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Singha R, Sharma D, Saha AK, Das P. Foliar phenols and flavonoids level in pteridophytes: an insight to culturable fungal endophyte colonisation. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:170. [PMID: 38491263 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03880-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
There are many available reports of secondary metabolites as bioactive molecules from culturable endophytes, nevertheless, there are scarce research pertaining to the levels of metabolites in plants with respect to the incidence and colonisation of fungal endophytes in the same foliar tissues. Therefore, the study was focussed to examine whether fungal endophyte colonisation and the accumulation of secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids and phenols, in the plants are related in any way. For this reason, the study aims to analyse phenols and flavonoids from the fronds of eleven pteridophytes along with the culture-dependent isolation of fungal endophytes from the host plants subsequently assigning them to morphological category and their quantitative analysis and further resolving its identities through molecular affiliation. The results revealed that nine morpho-categories of fungal endophytes were allotted based on culture attributes, hyphal patterns and reproductive structural characters. Highest numbers of species were isolated from Adiantum capillus-veneris and least was recorded from Pteris vittata and Dicranopteris linearis. Maximum phenol content was analysed from the fronds of P. vittata and lowest was recorded in A. capillus-veneris. Highest flavonoid content was measured in D. linearis and lowest was detected in Christella dentata. Significant negative correlation was observed between phenol content of ferns and species richness of fungi. Moreover, significant positive correlation was observed with the relative abundance of Chaetomium globosum and flavonoid content of ferns and negative significant relation was found between relative abundance of Pseudopestalotiopsis chinensis and phenol content of pteridophytes. The occurrence and the quantitative aspects of endophytes in ferns and their secondary metabolites are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royee Singha
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Dipashree Sharma
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Ajay Krishna Saha
- Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Panna Das
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India.
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2
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Yu L, Lyu C, Tang Y, Lan G, Li Z, She X, He Z. Anthracnose: A New Leaf Disease on Radermachera sinica (China Doll) in China. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2304-2309. [PMID: 35224987 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-22-0072-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Radermachera sinica (China doll) is a popular evergreen horticultural crop worldwide. However, little information has been provided to describe the anthracnose disease of R. sinica. In 2018, symptoms suspected of leaf anthracnose were observed on R. sinica in gardens and commercial greenhouses in Guangzhou, China. Lesions on diseased leaves showed thinned and grayish white centers, dark-brown to black borders, and raised black spots. Twenty-seven single-conidia isolates were obtained from symptomatic leaf lesions. Based on morphological characteristics and multilocus phylogenetic analysis, 19 isolates were identified as Colletotrichum siamense and six and two isolates were identified as C. fructicola and C. karstii, respectively. An in vivo pathogenicity test was conducted on leaves of R. sinica plants, and it was discovered that C. siamense was more aggressive under wounded conditions than under unwounded conditions, and caused symptomatic necrotic lesions on the leaf. Afterward, the same pathogen was reisolated from lesions of inoculated leaves to fulfill Koch's postulates. However, neither C. fructicola nor C. karstii caused visible lesions on leaves of R. sinica under wounded or unwounded conditions, indicating that they may be asymptomatic endophytes or opportunistic pathogens on R. sinica. To our knowledge, this study is the first report of Colletotrichum spp. associated with anthracnose disease on R. sinica in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yu
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chuang Lyu
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yafei Tang
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guobing Lan
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhenggang Li
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaoman She
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zifu He
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Bibbo S, Lodge DJ. A Preconditioning Paradox: Contrasting Effects of Initial Phyllosphere and Early Leaf Decomposer Microfungi on Subsequent Colonization by Leaf Decomposing Non-Unit-Restricted Basidiomycetes. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090903. [PMID: 36135628 PMCID: PMC9501227 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal interactions during leaf decomposition can facilitate or inhibit other fungi. This experiment focused on whether preconditioning of leaf litter by microfungi that were confined to one leaf (Unit-Restricted) made leaf litter less likely to be colonized and decomposed by basidiomycetes that bind litter into mats (Non-Unit-Restricted) than non-preconditioned litter. Leaves of Manilkara bidentata in litterbags were preconditioned by incubating them for 0, 1, 2 or 3 months in flat litter/seed rain baskets 10 cm above the forest floor to avoid colonization by basidiomycete fungi. Preconditioned and non-preconditioned leaves were transferred to 5 replicate basidiomycete fungal mats of Gymnopus johnstonii for 6 weeks. Both attachment by basidiomycete fungi and percent mass loss after 6 weeks decreased significantly with increasing preconditioning time. In non-preconditioned leaves, gamma irradiation did not affect mass loss or percent white-rot despite having significantly increased numbers of basidiomycete fungal connections as compared to non-irradiated leaves. In non-preconditioned leaves, more basidiomycetes attachmented to non-irradiated than irradiated leaves suggest facilitation by phyllosphere microfungi. While basidiomycete colonization was initially facilitated by phyllosphere fungi, we inferred that degradation of resource quality led to fewer fungal attachments and less mass loss after 1–3 months of preconditioning by microfungi. The date suggest there is a 1-month time window for basidiomycete fungi to incorporate fallen leaves into their litter mats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bibbo
