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Zhao X, Liu S, Li S, Jiang W, Wang J, Xiao J, Chen T, Ma J, Khan MZ, Wang W, Li M, Li S, Cao Z. Unlocking the power of postbiotics: A revolutionary approach to nutrition for humans and animals. Cell Metab 2024; 36:725-744. [PMID: 38569470 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Postbiotics, which comprise inanimate microorganisms or their constituents, have recently gained significant attention for their potential health benefits. Extensive research on postbiotics has uncovered many beneficial effects on hosts, including antioxidant activity, immunomodulatory effects, gut microbiota modulation, and enhancement of epithelial barrier function. Although these features resemble those of probiotics, the stability and safety of postbiotics make them an appealing alternative. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the latest research on postbiotics, emphasizing their positive impacts on both human and animal health. As our understanding of the influence of postbiotics on living organisms continues to grow, their application in clinical and nutritional settings, as well as animal husbandry, is expected to expand. Moreover, by substituting postbiotics for antibiotics, we can promote health and productivity while minimizing adverse effects. This alternative approach holds immense potential for improving health outcomes and revolutionizing the food and animal products industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sumin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, The University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan 29220, Pakistan
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Probiotics as Alternatives to Antibiotics for the Prevention and Control of Necrotic Enteritis in Chickens. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060692. [PMID: 35745546 PMCID: PMC9229159 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) in poultry is an economically important disease caused by Clostridium perfringens type A bacteria. A global trend on restricting the use of antibiotics as feed supplements in food animal production has caused a spike in the NE incidences in chickens, particularly in broiler populations. Amongst several non-antibiotic strategies for NE control tried so far, probiotics seem to offer promising avenues. The current review focuses on studies that have evaluated probiotic effects on C. perfringens growth and NE development. Several probiotic species, including Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Bacillus, and Bacteroides bacteria as well as some yeast species have been tested in chickens against C. perfringens and NE development. These findings have shown to improve bird performance, reduce C. perfringens colonization and NE-associated pathology. The underlying probiotic mechanisms of NE control suggest that probiotics can help maintain a healthy gut microbial balance by modifying its composition, improve mucosal integrity by upregulating expression of tight-junction proteins, and modulate immune responses by downregulating expression of inflammatory cytokines. Collectively, these studies indicate that probiotics can offer a promising platform for NE control and that more investigations are needed to study whether these experimental probiotics can effectively prevent NE in commercial poultry operational settings.
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Yeast-Derived Products: The Role of Hydrolyzed Yeast and Yeast Culture in Poultry Nutrition—A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111426. [PMID: 35681890 PMCID: PMC9179594 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Yeast and yeast-derived products are largely employed in animal nutrition to support animals’ health and to improve their performance. Thanks to their components, including mannans, β-glucans, nucleotides, vitamins, and other compounds, yeasts have numerous beneficial effects. Among yeast-derived products, hydrolyzed yeasts and yeast cultures have received less attention, but, although the results are somewhat conflicting, in most of the cases, the available literature shows improved performance and health in poultry. Thus, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of hydrolyzed-yeast and yeast-culture employment in poultry nutrition, exploring their effects on the production performance, immune response, oxidative status, gut health, and nutrient digestibility. A brief description of the main yeast bioactive compounds is also provided. Abstract Yeasts are single-cell eukaryotic microorganisms that are largely employed in animal nutrition for their beneficial effects, which are owed to their cellular components and bioactive compounds, among which are mannans, β-glucans, nucleotides, mannan oligosaccharides, and others. While the employment of live yeast cells as probiotics in poultry nutrition has already been largely reviewed, less information is available on yeast-derived products, such as hydrolyzed yeast (HY) and yeast culture (YC). The aim of this review is to provide the reader with an overview of the available body of literature on HY and YC and their effects on poultry. A brief description of the main components of the yeast cell that is considered to be responsible for the beneficial effects on animals’ health is also provided. HY and YC appear to have beneficial effects on the poultry growth and production performance, as well as on the immune response and gut health. Most of the beneficial effects of HY and YC have been attributed to their ability to modulate the gut microbiota, stimulating the growth of beneficial bacteria and reducing pathogen colonization. However, there are still many areas to be investigated to better understand and disentangle the effects and mechanisms of action of HY and YC.
