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Aguihe PC, Castelani AB, Ospina-Rojas CI, Iyayi EA, Pozza PC, Murakami AE. Interaction effects of glycine equivalent and standardized ileal digestible threonine in low protein diets for broiler grower chickens. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:1053-1064. [PMID: 38419547 PMCID: PMC11065947 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the interactive effect of a glycine equivalent (Glyequi) and standardized ileal digestible threonine (SID Thr) levels in low crude protein diets on performance, blood biochemistry, pectoral muscular creatine content and oxidative stability of meat in broiler chickens from 21 to 42 days. METHODS A total of 1,500, twenty-one-day-old Cobb-Vantress male broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized 5×3 factorial arrangement of Glyequi×SID Thr with five replicates of 20 birds each. Fifteen dietary treatments of 16.5% CP were formulated to contain five levels of total Glyequi (1.16%, 1.26%, 1.36%, 1.46%, and 1.56%) and three levels of SID Thr (0.58%; 0.68% and 0.78%). RESULTS Interaction effects (p<0.05) of Glyequi and SID Thr levels were observed for weight gain, carcass yield, pectoral muscular creatine content and serum uric acid. Higher levels of Glyequi increased (p = 0.040) weight gain in 0.58% and 0.68% SID Thr diets compare to the 0.78% SID Thr diet. The SID Thr level at 0.68% improved (p = 0.040) feed conversion compared to other SID Thr diets. Levels of Glyequi equal to or above 1.26% in diets with 0.78% SID Thr resulted in birds with higher (p = 0.033) pectoral muscular creatine content. The breast meat yield observed in the 0.68% SID Thr diet was higher (p = 0.05) compared to the 0.58% SID Thr diet. There was a quadratic effect of Glyequi levels for pectoral pectoral muscular creatine content (p = 0.008), breast meat yield (p = 0.030), and serum total protein concentrations (p = 0.040), and the optimal levels were estimated to be 1.47%, 1.35%, and 1.40% Glyequi, respectively. The lowest (p = 0.050) concentration of malondialdehyde in the breast meat was found in 0.68% SID Thr diets at 1.36% Glyequi. CONCLUSION The minimum dietary level of Glyequi needed to improve performance in low crude protein diets is 1.26% with adequate SID Thr levels for broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paschal Chukwudi Aguihe
- Department of Animal Production and Heath Technology, Federal College of Wildlife Management, P.M.B 268, New Bussa 912106,
Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Paulo Cesar Pozza
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900,
Brazil
| | - Alice Eiko Murakami
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900,
Brazil
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Strifler P, Horváth B, Such N, Dublecz K, Pál L. Effects of different dietary threonine and glycine supplies in broilers fed low-protein diets. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1373348. [PMID: 38590541 PMCID: PMC10999546 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1373348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The reduction of crude protein (CP) content of broiler diets with balanced amino acid supply can increase the nitrogen (N) utilization efficiency and reduce ammonia emission, the risk of many health problems in birds. Feeding low protein (LP) diets without the impairment of performance traits needs the optimized dietary levels of threonine (Thr) and the non-essential amino acid (AA) glycine (Gly) and serine (Ser). However, the required concentrations and interactions of Thr and Gly + Ser, expressed as Gly equivalent (Glyequi), in LP diets are not fully understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three LP (LP1-3) grower (11-24 days) and finisher (25-35 days) diets with 2% CP reduction compared to the control (C), differing in standardized ileal digestible (SID) Thr to lysine (Lys) ratio (C, LP1, LP3: 63%, LP2: 72%) and Glyequi levels (C: 15.65 g/kg, LP1: 13.74 g/kg, LP2: 13.70 g/kg, LP3: 15.77). The LP treatments did not impair the performance traits of broilers. The LP2 treatment with increased SID Thr-to-Lys ratio (+9.0%) resulted in significantly higher body weight gain and a more advantageous feed conversion ratio in the whole fattening compared to the control treatment with normal CP level (p < 0.05). The LP3 treatment containing swine meat meal with similar Glyequi levels compared to the normal CP treatment led to the most advantageous feed conversion ratio in the finisher phase and the highest nitrogen retention efficiency (p < 0.05). However, the LP3 treatment with a high starch-to-CP ratio negatively influenced the relative carcass weight and the ratio of abdominal fat of broilers (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - László Pál
- Department of Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University and Agriculture and Life Sciences, Keszthely, Hungary
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3
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Ibrahim A, Rodehutscord M, Siegert W. Investigation on adaptations of broiler chickens to high dietary free amino acid levels in nitrogen utilisation and plasma amino acid concentrations. Br Poult Sci 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38380617 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2315079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
1. A reduction in crude protein (CP) in feed for broiler chickens necessitates elevated free amino acid (AA) levels to meet the requirement of each AA. This study investigated adaptations following a change to diets with increasing free AA concentrations and possible reasons for the limitation caused by the inclusion of more free AA.2. Male Ross 308 broiler hatchlings received a starter diet (164 g CP/kg containing 80 g/kg soy protein isolate (SPI)) until d 7. From d 7-22, birds received a diet almost identical to the starter diet or two other diets, where 50% or 100% of digestible AA in SPI were substituted with a free AA mixture. Birds were allocated to metabolism units located in the same barn to determine performance (n = 7 units) and blood traits (n = 14 birds). Total excreta collection was performed on d 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 11-12, 14-15 and 21-22. Blood samples were collected on d 7, 8, 9, 11, 14 and 21.3. Average daily weight gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) was unaffected at 50% AA substitution but decreased at 100% AA substitution on d 7-22 (p ≤ 0.001). The 100% substitution led to a decline in ADG and ADFI consistently on all days (p ≤ 0.037) except on d 11-12. A 50% AA substitution resulted in lower ADFI on d 7-8 and 14-15 (p ≤ 0.032). Nitrogen utilisation efficiency (NUE) was on a level of ~ 0.74 and was only affected by treatment up to d 11-12 (p ≤ 0.008). Concentrations of 10, 9, 8, 10 and 4 plasma free AA were affected on d 8, 9, 11, 14 and 21, respectively (p ≤ 0.037).4. Following a change to diets containing high levels of free AA, NUE and free AA concentrations in the circulation became more balanced within 3 to 7 d. The results suggested that peptide-bound and free AA did not cause different NUE, particularly 3 and 7 d after the diet change.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ibrahim