- Plant Ecology & Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence:
| | - D. Jean Lodge
- Department of Plant Pathology, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Guevara-Araya MJ, Escobedo VM, Palma-Onetto V, González-Teuber M. Changes in Diversity and Community Composition of Root Endophytic Fungi Associated with Aristolochia chilensis along an Aridity Gradient in the Atacama Desert. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11111511. [PMID: 35684284 PMCID: PMC9182583 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the widespread occurrence of fungal endophytes (FE) in plants inhabiting arid ecosystems, the environmental and soil factors that modulate changes in FE diversity and community composition along an aridity gradient have been little explored. We studied three locations along the coast of the Atacama Desert in Chile, in which the plant Aristolochia chilensis naturally grows, and that differ in their aridity gradient from hyper-arid to semi-arid. We evaluated if root-associated FE diversity (frequency, richness and diversity indexes) and community composition vary as a function of aridity. Additionally, we assessed whether edaphic factors co-varying with aridity (soil water potential, soil moisture, pH and nutrients) may structure FE communities. We expected that FE diversity would gradually increase towards the aridity gradient declines, and that those locations that had the most contrasting environments would show more dissimilar FE communities. We found that richness indexes were inversely related to aridity, although this pattern was only partially observed for FE frequency and diversity. FE community composition was dissimilar among contrasting locations, and soil water availability significantly influenced FE community composition across the gradient. The results indicate that FE diversity and community composition associated with A. chilensis relate to differences in the aridity level across the gradient. Overall, our findings reveal the importance of climate-related factors in shaping changes in diversity, structure and distribution of FE in desert ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Guevara-Araya
- Departamento de Química Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción 4090541, Chile; (M.J.G.-A.); (V.P.-O.)
| | - Víctor M. Escobedo
- Centro de Ecología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile;
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinaria, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Valeria Palma-Onetto
- Departamento de Química Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción 4090541, Chile; (M.J.G.-A.); (V.P.-O.)
| | - Marcia González-Teuber
- Departamento de Química Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción 4090541, Chile; (M.J.G.-A.); (V.P.-O.)
- Correspondence:
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Harrison JG, Beltran LP, Buerkle CA, Cook D, Gardner DR, Parchman TL, Poulson SR, Forister ML. A suite of rare microbes interacts with a dominant, heritable, fungal endophyte to influence plant trait expression. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:2763-2778. [PMID: 33790425 PMCID: PMC8397751 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00964-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Endophytes are microbes that live, for at least a portion of their life history, within plant tissues. Endophyte assemblages are often composed of a few abundant taxa and many infrequently observed, low-biomass taxa that are, in a word, rare. The ways in which most endophytes affect host phenotype are unknown; however, certain dominant endophytes can influence plants in ecologically meaningful ways-including by affecting growth and immune system functioning. In contrast, the effects of rare endophytes on their hosts have been unexplored, including how rare endophytes might interact with abundant endophytes to shape plant phenotype. Here, we manipulate both the suite of rare foliar endophytes (including both fungi and bacteria) and Alternaria fulva-a vertically transmitted and usually abundant fungus-within the fabaceous forb Astragalus lentiginosus. We report that rare, low-biomass endophytes affected host size and foliar %N, but only when the heritable fungal endophyte (A. fulva) was not present. A. fulva also reduced plant size and %N, but these deleterious effects on the host could be offset by a negative association we observed between this heritable fungus and a foliar pathogen. These results demonstrate how interactions among endophytic taxa determine the net effects on host plants and suggest that the myriad rare endophytes within plant leaves may be more than a collection of uninfluential, commensal organisms, but instead have meaningful ecological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G. Harrison
- grid.135963.b0000 0001 2109 0381Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY USA
| | - Lyra P. Beltran
- grid.266818.30000 0004 1936 914XEcology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology Program, Biology Department, University of Nevada, Reno, NV USA
| | - C. Alex Buerkle
- grid.135963.b0000 0001 2109 0381Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY USA
| | - Daniel Cook
- grid.417548.b0000 0004 0478 6311Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT USA
| | - Dale R. Gardner
- grid.417548.b0000 0004 0478 6311Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT USA
| | - Thomas L. Parchman
- grid.266818.30000 0004 1936 914XEcology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology Program, Biology Department, University of Nevada, Reno, NV USA
| | - Simon R. Poulson
- grid.266818.30000 0004 1936 914XDepartment of Geological Sciences & Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV USA
| | - Matthew L. Forister
- grid.266818.30000 0004 1936 914XEcology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology Program, Biology Department, University of Nevada, Reno, NV USA
