understanding of the molecular basis of olfaction. However, the precise mechanisms used by this system are still under great scrutiny due to the complexity of understanding how an enormous number of chemically diverse odorant molecules are coded into signals understood by the brain. Additionally, it has been challenging to dissect olfactory sensation due to the multiple areas of areas of the brain that receive and modulate this information. Consequently, our knowledge of olfactory dysfunction in humans remains primitive. Aging represents the major cause of loss of smell, although a number of clinical and environmental factors are thought to affect chemosensory function. Treatment options focus on reducing sinonasal inflammation when present, ruling out other treatable causes, and counseling patients on safety measures.
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