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Favaloro EJ. Evolution of Hemostasis Testing: A Personal Reflection Covering over 40 Years of History. Semin Thromb Hemost 2024; 50:8-25. [PMID: 36731486 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1761487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is no certainty in change, other than change is certain. As Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis celebrates 50 years of publication, I felt it appropriate to reflect on my own 40-year plus scientific career. My career in the thrombosis and hemostasis field did not start until 1987, but the subsequent 35 years reflected a period of significant change in associated disease diagnostics. I started in the Westmead Hospital "coagulation laboratory" when staff were still performing manual clotting tests, using stopwatches, pipettes, test tubes, and a water bath, which we transported to the hospital outpatient department to run our weekly warfarin clinic. Several hemostasis instruments have come and gone, including the Coag-A-Mate X2, the ACL-300R, the MDA-180, the BCS XP, and several StaR Evolution analyzers. Some instruments remain, including the PFA-100, PFA-200, the AggRAM, the CS-5100, an AcuStar, a Hydrasys gel system, and two ACL-TOP 750s. We still have a water bath, but this is primarily used to defrost frozen samples, and manual clotting tests are only used to teach visiting medical students. We have migrated across several methodologies in the 45-year history of the local laboratory. Laurel gel rockets, used for several assays in the 1980s, were replaced with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay assays and most assays were eventually placed on automated instruments. Radio-isotopic assays, used in the 1980s, were replaced by an alternate safer method or else abandoned. Test numbers have increased markedly over time. The approximately 31,000 hemostasis assays performed at the Westmead-based laboratory in 1983 had become approximately 200,000 in 2022, a sixfold increase. Some 90,000 prothrombin times and activated partial thromboplastic times are now performed at this laboratory per year. Thrombophilia assays were added to the test repertoires over time, as were the tests to measure several anticoagulant drugs, most recently the direct oral anticoagulants. I hope my personal history, reflecting on the changes in hemostasis testing over my career to date in the field, is found to be of interest to the readership, and I hope they forgive any inaccuracies I have introduced in this reflection of the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel J Favaloro
- Department of Haematology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Sydney Centres for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW Australia
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Chayoua W, Yin DM, Kelchtermans H, Moore GW, Gris JC, Musiał J, Zuily S, Ten Cate H, de Laat B, Devreese KMJ. Is There an Additional Value in Detecting Anticardiolipin and Anti-β2 glycoprotein I IgA Antibodies in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome? Thromb Haemost 2020; 120:1557-1568. [PMID: 32696448 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1714653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anticardiolipin (aCL) and anti-β2 glycoprotein I (aβ2GPI) immunoglobulin A (IgA) antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) have shown to associate with thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity. However, inclusion of IgA aPL in the classification criteria of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) has been debated. We investigated the value of aCL and aβ2GPI IgA aPL in the detection of thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity in addition to the current aPL panel for APS. METHODS We included 1,068 patients from eight European medical centers: 259 thrombotic APS patients, 122 obstetric APS patients, 204 non-APS thrombosis patients, 33 non-APS obstetric patients, 60 APS patients with unspecified clinical manifestations, 196 patients with autoimmune diseases, and 194 controls. aCL and aβ2GPI IgG/M/A were detected with four commercial assays and lupus anticoagulant was determined by the local center. RESULTS Positivity for IgA aPL was found in 17 to 26% of the patients with clinical manifestations of APS and in 6 to 13% of the control population. Both aCL and aβ2GPI IgA were significantly associated with thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity. Isolated IgA positivity was rare in patients with clinical manifestations of APS (0.3-5%) and not associated with thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity. Addition of IgA to the current criterion panel did not increase odds ratios for thrombosis nor pregnancy morbidity. CONCLUSION aCL and aβ2GPI IgA are associated with clinical manifestations of APS. However, isolated IgA positivity was rare and not associated with thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity. These data do not support testing for aCL and aβ2GPI IgA subsequent to conventional aPL assays in identifying patients with thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Chayoua
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dong-Mei Yin
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Kelchtermans
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gary W Moore
- Department of Haemostasis and Thrombosis, Viapath Analytics, Guy's & St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Christophe Gris
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes et Université de Montpellier, Nîmes, France.,Ivan Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jacek Musiał
- Department of Internal Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Stéphane Zuily
- Vascular Medicine Division and Regional Competence Center for Rare Vascular and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire de Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Inserm, DCAC, Nancy, France
| | - Hugo Ten Cate
- Laboratory of Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Laat
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien M J Devreese
- Coagulation Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