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Cui L, Noushahi HA, Zhang Y, Liu J, Cosoveanu A, Liu Y, Yan L, Zhang J, Shu S. Endophytic Fungal Community of Huperzia serrata: Diversity and Relevance to the Production of Huperzine A by the Plant Host. Molecules 2021; 26:892. [PMID: 33567664 PMCID: PMC7914787 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As the population ages globally, there seem to be more people with Alzheimer's disease. Unfortunately, there is currently no specific treatment for the disease. At present, Huperzine A (HupA) is one of the best drugs used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and has been used in clinical trials for several years in China. HupA was first separated from Huperzia serrata, a traditional medicinal herb that is used to cure fever, contusions, strains, hematuria, schizophrenia, and snakebite for several hundreds of years in China, and has been confirmed to have acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. With the very slow growth of H. serrata, resources are becoming too scarce to meet the need for clinical treatment. Some endophytic fungal strains that produce HupA were isolated from H. serrate in previous studies. In this article, the diversity of the endophytic fungal community within H. serrata was observed and the relevance to the production of HupA by the host plant was further analyzed. A total of 1167 strains were obtained from the leaves of H. serrata followed by the stems (1045) and roots (824). The richness as well as diversity of endophytic fungi within the leaf and stem were higher than in the root. The endophytic fungal community was similar within stems as well as in leaves at all taxonomic levels. The 11 genera (Derxomyces, Lophiostoma, Cyphellophora, Devriesia, Serendipita, Kurtzmanomyces, Mycosphaerella, Conoideocrella, Brevicellicium, Piskurozyma, and Trichomerium) were positively correlated with HupA content. The correlation index of Derxomyces with HupA contents displayed the highest value (CI = 0.92), whereas Trichomerium showed the lowest value (CI = 0.02). Through electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), it was confirmed that the HS7-1 strain could produce HupA and the total alkaloid concentration was 3.7 ug/g. This study will enable us to screen and isolate the strain that can produce HupA and to figure out the correlation between endophytic fungal diversity with HupA content in different plant organs. This can provide new insights into the screening of strains that can produce HupA more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Cui
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (H.A.N.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Hamza Armghan Noushahi
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (H.A.N.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yipeng Zhang
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (H.A.N.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jinxin Liu
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (H.A.N.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Andreea Cosoveanu
- Laboratory of Useful Organisms, Research—Development Institute for Plant Protection, Ion Ionescu de la Brad no. 8 Blvd., 013813 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (H.A.N.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Ling Yan
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (H.A.N.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (H.A.N.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Shaohua Shu
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (H.A.N.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.)
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7
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DeMers M, May G. Habitat-scale heterogeneity maintains fungal endophyte diversity in two native prairie legumes. Mycologia 2020; 113:20-32. [PMID: 33146593 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1813487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The assembly of fungal endophyte communities within plants depends on the complex interactions of fungal taxa, their host plants, and the abiotic environment. Prairie plant communities provide a unique avenue to explore the interplay of biotic and abiotic factors affecting endophyte communities, since the historical distribution of prairies spans a broad range of temperature and precipitation, while the distances between small fragments of contemporary prairie communities may challenge the dispersal capabilities of these otherwise ubiquitous fungi. We sampled foliar fungal endophytes from two native prairie legumes, purple and white prairie clovers (Dalea purpurea and D. candida), in 17 remnant prairie sites across Minnesota in order to evaluate the relative contributions of abiotic factors, host species, and dispersal limitation to the diversity and structure of these communities. We found that similarity of communities was significantly associated with their location along a temperature and precipitation gradient, and we showed a distance-decay relationship that suggests dispersal limitations only over very large spatial scales. Although the effect of host species was small relative to these other factors, the two Dalea species maintained distinct communities within sites where they co-occur. Our results illustrate the capacity of many of these endophyte taxa to disperse over large distances and across heterogeneous biotic and abiotic environments and suggest that the interplay of biotic and abiotic factors maintains high diversity observed in endophyte communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara DeMers
- Plant and Microbial Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota , St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Georgiana May
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota , St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
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Harrison JG, Griffin EA. The diversity and distribution of endophytes across biomes, plant phylogeny and host tissues: how far have we come and where do we go from here? Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2107-2123. [PMID: 32115818 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The interiors of plants are colonized by diverse microorganisms that are referred to as endophytes. Endophytes have received much attention over the past few decades, yet many questions remain unanswered regarding patterns in their biodiversity at local to global scales. To characterize research effort to date, we synthesized results from ~600 published studies. Our survey revealed a global research interest and highlighted several gaps in knowledge. For instance, of the 17 biomes encompassed by our survey, 7 were understudied and together composed only 7% of the studies that we considered. We found that fungal endophyte diversity has been characterized in at least one host from 30% of embryophyte families, while bacterial endophytes have been surveyed in hosts from only 10.5% of families. We complimented our survey with a vote counting procedure to determine endophyte richness patterns among plant tissue types. We found that variation in endophyte assemblages in above-ground tissues varied with host growth habit. Stems were the richest tissue in woody plants, whereas roots were the richest tissue in graminoids. For forbs, we found no consistent differences in relative tissue richness among studies. We propose future directions to fill the gaps in knowledge we uncovered and inspire further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Harrison