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - W Siegert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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4
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Ibrahim A, Kenéz Á, Rodehutscord M, Siegert W. The influence of substituting dietary peptide-bound with free amino acids on nitrogen metabolism and acid-base balance of broiler chickens depends on asparagine and glutamine supply. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:41-53. [PMID: 37469294 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523001617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Reducing dietary crude protein (CP) concentration while maintaining adequate amino acid (AA) supply by free AA inclusion can contribute to attenuate the negative environmental effects of animal farming. This study investigated upper limits of dietary free AA inclusions without undesirable effects including the dependence on asparagine (Asn) and glutamine (Gln) supply. Ten broilers were allocated to sixty-three metabolism units each and offered nine experimental diets from day (d) 7-21 (n 7). One diet (167 g CP/kg) contained 80 g soya protein isolate (SPI)/kg. In the other diets, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % of the digestible AA from SPI were substituted with free AA. Digestible Asn+aspartic acid (Asp) and Gln+glutamic acid (Glu) were substituted with Asp/Glu or 50/50 mixes of Asp/Asn and Glu/Gln, respectively. Total excreta were collected from d 11-14 and from d 18-21. Growth and nitrogen accretion were unaffected by 25 and 50 % substitution without and with free Asn/Gln, respectively, but decreased at higher substitution (P ≤ 0·024). Circulating concentrations of Asp, Glu and Gln were unaffected by treatment, while Asn decreased at substitution higher than 50 % when Asn/Gln were not provided (P ≤ 0·005). Blood gas analysis on d 21 indicated a compensated metabolic acidosis at substitution higher than 50 and 75 % without and with free Asn/Gln, respectively (P ≤ 0·017). Results suggest that adding Asn/Gln increased an upper limit for proportion of dietary free AA from 10 to 19 % of dietary CP and enabled higher free AA inclusion without affecting the acid-base balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ibrahim
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart70599, Germany
| | - Ákos Kenéz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart70599, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Siegert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart70599, Germany
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5
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Liang Y, Zheng X, Wang J, Yang H, Wang Z. Different amino acid supplementation patterns in low-protein diets on growth performance and nitrogen metabolism of goslings from 1 to 28 days of age. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102395. [PMID: 36571878 PMCID: PMC9803941 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation aimed to explore the suitable amino acid (AA) supplementation pattern for goslings under low-protein diets. A total of 364 1-day-old male goslings were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups, with 7 pens containing 13 goslings each. The 4 groups were control (CP, 18.55%), LPM (CP, 15.55% + major AA), LPA (CP, 15.55% + all AA), and LPR (CP, 15.55% + AA content reduced proportionally to the control's CP). The corn-soybean meal diets are formulated according to the ideal AA model of goose and its nutritional requirements. The results indicated that the ADG and BW were the lowest, and the F: G was the highest in LPR (P < 0.05); the other three groups were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The ADFI and mortality were not different among all the groups (P > 0.05). Among the AA content in serum and breast muscle, lysine in serum significantly decreased compared with the control (P < 0.05). The UREA content was approximately 2-fold higher in the LPR group than in the LPM and LPA groups (P < 0.05). No difference in IgA, IgG, IgM, and IgE levels was observed among the groups (P > 0.05). The nitrogen excretion was decreased in LPM and LPA compared to the control and LPR (P < 0.05). Nitrogen deposition did not differ among groups (P > 0.05). Nitrogen utilization was highest in the LPA and LPM groups, followed by the control group and LPR (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the patterns of supplementation of major AA and all AA in low-protein diets (CP, 15.55%) had no adverse effect on the growth performance compared with the control (CP, 18.55%) of the goslings. Besides, the two patterns could decrease nitrogen excretion and increase nitrogen utilization. Furthermore, from the perspective of dietary cost and environmental protection, the pattern of supplementing major AA in a corn-soybean meal low-protein diet is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.Q. Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, PR China
| | - X.C. Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, PR China
| | - J. Wang
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu Province 225300, PR China
| | - H.M. Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, PR China
| | - Z.Y. Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, PR China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225000, PR China,Corresponding author:
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6
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Lee JT, Rochell SJ, Kriseldi R, Kim WK, Mitchell RD. Functional properties of amino acids: improve health status and sustainability. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102288. [PMID: 36436367 PMCID: PMC9700297 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of increased genetic potential and changes in management strategies (i.e., antibiotic-free, no antibiotics ever, and every day feeding of replacement pullets) influences the nutritional needs of poultry. Traditionally, nutritionists have focused on meeting the amino acid needs for production performance and yield however, increasing specific amino acid concentrations can benefit gastrointestinal development and integrity, enhance immune response potential, influence behavior, and benefit sustainability. Commercialization of additional feed grade amino acids beyond methionine, lysine, and threonine, enables targeted increases to achieve these benefits. As such, this paper addresses the functional roles of amino acids in meeting poultry production, health, and sustainability goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T. Lee