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Chayoua W, Kelchtermans H, Gris JC, Moore GW, Musiał J, Wahl D, de Groot PG, de Laat B, Devreese KMJ. The (non-)sense of detecting anti-cardiolipin and anti-β2glycoprotein I IgM antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:169-179. [PMID: 31519058 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity with the persistent presence of lupus anticoagulant (LAC), anti-cardiolipin (aCL) and/or anti-β2glycoprotein I (aβ2GPI) antibodies of the immunoglobulin G/immunoglobulin M (IgG/IgM) isotype. However, the role of aCL and aβ2GPI IgM as a serologic marker in APS is debated. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the diagnostic and clinical value of IgM antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in APS within the classification criteria. PATIENTS/METHODS Our multicenter study comprised 1008 patients, including APS patients and controls. Anti-CL and aβ2GPI IgG and IgM antibodies were detected with four commercially available solid phase assays. RESULTS Positivity for aCL and/or aβ2GPI antibodies was significantly correlated with thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity, independent of the isotype and solid phase assay. Higher odds ratios were obtained for IgG compared to IgM positivity. Isolated IgM was rare in thrombotic APS, but more frequent in obstetric APS, ranging from 3.5% to 5.4% and 5.7% to 12.3%, respectively, dependent on the solid phase assay. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis of aPL, IgM positivity was found to be associated with pregnancy morbidity. However, detection of IgM was not independently associated with thrombosis. Combined positivity for LAC, IgG, and IgM was highly associated with thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity. CONCLUSIONS Our data support testing for aCL and aβ2GPI IgM in women suspected of obstetric APS. However, no added value was found for testing IgM in patients suspected of thrombotic APS. Still, IgM aPL might be useful as a second-line test to improve thrombotic risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Chayoua
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hilde Kelchtermans
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Christophe Gris
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes et Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Ivan Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gary W Moore
- Department of Haemostasis & Thrombosis, Guy's & St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Jacek Musiał
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Denis Wahl
- DCAC, Vascular Medicine Division and Regional Competence Center for Rare Vascular and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire de Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | | | - Bas de Laat
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Katrien M J Devreese
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Coagulation Laboratory, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Xu J, Chen D, Duan X, Li L, Tang Y, Peng B. The association between antiphospholipid antibodies and late fetal loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2019; 98:1523-1533. [PMID: 31131876 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.13665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antiphospholipid syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disease with a high prevalence in females. Published data have identified that antiphospholipid antibodies (APLA) of antiphospholipid syndrome are risk factors for poor pregnancy outcomes, such as recurrent spontaneous abortion, intrauterine growth restriction and preeclampsia. However, the association between APLA and late fetal loss is not fully understood and remains controversial. The aim of this study is to identify and analyze the recent publications to better understand the association between APLA and late fetal loss. MATERIAL AND METHODS The literature was searched on 31 January 2019 using Ovid, Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) to evaluate the association between APLA and late fetal loss, with articles published before January 2019, according to the PRISMA statement. Without imposing regional restrictions, referenced articles were selected. Quality assessment was conducted independently by two reviewers, based on the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. For the meta-analysis, we used odds ratios (random effects model). The between-study heterogeneity was assessed by Q test. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plots. RESULTS Nineteen studies (with 10 265 cases) were included in the final analysis. The odds ratio (OR) for the late fetal loss with lupus anticoagulant was 5.02 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.14-7.89). Seven included studies reported that lupus anticoagulant had a statistically significant association with late fetal loss. The results did not show a statistically significant association between anticardiolipin antibodies and late fetal loss. The pooled odds ratio for the association of anticardiolipin antibodies with late fetal loss was 3.47 (95% CI 0.68-6.26). However, we did find the relation between anticardiolipin antibodies and late fetal loss among cohort studies (OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.20-3.44). Anti-beta2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies (β2GP1) showed a significant association with late fetal loss (OR 3.13, 95% CI 0.75-5.50). CONCLUSIONS Lupus anticoagulant is strongly associated with late fetal loss in antiphospholipid syndrome patients. However, the association between anticardiolipin antibodies and late fetal loss is inconsistent. There are currently insufficient data to support a significant relation between β2GP1 and late fetal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, the Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Daijuan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, the Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Duan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, the Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Medical Record, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxin Tang