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Dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae improves intestinal flora structure and barrier function of Pekin ducks. Poult Sci 2022; 102:101940. [PMID: 36436368 PMCID: PMC9700307 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the effects of dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) on the intestinal flora structure and barrier function of Pekin duck. A total of 180 1-day-old Pekin ducks were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 10 birds per replicate. The birds in the control group (CON) were fed the basal diet, and those in the experimental group were fed the basal diets supplemented with 600 mg/kg SC (LSC) and 1,200 mg/kg (HSC), respectively. The trial lasted for 42 d. Results showed that LSC and HSC treatments tended to improve the feed conversion efficiency during the trial. The ileum length of birds in the LSC and HSC groups was elevated. Additionally, with 600mg/kg SC supplemented, the mRNA levels of villin, claudin3, and MUC 2 in d21 were up-regulated, as well as the mRNA levels of villin, claudin3, occludin, i-FABP, ZO-1, and MUC 2 in d42. In addition, dietary SC supplementation improved the α-diversity of the bacteria in cecal chyme and tended to increase the abundance (RA) of Bacteroidetes (P = 0.071). Besides, the RA of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014 was raised in the LSC group. Beyond that, the RA of Proteobacteria was descended with two levels of SC added. In conclusion, dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae, particularly at 600 mg/kg level, improved the intestinal flora structure and barrier function of Pekin duck.
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Tang Y, Zhang X, Wang Y, Guo Y, Zhu P, Li G, Zhang J, Ma Q, Zhao L. Dietary ellagic acid ameliorated Clostridium perfringens-induced subclinical necrotic enteritis in broilers via regulating inflammation and cecal microbiota. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:47. [PMID: 35436978 PMCID: PMC9016943 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Subclinical necrotic enteritis (SNE), a common intestinal disease of broiler caused by Clostridium perfringens, could reduce production performance of broilers by chronic intestinal damage and poor absorption of nutrients. Ellagic acid (EA) has been reported to present antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties on human and animals in many aspects. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect and mechanism of EA in relieving SNE in broilers induced by C. perfringens. Results C. perfringens challenge decreased body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), jejunal villi height/crypt depth (V/C) ratio, the activity of catalase (CAT) and the mRNA expression of zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) in jejunal mucosa of broilers. While feed conversion ratios (FCR), jejunal crypt depth (CD), the activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and diamine oxidase (DAO), as well as the concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) in serum, the activities of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and lysozyme (LZM), the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), and the mRNA expressions of claudin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, TLR-4, TLR-2, NF-κB, JAK3, STAT6 and iNOS in jejunal mucosa of broilers were increased by C. perfringens challenge. Dietary EA supplement relieved these adverse effects, and heightened jejunal villi height (VH), the concentration of D-xylose in plasma, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the mRNA expression of occludin in jejunal mucosa of broilers. The alpha diversity of cecal microbiota indicated that dietary EA supplement increased observed species and Shannon index. C. perfringens challenge increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and decreased the relative abundance of Desulfobacterota in cecal microbiota. EA increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes in cecal microbiota. LEfSe analysis showed that C. perfringens challenge triggered the imbalance of cecal microbiota in broilers, dietary EA supplementation led to a small beneficial effect on microbiota, while the simultaneous effect of them seemed to stimulate the immune function of broilers by improving the microbiota balance. Conclusions Dietary EA ameliorated C. perfringens-induced SNE in broilers via regulating jejunal inflammation signaling pathways TLR/NF-κB and JAK3/STAT6, relieving jejunal oxidative stress and balancing cecal microbiota to inhibit intestinal barrier damage, prevent systemic inflammatory response and improve nutrient absorption capacity, finally protect and enhance growth performance of broilers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-022-00694-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2. West Road Yuanming yuan, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2. West Road Yuanming yuan, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2. West Road Yuanming yuan, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongpeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2. West Road Yuanming yuan, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiqi Zhu
- Jiangsu Lihua animal husbandry Co., Ltd. No. 500, Hexi Village, Luxi Village Committee, Niutang Town, Wujin District, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 213168, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiguan Li