- CJ Bio America, Downer Grove, IL, USA,Corresponding author:
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7
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Dang DX, Cho S, Kim IH. Silybum marianum seed extract supplementation
positively affects the body weight of weaned piglets by improving voluntary feed
intake. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:696-706. [PMID: 35969696 PMCID: PMC9353349 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of
Silybum marianum seed (SMS) extract on the growth
performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal noxious gas emission, and hematology
parameters in weaned piglets. A total of 120, 21-day-old weaned piglets
([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc) were randomly assigned to 3
groups based on the average initial body weight (6.46 ± 0.45 kg). There
were 8 replicate pens per treatment and 5 pigs (mixed sex) per pen. The
experimental period was 42 days. Dietary groups included a basal diet, and a
basal diet supplemented with 0.05% or 0.10% SMS extract. Feeding weaned piglets
with SMS extract containing diet significantly increased average daily gain and
average daily feed intake. Additionally, the supplementation of SMS extract had
no significant effects on nutrient digestibility, serum hematology, and fecal
noxious gas emission parameters. We considered that the supplementation of SMS
extract had positive effects on the voluntary feed intake in weaned piglets,
thus improving growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Xin Dang
- Department of Animal Resource &
Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Sungbo Cho
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner
Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner
Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource &
Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Corresponding author: In Ho Kim,
Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan
31116, Korea. Tel: +82-41-550-3652, E-mail:
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8
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Dang DX, Yun KS, Kim IH. Achyranthes Japonica Nakai root extract supplementation improves apparent nutrient digestibility, caecum microbiota, and excreta gas emission in broiler chicks. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2020-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of supplementing Achyranthes Japonica Nakai (AJN) root extract to the diet of broiler chicks on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, caecum microbiota, excreta gas emission, and relative weight of organs. A total of 270 1-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks (42.11 ± 0.18 g) were randomly allotted into 3 dietary treatments according to the initial body weight. Each treatment had 5 replicate cages with 18 birds per cage. The experimental period was 35 days (starter, days 1-7; grower, days 8-21; finisher, days 22-35). Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based basal diet supplemented with 0.000, 0.015, or 0.030 % AJN root extract. The apparent total tract digestibility of nitrogen (P = 0.025) increased linearly with the increase of the dosage of AJN root extract, while the counts of E. coli in caecum (P = 0.038) and excreta ammonia emission (P = 0.003) decreased linearly. However, the growth performance (P > 0.05) and the relative weight of organs (P > 0.05) did not differ among the dietary groups. In conclusion, AJN root extract could increase the nutrient digestibility and reduce the noxious gas emission by reducing the caecum harmful microbiota in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Xin Dang
- Dankook University - Cheonan Campus, 65383, Cheonan, Chungnam, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Kwan Sik Yun
- Weve The State Apt, Synergen Inc, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - In Ho Kim
- Dankook University Department of Animal Resources Science, 477893, Department of Animal Resource, and Science, Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam, 31116, South Korea, Cheonan, Korea (the Republic of), 31116
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9
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Effects of Feeding Varying Levels of DL-Methionine on Live Performance and Yield of Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102839. [PMID: 34679860 PMCID: PMC8532918 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The use of DL-methionine (MET) in poultry diet formulation is vital for poultry growth because poultry do not synthesize sufficient amounts of MET needed for proper growth and performance, and currently there are insufficient natural sources of MET to fulfill the dietary needs of broiler chickens. However, the use of MET is restricted in the United States in organic poultry diets. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of feeding different levels of dietary MET on organic broiler live performance and yield of a modern commercial broiler strain. This study gives us insight into how broiler growth and yield is affected when the allowable levels of methionine for organic broilers is further reduced, or zero methionine is used. Abstract This study was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplemental DL-methionine (MET) on live performance and meat yield for broilers raised to a common weight. A total of 1552 one-day old Ross 708, sexed broilers were randomly distributed to 32 pens resulting in eight treatments (TRT) of four replicates with 44 male or 53 female/pen. A randomized complete block with a 2 × 4 (sex × 4 MET levels 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg) factorial arrangement of TRT was used. A common weight of 2400 g was approached by day 46 (1 and 2 g MET/kg feed) and day 48 (0 and 0.5 g MET/kg feed). Supplementation of MET at 1, and 2 g/kg had a lower (p < 0.01) feed conversion ratio (FCR) at day 46/48 than broilers fed 0.5 g MET/kg. Broilers without supplemental MET had the worst (p < 0.01) feed conversion and average daily gain (ADG) at day 46/48. Birds fed 0 g MET/kg of feed had lower (p < 0.05) whole eviscerated carcass without giblets (WOG), yield than birds fed 2 g MET/kg of feed. Additionally, birds fed 0 g MET/kg of feed had lower (p < 0.05) breast fillet and tender percent yields than birds fed supplemental MET. Elimination of MET from organic broiler diets resulted in reduced ADG, breast fillet yield and feed efficiency of meat yield of broilers raised to day 46/48. Reduction in MET supplementation below current levels reduced the efficiency of meat production of organic broilers raised to day 46/48.