- Department of Medical Record, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bing Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, the Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Sciascia S, Sanna G, Khamashta MA, Cuadrado MJ, Erkan D, Andreoli L, Bertolaccini ML. The estimated frequency of antiphospholipid antibodies in young adults with cerebrovascular events: a systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:2028-33. [PMID: 24942381 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around 10% of all thrombotic cerebrovascular events (CVE) occur in young population and in a large proportion of those the trigger remains undetermined. Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are recognised risk factors for ischaemic stroke and recurrent thrombotic events; however, the frequency of aPL in young people with CVE is still an unresolved issue. OBJECTIVES To estimate the frequency of aPL in young adults with CVE and to determine whether aPL-positive young individuals are at greater risk of CVE when compared with individuals without aPL by systematically reviewing the literature. METHODS Medline reports published between 1970 and 2013 investigating the presence of aPL in young patients (<50 years old) with CVE were included. The median frequency for positive aPL, including lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) and antibodies against β2Glycoprotein I (anti-β2GPI), was calculated for stroke and transient ischaemic attacks. FINDINGS This systematic review is based on available data from 5217 patients and controls from 43 studies analysing the frequency of aPL in young patients with CVE. The overall aPL frequency was estimated as 17.4% (range 5%-56%) for any CVE, 17.2% (range 2%-56%) for stroke and 11.7% (range 2%-45%) for transient ischaemic attack (TIA). The presence of aPL increased the risk for CVE by 5.48-fold (95% CI 4.42 to 6.79). Based on available data, the frequency of aPL in young patients with CVE can be estimated at 17%, rising up to 22% for aCL in patients with stroke. The presence of aPL seems to confer a fivefold higher risk for stroke or TIA when compared with controls. However, variability in test reproducibility and cut-off definition still represent an important methodological limitation for the current diagnostic testing for aPL. These observations should be confirmed by appropriately designed population studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savino Sciascia
- Graham Hughes Lupus Research Laboratory, Lupus Research Unit, The Rayne Institute, Division of Women's Health, King's College London, London, UK Centro di Ricerche di Immunologia Clinica ed Immunopatologia e Documentazione su Malattie Rare (CMID), Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sanna
- Louise Coote Lupus Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Munther A Khamashta
- Graham Hughes Lupus Research Laboratory, Lupus Research Unit, The Rayne Institute, Division of Women's Health, King's College London, London, UK Louise Coote Lupus Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Maria Jose Cuadrado
- Louise Coote Lupus Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Doruk Erkan
- Barbara Volcker Center for Women and Rheumatic Diseases, Hospital for Special Surgery, and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York
| | - Laura Andreoli
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bertolaccini
- Graham Hughes Lupus Research Laboratory, Lupus Research Unit, The Rayne Institute, Division of Women's Health, King's College London, London, UK
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Cuadrado MJ, Bertolaccini ML, Seed PT, Tektonidou MG, Aguirre A, Mico L, Gordon C, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Egurbide MV, Gil A, Espinosa G, Houssiau F, Rahman A, Martin H, McHugh N, Galindo M, Akil M, Amigo MC, Murru V, Khamashta MA. Low-dose aspirin vs low-dose aspirin plus low-intensity warfarin in thromboprophylaxis: a prospective, multicentre, randomized, open, controlled trial in patients positive for antiphospholipid antibodies (ALIWAPAS). Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013; 53:275-84. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Pierangeli SS, Groot PGD, Dlott J, Favaloro E, Harris EN, Lakos G, Ortel T, Meroni PL, Otomo K, Pengo V, Tincani A, Wong R, Roubey R. ‘Criteria’ aPL tests: Report of a Task Force and preconference workshop at the 13th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies, Galveston, Texas, April 2010. Lupus 2011; 20:182-90. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203310395055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) mandate the use of one or more of three positive ‘standardized’ laboratory assays to detect antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) (viz: anticardiolipin [aCL] IgG and IgM; anti-β2glycoprotein I [anti-β2GPI] antibodies IgG and IgM; and/or a lupus anticoagulant [LAC]), when at least one of the two major clinical manifestations (thrombosis or pregnancy losses) are present. Although, efforts of standardization for these ‘criteria’ aPL tests have been conducted over the last 27 years, reports of inconsistencies, inter-assay and inter-laboratory variation in the results of aCL, LAC, and anti-β2GPI, and problems with the interpretation and the clinical value of the tests still exist, which affect the consistency of the diagnosis of APS. A Task Force of scientists and pioneers in the field from different countries, subdivided in three working groups, discussed and analyzed critical questions related to ‘criteria’ aPL tests in an evidence-based manner, during the 13th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies (APLA 2010, April 13–16, 2010, Galveston, TX). These included: review of the standardization and the need for international consensus protocol for aCL and anti-β2GPI tests; the use of monoclonal and/or polyclonal standards in the calibration curve of those tests; and the need for establishment of international units of measurement for anti-β2GPI tests. The group also reviewed the recently updated guidelines for LAC testing, and analyzed and discussed the possibility of stratification of ‘criteria’ aPL tests as risk factors for APS, as well as the clinical value of single positive vs. multiple aPL positivity. The group members presented, discussed, analyzed data, updated and re-defined those critical questions at a preconference workshop that was open to congress attendees. This report summarizes the findings, conclusions, and recommendations of this Task Force.
