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Parkash V, Kaye PM, Layton AM, Lacey CJ. Vaccines against leishmaniasis: using controlled human infection models to accelerate development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1407-1418. [PMID: 34664543 PMCID: PMC9835556 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1991795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that is defined by the World Health Organization as vaccine preventable. Although several new candidate vaccines are in development, no vaccine has successfully reached the market for human use. Several species of Leishmania cause human disease and have co-evolved with their respective sand fly vectors. These unique relationships have implications for initiation of infection and vaccine development. An approach to vaccine development for many infectious diseases is the use of controlled human infection models (CHIMs). AREAS COVERED We describe the history and recent development of experimental and deliberate infection using Leishmania in humans and the rationale for developing a new sand fly-initiated CHIM to progress leishmaniasis vaccine development. Examples from other infectious diseases are discussed in the context of the development of a new leishmaniasis CHIM. We also reflect upon the manufacture of the challenge agent, practical considerations, safety, ethics, and regulatory issues. EXPERT OPINION A new cutaneous Leishmania CHIM is being developed to enable testing of vaccines in the development pipeline. Questions remain about the use of such CHIMs to determine effectiveness of vaccines against visceral leishmaniasis. However, such a CHIM will be invaluable in expediting time to market for vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivak Parkash
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK,Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul M. Kaye
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Alison M Layton
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Charles J Lacey
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK,CONTACT Charles J Lacey York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
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Karmakar S, Nath S, Sarkar B, Chakraborty S, Paul S, Karan M, Pal C. Insect vectors' saliva and gut microbiota as a blessing in disguise: probability versus possibility. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:657-670. [PMID: 34100305 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drawing of host blood is a natural phenomenon during the bite of blood-probing insect vectors. Along with the blood meal, the vectors introduce salivary components and a trail of microbiota. In the case of infected vectors, the related pathogen accompanies the aforementioned biological components. In addition to Anopheles gambiae or Anopheles stephensi, the bites of other nonmalarial vectors cannot be ignored in malaria-endemic regions. Similarly, the bite incidence of Phlebotomus papatasi cannot be ignored in visceral leishmaniasis-endemic regions. Even the chances of getting bitten by uninfected vectors are higher than the infected vectors. We have discussed the probability or possibility of uninfected, infected, and/or nonvector's saliva and gut microbiota as a therapeutic option leading to the initial deterrent to pathogen establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Karmakar
- Cellular Immunology & Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India.,Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Supriya Nath
- Cellular Immunology & Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India.,Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Biswajyoti Sarkar
- Cellular Immunology & Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India.,Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Sondipon Chakraborty
- Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Sharmistha Paul
- Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Mintu Karan
- Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Chiranjib Pal
- Cellular Immunology & Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India.,Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India
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The Diversity of Midgut Bacteria among Wild-Caught Phlebotomus argentipes (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), the Vector of Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5458063. [PMID: 32923482 PMCID: PMC7453272 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5458063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phlebotomus argentipes is the main suspected vector for leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka. Investigations on the presence of aerobic bacteria in the gut of sand flies which evidence a potential approach to control leishmaniasis transmission through a paratransgenic strategy are still not available for the local sand fly populations. Field-caught unfed female sand flies collected from three selected Medical Officer of Health (MOH) areas (Polpithigama, Maho, and Galgamuwa) in Kurunegala District, Sri Lanka from August to December 2018 were used. Prokaryotic 16S ribosomal RNA partial gene was amplified and sequenced. Morphological identification revealed the presence of only one sand fly species, P. argentipes (n = 1,969). A total of 20 organisms belonging to two phyla (Proteobactericea and Furmicutes) were detected within the gut microbial community of the studied sand fly specimens. This study documents the first-ever observation of Rhizobium sp. in the midgut of P. argentipes. The presence of Bacillus megaterium, which is considered as a nonpathogenic bacterium with potential use for paratransgenic manipulation of P. argentipes suggest that it may be used as a delivery vehicle to block the vectorial transmission of Leishmania parasites. In addition, Serratia marcescens may be used as a potential candidate to block the parasite development in sand fly vectors since it has evidenced antileishmanial activities in previous investigations. Hence, further studies are required to gain full insight into the potential use of this bacterium in the control of Leishmania parasites through paratransgenesis.