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10
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Liu SY, Macelline SP, Chrystal PV, Selle PH. Progress towards reduced-crude protein diets for broiler chickens and sustainable chicken-meat production. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:20. [PMID: 33678187 PMCID: PMC7938486 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00550-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The prime purpose of this review is to explore the pathways whereby progress towards reduced-crude protein (CP) diets and sustainable chicken-meat production may be best achieved. Reduced-CP broiler diets have the potential to attenuate environmental pollution from nitrogen and ammonia emissions; moreover, they have the capacity to diminish the global chicken-meat industry's dependence on soybean meal to tangible extents. The variable impacts of reduced-CP broiler diets on apparent amino acid digestibility coefficients are addressed. The more accurate identification of amino acid requirements for broiler chickens offered reduced-CP diets is essential as this would diminish amino acid imbalances and the deamination of surplus amino acids. Deamination of amino acids increases the synthesis and excretion of uric acid for which there is a requirement for glycine, this emphasises the value of so-called "non-essential" amino acids. Starch digestive dynamics and their possible impact of glucose on pancreatic secretions of insulin are discussed, although the functions of insulin in avian species require clarification. Maize is probably a superior feed grain to wheat as the basis of reduced-CP diets; if so, the identification of the underlying reasons for this difference should be instructive. Moderating increases in starch concentrations and condensing dietary starch:protein ratios in reduced-CP diets may prove to be advantageous as expanding ratios appear to be aligned to inferior broiler performance. Threonine is specifically examined because elevated free threonine plasma concentrations in birds offered reduced-CP diets may be indicative of compromised performance. If progress in these directions can be realised, then the prospects of reduced-CP diets contributing to sustainable chicken-meat production are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Yun Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden Campus, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia.
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Shemil P Macelline
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden Campus, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter V Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden Campus, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
- Baiada Poultry Pty Limited, Pendle Hill, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Peter H Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney, Camden Campus, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia.
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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11
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Siegert W, Hofmann P, Rodehutscord M. Effect of low-temperature drying on the nitrogenous compounds and inositol phosphates in broiler chickens and cecectomized laying hen excreta. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13484. [PMID: 33398904 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated how the chemical composition of broiler chicken and cecectomized laying hen excreta is affected by drying in a forced-air drying chamber at low temperatures. Excreta that was immediately frozen after voiding provided the reference values. The excreta were dried in drying chambers for 4 hr, 6 hr, and 12 hr at 23°C or 33°C in the broiler experiment and 19°C or 29°C in the cecectomized laying hen experiment. The total N and inositol phosphate concentrations in the excreta of broiler chickens and cecectomized laying hens were not influenced (p > .050), except for one inositol tetrakisphosphate isomer (p = .026) in broilers. Compared to fresh excreta, drying did not affect the ammonia concentrations in the cecectomized laying hen experiment (p > .050), but the ammonia concentration was lower when dried for 12 hr at 33°C in the broiler experiment (p = .002). Amino acid concentrations in cecectomized laying hen excreta decreased until 4 hr of drying and then increased at both drying temperatures (p < .001). The results indicate that the applicability of drying poultry excreta at low temperatures in forced-air drying chambers to determine the chemical compound concentrations is trait-dependent. Future studies are necessary to investigate whether these results are also dependent upon the amount of excreta stored in the drying chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Siegert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Hofmann
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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12
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Cowieson AJ, Perez-Maldonado R, Kumar A, Toghyani M. Possible role of available phosphorus in potentiating the use of low-protein diets for broiler chicken production. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6954-6963. [PMID: 33248611 PMCID: PMC7705028 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 945 male Ross 308 broiler chicks were used in a growth study to explore the interaction between dietary crude protein concentration and available phosphorus. Nine experimental treatments were constructed factorially by offering low, medium, or standard protein concentrations without or with low, standard, or high available phosphorus. Diets were based on corn, wheat, and soybean meal and all nutrients other than protein/amino acids and available phosphorus were maintained at or above breeder guidelines. Additional synthetic amino acids were used in the diets with low protein concentration in attempt to maintain digestible amino acid supply. Diets were offered to 7 replicate pens of 15 chicks per pen from day 8 to 35. Growth performance was measured during the grower (day 8-24) and finisher (day 25-35) periods. On day 35 carcass composition was determined, blood was drawn for various biochemical measurements and the tibia was excised for mechanical and compositional analyses. Birds that received the low-protein diet had lower terminal body weight and higher feed conversion ratio compared with those that received diets with adequate crude protein content. However, addition of available phosphorus to the low-protein diet resulted in significant reductions in weight-corrected feed conversion that were not evident in the diet with adequate protein content. Bone architecture was only moderately influenced by dietary treatment but birds that ingested the diets containing low and medium protein concentrations had relatively heavier abdominal fat pad weight. Blood biochemistry, especially ammonia, uric acid, and phosphorus, was influenced by both dietary protein and available phosphorus and trends suggested that both axes are involved in protein accretion and catabolism. It can be concluded that performance losses associated with feeding low protein diets to broiler chickens may be partially restored by additional available phosphorus. The implications for use of exogenous enzymes such as protease and phytase and protein nutrition per se warrants further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Cowieson
- Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Nutritional Products, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.