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Affiliation(s)
- SS Pierangeli
- Antiphospholipid Standardization Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - PG de Groot
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Dlott
- Quest Diagnostics Laboratories, Chantilly, VA, USA
| | - E Favaloro
- Department of Haematology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - EN Harris
- University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - G Lakos
- TheraTest Inc. Laboratories, Lombard, IL, USA
| | - T Ortel
- Clinical Coagulation Laboratory, Laboratory-Based Research, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - PL Meroni
- Division of Rheumatology, Dept of Internal Medicine, Ist G. Pini and Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - K Otomo
- Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - V Pengo
- Clinical Cardiology, Thrombosis Centre, Department of Cardiac Throracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - A Tincani
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Italy
| | - R Wong
- Division of Immunology, Pathology, Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - R Roubey
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology and Thurston Arthritis Research Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Favaloro EJ, Wong RCW. Laboratory testing for the antiphospholipid syndrome: making sense of antiphospholipid antibody assays. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:447-61. [PMID: 21275808 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune condition characterised by a wide range of clinical features (primarily thrombosis and/or obstetric related), associated with the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) as detected by a diverse range of laboratory tests. APS remains a significant diagnostic challenge for clinicians across a wide range of specialities, largely due to issues related to laboratory testing as well as the expanding range of reported clinical manifestations of APS. The laboratory issues include limitations in detailed knowledge by both clinical and laboratory personnel regarding the 'complete' range of available aPL tests, as well as ongoing problems with assay reproducibility and standardisation. aPL are identified using diverse laboratory procedures based on one of two distinct test processes, namely solid phase and liquid phase assays. The former includes anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) and anti-β(2)-glycoprotein I antibodies (aβ(2)GPI). The latter are centred on clot-based tests that are used to identify the so-called lupus anticoagulant (LA). This article will discuss: (i) issues related to laboratory testing for APS in terms of the currently available solid-phase and liquid-phase assays, and identifiable biases resulting from these tests usually being performed in different laboratories; (ii) current problems with calibration, standardisation and reproducibility of these assays; (iii) pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical considerations and ongoing initiatives for improvement; (iv) issues related to potential combinations/panels of available aPL tests; and (v) the entities of seropositive APS, seronegative APS and non-APS aPL-positivity. In doing so, this review will hopefully help bridge the two disciplines of haematology and immunology ('representing' liquid-phase and solid-phase aPL testing, respectively), by improving the understanding of those working in each of these disciplines of the merits and limitations of the assays performed in the other discipline, and encouraging inter-discipline cooperation in the reporting of aPL test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel J Favaloro
- Department of Haematology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead Hospital, NSW, Australia.
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Abstract
The diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome is predominantly made in the laboratory and depends on the persistent presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in individuals with thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity. Correct diagnosis of the syndrome is imperative to prevent unnecessary long secondary thromboprophylaxis. Three antiphospholipid antibody subtypes are included in the classification criteria of the antiphospholipid syndrome: lupus anticoagulants, anticardiolipin antibodies and anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies. Only lupus anticoagulants are undisputedly associated with thrombosis, which is why the serological criteria of the antiphospholipid syndrome are under debate. All of the assays used to detect antiphospholipid antibodies are in need of better standardization, although progress has been made in the detection of lupus anticoagulants. The inconsistent association between both anticardiolipin and anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies and thrombosis is a cause for alarm. We are in need of better assays to detect those individuals at risk for thrombosis and population-based prospective studies to provide us with accurate risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf T Urbanus
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Samarkos M. Pathogenetic potential of antiphospholipid antibodies. Future Cardiol 2010; 2:303-14. [PMID: 19804088 DOI: 10.2217/14796678.2.3.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiphospholipid antibodies are autoantibodies that recognize phospholipid-binding proteins such as beta2 glycoprotein (beta2GP)-I, prothrombin or annexins. These antibodies have been associated with arterial or venous thrombotic events and pregnancy morbidity. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the pathogenetic potential of these antibodies include: resistance to activated protein C, acquired Factor XII deficiency resulting in suppression of intrinsic fibrinolytic activity, activation of endothelial cells through the nuclear factor kappaB pathway leading to tissue factor upregulation, adhesion molecule and cytokine expression and activation of platelets. Opposite effects, such as the potentiation of the inhibitory action of beta2GPI on the activation of Factor XI, make the dynamics of the interaction of these antibodies with the coagulation system rather complex. Many of the above functions can be mediated by signaling through molecules of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, such as CD40, which is recognized by purified anti-beta2GPI antibodies.
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Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Samarkos M, Sikara M, Tsiligros P. Antiphospholipid antibodies: laboratory and pathogenetic aspects. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2008; 44:271-338. [PMID: 17453920 DOI: 10.1080/10408360601079549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) constitute a heterogeneous group of autoantibodies that share the ability to bind phospholipids (PL) alone, protein-PL complexes, or PL-binding proteins. They have been detected in isolation, in association with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and during the course of different infections. aPL have been associated with an array of clinical manifestations in virtually every organ, although deep vein and arterial thrombosis as well as pregnancy morbidity are predominant. The co-occurrence of these clinical findings with aPL constitutes the so-called antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). aPL can be detected by immunological methods [e.g., anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL)] or by functional methods that exploit the effect of aPL on blood coagulation [lupus anticoagulant (LA)]. Since aPL are heterogeneous, numerous immunological and coagulation assays have been developed. These assays have not been fully standardized, and, therefore, problems such as high interlaboratory variation are relatively frequent. Recently, recommendations have been published regarding LA and aCL testing. Not all aPL are pathogenic. However, when they are not associated with infections, they have a role in the pathogenesis of APS. Clinical and experimental data have shown that aPL exert their pathogenic activity by interfering with the function of coagulation factors, such as thrombin and factors X, XI and XII, and with the function of anticoagulant proteins of the protein C system. In addition, aPL interaction with platelets and endothelial cells induces a pro-adhesive activated phenotype.