- COFCO feed Co., Ltd, 4th Floor, No. 6, Nandaan Hutong, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2. West Road Yuanming yuan, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2. West Road Yuanming yuan, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2. West Road Yuanming yuan, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Wang T, Cheng K, Yu C, Tong Y, Yang Z, Wang T. Effects of yeast hydrolysate on growth performance, serum parameters, carcass traits, meat quality and antioxidant status of broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:575-583. [PMID: 34148247 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yeast hydrolysate (YH) has multiple salutary biological activities. Nevertheless, the application of YH in broiler production is limited. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of YH derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by exploring growth performance, serum parameters, organs relative weight, carcass traits, meat quality and antioxidant status of broilers. RESULTS Supplementing YH linearly and quadratically improved (P < 0.05) body weight gain and gain-to-feed ratio compared to that in the control group. Triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol in serum, the decline in pH and cooking loss of breast muscle, and malonaldehyde concentration in serum and liver were decreased linearly and/or quadratically by YH (P < 0.05), whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in serum, GSH-Px activity in liver, glutathione content in serum and liver, eviscerated yield rate and chest muscle yield, and the relative weight of spleen and liver were linearly and/or quadratically increased (P < 0.05). Moreover, YH enhanced the mRNA levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, heme oxygennase-1 (HO-1), GSH-Px1 and SOD1 (linear and/or quadratic, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Dietary YH beneficially affected growth performance, serum parameters, organ relative weight, carcass traits, meat quality and antioxidant status in broilers, indicating its potential application as a promising feed additive in broiler production. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Kang Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - CaiYun Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - YiChun Tong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - ZaiBin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agriculture University, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
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Wang Y, Xu Y, Xu S, Yang J, Wang K, Zhan X. Bacillus subtilis DSM29784 Alleviates Negative Effects on Growth Performance in Broilers by Improving the Intestinal Health Under Necrotic Enteritis Challenge. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:723187. [PMID: 34603247 PMCID: PMC8481782 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.723187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with banning antibiotics, necrotic enteritis (NE), especially subclinical enteritis (SNE), poses a significant threat to the chicken industry; however, probiotics are a potentially promising intervention. We aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of Bacillus subtilis DSM29784 (BS) on the treatment of Clostridium perfringens (CP)-induced SNE in broilers. A total of 360 1-day-old broiler chicks were divided into three treatment groups, namely control (Ctr), SNE, and BS treatment (BST) groups, all of which were fed with a basal died for 21days, and then from day 22 onward, only the BST group had a BS supplemented diet (1×109 colony-forming units BS/kg). On day 15, all chicks, except the Ctr group, were challenged with a 20-fold dose coccidiosis vaccine and 1ml CP (2×108) on days 18–21 for SNE induction. Beneficial effects were observed on growth performance in BST compared to SNE broilers. BST treatment alleviated intestinal lesions and increased the villus height/crypt depth ratio. Further, BST broilers showed increased maltase activity in the duodenum compared with SNE chicks, and a significantly decreased caspase-3 protein expression in the jejunum mucosa. Moreover, an increased abundance of Ruminococcaceae and Bifidobacterium beneficial gut bacteria and an altered gut metabolome were observed. Taken together, we demonstrate that the manipulation of microbial gut composition using probiotics may be a promising prevention strategy for SNE by improving the composition and metabolism of the intestinal microbiota, intestinal structure, and reducing inflammation and apoptosis. Hence, BS potentially has active ingredients that may be used as antibiotic substitutes and effectively reduces the economic losses caused by SNE. The findings of this study provide a scientific foundation for BS application in broiler feed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yibin Xu
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengliang Xu
- Haiyan Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau, Haiyan, China
| | - Jinyong Yang
- Zhejiang Animal Husbandry Technology Extension and Livestock and Poultry Monitoring Station, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaiying Wang
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuan Zhan
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Ahiwe E, Tedeschi Dos Santos T, Graham H, Iji P. Can probiotic or prebiotic yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) serve as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics for healthy or disease-challenged broiler chickens?: a review. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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The effects of a quillaja and yucca combination on performance and carcass traits of coccidia-vaccinated broilers exposed to an enteric disease challenge. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101391. [PMID: 34428644 PMCID: PMC8385436 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 6 floor pen trials was conducted to determine the effects of a quillaja and yucca combination product on the performance and carcass traits of growing broiler chickens vaccinated for coccidiosis at the hatchery. In each of the trials graded levels (0, 250, and 500 ppm) of a quillaja and yucca combination (QY) were fed to Ross 708 broilers for the duration of each 42 d test. Trials were arranged in completely randomized block designs involving a minimum of 11 blocks per trial. At the start of each trial, pens contained 55 broilers. In order to provide each bird with an enteric disease challenge, 5 kg commercial broiler litter containing 104 CFU Clostridium perfringens per gram was placed in each pen. In addition, the sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina and E. maxima were added to each pen at the outset of each test. At d 21 of the trials, coccidial lesion scores, mortality and performance were determined; final performance and total mortality were assessed at 42 d. At the completion of each test, 10 birds of average body weight per pen were selected for carcass evaluations; whole and chilled carcass yield were determined, and pre- and post-chill breast measurements were made. A combined analysis of the results of the 6 trials (75 replications per treatment) was used to determine treatment effects and each variable was assessed by linear regression analysis. Results indicated that QY significantly reduced mortality and coccidial lesions scores at d 21 (P < 0.05). Performance was significantly improved by both levels of QY at 21 and 42 d, and significant linear effects were observed for these variables (P < 0.05). All carcass characteristics were significantly improved by QY administration and significant linear responses were observed for each carcass variable (P < 0.05). These results indicate that by reducing intestinal disease challenge, QY provided linear improvements in performance. In addition, QY positively affected carcass parameters as each variable responded linearly to QY feeding (P < 0.05).
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Emami NK, Dalloul RA. Centennial Review: Recent developments in host-pathogen interactions during necrotic enteritis in poultry. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101330. [PMID: 34280643 PMCID: PMC8318987 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a significant enteric disease in commercial poultry with considerable economic effect on profitability manifested by an estimated $6 billion in annual losses to the global industry. NE presents a unique challenge, being a complex enteric disease that often leads to either clinical (acute) or subclinical (chronic) form. The latter typically results in poor performance (reduced feed intake, weight gain and eventually higher feed conversion ratio [FCR]) with low mortality rates, and represents the greatest economic impact on poultry production. The use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) has been an effective tool in protecting birds from enteric diseases by maintaining enteric health and modifying gut microbiota, thus improving broilers’ production efficiency and overall health. The removal of AGPs presented the poultry industry with several challenges, including reduced bird health and immunity as well as questioning the safety of poultry products. Consequently, research on antibiotic alternatives that can support gut health was intensified. Probiotics, prebiotics, essential oils, and organic acids were among various additives that have been tested for their efficacy against NE with some being effective but not to the level of AGPs. The focus of this review is on the relationship between NE pathogenesis, microbiome, and host immune responses, along with references to recent reviews addressing production aspects of NE. With a comprehensive understanding of these dynamic changes, new and programmed strategies could be developed to make use of the current products more effectively or build a stepping stone toward the development of a new generation of supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima K Emami
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Rami A Dalloul
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Jha R, Mishra P. Dietary fiber in poultry nutrition and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, gut health, and on the environment: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:51. [PMID: 33866972 PMCID: PMC8054369 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) was considered an antinutritional factor due to its adverse effects on feed intake and nutrient digestibility. However, with increasing evidence, scientists have found that DF has enormous impacts on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, digestive physiology, including nutrient digestion, fermentation, and absorption processes of poultry. It may help maintain the small and large intestine's integrity by strengthening mucosal structure and functions and increasing the population and diversity of commensal bacteria in the GIT. Increasing DF content benefits digestive physiology by stimulating GIT development and enzyme production. And the inclusion of fiber at a moderate level in diets also alters poultry growth performance. It improves gut health by modulating beneficial microbiota in the large intestine and enhancing immune functions. However, determining the source, type, form, and level of DF inclusion is of utmost importance to achieve the above-noted benefits. This paper critically reviews the available information on dietary fibers used in poultry and their effects on nutrient utilization, GIT development, gut health, and poultry performance. Understanding these functions will help develop nutrition programs using proper DF at an appropriate inclusion level that will ultimately lead to enhanced DF utilization, overall health, and improved poultry growth performance. Thus, this review will help researchers and industry identify the sources, type, form, and amount of DF to be used in poultry nutrition for healthy, cost-effective, and eco-friendly poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Jha
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Pravin Mishra
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
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