| | - R Perez-Maldonado
- Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Nutritional Products, Minatu Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Kumar
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - M Toghyani
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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13
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Effects of supplemented nonessential amino acids and nonprotein nitrogen on growth and nitrogen excretion characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets with very low crude protein concentrations. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6848-6858. [PMID: 33248600 PMCID: PMC7704962 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing dietary CP for broiler chickens below a certain threshold results in decreased growth, even when the supply of essential amino acids and glycine equivalent (Glyequi) is adequate, probably because other nonessential amino acids (neAA) are growth-limiting. Nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) might be used for the synthesis of neAA. Therefore, the effects of specific neAA and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) supplementation on the growth and N-excretion characteristics of broiler chickens were investigated. Nine male Ross 308 broiler chickens were kept in each of 81 metabolism units from day 7 to 21 and received 1 of 9 diets in 9 replicates in a one-factorial arrangement of treatments. Two diets with different neAA concentrations, except for Glyequi, were mixed resulting in CP levels of 180 (CP180) and 160 (CP160) g/kg. In six other diets, CP160 was supplemented with either l-Ala, l-Pro, l-Asp, a mix of l-Asp and l-Asn·H2O, l-Glu, or a mix of l-Glu and l-Gln to achieve concentrations of the respective neAA as formulated in CP180. In a further diet, NH4Cl was added to CP160 to achieve the CP concentration of CP180. The ADG and gain:feed ratio (G:F) from day 7 to 21 were highest at CP180. Reduced neAA concentrations in CP160 decreased ADG and G:F. Supplementation of Asp+Asn, Glu, and Glu+Gln to CP160 increased ADG and G:F, but not to the level found for CP180. Compared with CP160, addition of Asp increased G:F but not ADG. Supplementation of Asp+Asn caused higher ADG and G:F than supplementation of Asp alone. The N-utilization efficiency was highest at CP160 and at CP160 supplemented with Ala, Pro, and Glu. Lower N-utilization efficiency was found at CP180 than at CP160, without and with supplemented neAA. The treatment containing NH4Cl presented the lowest ADG, G:F, and N-utilization efficiency. These results showed that individual supplementation of Asp+Asn, Glu, and Glu+Gln partly compensates for the growth-reducing effects of very low CP diets. Supplementation of NH4Cl as NPN source is not suitable for broiler chickens.
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Chrystal PV, Greenhalgh S, Selle PH, Liu SY. Facilitating the acceptance of tangibly reduced-crude protein diets for chicken-meat production. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2020; 6:247-257. [PMID: 33005758 PMCID: PMC7503076 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inclusions of non-bound amino acids particularly methionine, lysine and threonine, together with the "ideal protein" concept have allowed nutritionists to formulate broiler diets with reduced crude protein (CP) and increased nutrient density of notionally "essential" amino acids and energy content in recent decades. However, chicken-meat production has been projected to double between now and 2050, providing incentives to reduce dietary soybean meal inclusions further by tangibly reducing dietary CP and utilising a larger array of non-bound amino acids. Whilst relatively conservative decreases in dietary CP, in the order of 20 to 30 g/kg, do not negatively impact broiler performance, further decreases in CP typically compromise broiler performance with associated increases in carcass lipid deposition. Increases in carcass lipid deposition suggest changes occur in dietary energy balance, the mechanisms of which are still not fully understood but discourage the acceptance of diets with reductions in CP. Nevertheless, the groundwork has been laid to investigate both amino acid and non-amino acid limitations and propose facilitative strategies for adoption of tangible dietary CP reductions; consequently, these aspects are considered in detail in this review. Unsurprisingly, investigations into reduced dietary CP are epitomised by variability broiler performance due to the wide range of dietary specifications used and the many variables that should, or could, be considered in formulation of experimental diets. Thus, a holistic approach encompassing many factors influencing limitations to the adoption of tangibly reduced CP diets must be considered if they are to be successful in maintaining broiler performance without increasing carcass lipid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V. Chrystal
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
- Baiada Poultry Pty Limited, Pendle Hill, 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Shiva Greenhalgh
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Peter H. Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Sonia Yun Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
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15
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Hofmann P, Siegert W, Ahmadi H, Krieg J, Novotny M, Naranjo VD, Rodehutscord M. Interactive Effects of Glycine Equivalent, Cysteine, and Choline on Growth Performance, Nitrogen Excretion Characteristics, and Plasma Metabolites of Broiler Chickens Using Neural Networks Optimized with Genetic Algorithms. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081392. [PMID: 32796582 PMCID: PMC7459920 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The negative effects of nitrogen emissions caused by animal husbandry on the environment can be reduced by lowering the crude protein content in the diets of broiler chickens. The nonessential amino acids glycine and serine, investigated together as glycine equivalent, can limit the growth of broiler chickens fed diets that are low in crude protein. The response of broiler chickens to dietary glycine equivalent is not constant and is affected by endogenous precursors of glycine equivalent and metabolic processes that dissipate glycine equivalent. Choline can be converted to glycine, and glycine equivalent is required to form cysteine from methionine. The present study investigated interactive effects among dietary glycine equivalent, cysteine, and choline in broiler chickens. The results showed that the gain:feed ratio increased with dietary glycine equivalent supplementation. The extent of interactive effects among glycine equivalent, cysteine, and choline on the gain:feed ratio was hardly pronounced. Very high nitrogen-utilization efficiency with low variation among treatments was found. The findings indicate that small differences in nitrogen-utilization efficiency caused low glycine equivalent dissipation for nitrogen excretion, likely resulting in small interactive effects among dietary glycine equivalent, cysteine, and choline. These results contribute to further dietary crude protein reduction in feed for broiler chickens. Abstract Responses of broiler chickens to dietary glycine equivalent (Glyequi) are affected by dietary cysteine and choline. Hence, this study investigated interactive effects among dietary Glyequi, cysteine, and choline on the growth of broiler chickens. Male Ross 308 broiler chickens were maintained in 105 metabolism units (10 birds/unit) from days 7 to 22. Excreta were collected in 12-h intervals from days 18 to 21. Blood was sampled on day 22 (1 bird/unit). Five levels each of Glyequi (9–21 g/kg), cysteine (2–5 g/kg), and choline (0.5–1.7 g/kg) were tested under 15 diets in 7 replicates each following a fractional central composite design. Another diet was provided to five metabolism units (15 birds/unit) to measure prececal amino acid digestibility. Data were evaluated using neural networks. The gain:feed ratio (G:F) increased with digestible Glyequi intake. Differences between low and high digestible cysteine intake were low. Effects of choline intake on G:F were low. Nitrogen-utilization efficiency (NUE) was high (≥77%), with low variation among treatments. Plasma metabolites varied among treatments and indicated that metabolism of Glyequi, cysteine, and choline was influenced. These findings showed that interactive effects of dietary Glyequi, cysteine, and choline on growth were small, possibly because NUE was barely influenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hofmann
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (P.H.); (J.K.); (M.N.); (M.R.)
| | - Wolfgang Siegert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (P.H.); (J.K.); (M.N.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-711-459-22420
| | - Hamed Ahmadi
- Bioscience and Agriculture Modeling Research Unit, Department of Poultry Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-336, Iran;
| | - Jochen Krieg
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (P.H.); (J.K.); (M.N.); (M.R.)
| | - Moritz Novotny
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (P.H.); (J.K.); (M.N.); (M.R.)
| | | | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (P.H.); (J.K.); (M.N.); (M.R.)
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16
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Greenhalgh S, Chrystal PV, Selle PH, Liu SY. Reduced-crude protein diets in chicken-meat production: justification for an imperative. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1789024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Greenhalgh
- Poultry Research Foundation within the University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - P. V. Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation within the University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
- Baiada Poultry Pty Limited, Pendle Hill, Australia
| | - P. H. Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation within the University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - S. Y. Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation within the University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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17
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Chrystal PV, Moss AF, Khoddami A, Naranjo VD, Selle PH, Liu SY. Impacts of reduced-crude protein diets on key parameters in male broiler chickens offered maize-based diets. Poult Sci 2020; 99:505-516. [PMID: 32416837 PMCID: PMC7587812 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 294 male, off-sex Ross 308 chickens were offered 7 dietary treatments with crude protein (CP) contents of 210, 195, 180, and 165 g/kg. One of the four 165 g/kg diet was consistent with the higher protein diets and 3 were modified to investigate the effects of increased methionine levels, pre-pellet inclusion of whole maize, and whey protein concentrate in reduced-CP broiler diets. There were 7 replicate cages, 6 birds per cage, from 14 to 35 D post-hatch. The average feed conversion ratio (FCR) of birds offered 210, 195, 180 g/kg CP diets was 1.555 which was superior (P < 0.05) to the 1.608 FCR of their 165 g/kg counterparts. The transition from 210 to 165 g/kg (diet 4) CP diets linearly increased (P < 0.001) relative fat-pad weights from 8.64 to 14.62 g/kg. The same transition linearly increased jejunal and ileal starch digestibility coefficients (P < 0.001), metabolizable to gross energy ratios (ME:GE) ratios (P < 0.001) and nitrogen (N)-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) (P = 0.001) but did not influence N retention. Starch:protein disappearance rate ratios increased linearly (P < 0.001) from 2.68 to 3.82 in the jejunum and from 1.76 to 2.94 in the ileum following dietary CP reductions. Ileal disappearance rate ratios were quadratically related to FCR (r = 0.486; P < 0.005) and linearly related to relative fat-pad weights (r = 0.663; P < 0.001) where both parameters were disadvantaged by widening ratios. The transition from 210 to 165 g/kg crude protein diets linearly increased the average digestibility coefficient of 17 amino acids from 0.459 to 0.594 in jejunum and from 0.744 to 0.790 in the ileum. The present study demonstrates that dietary CP can be reduced from 210 to 180 g/kg without negatively influencing broiler performance but the further reduction to 165 g/kg compromised FCR. However, the three modifications to the 165 g/kg CP diet failed to enhance broiler performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW, Australia; Baiada Poultry Pty Limited, Pendle Hill NSW, Australia
| | - Amy F Moss
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW, Australia; School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Ali Khoddami
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Peter H Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW, Australia
| | - Sonia Yun Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia.