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Branch DW. Antiphospholipid antibodies and fetal compromise. Thromb Res 2005; 114:415-8. [PMID: 15507272 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Revised: 08/08/2004] [Accepted: 08/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Ware Branch
- University of Utah Health Sciences Center, LDS Hospital, Room 2B200 SOM, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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Wong R, Wilson R, Pollock W, Steele R, Gillis D. Anti-cardiolipin antibody testing and reporting practices among laboratories participating in a large external Quality Assurance Program. Pathology 2004; 36:174-81. [PMID: 15203755 DOI: 10.1080/00313020410001672046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate differences in anti-cardiolipin antibody (aCL) testing and reporting practices among diagnostic laboratories participating in the RCPA Quality Assurance Program (QAP) Immunology Program. METHODS A survey was sent to all 58 laboratories enrolled for aCL testing in the RCPA QAP Program requesting the following information: (1). manufacturer/type of assay; (2). isotype tested; (3). use of calibrators and controls; (4). whether calibrators, control and patient specimens were performed in singles or duplicates; (5). whether results were reported semi-quantitatively and/or numerically; (6). values used to define negative/positive and semi-quantitative cut-offs and how they were determined; and (7). whether interpretative comments were provided and their content. RESULTS Thirty-two surveys (55%) were received. Significant differences were present particularly in the following areas: (1). whether IgM isotype aCL testing was performed routinely or only on specific request; (2). whether controls/calibrators/specimens were tested in singles or duplicates; (3). whether results were reported numerically and/or semi-quantitatively; (4). the values used to define negative/positive and semi-quantitative range cut-offs; and (5). whether interpretative comments were provided and their content. CONCLUSIONS These differences in testing and reporting practices are likely to contribute to the variation in aCL results reported by different laboratories, particularly among those using the same assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wong
- Division of Immunology, Queensland Health Pathology Services, Princess Alexandra and Royal Brisbane Hospitals, Queensland, Australia.
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Wong R, Favaloro E, Pollock W, Wilson R, Hendle M, Adelstein S, Baumgart K, Homes P, Smith S, Steele R, Sturgess A, Gillis D. A multi-centre evaluation of the intra-assay and inter-assay variation of commercial and in-house anti-cardiolipin antibody assays. Pathology 2004; 36:182-92. [PMID: 15203756 DOI: 10.1080/00313020410001672037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the intra-assay (intra-run) and inter-assay (inter-run) variation of commercial and in-house IgG and IgM anti-cardiolipin antibody (aCL) assays/kits, and to determine an appropriate maximum value for inclusion in consensus guidelines. METHODS Frozen aliquots of two patient specimens and one commercial control were sent to nine laboratories for the evaluation of eight commercial kits and one in-house assay. Intra-assay and inter-assay evaluations were performed with all three samples for IgG aCL, and one patient specimen for IgM aCL. RESULTS The IgG and IgM aCL values varied considerably between the nine assays/kits. The majority of assays/kits demonstrated less than 20% intra-assay and inter-assay variation, with lower intra-assay and inter-assay variation observed with the commercial control. Single calibrator assays were not consistently associated with higher inter-assay variation than multi-point calibrator assays. CONCLUSIONS An inter-assay coefficient of variation of 20% was determined to be an appropriate maximum value for inclusion in the Australasian aCL Working Party consensus guidelines. Improved standardisation between different assay/kits is still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wong
- Division of Immunology, Queensland Health Pathology Services, Princess Alexandra and Royal Brisbane Hospitals, Qld, Australia.
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15
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Wong RCW, Gillis D, Adelstein S, Baumgart K, Favaloro EJ, Hendle MJ, Homes P, Pollock W, Smith S, Steele RH, Sturgess A, Wilson RJ. Consensus guidelines on anti-cardiolipin antibody testing and reporting. Pathology 2004; 36:63-8. [PMID: 14757559 DOI: 10.1080/00313020310001643615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Consensus guidelines on anti-cardiolipin antibody (aCL) testing have been developed to help minimise laboratory variation in the performance and reporting of aCL assays. These guidelines include minimum, optimum and optional recommendations for the following aspects of aCL testing and reporting: (1) isotype of aCL tested; (2) specimen type; (3) controls and assay precision; (4) calibrators; (5) patient samples; (6) rheumatoid factors and IgM aCL testing; (7) reporting of results; (8) cut-off values; and (9) interpretative comments. ABBREVIATIONS aCL, anti-cardiolipin antibodies; APS, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome; ASCIA, Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy; ASTH, Australasian Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis; beta2-GPI=beta2-glycoprotein I; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; NCCLS, National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards; HSANZ, Haematology Society of Australia and New Zealand; QAP, Quality Assurance Program; RCPA, Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia; %CV, inter-assay inter-run coefficient of variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C W Wong
- Division of Immunology, Queensland Health Pathology Services, Princess Alexandra and Royal Brisbane Hospitals, Qld., Australia.