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, 3165, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Eric A Griffin
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM, 87701, USA
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Jia Q, Qu J, Mu H, Sun H, Wu C. Foliar endophytic fungi: diversity in species and functions in forest ecosystems. Symbiosis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-019-00663-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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10
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El Mansy SM, Nouh FAA, Mousa MK, Abdel-Azeem AM. Endophytic Fungi: Diversity, Abundance, and Plant Growth-Promoting Attributes. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45971-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Inside the plant: addressing bacterial endophytes in biotic stress alleviation. Arch Microbiol 2019; 201:415-429. [PMID: 30834947 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial endophytes are the internal association of bacteria with the plants, cherished whole or any part of their life cycle inside the plant. They are reported to improve plant health against the biotic stresses via de novo synthesis of structural compounds and stimulation of plant immunity. They are found to be vital in development of host resistance against phytopathogens and capable in reducing and elimination of deleterious effects of plant pathogens. Fungal-, bacterial-, viral-, insect- and nematode-associated negative effect can be reduced by the bacterial endophytes. They are also reported to control plant pathogens through several defense mechanisms such as by producing antimicrobial compounds and antibiotics, de novo synthesis of structural compounds, keeping out of pathogens by niche competition and induction of plant immunity or induced systemic resistance. In this review, an effort is made to summarize the exploitation of endophytic bacteria as a biological substitute to control biotic stresses in agricultural practices.
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12
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Forest Tree Microbiomes and Associated Fungal Endophytes: Functional Roles and Impact on Forest Health. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial plants including forest trees are generally known to live in close association with microbial organisms. The inherent features of this close association can be commensalism, parasitism or mutualism. The term “microbiota” has been used to describe this ecological community of plant-associated pathogenic, mutualistic, endophytic and commensal microorganisms. Many of these microbiota inhabiting forest trees could have a potential impact on the health of, and disease progression in, forest biomes. Comparatively, studies on forest tree microbiomes and their roles in mutualism and disease lag far behind parallel work on crop and human microbiome projects. Very recently, our understanding of plant and tree microbiomes has been enriched due to novel technological advances using metabarcoding, metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics approaches. In addition, the availability of massive DNA databases (e.g., NCBI (USA), EMBL (Europe), DDBJ (Japan), UNITE (Estonia)) as well as powerful computational and bioinformatics tools has helped to facilitate data mining by researchers across diverse disciplines. Available data demonstrate that plant phyllosphere bacterial communities are dominated by members of only a few phyla (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes). In bulk forest soil, the dominant fungal group is Basidiomycota, whereas Ascomycota is the most prevalent group within plant tissues. The current challenge, however, is how to harness and link the acquired knowledge on microbiomes for translational forest management. Among tree-associated microorganisms, endophytic fungal biota are attracting a lot of attention for their beneficial health- and growth-promoting effects, and were preferentially discussed in this review.
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13
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Daru BH, Bowman EA, Pfister DH, Arnold AE. A novel proof of concept for capturing the diversity of endophytic fungi preserved in herbarium specimens. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 374:20170395. [PMID: 30455213 PMCID: PMC6282087 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbarium specimens represent important records of morphological and genetic diversity of plants that inform questions relevant to global change, including species distributions, phenology and functional traits. It is increasingly appreciated that plant microbiomes can influence these aspects of plant biology, but little is known regarding the historic distribution of microbes associated with plants collected in the pre-molecular age. If microbiomes can be observed reliably in herbarium specimens, researchers will gain a new lens with which to examine microbial ecology, evolution, species interactions. Here, we describe a method for accessing historical plant microbiomes from preserved herbarium specimens, providing a proof of concept using two plant taxa from the imperiled boreal biome (Andromeda polifolia and Ledum palustre subsp. groenlandicum, Ericaceae). We focus on fungal endophytes, which occur within symptomless plant tissues such as leaves. Through a three-part approach (i.e. culturing, cloning and next-generation amplicon sequencing via the Illumina MiSeq platform, with extensive controls), we examined endophyte communities in dried, pressed leaves that had been processed as regular herbarium specimens and stored at room temperature in a herbarium for four years. We retrieved only one endophyte in culture, but cloning and especially the MiSeq analysis revealed a rich community of foliar endophytes. The phylogenetic distribution and diversity of endophyte assemblages, especially among the Ascomycota, resemble endophyte communities from fresh plants collected in the boreal biome. We could distinguish communities of endophytes in each plant species and differentiate likely endophytes from fungi that could be surface contaminants. Taxa found by cloning were observed in the larger MiSeq dataset, but species richness was greater when subsets of the same tissues were evaluated with the MiSeq approach. Our findings provide a proof of concept for capturing endophyte DNA from herbarium specimens, supporting the importance of herbarium records as roadmaps for understanding the dynamics of plant-associated microbial biodiversity in the Anthropocene.This article is part of the theme issue 'Biological collections for understanding biodiversity in the Anthropocene'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas H Daru