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Midgut Bacterial Diversity of Wild Populations of Phlebotomus (P.) papatasi, the Vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Turkey. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14812. [PMID: 29093481 PMCID: PMC5665960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13948-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are hematophagous insects that harbor bacterial, viral and parasitic agents like Bartonella sp., Phleboviruses and Leishmania spp., respectively. There are few reports on bacterial microbiota of Phlebotomus (P.) papatasi but no data available for natural populations of Turkey, where leishmaniasis is endemic. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the midgut bacterial flora of different populations of P. papatasi. Sand flies were collected from different towns (Karaburun, Urla, Ayvacik and Başçayır) located in the western part of Turkey. Laboratory reared P. papatasi were included in the study as an insectarium population. After sterile washing steps, sand flies were dissected and guts were separated. Three pools, (males, unfed females and blood-fed females) were generated for each population. Prokaryotic 16 S rRNA gene was amplified and DGGE was performed. Fourteen different organisms belonging to two Phylum (Proteobactericea and Furmicutes) were identified according to sequence results in the studied pools. The presence of Wolbachia sp. was shown for the first time in the wild-caught sand fly populations of Turkey. This is the first report of gut bacterial flora of wild-caught P. papatasi collected in an endemic area for leishmaniasis in Turkey. Microbiome profiling of wild-caught sand flies will be of great help in the investigating of possible vector control candidates for paratransgenic control approach.
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Fraihi W, Fares W, Perrin P, Dorkeld F, Sereno D, Barhoumi W, Sbissi I, Cherni S, Chelbi I, Durvasula R, Ramalho-Ortigao M, Gtari M, Zhioua E. An integrated overview of the midgut bacterial flora composition of Phlebotomus perniciosus, a vector of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in the Western Mediterranean Basin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005484. [PMID: 28355207 PMCID: PMC5386300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Leishmania developmental life cycle within its sand fly vector occurs exclusively in the lumen of the insect’s digestive tract in the presence of symbiotic bacteria. The composition of the gut microbiota and the factors that influence its composition are currently poorly understood. A set of factors, including the host and its environment, may influence this composition. It has been demonstrated that the insect gut microbiota influences the development of several human pathogens, such as Plasmodium falciparum. For sand flies and Leishmania, understanding the interactions between the parasite and the microbial environment of the vector midgut can provide new tools to control Leishmania transmission. Methodology/Principal findings The midguts of female Phlebotomus perniciosus from laboratory colonies or from the field were collected during the months of July, September and October 2011 and dissected. The midguts were analyzed by culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. A total of 441 and 115 cultivable isolates were assigned to 30 and 11 phylotypes from field-collected and colonized P. perniciosus, respectively. Analysis of monthly variations in microbiota composition shows a species diversity decline in October, which is to the end of the Leishmania infantum transmission period. In parallel, a compilation and a meta-analysis of all available data concerning the microbiota of two Psychodidae genera, namely Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia, was performed and compared to P. perniciosus, data obtained herein. This integrated analysis did not reveal any substantial divergences between Old and New world sand flies with regards to the midgut bacterial phyla and genera diversity. But clearly, most bacterial species (>76%) are sparsely distributed between Phlebotominae species. Conclusion/Significance Our results pinpoint the need for a more exhaustive understanding of the bacterial richness and abundance at the species level in Phlebotominae sand flies in order to capture the role of midgut bacteria during Leishmania development and transmission. The occurrence of Bacillus subtilis in P. perniciosus and at least two other sand fly species studied so far suggests that this bacterial species is a potential candidate for paratransgenic or biolological approaches for the control of sand fly populations in order to prevent Leishmania transmission. The use of conventional microbiological methods gave us the opportunity to investigate the richness of symbiotic bacteria that inhabit the gut of P. perniciosus during its main period of activity. Our results were subsequently analyzed in the framework of what has been done on sand flies microbiota in order to validate our results and to address the question of the definition of the core bacterial microbiota of sand flies. A meta-analysis on the respective gut microbiota of Old and New World sand flies shows that the majority of bacterial species is observed only in one host whereas less than 8% are shared by more than two hosts. Our results pinpoint the need for a more exhaustive understanding of the microbiota composition and dynamic in phlebotominae, with the aim to implement new biological approaches for the control of sand fly populations in order to prevent Leishmania transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Fraihi