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16
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Wong RCW. Consensus guidelines for anticardiolipin antibody testing. Thromb Res 2004; 114:559-71. [PMID: 15507292 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Revised: 05/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the use of standardized GPL and MPL units, significant inter-laboratory and inter-method variation in anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) testing still exists, limiting the clinical utility and inter-laboratory portability of test results. This article reviews published and unpublished guidelines (some developed using consensus procedures) that can be used to improve various aspects of: (1) specimen collection; (2) aCL assay manufacture and testing procedures; (3) quality control; and (4) interpretation (including reporting) of results; and in doing so, improve the consistency of aCL results between different laboratories, assays and runs. However, there is a still a need for consensus guidelines that combine and deal with all of the aforementioned aspects of aCL testing and reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C W Wong
- Division of Immunology, Queensland Health Pathology Services, Princess Alexandra and Royal Brisbane Hospitals, 1st Floor, Building 15, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
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Derksen RHWM, Khamashta MA, Branch DW. Management of the obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:1028-39. [PMID: 15077285 DOI: 10.1002/art.20105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald H W M Derksen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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18
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Gebhardt GS, Hall DR. Inherited and acquired thrombophilias and poor pregnancy outcome: should we be treating with heparin? Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2003; 15:501-6. [PMID: 14624217 DOI: 10.1097/00001703-200312000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The most important acquired thrombophilia related to poor pregnancy outcome is probably antiphospholipid syndrome. Inherited thrombophilias that have been implicated in venous thromboembolism and poor pregnancy outcome and for which standard tests are generally available are antithrombin III deficiency, the factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin G20210A mutation and the C677T polymorphism in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase system implicated in mild hyperhomocysteinaemia. The management of antiphospholipid syndrome with previous fetal losses is well documented and substantiated by small clinical trials. It is the purpose of this review to investigate new contributions to this field since June 2002. RECENT FINDINGS Only one randomized trial was published during the review period, but a Cochrane review and several excellent review articles appeared detailing management. SUMMARY There is a dire lack of randomized trials in the literature on the efficacy of heparin or other coagulation modulators on pregnancy outcome in patients with inherited thrombophilias. There is consensus on thrombo-prophylaxis for antiphospholipid syndrome. Protocols for the management of venous thromboembolism and pulmonary emboli related to pregnancy are well established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Gebhardt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Paarl Hospital, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Health Sciences, South Africa.
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Abstract
Valvular involvement is the most encountered form of heart disease in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Immunoglobulin and complement deposition in the valvular structure will subsequently lead to Libman-Sacks vegetations, valve thickening, and valve regurgitation. Valvular stenosis is rarely seen. Involvement of the mitral valve is most frequently encountered. Valve disease for most patients is mild and asymptomatic, but patients in whom severe mitral regurgitation develops will present with symptoms of congestive heart failure. A heart murmur will be heard in almost all patients with moderate or severe regurgitation. Transesophageal echocardiography is the most sensitive method to detect the valvular involvement. The valvular changes, the hemodynamic status, or the symptomatology have been shown to progress, remain stable, or sometimes improve. Severe regurgitation, infective endocarditis, and thromboembolic events (mostly stroke or transitory ischemic attacks) are complications of valvular involvement in SLE. In treatment of these patients, prophylaxis of infectious endocarditis, selective antiaggregant and anticoagulant medication, and valve replacement are currently offered. The role of corticosteroid treatment is still unclear in the outcome of SLE valvulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Fluture
- Department of Medicine/Internal Medicine, New York Medical College/Metropolitan Hospital Center, 1901 First Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
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McIntyre JA, Wagenknecht DR, Faulk WP. Antiphospholipid antibodies: discovery, definitions, detection and disease. Prog Lipid Res 2003; 42:176-237. [PMID: 12689618 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7827(02)00048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are immunoglobulins of IgG, IgM and IgA isotypes that target phospholipid (PL) and/or PL-binding plasma proteins. Detection of aPL in the laboratory is done currently by both immunoassays and functional coagulation tests. Convention defines aPL specificity in immunoassays according to the particular PL substrate present, for example aPS represents antiphosphatidylserine antibodies. This may be technically incorrect inasmuch as a particular PL may be responsible for binding and highly concentrating a specific plasma protein, the latter then becomes the target for the aPL. The binding of beta(2)GP-I (apolipoprotein H) to the negatively charged PL, cardiolipin (CL) provides a good example of this circumstance. In contrast, aPL which specifically prolong coagulation times in in vitro are called lupus anticoagulants (LA). The precise PL target(s) of the aPL responsible for LA activities are unknown and often debated. The persistent finding of aPL in patients in association with abnormal blood clotting and a myriad of neurological, obstetrical and rheumatic disorders often compounded by autoimmune diseases has led to an established clinical diagnosis termed antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The common denominator for these APS patients is the presence of circulating aPL on two or more occasions and the observation of events attributable to abnormal or accelerated blood clotting somewhere in vivo. The purpose of this review is to collect, collate, and consolidate information concerning aPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A McIntyre
- HLA-Vascular Biology Laboratory, St. Francis Hospital and Healthcare Centers, 1600 Albany Street, Beech Grove, IN 46107, USA.
