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Stajich JE, Lovett B, Lee E, Macias AM, Hajek AE, de Bivort BL, Kasson MT, De Fine Licht HH, Elya C. Signatures of transposon-mediated genome inflation, host specialization, and photoentrainment in Entomophthora muscae and allied entomophthoralean fungi. eLife 2024; 12:RP92863. [PMID: 38767950 PMCID: PMC11105155 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite over a century of observations, the obligate insect parasites within the order Entomophthorales remain poorly characterized at the genetic level. In this manuscript, we present a genome for a laboratory-tractable Entomophthora muscae isolate that infects fruit flies. Our E. muscae assembly is 1.03 Gb, consists of 7810 contigs and contains 81.3% complete fungal BUSCOs. Using a comparative approach with recent datasets from entomophthoralean fungi, we show that giant genomes are the norm within Entomophthoraceae owing to extensive, but not recent, Ty3 retrotransposon activity. In addition, we find that E. muscae and its closest allies possess genes that are likely homologs to the blue-light sensor white-collar 1, a Neurospora crassa gene that has a well-established role in maintaining circadian rhythms. We uncover evidence that E. muscae diverged from other entomophthoralean fungi by expansion of existing families, rather than loss of particular domains, and possesses a potentially unique suite of secreted catabolic enzymes, consistent with E. muscae's species-specific, biotrophic lifestyle. Finally, we offer a head-to-head comparison of morphological and molecular data for species within the E. muscae species complex that support the need for taxonomic revision within this group. Altogether, we provide a genetic and molecular foundation that we hope will provide a platform for the continued study of the unique biology of entomophthoralean fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-RiversideRiversideUnited States
| | - Brian Lovett
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, USDA-ARSIthacaUnited States
| | - Emily Lee
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Angie M Macias
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia UniversityMorgantownUnited States
| | - Ann E Hajek
- Department of Entomology, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Benjamin L de Bivort
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Matt T Kasson
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia UniversityMorgantownUnited States
| | - Henrik H De Fine Licht
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Carolyn Elya
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
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2
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Stajich JE, Lovett B, Lee E, Macias AM, Hajek AE, de Bivort BL, Kasson MT, De Fine Licht HH, Elya C. Signatures of transposon-mediated genome inflation, host specialization, and photoentrainment in Entomophthora muscae and allied entomophthoralean fungi. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.13.557621. [PMID: 37745330 PMCID: PMC10515909 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.13.557621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite over a century of observations, the obligate insect parasites within the order Entomophthorales remain poorly characterized at the genetic level. This is in part due to their large genome sizes and difficulty in obtaining sequenceable material. In this manuscript, we leveraged a recently-isolated, laboratory-tractable Entomophthora muscae isolate and improved long-read sequencing to obtain a largely-complete entomophthoralean genome. Our E. muscae assembly is 1.03 Gb, consists of 7,810 contigs and contains 81.3% complete fungal BUSCOs. Using a comparative approach with other available (transcriptomic and genomic) datasets from entomophthoralean fungi, we provide new insight into the biology of these understudied pathogens. We offer a head-to-head comparison of morphological and molecular data for species within the E. muscae species complex. Our findings suggest that substantial taxonomic revision is needed to define species within this group and we provide recommendations for differentiating strains and species in the context of the existing body of E. muscae scientific literature. We show that giant genomes are the norm within Entomophthoraceae owing to extensive, but not recent, Ty3 retrotransposon activity, despite the presence of machinery to defend against transposable elements(RNAi). In addition, we find that E. muscae and its closest allies are enriched for M16A peptidases and possess genes that are likely homologs to the blue-light sensor white-collar 1, a Neurospora crassa gene that has a well-established role in maintaining circadian rhythms. We find that E. muscae has an expanded group of acid-trehalases, consistent with trehalose being the primary sugar component of fly (and insect) hemolymph. We uncover evidence that E. muscae diverged from other entomophthoralean fungi by expansion of existing families, rather than loss of particular domains, and possesses a potentially unique suite of secreted catabolic enzymes, consistent with E. muscae's species-specific, biotrophic lifestyle. Altogether, we provide a genetic and molecular foundation that we hope will provide a platform for the continued study of the unique biology of entomophthoralean fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E. Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA United States
| | - Brian Lovett
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Emily Lee
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Angie M. Macias
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Ann E. Hajek
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Benjamin L. de Bivort
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Matt T. Kasson
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Henrik H. De Fine Licht
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carolyn Elya