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, University of Tunis-El Manar, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Wasfi Fares
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Pascale Perrin
- MIVEGEC/Université de Montpellier CNRS/UMR 5244/IRD 224 - Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Dorkeld
- INRA - UMR 1062 CBGP (INRA, IRD, CIRAD), Montpellier SupAgro, Montferrier-Sur-Lez, France
| | - Denis Sereno
- MIVEGEC/Université de Montpellier CNRS/UMR 5244/IRD 224 - Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
- UMR177, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (EZ); (DS)
| | - Walid Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imed Sbissi
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, University of Tunis-El Manar, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saifedine Cherni
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ifhem Chelbi
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ravi Durvasula
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, UNM School of Medicine Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Marcelo Ramalho-Ortigao
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maher Gtari
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, University of Tunis-El Manar, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Elyes Zhioua
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- * E-mail: (EZ); (DS)
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Adler S, Theodor O. The Inoculation of Canine Cutaneous Leishmaniasis into Man and the Behaviour of Various Strains of Leishmania in Mice. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1930.11684635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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ADLER S, KATZENELLENBOGEN I. The Problem of the Association Between Particular Strains ofLeishmania Tropicaand the Clinical Manifestations Produced by them. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2016; 46:25-32. [PMID: 14934034 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1952.11685501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Martin E, Bongiorno G, Giovati L, Montagna M, Crotti E, Damiani C, Gradoni L, Polonelli L, Ricci I, Favia G, Epis S. Isolation of a Wickerhamomyces anomalus yeast strain from the sandfly Phlebotomus perniciosus, displaying the killer phenotype. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 30:101-106. [PMID: 26542209 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus has been studied for its wide biotechnological potential, mainly for applications in the food industry. Different strains of W. anomalus have been isolated from diverse habitats and recently from insects, including mosquitoes of medical importance. This paper reports the isolation and phylogenetic characterization of W. anomalus from laboratory-reared adults and larvae of Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera: Psychodidae), a main phlebotomine vector of human and canine leishmaniasis. Of 65 yeast strains isolated from P. perniciosus, 15 strains were identified as W. anomalus; one of these was tested for the killer phenotype and demonstrated inhibitory activity against four yeast sensitive strains, as reported for mosquito-isolated strains. The association between P. perniciosus and W. anomalus deserves further investigation in order to explore the possibility that this yeast may exert inhibitory/killing activity against Leishmania spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martin
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Bongiorno
- Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases and International Health, MIPI Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - L Giovati
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - M Montagna
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Crotti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Evolutionary Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C Damiani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - L Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases and International Health, MIPI Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - L Polonelli
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - I Ricci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - G Favia
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - S Epis
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Akhoundi M, Bakhtiari R, Guillard T, Baghaei A, Tolouei R, Sereno D, Toubas D, Depaquit J, Abyaneh MR. Diversity of the bacterial and fungal microflora from the midgut and cuticle of phlebotomine sand flies collected in North-Western Iran. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50259. [PMID: 23226255 PMCID: PMC3511470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Phlebotomine sand flies are the vectors of the leishmaniases, parasitic diseases caused by Leishmania spp. Little is known about the prevalence and diversity of sand fly microflora colonizing the midgut or the cuticle. Particularly, there is little information on the fungal diversity. This information is important for development of vector control strategies. Methodology/Principal Findings Five sand fly species: Phlebotomus papatasi, P. sergenti, P. kandelakii, P. perfiliewi and P. halepensis were caught in Bileh Savar and Kaleybar in North-Western Iran that are located in endemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis. A total of 35 specimens were processed. Bacterial and fungal strains were identified by routine microbiological methods. We characterized 39 fungal isolates from the cuticle and/or the