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22
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Abstract
PROBLEM The amino phospholipids (PL), phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are distributed asymmetrically in the plasma membranes of eucaryotic cells. This arrangement involves active transport of PS and PE from the outer to inner membrane leaflet by an aminophospholipid translocase (flipase). Cell activation, injury and programmed cell death (apoptosis) cause collapse of the PS/PE asymmetry by activation of another enzyme system, scramblase. Unlike other cells, the developing trophoblast exteriorizes PS during its differentiation. METHODS OF STUDY An analysis of published and unpublished data. RESULTS The trophoblast is targeted by antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), especially to PS (aPS). Cardiolipin is not present in the trophoblast plasma membrane, nonetheless, anticardiolipin (aCL) has been implicated in trophoblast pathology. The aPS and aCL are often crossreactive. Both animal and in vitro experimental models have shown monoclonal and polyclonal aPS and aCL to specifically destroy trophoblast, inhibit syncytium formation, halt human chorionic gonadatropin (hCG) production, and limit trophoblast invasion. Antibodies to PE (aPE) have not been well characterized, however, recent reports from several independent laboratories document that aPE are associated significantly with very early (embryonic) recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Umeda and coworkers have shown that during cytokinesis (late telophase) of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, formation of PE rafts in cleavage furrows is required for completion of cell division and formation of daughter cells. This raises the question whether aPE might interfere with implantation and cell division during embryogenesis. CONCLUSIONS A role for aPL in implantation failure and occult pregnancy loss constitutes the basis of this overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A McIntyre
- HLA-Vascular Biology Laboratory, St Francis Hospital and Health Centers, Indiana/Purdue Universities at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46107, USA.
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Favaloro EJ, Silvestrini R. Assessing the usefulness of anticardiolipin antibody assays: a cautious approach is suggested by high variation and limited consensus in multilaboratory testing. Am J Clin Pathol 2002; 118:548-57. [PMID: 12375642 DOI: 10.1309/jamh-gdq6-6byk-dw6j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An anticardiolipin antibody (ACA) assay has become a laboratory standard for the detection of antiphospholipid antibodies. We evaluated data from a quality assurance program to assess ACA assay usefulness. Cross-laboratory (n = 56) testing of 12 serum samples yielded interlaboratory coefficients of variation (CVs) for lgG ACA and IgM ACA that were higher than 50% in 17 (71%) of 24 cases. The situation for testing consensus was of equal concern. Total consensus occurred in 6 (25%) of 24 cases. General consensus (interlaboratory agreement, 90% or more) was obtained in 10 (42%) of 24 cases. In the majority of test cases, laboratories could not agree on whether a serum sample tested was ACA-positive or ACA-negative. Differing method-related issues also were evident; some methods tended toward higher or lower ACA values. Method-based majority consensus differed from participant majority consensus on many test occasions. Exceedingly high interlaboratory result variation, combined with a general lack of test result grading consensus and method-based variation, indicate that a cautious clinical approach toward laboratory findings is prudent. Laboratory tests should be repeated at least once before making a clinical diagnosis of any anti-phospholipid syndrome-like disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel J Favaloro
- Department of Haematology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Area Health Service, New South Wales, Australia
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Rosenbaum JT, Smith JR. Ocular features associated with anticardiolipin antibodies: a descriptive study. Am J Ophthalmol 2002; 133:293-4. [PMID: 11812452 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(01)01289-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hörkkö S, Olee T, Mo L, Branch DW, Woods VL, Palinski W, Chen PP, Witztum JL. Anticardiolipin antibodies from patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome recognize epitopes in both beta(2)-glycoprotein 1 and oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Circulation 2001; 103:941-6. [PMID: 11181467 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.103.7.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently suggested that many anticardiolipin antibodies bind only to oxidized cardiolipin (OxCL) and/or to OxCL-beta(2)-glycoprotein 1 (beta(2)GP1) adducts but not to a "reduced" cardiolipin that is unable to undergo oxidation. To test this hypothesis, we investigated 24 sera, 4 protein A-purified IgG fractions, and 3 human monoclonal antibodies that were all isolated from patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS); testing was also performed in 7 controls. Two monoclonal antibodies (IS3 and IS4) were selected for binding to CL and one was selected for binding to beta(2)GP1 (LJB8). METHODS AND RESULTS By chemiluminescent immunoassay, all APS sera samples bound only to OxCL and not to reduced CL, and the binding was inhibited >95% by OxCL but not reduced CL. All purified IgG fractions bound to beta(2)GP1 but only when the beta(2)GP1 was plated on microtiter wells coated with OxCL. All 3 monoclonal antibodies bound only to OxCL. On Western blots, IS4 and LJB8 bound to beta(2)GP1 as well as to delipidated apoB of oxidized LDL but not to native apoB. IS3 also bound to oxidized apoB on Western blot. Covalent modification of beta(2)GP1 with oxidation products of CL made it more antigenic for APS serum samples, for purified IgG fractions, and for the monoclonal antibodies. CONCLUSIONS These data support the hypothesis that oxidation of CL is needed to generate epitopes for many anticardiolipin antibodies and that some of these epitopes are covalent adducts of OxCL with beta(2)GP1 or apoB.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hörkkö