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
| | | | - Donald H Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - A Elizabeth Arnold
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Mane RS, Paarakh PM, Vedamurthy AB. Brief Review on Fungal Endophytes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SECONDARY METABOLITE 2018. [DOI: 10.21448/ijsm.482798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Climate and dispersal influence the structure of leaf fungal endophyte communities of Quercus gambelii in the eastern Great Basin, USA. FUNGAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Navrátilová D, Větrovský T, Baldrian P. Spatial heterogeneity of cellulolytic activity and fungal communities within individual decomposing Quercus petraea leaves. FUNGAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Cannon PF, Simmons CM. Diversity and host preference of leaf endophytic fungi in the Iwokrama Forest Reserve, Guyana. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2003.11833226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Cannon
- CABI Bioscience, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK
| | - Coralie M. Simmons
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation & Development, 67 Bel Air, Georgetown, Guyana
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Arnold AE, Herre EA. Canopy cover and leaf age affect colonization by tropical fungal endophytes: Ecological pattern and process inTheobroma cacao(Malvaceae). Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2004.11833083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Elizabeth Arnold
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Edward Allen Herre
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panama
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Nguyen D, Boberg J, Ihrmark K, Stenström E, Stenlid J. Do foliar fungal communities of Norway spruce shift along a tree species diversity gradient in mature European forests? FUNGAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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An exploration of the fungal assemblage in each life history stage of the butterfly, Lycaeides melissa (Lycaenidae), as well as its host plant Astragalus canadensis (Fabaceae). FUNGAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rojas-Jimenez K, Hernandez M, Blanco J, Vargas LD, Acosta-Vargas LG, Tamayo G. Richness of cultivable endophytic fungi along an altitudinal gradient in wet forests of Costa Rica. FUNGAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Gazis R, Chaverri P. Wild trees in the Amazon basin harbor a great diversity of beneficial endosymbiotic fungi: is this evidence of protective mutualism? FUNGAL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Krishnamurthy YL, Naik SB, Jayaram S. Fungal communities in herbaceous medicinal plants from the malnad region, southern India. Microbes Environ 2012; 23:24-8. [PMID: 21558683 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.23.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal communities were isolated from surface sterilized leaf segments of nine ethnopharmaceutically important medicinal herbs collected from the Bhadra River Project Area, the Malnad region, Southern India. A total of 2159 isolates belonging to 55 different fungal species were isolated from 3600 leaf segments collected during the wet and dry seasons. Chaetomium globosum (7.3%), Aureobasidium pullulans (6.1%), Cladosporium cladosporioides (3.9%), Curvularia lunata (1.9%), Nigrospora oryzae (1.7%), Alternaria alternata (1.3%), Botryosphaeria subglobosa (1.1%), Phoma multirostrata (0.9%), Aspergillus niger (0.8%), Fusarium oxysporum (0.7%), Rhizoctonia solani (0.4%), and Sphaeropsis sapenea (0.3%) were the most frequently isolated fungal species. Colonization rates of fungal species varied significantly between the two seasons. Host specificity was observed in some host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelugere L Krishnamurthy
- Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Applied Botany, Bio-Science Complex, Kuvempu University
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U'Ren JM, Lutzoni F, Miadlikowska J, Laetsch AD, Arnold AE. Host and geographic structure of endophytic and endolichenic fungi at a continental scale. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2012; 99:898-914. [PMID: 22539507 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1100459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Endophytic and endolichenic fungi occur in healthy tissues of plants and lichens, respectively, playing potentially important roles in the ecology and evolution of their hosts. However, previous sampling has not comprehensively evaluated the biotic, biogeographic, and abiotic factors that structure their communities. METHODS Using molecular data we examined the diversity, composition, and distributions of 4154 endophytic and endolichenic Ascomycota cultured from replicate surveys of ca. 20 plant and lichen species in each of five North American sites (Madrean coniferous forest, Arizona; montane semideciduous forest, North Carolina; scrub forest, Florida; Beringian tundra and forest, western Alaska; subalpine tundra, eastern central Alaska). KEY RESULTS Endolichenic fungi were more abundant and diverse per host species than endophytes, but communities of endophytes were more diverse overall, reflecting high diversity in mosses and lycophytes. Endophytes of vascular plants were largely distinct from fungal communities that inhabit mosses and lichens. Fungi from closely related hosts from different regions were similar in higher taxonomy, but differed at shallow taxonomic levels. These differences reflected climate factors more strongly than geographic distance alone. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a first evaluation of endophytic and endolichenic fungal associations with their hosts at a continental scale. Both plants and lichens harbor abundant and diverse fungal communities whose incidence, diversity, and composition reflect the interplay of climatic patterns, geographic separation, host type, and host lineage. Although culture-free methods will inform future work, our study sets the stage for empirical assessments of ecological specificity, metabolic capability, and comparative genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M U'Ren