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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3
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Lovett B, Barrett H, Macias AM, Stajich JE, Kasson LR, Kasson MT. Morphological and phylogenetic resolution of Conoideocrella luteorostrata (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), a potential biocontrol fungus for Fiorinia externa in United States Christmas tree production areas. Mycologia 2024; 116:267-290. [PMID: 38275281 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2296337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Conoideocrella luteorostrata has recently been implicated in natural epizootics among exotic elongate hemlock scale (EHS) insects in Christmas tree farms in the eastern United States. Since 1913, C. luteorostrata has been reported from various plant feeding Hemiptera in the southeastern United States, but comprehensive morphological and phylogenetic studies of U.S. populations are lacking. The recovery of multiple strains of C. luteorostrata from mycosed EHS in North Carolina provided an opportunity to conduct pathogenicity assays and morphological and phylogenetic studies to investigate genus- and species-level boundaries among the Clavicipitaceae. Pathogenicity assays confirmed that C. luteorostrata causes mortality of EHS crawlers, an essential first step in developing this fungus as a biocontrol. Morphological studies revealed that conidia aligned with previous measurements of the Paecilomyces-like asexual state of C. luteorostrata, with conidiophore morphology consistent with historical observations. Additionally, a Hirsutella-like synanamorph was observed in select C. luteorostrata strains. In both a four-locus, 54-taxon Clavicipitaceae-wide phylogenetic analysis including D1-D2 domains of the nuclear 28S rRNA region (28S), elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1-α), DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit 1 (RPB1), and DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit 2 (RPB2) and a two-locus, 38-taxon (28S and EF1-α) phylogenetic analysis, all three Conoideocrella species were resolved as strongly supported monophyletic lineages across all loci and both methods (maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) of phylogenetic inference except for 28S for C. tenuis. Despite the strong support for individual Conoideocrella species, none of the analyses supported the monophyly of Conoideocrella with the inclusion of Dussiella. Due to the paucity of RPB1 and RPB2 sequence data, EF1-α provided superior delimitation of intraspecies groupings for Conoideocrella and should be used in future studies. Further development of C. luteorostrata as a biocontrol against EHS will require additional surveys across diverse Hemiptera and expanded pathogenicity testing to clarify host range and efficacy of this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lovett
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Hana Barrett
- Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Angie M Macias
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Lindsay R Kasson
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Matt T Kasson
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
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4
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Zhang W, Chen X, Eleftherianos I, Mohamed A, Bastin A, Keyhani NO. Cross-talk between immunity and behavior: insights from entomopathogenic fungi and their insect hosts. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae003. [PMID: 38341280 PMCID: PMC10883697 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects are one of the most successful animals in nature, and entomopathogenic fungi play a significant role in the natural epizootic control of insect populations in many ecosystems. The interaction between insects and entomopathogenic fungi has continuously coevolved over hundreds of millions of years. Many components of the insect innate immune responses against fungal infection are conserved across phyla. Additionally, behavioral responses, which include avoidance, grooming, and/or modulation of body temperature, have been recognized as important mechanisms for opposing fungal pathogens. In an effort to investigate possible cross-talk and mediating mechanisms between these fundamental biological processes, recent studies have integrated and/or explored immune and behavioral responses. Current information indicates that during discrete stages of fungal infection, several insect behavioral and immune responses are altered simultaneously, suggesting important connections between the two systems. This review synthesizes recent advances in our understanding of the physiological and molecular aspects influencing cross-talk between behavioral and innate immune antifungal reactions, including chemical perception and olfactory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, Huaxi District 550025, China
| | - Xuanyu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, Huaxi District 550025, China
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Amr Mohamed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Research fellow, King Saud University Museum of Arthropods, Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashley Bastin
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Nemat O Keyhani
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, United States
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5