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypercoagulable states are a recognized, albeit uncommon, etiology of ischemic stroke. It is unclear how often the results of specialized coagulation tests affect management. Using data compiled from a systematic review of available studies, we employed quantitative methodology to assess the diagnostic yield of coagulation tests for identification of coagulopathies in ischemic stroke patients. SUMMARY OF REVIEW We performed a MEDLINE search to identify controlled studies published during 1966-1999 that reported the prevalence of deficiencies of protein C, protein S, antithrombin III, plasminogen, activated protein C resistance (APCR)/factor V Leiden mutation (FVL), anticardiolipin antibodies (ACL), or lupus anticoagulant (LA) in patients with ischemic stroke. The cumulative prevalence rates (pretest probabilities) and positive likelihood ratios for all studies and for those including only patients aged </=50 years were used to calculate posttest probabilities for each coagulopathy, reflecting diagnostic yield. The cumulative pretest probabilities of coagulation defects in ischemic stroke patients are as follows: LA, 3% (8% for those aged </=50 years); ACL, 17% (21% for those aged </=50 years); APCR/FVL, 7% (11% for those aged </=50 years); and prothrombin mutation, 4.5% (5.7% for those aged </=50 years). The posttest probabilities of ACL, LA, and APCR increased with increasing pretest probability, the specificity of the tests, and features of the patients' history and clinical presentation. CONCLUSIONS The pretest probabilities of coagulation defects in ischemic stroke patients are low. The diagnostic yield of coagulation tests may be increased by using tests with the highest specificities and by targeting patients with clinical or historical features that increase pretest probability. Consideration of these data might lead to more rational ordering of tests and an associated cost savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Bushnell
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke Center for Cerebrovascular Disease, Center for Clinical Health Policy Research, Duke University, and Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Bili A, Moss AJ, Francis CW, Zareba W, Watelet LF, Sanz I. Anticardiolipin antibodies and recurrent coronary events: a prospective study of 1150 patients. Thrombogenic Factors, and Recurrent Coronary Events Investigators. Circulation 2000; 102:1258-63. [PMID: 10982540 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.102.11.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of anticardiolipin (aCL) antibodies with coronary artery disease has been shown in several studies but remains controversial. We evaluated the association of aCL and anti-beta(2)-glycoprotein I (abeta(2)GPI) antibodies with the risk of recurrent cardiac events in postinfarction patients. METHODS AND RESULTS The study population consisted of 1150 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Levels of IgG and IgM aCL and abeta(2)GPI antibodies were determined on sera collected before hospital discharge. There were 131 recurrent cardiac events (nonfatal myocardial infarctions or cardiac deaths) over a mean follow-up period of 24.6 months. Patients with elevated IgG aCL antibodies had a higher event rate than patients with low levels (P:=0.05). Multivariate Cox analysis after adjustment for relevant clinical covariates showed that elevated levels of IgG aCL (hazard ratio=1. 63; P:=0.01) and low levels of IgM aCL (hazard ratio of 1.76; P:=0. 02) antibodies contribute independent risks for recurrent cardiac events. Patients with elevated IgG aCL and low IgM aCL antibody levels had a 3-fold higher risk of recurrent cardiac events than patients with low IgG aCL and elevated IgM aCL antibody levels (P:<0. 001). There was no significant association of the abeta(2)GPI antibodies with recurrent cardiac events. CONCLUSIONS In postinfarction patients, elevated IgG aCL and low IgM aCL antibodies are independent risk factors for recurrent cardiac events. Patients with both elevated IgG aCL and low IgM aCL antibodies have the highest risk. These findings shed additional light on the mechanistic role of aCL antibodies in coronary artery disease in patients without autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bili
- Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Tincani A, Balestrieri G, Allegri F, Cinquini M, Vianelli M, Taglietti M, Sanmarco M, Ichikawa K, Koike T, Meroni P, Boffa MC. Overview on anticardiolipin ELISA standardization. J Autoimmun 2000; 15:195-7. [PMID: 10968908 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.2000.0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Tincani
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Brescia Hospital, Brescia, Italy.
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