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18
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Barekatain R, Chrystal PV, Howarth GS, McLaughlan CJ, Gilani S, Nattrass GS. Performance, intestinal permeability, and gene expression of selected tight junction proteins in broiler chickens fed reduced protein diets supplemented with arginine, glutamine, and glycine subjected to a leaky gut model. Poult Sci 2019; 98:6761-6771. [PMID: 31328774 PMCID: PMC6869755 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Changing dietary protein and amino acids may impact intestinal barrier function. Experiments were conducted in broiler chickens to evaluate supplementation of L-glutamine, glycine, and L-arginine in a reduced protein (RP) diet. Experiment 1 examined the growth performance of broilers fed 5 dietary treatments: 1) a standard diet; 2) an RP diet (193.9 g/kg CP in grower and 176.9 g/kg CP in finisher); 3) RP diet supplemented with 10 g/kg L-Gln; 4) RP diet supplemented with 10 g/kg Gly; 5) RP diet supplemented with 5 g/kg L-Arg. Each experimental diet was replicated 6 times with 10 birds per replicate. In a subset of 96 birds, experiment 2 tested the 4 RP diets with and without dexamethasone (DEX) to induce leaky gut. Each diet was replicated 24 times. Fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) was used to test intestinal permeability (IP). Gene expression of selected tight junction proteins in ileal and jejunal tissues was assayed by quantitative PCR. From day 7 to 35, the RP diet increased feed intake (FI) (P < 0.05) and body weight gain (BWG) compared with the standard diet while Gln reduced FI and BWG (P < 0.05) compared with RP. Gly had no effect on BWG or FCR. Supplementation of Arg improved FCR from day 21 to 35 and day 7 to 35. In experiment 2, Arg tended to lower FITC-d (P = 0.086). DEX increased passage of FITC-d into the serum (P < 0.001). The villi surface area was increased in birds fed higher Arg (P < 0.05). DEX and diet interacted (P < 0.01) for jejunal claudin-3 mRNA level where DEX upregulated claudin-3 for all diets except the Arg diet. In summary, with a moderate reduction of protein, satisfactory performance can be obtained. Although Gln and Gly had no demonstrable positive effect on IP and performance of broilers, increasing the dietary Arg by approximately 140% improved FCR and showed indications of improved intestinal barrier function of birds fed an RP diet under a stress model.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barekatain
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - P V Chrystal
- Baiada Poultry, Pendle Hill, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - G S Howarth
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - C J McLaughlan
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - S Gilani
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - G S Nattrass
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
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Barekatain R, Nattrass G, Tilbrook AJ, Chousalkar K, Gilani S. Reduced protein diet and amino acid concentration alter intestinal barrier function and performance of broiler chickens with or without synthetic glucocorticoid. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3662-3675. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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20
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Hofmann P, Siegert W, Kenéz Á, Naranjo VD, Rodehutscord M. Very Low Crude Protein and Varying Glycine Concentrations in the Diet Affect Growth Performance, Characteristics of Nitrogen Excretion, and the Blood Metabolome of Broiler Chickens. J Nutr 2019; 149:1122-1132. [PMID: 31162587 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The minimum to which dietary crude protein (CP) level for broiler chickens can be reduced without decreasing growth and the glycine equivalent (Glyequi) concentration required are not known. The plasma metabolome might reflect dietary influences on physiological processes. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 3 low CP levels with 4 Glyequi concentrations on growth and characteristics of nitrogen excretion, and to identify plasma metabolome variations. METHODS Male Ross308 broiler chickens were provided 1 of 12 dietary treatments in 84 metabolism cages (10/cage) from days 7 to 21. Three diets with 163 (CP163), 147 (CP147), and 132 (CP132) g CP/kg were formulated, each containing 12, 15, 18, and 21 g Glyequi/kg. Essential amino acid concentrations were the same in all diets. Animals and feed were weighed on days 7 and 21 to determine average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed ratio (G:F). Excreta were collected from days 18 to 21 to analyze nitrogenous components, and blood was obtained on day 21 to conduct a metabolome analysis. RESULTS Two-factor ANOVA showed significant interaction effects for ADG, G:F, and nitrogen efficiency (P < 0.001). Reduction of CP decreased ADG and G:F, and increased nitrogen efficiency. Glyequi supplementation increased ADG (by 7.9 g/d) and G:F (by 0.07 g/g) at CP132. The ADG (by 2.4 g/d) at CP147 and G:F (by 0.02 g/g) at CP147 and CP163 increased up to 15 g Glyequi/kg. Multivariate statistical analysis showed an influence of Glyequi on plasma acylcarnitine and lysophosphatidylcholine concentrations, and a decrease of plasma phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin concentrations with reduced CP. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a nutrient other than Glyequi limited growth when CP was reduced from CP163 to CP147, and that the response of broiler chickens to Glyequi is dependent on the dietary CP level. Plasma metabolites indicate dietary influences on the physiological state of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hofmann
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Siegert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ákos Kenéz
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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21
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Abstract