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Anderson JA, Corbin EM, Lovett B, Kasson MT, LaDouceur EEB. Histologic findings of Massospora cicadina infection in periodical cicadas ( Magicicada septendecim). Vet Pathol 2023; 60:704-708. [PMID: 36803167 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231156790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Massospora cicadina, an obligate fungal pathogen in the subphylum Entomophthoromycotina (Zoopagomycota), infects periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) during their adult emergence and modifies their sexual behavior to maximize fungal spore dissemination. In this study, 7 periodical cicadas from the Brood X emergence in 2021 infected by M. cicadina were histologically examined. In 7 of 7 cicadas, fungal masses replaced the posterior portion of the abdominal cavity, effacing portions of the body wall, reproductive organs, alimentary tract, and fat bodies. No appreciable inflammation was noted at the intersections of the fungal masses and host tissues. Fungal organisms were present in multiple morphologies including protoplasts, hyphal bodies, conidiophores, and mature conidia. Conidia were clustered into eosinophilic membrane-bound packets. These findings help uncover the pathogenesis of M. cicadina by suggesting there is evasion of the host immune response and by providing a more in-depth description of its relationship with Magicicada septendecim than previously documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Anderson
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD
- Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD
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6
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Gryganskyi AP, Golan J, Muszewska A, Idnurm A, Dolatabadi S, Mondo SJ, Kutovenko VB, Kutovenko VO, Gajdeczka MT, Anishchenko IM, Pawlowska J, Tran NV, Ebersberger I, Voigt K, Wang Y, Chang Y, Pawlowska TE, Heitman J, Vilgalys R, Bonito G, Benny GL, Smith ME, Reynolds N, James TY, Grigoriev IV, Spatafora JW, Stajich JE. Sequencing the Genomes of the First Terrestrial Fungal Lineages: What Have We Learned? Microorganisms 2023; 11:1830. [PMID: 37513002 PMCID: PMC10386755 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The first genome sequenced of a eukaryotic organism was for Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as reported in 1996, but it was more than 10 years before any of the zygomycete fungi, which are the early-diverging terrestrial fungi currently placed in the phyla Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota, were sequenced. The genome for Rhizopus delemar was completed in 2008; currently, more than 1000 zygomycete genomes have been sequenced. Genomic data from these early-diverging terrestrial fungi revealed deep phylogenetic separation of the two major clades-primarily plant-associated saprotrophic and mycorrhizal Mucoromycota versus the primarily mycoparasitic or animal-associated parasites and commensals in the Zoopagomycota. Genomic studies provide many valuable insights into how these fungi evolved in response to the challenges of living on land, including adaptations to sensing light and gravity, development of hyphal growth, and co-existence with the first terrestrial plants. Genome sequence data have facilitated studies of genome architecture, including a history of genome duplications and horizontal gene transfer events, distribution and organization of mating type loci, rDNA genes and transposable elements, methylation processes, and genes useful for various industrial applications. Pathogenicity genes and specialized secondary metabolites have also been detected in soil saprobes and pathogenic fungi. Novel endosymbiotic bacteria and viruses have been discovered during several zygomycete genome projects. Overall, genomic information has helped to resolve a plethora of research questions, from the placement of zygomycetes on the evolutionary tree of life and in natural ecosystems, to the applied biotechnological and medical questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii P. Gryganskyi
- Division of Biological & Nanoscale Technologies, UES, Inc., Dayton, OH 45432, USA
| | - Jacob Golan
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Anna Muszewska
- Institute of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Alexander Idnurm
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Somayeh Dolatabadi
- Biology Department, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 96179-76487, Iran;
| | - Stephen J. Mondo
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (S.J.M.); (I.V.G.)
| | - Vira B. Kutovenko
- Department of Agrobiology, National University of Life & Environmental Sciences, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.B.K.)
| | - Volodymyr O. Kutovenko
- Department of Agrobiology, National University of Life & Environmental Sciences, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.B.K.)
| | | | - Iryna M. Anishchenko
- MG Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Julia Pawlowska
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological & Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ngoc Vinh Tran
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (N.V.T.); (G.L.B.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Ingo Ebersberger
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research & Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (I.E.); (K.V.)
| | - Kerstin Voigt
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research & Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (I.E.); (K.V.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada;
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ying Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore;
| | - Teresa E. Pawlowska
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (T.E.P.); (N.R.)
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Rytas Vilgalys
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA;
| | - Gregory Bonito
- Department of Plant, Soil & Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Gerald L. Benny
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (N.V.T.); (G.L.B.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Matthew E. Smith
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (N.V.T.); (G.L.B.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Nicole Reynolds
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (T.E.P.); (N.R.)
| | - Timothy Y. James
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (S.J.M.); (I.V.G.)