midgut. They belong to six different genera including Penicillium (17 isolates), Aspergillus (14), Acremonium (5), Fusarium (1), Geotrichum (1) and Candida (1). We identified 33 Gram-negative bacteria: Serratia marcescens (9 isolates), Enterobacter cloacae (6), Pseudomonas fluorescens (6), Klebsiella ozaenae (4), Acinetobacter sp. (3), Escherichia coli (3), Asaia sp. (1) and Pantoea sp. (1) as well as Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis (5) and Micrococcus luteus (5) in 10 isolates. Conclusion/Significance Our study provides new data on the microbiotic diversity of field-collected sand flies and for the first time, evidence of the presence of Asaia sp. in sand flies. We have also found a link between physiological stages (unfed, fresh fed, semi gravid and gravid) of sand flies and number of bacteria that they carry. Interestingly Pantoea sp. and Klebsiella ozaenae have been isolated in Old World sand fly species. The presence of latter species on sand fly cuticle and in the female midgut suggests a role for this arthropod in dissemination of these pathogenic bacteria in endemic areas. Further experiments are required to clearly delineate the vectorial role (passive or active) of sand flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Akhoundi
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ANSES, EA4688 - USC, Transmission Vectorielle et Epidémiosurveillance de Maladies Parasitaires (VECPAR), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculté de Pharmacie, Reims, France
- Mycology and Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rounak Bakhtiari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health and Institute Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thomas Guillard
- UFR Médecine, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Reims, France
| | - Ahmad Baghaei
- Mycology and Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Tolouei
- Mycology and Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Denis Sereno
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM1-UM2, Montpellier, France
| | - Dominique Toubas
- Unité MEDyC, FRE 3481 URCA CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, CHU de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Reims, France
| | - Jérôme Depaquit
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ANSES, EA4688 - USC, Transmission Vectorielle et Epidémiosurveillance de Maladies Parasitaires (VECPAR), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculté de Pharmacie, Reims, France
- * E-mail:
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Mukhopadhyay J, Braig HR, Rowton ED, Ghosh K. Naturally occurring culturable aerobic gut flora of adult Phlebotomus papatasi, vector of Leishmania major in the Old World. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35748. [PMID: 22629302 PMCID: PMC3358311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected, vector-borne parasitic disease and is responsible for persistent, often disfiguring lesions and other associated complications. Leishmania, causing zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) in the Old World are mainly transmitted by the predominant sand fly vector, Phlebotomus papatasi. To date, there is no efficient control measure or vaccine available for this widespread insect-borne infectious disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A survey was carried out to study the abundance of different natural gut flora in P. papatasi, with the long-term goal of generating a paratransgenic sand fly that can potentially block the development of Leishmania in the sand fly gut, thereby preventing transmission of leishmania in endemic disease foci. Sand flies, in particular, P. papatasi were captured from different habitats of various parts of the world. Gut microbes were cultured and identified using 16S ribosomal DNA analysis and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. We found variation in the species and abundance of gut flora in flies collected from different habitats. However, a few Gram-positive, nonpathogenic bacteria including Bacillus flexus and B. pumilus were common in most of the sites examined. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicate that there is a wide range of variation of aerobic gut flora inhabiting sand fly guts, which possibly reflect the ecological condition of the habitat where the fly breeds. Also, some species of bacteria (B. pumilus, and B. flexus) were found from most of the habitats. Important from an applied perspective of dissemination, our results support a link between oviposition induction and adult gut flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaba Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Henk R. Braig
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Edgar D. Rowton
- Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kashinath Ghosh
- Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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Guernaoui S, Garcia D, Gazanion E, Ouhdouch Y, Boumezzough A, Pesson B, Fontenille D, Sereno D. Bacterial flora as indicated by PCR-temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) of 16S rDNA gene fragments from isolated guts of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2011; 36 Suppl 1:S144-S147. [PMID: 21366767 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2011.00124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we tested the capacity of Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (TGGE)-based fingerprinting of 16S rDNA PCR fragments to assess bacterial composition in a single isolated sand fly gut. Bacterial content was studied in different life stages of a laboratory-reared colony of Phlebotomus duboscqi and in a wild-caught Phlebotomus papatasi population. Our study demonstrates that a major reorganization in the gut bacterial community occurs during metamorphosis of sand flies. Chloroflexi spp. was dominant in the guts of pre-imaginal stages, although Microbacterium spp. and another as yet unidentified bacteria were detected in the gut of the adult specimen. Interestingly, Microbacterium spp. was also found in all the adult guts of both species. We demonstrate that the analysis of bacterial diversity in an individualized sand fly gut is possible with fingerprinting of 16S rDNA. The use of such methodology, in conjunction with other culture-based methods, will be of great help in investigating the behavior of the Leishmania-bacterial community in an ecological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Guernaoui
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement BP 64501, Montpellier Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Schlein
- Department of Parasitology, Hadassah Medical School, PO Box 1172, Jerusalem, Israel
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Jacobson RL. Leishmania tropica (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae)--a perplexing parasite. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2004; 50:241-50. [PMID: 14971592 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2003.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania tropica is one of the causative agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a disfiguring parasitic disease that recently was found to be viscerotropic. In urban areas it is transmitted from infected individuals by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies to naïve persons (anthroponotic CL). In rural areas animals are thought to be the reservoir, but the full life cycle is still under investigation (zoonotic CL). For many years L. tropica was either confused or merely grouped with L. major while Phlebotomus sergenti was the only proven vector. In recent years new foci have erupted, but few have been investigated. This review describes some of the history, recent findings, epidemiology, potential vectors, and the search for possible reservoir hosts besides man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond L Jacobson
- Department of Parasitology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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Volf P, Kiewegová A, Nemec A. Bacterial colonisation in the gut of Phlebotomus duboseqi (Diptera: Psychodidae): transtadial passage and the role of female diet. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2002; 49:73-7. [PMID: 11993554 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2002.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria isolated from the gut of different developmental stages of Philebotomus duboseqi Neveu-Lcmaire, 1906 belonged almost all to aerobic or facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods. In females, the highest bacterial counts were observed two days after bloodfeeding; seven days after bloodfeeding the bacterial counts returned to pre-feeding levels. Most isolates were identified phenotypically as Ochrobactrum sp. The distinctiveness and homogeneity of the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Ochrobactrum isolates indicated that they belonged to a single strain (designated AK). This strain was acquired by larvae from food and passaged transtadially: it was isolated from the guts of fourth-instar larvae shortly before pupation, from pupae as well from newly emerged females. Most other bacteria found in females were acquired from the sugar solution fed to adults. To determine if the midgut lectin activity may serve as antibacterial agent females were membrane-fed on blood with addition of inhibitory carbohydrates. No significant differences in bacterial infections were found between experimental and control groups and we suppose that the lectin activity has no effect on gram-negative bacteria present in sandfly gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Oliveira SMPD, Morais BAD, Gonçalves CA, Giordano-Dias CM, Vilela ML, Brazil RP, d'Almeida JM, Asensi MD, Mello RP. Microbiota do trato digestivo de fêmeas de Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera: Psychodidae) provenientes de colônia alimentadas com sangue e com sangue e sacarose. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2001. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2001000100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Há poucos estudos sobre a microbiota do trato digestivo de flebotomíneos, considerando-se que o sangue não é o único alimento ingerido. Os flebotomíneos, tanto os machos como as fêmeas, alimentam-se de açúcares, provenientes de várias fontes, possibilitando a ingestão de microrganismos. As chances de contaminação aumentam nos insetos criados em laboratório e pode interferir no desenvolvimento da Leishmania spp. Foi separado um total de 300 fêmeas, divididas em dois lotes, das quais extraímos o trato digestivo. No lote 1(fêmeas alimentadas com sangue e sacarose) das 10 espécies bacterianas isoladas, a família Enterobacteriaceae esteve representada pelos gêneros Serratia, Enterobacter e Yokenella, e o grupo dos não fermentadores pelos gêneros Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter e Stenotrophomonas. No lote 2 (fêmeas alimentadas apenas com sangue) das 8 espécies isoladas o grupo dos não fermentadores esteve representado pelos gêneros Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Burkolderia e Pseudomonas, e a família Enterobacteriaceae, pelos gêneros Enterobacter e Serratia.