1. Dietary glycine equivalents (Glyequi) for glycine and serine represent the first-limiting non-essential amino acid in poultry diets. Targeted adjustment of essential amino acids and Glyequi in diets can considerably decrease crude protein (CP) in poultry diets below the limit of CP reduction when only essential amino acids are adjusted. 2. The level to which CP can be reduced in diets adequate in Glyequi depends on the objective; which includes reducing dietary CP without affecting performance and increasing nitrogen utilisation efficiency. Dietary CP can be reduced to ~15-16% in diets for up to 21 d old broiler chicken without affecting growth performance compared to responses to diets with currently common CP concentrations by considering Glyequi in the diet formulation. Dietary CP can be further reduced to maximise nitrogen utilisation efficiency; however, this leads to reduced growth performance. 3. The dietary Glyequi requirement of poultry varies depending on other dietary constituents. In broiler chickens up to 21 days of age, the dietary Glyequi requirement is estimated to be between 11 and 20 g/kg. This estimate is influenced by the concentrations of Cys and the endogenous Glyequi precursors, threonine and choline. Urinary nitrogen excretion seems to be a major determinant of the response to dietary Glyequi, because it is needed for uric acid formation. 4. The variable requirement for dietary Glyequi means that its static recommendation in poultry diets would lead to high safety margins in Glyequi supply or the risk of Glyequi deficiency. Variable recommendations for dietary Glyequi concentrations would help to supply birds based on their specific requirements and could reduce nitrogen emissions originating from poultry farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Siegert
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - M Rodehutscord
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
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Reducing the CP content in broiler feeds: impact on animal performance, meat quality and nitrogen utilization. Animal 2017; 11:1881-1889. [PMID: 28462773 PMCID: PMC5645801 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing the dietary CP content is an efficient way to limit nitrogen excretion in broilers but, as reported in the literature, it often reduces performance, probably because of an inadequate provision in amino acids (AA). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of decreasing the CP content in the diet on animal performance, meat quality and nitrogen utilization in growing-finishing broilers using an optimized dietary AA profile based on the ideal protein concept. Two experiments (1 and 2) were performed using 1-day-old PM3 Ross male broilers (1520 and 912 for experiments 1 and 2, respectively) using the minimum AA:Lys ratios proposed by Mack et al. with modifications for Thr and Arg. The digestible Thr (dThr): dLys ratio was increased from 63% to 68% and the dArg:dLys ratio was decreased from 112% to 108%. In experiment 1, the reduction of dietary CP from 19% to 15% (five treatments) did not alter feed intake or BW, but the feed conversion ratio was increased for the 16% and 15% CP diets (+2.4% and +3.6%, respectively), while in experiment 2 (three treatments: 19%, 17.5% and 16% CP) there was no effect of dietary CP on performance. In both experiments, dietary CP content did not affect breast meat yield. However, abdominal fat content (expressed as a percentage of BW) was increased by the decrease in CP content (up to +0.5 and +0.2 percentage point, in experiments 1 and 2, respectively). In experiment 2, meat quality traits responded to dietary CP content with a higher ultimate pH and lower lightness and drip loss values for the low CP diets. Nitrogen retention efficiency increased when reducing CP content in both experiments (+3.5 points/CP percentage point). The main consequence of this higher efficiency was a decrease in nitrogen excretion (-2.5 g N/kg BW gain) and volatilization (expressed as a percentage of excretion: -5 points/CP percentage point). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that with an adapted AA profile, it is possible to reduce dietary CP content to at least 17% in growing-finishing male broilers, without altering animal performance and meat quality. Such a feeding strategy could therefore help improving the sustainability of broiler production as it is an efficient way to reduce environmental burden associated with nitrogen excretion.
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Morgan NK. Managing gut health without reliance on antimicrobials in poultry. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an17288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that antimicrobials in animal feed enhance feed efficiency, promote animal growth and improve the quality of animal products. However, resistance development in bacterial populations, and hence consumer demand for products free of antimicrobial residues, has prompted efforts to develop alternatives that can replace antimicrobials without causing loss of productivity or product quality. One of the key barriers to complete withdrawal from antimicrobial use is microbial infection, for example, necrotic enteritis. There is much interest in using in-feed nutraceuticals such as prebiotics, probiotics, organic acids and plant extracts as alternatives to antimicrobials to create a healthy gastrointestinal environment and to prevent and treat enteric infections. Enzymes are generally used to alleviate anti-nutritional factors in feed, but there is growing awareness of their beneficial effects on the gastrointestinal environment, and consequently on gut health. An example of this is production of prebiotic xylo-oligosaccharides when xylanase is added to feed. This review discusses developments in alternatives to antimicrobials that can aid in managing gut health in a post-antimicrobial era, with particular reference to recent nutritional strategies.
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