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joseph W. Spatafora
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Jason E. Stajich
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 93106, USA;
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Sacco NE, Hajek AE. Diversity and Breadth of Host Specificity among Arthropod Pathogens in the Entomophthoromycotina. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1658. [PMID: 37512833 PMCID: PMC10386553 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis based on the published literature was conducted to evaluate the breadth of host ranges of arthropod pathogens in the fungal subphylum Entomophthoromycotina. The majority of pathogens in this subphylum infect insects, although arachnids (especially mites), collembola, and myriapods are also used as hosts. Most species (76%) have specialized host ranges and only infect arthropods in one host family. The breadth of host ranges in the Entomophthoromycotina is generally greater for species in more basal groups (Conidiobolaceae and Neoconidiobolaceae), where most species are soil-borne saprobes and few are pathogens. The Batkoaceae is a transitionary family in which all species are pathogens and both generalists and specialists occur. Among pathogen-infecting insects, Hemiptera and Diptera are the most commonly infected insect orders. Within the Hemiptera, hosts in the suborder Sternorrhycha were infected by more fungal species than the Auchenorrhyncha and Heteroptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Sacco
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ann E Hajek
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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An Improved 1.5-Gigabase Draft Assembly of Massospora cicadina (Zoopagomycota), an Obligate Fungal Parasite of 13- and 17-Year Cicadas. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0036722. [DOI: 10.1128/mra.00367-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A 1.488-Gb draft genome sequence was assembled for the fungus
Massospora cicadina
, an obligate parasite of periodical cicadas. The
M. cicadina
genome has experienced massive expansion via transposable elements (TEs), which account for 92% of the genome.
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9
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Metagenome-Assembled Genomes of Bacteria Associated with Massospora cicadina Fungal Plugs from Infected Brood VIII Periodical Cicadas. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0041322. [PMID: 36036588 PMCID: PMC9584288 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00413-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report six metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) associated with Massospora cicadina strain MCPNR19 (ARSEF 14555), an obligate entomopathogenic fungus of periodical cicadas. The MAGs include representatives of Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Lactococcus, and one potential new Chryseobacterium species. Future research is needed to resolve the ecology of these MAGs and determine whether they represent symbionts or contaminants.
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10
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Simon C, Cooley JR, Karban R, Sota T. Advances in the Evolution and Ecology of 13- and 17-Year Periodical Cicadas. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 67:457-482. [PMID: 34623904 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-072121-061108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Apart from model organisms, 13- and 17-year periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada) are among the most studied insects in evolution and ecology. They are attractive subjects because they predictably emerge in large numbers; have a complex biogeography shaped by both spatial and temporal isolation; and include three largely sympatric, parallel species groups that are, in a sense, evolutionary replicates. Magicicada are also relatively easy to capture and manipulate, and their spectacular, synchronized mass emergences facilitate outreach and citizen science opportunities. Since the last major review, studies of Magicicada have revealed insights into reproductive character displacement and the nature of species boundaries, provided additional examples of allochronic speciation, found evidence for repeated and parallel (but noncontemporaneous) evolution of 13- and 17-year life cycles, quantified the amount and direction of gene flow through time, revealed phylogeographic patterning resulting from paleoclimate change, examined the timing of juvenile development, and created hypotheses for the evolution of life-cycle control and the future effects of climate changeon Magicicada life cycles. New ecological studies have supported and questioned the role of prime numbers in Magicicada ecology and evolution, found bidirectional shifts in population size over generations, quantified the contribution of Magicicada to nutrient flow in forest ecosystems, and examined behavioral and biochemical interactions between Magicicada and their fungal parasites and bacterial endosymbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Simon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA;
| | - John R Cooley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Hartford, Connecticut 06103, USA;
| | - Richard Karban
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA;
| | - Teiji Sota
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
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11
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de Bekker C, Beckerson WC, Elya C. Mechanisms behind the Madness: How Do Zombie-Making Fungal Entomopathogens Affect Host Behavior To Increase Transmission? mBio 2021; 12:e0187221. [PMID: 34607463 PMCID: PMC8546595 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01872-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission is a crucial step in all pathogen life cycles. As such, certain species have evolved complex traits that increase their chances to find and invade new hosts. Fungal species that hijack insect behaviors are evident examples. Many of these "zombie-making" entomopathogens cause their hosts to exhibit heightened activity, seek out elevated positions, and display body postures that promote spore dispersal, all with specific circadian timing. Answering how fungal entomopathogens manipulate their hosts will increase our understanding of molecular aspects underlying fungus-insect interactions, pathogen-host coevolution, and the regulation of animal behavior. It may also lead to the discovery of novel bioactive compounds, given that the fungi involved have traditionally been understudied. This minireview summarizes and discusses recent work on zombie-making fungi of the orders Hypocreales and Entomophthorales that has resulted in hypotheses regarding the mechanisms that drive fungal manipulation of insect behavior. We discuss mechanical processes, host chemical signaling pathways, and fungal secreted effectors proposed to be involved in establishing pathogen-adaptive behaviors. Additionally, we touch on effectors' possible modes of action and how the convergent evolution of host manipulation could have given rise to the many parallels in observed behaviors across fungus-insect systems and beyond. However, the hypothesized mechanisms of behavior manipulation have yet to be proven. We, therefore, also suggest avenues of research that would move the field toward a more quantitative future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charissa de Bekker