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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de Abreu LM, Almeida AR, Salgado M, Pfenning LH. Fungal endophytes associated with the mistletoe Phoradendron perrottettii and its host tree Tapirira guianensis. Mycol Prog 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-010-0663-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Phylogenetic diversity of endophyte assemblages associated with the tropical seagrass Enhalus acoroides in Thailand. FUNGAL DIVERS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-009-0013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jumpponen A, Jones KL. Massively parallel 454 sequencing indicates hyperdiverse fungal communities in temperate Quercus macrocarpa phyllosphere. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 184:438-448. [PMID: 19674337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
* This study targeted the fungal communities in the phyllosphere of Quercus macrocarpa and compared the fungal species richness, diversity and community composition among trees located within and outside a small urban center using recently developed 454 sequencing and DNA tagging. * The results indicate that the fungal phyllosphere communities are extremely diverse and strongly dominated by ascomycetes, with Microsphaeropsis [two Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs); 23.6%], Alternaria (six OTUs; 16.1%), Epicoccum (one OTU; 6.0%) and Erysiphe (two OTUs; 5.9%) as the most abundant genera. * Although the sequencing effort averaged 1000 reads per tree and detected nearly 700 distinct molecular OTUs at 95% internal transcribed spacer 1 similarity, the richness of the hyperdiverse phyllosphere communities could not be reliably estimated as nearly one-half of the molecular OTUs were singletons. * The fungal communities within and outside the urban center differed in richness and diversity, which were lower within the urban development. The two land-use types contained communities that were distinct and more than 10% of the molecular OTUs differed in their frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jumpponen
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Ecological Genomics Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - K L Jones
- Ecological Genomics Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Rodriguez RJ, White JF, Arnold AE, Redman RS. Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 182:314-330. [PMID: 19236579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1276] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
All plants in natural ecosystems appear to be symbiotic with fungal endophytes. This highly diverse group of fungi can have profound impacts on plant communities through increasing fitness by conferring abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, increasing biomass and decreasing water consumption, or decreasing fitness by altering resource allocation. Despite more than 100 yr of research resulting in thousands of journal articles, the ecological significance of these fungi remains poorly characterized. Historically, two endophytic groups (clavicipitaceous (C) and nonclavicipitaceous (NC)) have been discriminated based on phylogeny and life history traits. Here, we show that NC-endophytes represent three distinct functional groups based on host colonization and transmission, in planta biodiversity and fitness benefits conferred to hosts. Using this framework, we contrast the life histories, interactions with hosts and potential roles in plant ecophysiology of C- and NC-endophytes, and highlight several key questions for future work in endophyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Rodriguez
- US Geological Survey, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J F White
- Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - A E Arnold
- Division of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - R S Redman
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Verma VC, Gond SK, Kumar A, Kharwar RN, Strobel G. The endophytic mycoflora of bark, leaf, and stem tissues of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem) from Varanasi (India). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2007; 54:119-25. [PMID: 17394041 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-006-9179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Revised: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study was made of the endophytes of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (the neem tree) growing in several of its natural habitats in India. A total of 233 isolates of endophytic fungi representing 18 fungal taxa were obtained from segments of bark, stem, and leaves of this tree. Hyphomycetes (62.2%) were the most prevalent followed by the Coelomycetes (27.4%) and Mycelia Sterilia (7.7%). As mathematically determined, the maximum species richness and frequency of colonization of endophytes appeared in leaf segments rather than stem and bark tissues from each location. Endophytic colonization frequency was also greater in leaves (45.5%) than bark (31.5%). The leaf samples from all locations were nearly constant in their endophytic composition, whereas bark samples showed maximum diversity at different locations. Inter-site comparisons for endophytic diversity, however, were not significantly different with Loc1 and Loc2 having a maximum of 66.67% Jc. The smallest similarity was between Loc2 and Loc3 of 54.17% Jc. The dominant endophytic fungi isolated were Phomopsis oblonga, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Pestalotiopsis sp., Trichoderma sp, and Aspergillus sp. Genera such as Periconia, Stenella, and Drechslera are reported here for the first time as endophytes from this host plant. This report illustrates the value of sampling different tissues of a given plant in several locations to obtain the greatest species diversity of endophytes. The rich and sizeable collection of endophytic fungi from this specific plant may represent a unique source of one or more of the interesting and useful bioactive compounds normally associated with A. indica such as the azadirachtins and related tetranortriterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Verma
- Mycopathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Kim HY, Choi GJ, Lee HB, Lee SW, Lim HK, Jang KS, Son SW, Lee SO, Cho KY, Sung ND, Kim JC. Some fungal endophytes from vegetable crops and their anti-oomycete activities against tomato late blight. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 44:332-7. [PMID: 17309513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.02093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To isolate endophytic fungi from vegetable plants and examine their in vivo anti-oomycete activity against Phytophthora infestans in tomato plants. METHODS AND RESULTS Endophytic fungi were isolated from surface-sterilized plant tissues and anti-oomycete activity was measured by in vivo assay using tomato seedlings. Endophytic fungi showing potent anti-oomycete activity were identified by morphological characteristics and nuclear ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence analysis. A total of 152 isolates were obtained from 66 healthy tissue samples of cucumber, red pepper, tomato, pumpkin and Chinese cabbage and the fermentation broths of 23 isolates showed potent in vivo anti-oomycete activity against tomato late blight with control values over 90%. The Fusarium oxysporum strain EF119, which was isolated from roots of red pepper, showed the most potent disease control efficacy against tomato late blight. In dual-culture tests, it inhibited the growth of Pythium ultimum, P. infestans and Phytophthora capsici. CONCLUSIONS Among endophytic fungi isolated from healthy tissues of vegetable plants, F. oxysporum EF119 showed the most potent in vivo anti-oomycete activity against tomato late blight and in vitro anti-oomycete activity against several oomycete pathogens. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Endophytic fungi showing anti-oomycete activity in vitro and in vivo may be used as biocontrol agents particularly of tomato late blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Y Kim
- Biological Function Research Team, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Taejon, Korea
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Luchi N, Capretti P, Vettraino AM, Vannini A, Pinzani P, Pazzagli M. Early detection of Biscogniauxia nummularia in symptomless European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) by TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR. Lett Appl Microbiol 2006; 43:33-8. [PMID: 16834718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.01920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a quantitative real-time PCR (Rt PCR) assay for the early detection of Biscogniauxia nummularia, a xylariaceous fungus that causes strip-canker and wood decay on European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). METHODS AND RESULTS The molecular assay was based on TaqMan chemistry using species-specific primers and a fluorogenic probe designed on the ITS1 sequence of rRNA gene clusters. The specificity of the oligonucleotides and the probe were tested using the DNA of B. nummularia isolates from different geographic areas, of phylogenetically related species, and of some fungi commonly colonizing European beech bark and wood. A total of 31 symptomless and symptomatic shoots of European beech were collected from three forest sites in the Apennine Mountains of Italy. The percentage of positive detections of B. nummularia with the TaqMan assay was 78.6%, compared with only 14.3% of positive isolations on growth media for two sites. CONCLUSIONS In shoots, the quantitative Rt PCR assay detected down to 8.0-fg fungal DNA per microgram of total DNA extracted. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The assay developed in quantitative Rt PCR, by using TaqMan chemistry, revealed a rapid and sensitive method useful for the early detection of B. nummularia in symptomless European beech twigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Luchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie, Sezione di Patologia vegetale, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine, 28 I-50144 Florence, Italy
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Luchi N, Capretti P, Pinzani P, Orlando C, Pazzagli M. Real-time PCR detection of Biscogniauxia mediterranea in symptomless oak tissue. Lett Appl Microbiol 2006; 41:61-8. [PMID: 15960754 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2005.01701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Real-time PCR, based on TaqMan chemistry, was used to detect Biscogniauxia mediterranea, a fungal pathogen that after a long endophytic phase may cause charcoal disease in oak trees. METHODS AND RESULTS Specific primers and probe were designed and tested on axenic cultures of B. mediterranea and other fungi commonly colonizing oaks. Twig samples were collected in Tuscany from apparently healthy oaks (Quercus cerris, Quercus ilex and Quercus pubescens) growing near trees infected with the fungus. Twigs were divided into two groups: one for isolation in agar plates, and one for real-time PCR after DNA extraction. The detection limit of the assay was 0.01 pg/DNA, whereas the amounts of fungal DNA detected in asymptomatic tissue were >0.5 pg microg(-1) total DNA extracted. In the apparently healthy twigs the frequency of isolation found on agar was 25.0%, much lower than that with real-time PCR (96.4%). CONCLUSIONS Real-time PCR is a sensitive and fast technique able to specifically detect and quantify the DNA of B. mediterranea in oak tissue. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This diagnostic method is a precise tool to localize fungi in symptomless plant tissues and promises to advance our understanding of fungal infection during their latent phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Luchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie, Sezione di Patologia vegetale, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine, Florence, Italy
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Gao XX, Zhou H, Xu DY, Yu CH, Chen YQ, Qu LH. High diversity of endophytic fungi from the pharmaceutical plant, Heterosmilax japonica Kunth revealed by cultivation-independent approach. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 249:255-66. [PMID: 16000243 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2005] [Revised: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterosmilax japonica Kunth is well recognized for its diuretic effects in China. However, little is known about its endophytic fungi. In this study, microbial communities inhabiting the stems of H. japonica in spring and summer were investigated by light microscopy and cultivation-independent approaches, such as RFLP analysis and sequencing of rDNA ITS library. Molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that a broad spectrum of fungi, including Mycosphaerella, Phomopsis, Aureobasidium, Cladosporium, Glomerella, Botryosphaeria, Guignardia, is able to colonize the plants internally. Particularly, several rDNA sequences determined in this study like YJ4-61 are not specifically affiliated with any currently documented fungal sequences in the public database. Several sequence types, such as YJ4-9 and YJ4-70, are significantly similar to some uncultured environmental samples. Furthermore, our result also showed that the samples collected in spring harbored more abundant endophytic populations than that in summer, implying a seasonal fluctuation for the endophytes in H. japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Gao