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Oliveira SM, Moraes BA, Gonçalves CA, Giordano-Dias CM, D'Almeida JM, Asensi MD, Mello RP, Brazil RP. [Prevalence of microbiota in the digestive tract of wild females of Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera: Psychodidae)]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2000; 33:319-22. [PMID: 10967602 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822000000300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We dissected the digestive tract of 245 females in pools of 35 flies forming 7 groups. These flies were Lutzomyia longipalpis originating from Lapinha Cave, Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais. Out of the 8 species of bacteria isolated there was a predominancy of Gram negative bacterias (GNB) in the group of non-fermenters of sugar belonging to the following species: Acinetobacter lwoffii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas putida and Flavimonas orizihabitans. The group of GNB fermenters were: Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella ozaenae. In the Gram positive group we isolated the genera Bacillus thuringiensis and Staphylococcus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Oliveira
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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17
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Investigations on mediterranean kala azar. V. - Distribution of sandflies of the major group in relation to Mediterranean kala azar. Summary and conclusions. References. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1931.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The work of the Indian Kala Azar Commission, the Royal Society Commission in China and the observations recorded above indicate that the visceral
Leishmanias
are particularly adapted to sandflies of the Major group,
i. e., P.argentipes
in India,
P. chinensis
in china,
P. pernicious
and
P. major
in Sicily. Parrot, Donatien and Lestocquard (1930) found that
P. pernicious
which fed on a dog with visceral
Leishmaniasis
and skin lesions became infected. The infecting was confined to the stomach of the sandflies 3 days after the infecting feed. The above sandflies have all been infected by feeding on experimental animals and the first three have also been infected on man. Natural infections with
Leishmania
have been recorded in
P. argentipes
and
P. pernicious
.
P. Perniciosus
var
tobbi
and
P. major
var.
syriacus
have been infected by feeding on cultures of
L. infantum
. It is therefore of interest to consider the known distribution of sandflies of the
Major
group in relation to visceral
Leishmaniasis
in the Mediterranean, for the two species not included in this group which feed on man,
i. e., P. papatasii
and
P. Sergenti
have been exluded experimentally as possible carriers.
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Abstract
Following the discovery of canine visceral Leishmaniasis in Tunis by Nicolle and Comte (1908), an extensive literature has developed dealing particularly with the possible relationship between human and canine Leishmaniasis. Most authors, following Nicolle, consider
Leishmania infantum
, to be the causative organism of both human and canine Kala Azar. In the case of cutaneous Leishmaniasis,
L. tropica
has been conclusively proved by direct experiment to be the causative organism in both man and dog (1930), but in this case there is no evidence that the dog serves as a reservoir of the human disease. It is more likely that where human and canine cutaneous Leishmaniasis co-exist, human beings serve as a reservoir from which dogs are infected (1929). It is, however, difficult to carry out similar direct experiments with visceral Leishmaniasis, for human adults are naturally immune to Mediterranean Kala Azar.
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Dillon RJ, el Kordy E, Shehata M, Lane RP. The prevalence of a microbiota in the digestive tract of Phlebotomus papatasi. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1996; 90:669-73. [PMID: 9039284 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1996.11813102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Dillon
- Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, London, U.K
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Schaub
- Department of Special Zoology and Parasitology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
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Schlein Y, Polacheck I, Yuval B. Mycoses, bacterial infections and antibacterial activity in sandflies (Psychodidae) and their possible role in the transmission of leishmaniasis. Parasitology 1985; 90 ( Pt 1):57-66. [PMID: 3982854 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000049015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
High incidence of mycoses were found in the guts and malpighian tubes of Phlebotomus papatasi from the Jordan Valley and P. tobbi from Zakinthos, Greece. Infections with several different bacteria were also found in the guts of female P. tobbi. Fungi cultured from guts of laboratory reared P. papatasi that had similar mycoses were identified as Aspergillus sclerotiorum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fungi-infected laboratory reared P. papatasi were refractory to artificial infections with a Leishmania major strain specific to them. The crop contents of P. papatasi, where sugar meals are stored, demonstrated antibacterial activity against the following bacterial species in culture: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella sonnei, Streptococcus group A and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is postulated that the bacteria-free gut normal to sandflies is effected by the bacterial inhibitor present in the crop.
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Killick-Kendrick R, Molyneux DH. Transmission of leishmaniasis by the bite of phlebotomine sandflies: possible mechanisms. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1981; 75:152-4. [PMID: 7268854 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(81)90051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Chang KP, Bray RS, Leaney AJ. Infection of mouse macrophages in vitro by sandfly-derived promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1981; 75:475-6. [PMID: 7324121 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(81)90128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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25
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26
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Beobachtungen �ber Epidemiologie, Klinik und Therapie der Orientbeule auf Kreta. Arch Dermatol Res 1947. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00361886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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