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - William C. Beckerson
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Carolyn Elya
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Haelewaters D, Kasson MT. Animal-associated fungi: Editorial. Mycologia 2021; 112:1045-1047. [PMID: 33264074 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1841469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Of 1882 fungal species described in 2019, only 3.5% were animal-associated. This percentage is representative of the poor understanding we have of this group of fungi, which are ephemeral, sometimes inconspicuous, and difficult to access, while often requiring specialized methods for their study. Following a two-session symposium on animal-associated fungi during the 2019 Annual Meeting of the Mycological Society of America, this special issue presents the work of 61 researchers in 16 countries. Twelve articles cover animal-associated fungi among Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Neocallimastigomycota-describing 29 new species, presenting new evolutionary hypotheses, and unearthing new ecological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Haelewaters
- Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University , 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia , 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Matt T Kasson
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
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Ferreira SL, Stauder CM, Martin DKH, Kasson MT. Morphological and Phylogenetic Resolution of Diplodia corticola and D. quercivora, Emerging Canker Pathogens of Oak ( Quercus spp.), in the United States. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:1298-1307. [PMID: 32852252 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-20-0977-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In Mediterranean Europe and the United States, oak species (Quercus spp.) have been in various states of decline for the past several decades. Several insect pests and pathogens contribute to this decline to varying degrees, including Phytophthora cinnamomi, Armillaria spp., various insect defoliators, and, in the United States, the oak wilt pathogen Bretziella fagacearum. More recently, two emerging canker pathogens, Diplodia corticola and D. quercivora, have been implicated in causing dieback and mortality of oak species in Europe and in several regions in the United States. In 2019, a fungal survey was conducted in the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States, including Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia, to determine the range and impact of D. corticola and D. quercivora on forest health in the United States. A total of 563 oak trees between red and white oak family members were evaluated across 33 forests spanning 18 counties. A total of 32 Diplodia isolates encompassing three Diplodia spp. were recovered from 5,335 total plugs collected from the 13 of 18 sampled counties. Recovered Diplodia species included D. corticola, D. quercivora, and D. sapinea, as well as Botryosphaeria dothidea, a closely related canker pathogen in the Botryosphaeriaceae. Both D. corticola and D. sapinea were recovered from red and white oak family members, whereas D. quercivora was exclusive to white oak family members and B. dothidea to red oak family members. Of these species, D. corticola was most frequently isolated, followed by D. quercivora, D. sapinea, and B. dothidea. Overall, mortality was low across all sampled counties, indicating that these fungi, at the levels that were detected, are not widely inciting oak decline across the region, but probably are acting opportunistically when the environment is conducive to disease. To better understand the relationships between D. corticola and potentially their geographic origins, a multigene phylogenetic study and corresponding morphological study were conducted. A total of 49 Diplodia isolates from Spain, France, Italy, and the United States were assessed. Across all isolates and geographic regions, D. corticola formed a strongly supported monophyletic clade sister to D. quercivora and included two strongly supported subclades, one that included isolates from Spain and California and a second that included isolates from Italy, Maryland, and West Virginia. Both subclades also exhibited overlapping spore measurements. These results support D. corticola as a cosmopolitan pathogen, native to both Europe and the United States, with the possibility of secondary introductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah L Ferreira
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Cameron M Stauder
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | | | - Matt T Kasson
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
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Stauder CM, Utano NM, Kasson MT. Resolving host and species boundaries for perithecia-producing nectriaceous fungi across the central Appalachian Mountains. FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lovett B, Macias A, Stajich JE, Cooley J, Eilenberg J, de Fine Licht HH, Kasson MT. Behavioral betrayal: How select fungal parasites enlist living insects to do their bidding. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008598. [PMID: 32555716 PMCID: PMC7302443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lovett
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Angie Macias
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jason E. Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - John Cooley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jørgen Eilenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henrik H. de Fine Licht
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Matt T. Kasson
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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