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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Santamaría J, Bayman P. Fungal epiphytes and endophytes of coffee leaves (Coffea arabica). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2005; 50:1-8. [PMID: 16132426 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-004-0002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants harbor diverse communities of fungi and other microorganisms. Fungi are known to occur both on plant surfaces (epiphytes) and inside plant tissues (endophytes), but the two communities have rarely been compared. We compared epiphytic and endophytic fungal communities associated with leaves of coffee (Coffea arabica) in Puerto Rico. We asked whether the dominant fungi are the same in both communities, whether endophyte and epiphyte communities are equally diverse, and whether epiphytes and endophytes exhibit similar patterns of spatial heterogeneity among sites. Leaves of naturalized coffee plants were collected from six sites in Puerto Rico. Epiphytic and endophytic fungi were isolated by placing leaf pieces on potato dextrose agar without and with surface sterilization, respectively. A total of 821 colonies were isolated and grouped into 131 morphospecies. The taxonomic affinities of the four most common nonsporulating fungi were determined by sequencing the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region: two grouped with Xylaria and one each with Botryosphaeria and Guignardia. Of the most common genera, Pestalotia and Botryosphaeria were significantly more common as epiphytes; Colletotrichum, Xylaria, and Guignardia were significantly more common as endophytes. Suprisingly, more morphospecies occurred as endophytes than as epiphytes. Differences among sites in number of fungi per plant were significant. Thus epiphytic and endophytic communities differed greatly on a single leaf, despite living only millimeters apart, and both communities differed from site to site. Significant correlations between occurrence of fungal morphospecies suggested that fungi may have positive or negative effects on their neighbors. This is the first quantitative comparison of epiphytic and endophytic fungal floras in any plant, and the first to examine endophytic fungi or epiphytic fungi in leaves of coffee, one of the world's most valuable crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Santamaría
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Puerto Rico-Río Piedras, PO Box 23360, San Juan, PR 00931-3360, USA
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Suryanarayanan TS, Murali TS, Venkatesan G. Occurrence and distribution of fungal endophytes in tropical forests across a rainfall gradient. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1139/b02-069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungal endophytes occur in leaves of angiosperm and gymnosperm trees. The occurrence and distribution of fungal endophytes in the leaves of trees growing in four different types of tropical forests in the Western Ghats were studied. One thousand five hundred leaf segments from five different hosts were screened for each forest type. Endophyte communities of trees of the semi-evergreen forest showed the highest species diversity. More endophyte isolates were recovered during the wet season. Although several genera of endophytes were common for different hosts growing in different forests, the dominant endophyte was different for different forest types. Our results suggest that although tropical trees individually may be endophyte rich, the overall endophyte diversity of the entire plant community is not exceptional.Key words: tropical forests, fungal endophytes, fungal diversity, foliar endophytes.
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Gamboa MA, Bayman P. Communities of Endophytic Fungi in Leaves of a Tropical Timber Tree (Guarea guidonia: Meliaceae)1. Biotropica 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2001.tb00187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gamboa MA, Bayman P. Communities of Endophytic Fungi in Leaves of a Tropical Timber Tree (Guarea guidonia: Meliaceae)1. Biotropica 2001. [DOI: 10.1646/0006-3606(2001)033[0352:coefil]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Schmit JP, Murphy JF, Mueller GM. Macrofungal diversity of a temperate oak forest: a test of species richness estimators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1139/b99-055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two 0.1-ha plots, each divided into 10 contiguous subplots, were established in a Quercus-dominated deciduous forest in the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. Macrofungi were surveyed on these plots at weekly intervals during the fruiting season over 3 years. During this survey 177 species were recorded, including 30 species inhabiting leaf litter, 36 ectomycorrhizal species, 29 non-mycorrhizal soil-inhabiting species, and 79 wood-inhabiting species. This species richness is comparable to, but slightly higher than, that reported by other plot-based studies undertaken in hardwood forests. We compared the ability of seven species-richness estimation techniques to determine the true species richness on these plots. While some estimators performed better than others, in general the estimations were too low based on the following year's data and were not consistent from year to year. We found some evidence of spatial autocorrelation of communities of fungi found in adjacent subplots. This indicates that the benefit of using contiguous subplots to increase the homogeneity of the area sampled needs to be balanced against the possibility of underestimating the species richness of an area because of spatial autocorrelation.Key words: macrofungi, species diversity, diversity estimates, Indiana Dunes.
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Microfungi from decaying leaves of two rain forest trees in Puerto Rico. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01574703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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