1
|
Lapschies AM, Aubry E, Kohler TP, Goldmann O, Hammerschmidt S, Nerlich A, Eichhorn I, van Vorst K, Fulde M. The type-2 Streptococcus canis M protein SCM-2 binds fibrinogen and facilitates antiphagocytic properties. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1228472. [PMID: 37965557 PMCID: PMC10641296 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1228472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus canis is a zoonotic agent that causes severe invasive diseases in domestic animals and humans, but little is known about its pathogenesis and virulence mechanisms so far. SCM, the M-like protein expressed by S. canis, is considered one of the major virulence determinants. Here, we report on the two distinct groups of SCM. SCM-1 proteins were already described to interact with its ligands IgG and plasminogen as well as with itself and confer antiphagocytic capability of SCM-1 expressing bacterial isolates. In contrast, the function of SCM-2 type remained unclear to date. Using whole-genome sequencing and subsequent bioinformatics, FACS analysis, fluorescence microscopy and surface plasmon resonance spectrometry, we demonstrate that, although different in amino acid sequence, a selection of diverse SCM-2-type S. canis isolates, phylogenetically representing the full breadth of SCM-2 sequences, were able to bind fibrinogen. Using targeted mutagenesis of an SCM-2 isolate, we further demonstrated that this strain was significantly less able to survive in canine blood. With respect to similar studies showing a correlation between fibrinogen binding and survival in whole blood, we hypothesize that SCM-2 has an important contribution to the pathogenesis of S. canis in the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antje-Maria Lapschies
- Centre of Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Etienne Aubry
- Centre of Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas P. Kohler
- Centre for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Oliver Goldmann
- Infection Immunology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Centre for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Nerlich
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Eichhorn
- Centre of Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch Institute, Genome Competence Centre (MF1), Berlin, Germany
| | - Kira van Vorst
- Centre of Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Fulde
- Centre of Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pagnossin D, Smith A, Oravcova K, Weir W. Streptococcus canis, the underdog of the genus. Vet Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
3
|
Kabelitz T, Aubry E, van Vorst K, Amon T, Fulde M. The Role of Streptococcus spp. in Bovine Mastitis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1497. [PMID: 34361932 PMCID: PMC8305581 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Streptococcus genus belongs to one of the major pathogen groups inducing bovine mastitis. In the dairy industry, mastitis is the most common and costly disease. It not only negatively impacts economic profit due to milk losses and therapy costs, but it is an important animal health and welfare issue as well. This review describes a classification, reservoirs, and frequencies of the most relevant Streptococcus species inducing bovine mastitis (S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis). Host and environmental factors influencing mastitis susceptibility and infection rates will be discussed, because it has been indicated that Streptococcus herd prevalence is much higher than mastitis rates. After infection, we report the sequence of cow immune reactions and differences in virulence factors of the main Streptococcus species. Different mastitis detection techniques together with possible conventional and alternative therapies are described. The standard approach treating streptococcal mastitis is the application of ß-lactam antibiotics. In streptococci, increased antimicrobial resistance rates were identified against enrofloxacin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. At the end, control and prevention measures will be considered, including vaccination, hygiene plan, and further interventions. It is the aim of this review to estimate the contribution and to provide detailed knowledge about the role of the Streptococcus genus in bovine mastitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kabelitz
- Department of Engineering for Livestock Management, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy e.V. (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany;
| | - Etienne Aubry
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (E.A.); (K.v.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Kira van Vorst
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (E.A.); (K.v.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Thomas Amon
- Department of Engineering for Livestock Management, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy e.V. (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Fulde
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (E.A.); (K.v.V.); (M.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Eibl C, Baumgartner M, Urbantke V, Sigmund M, Lichtmannsperger K, Wittek T, Spergser J. An Outbreak of Subclinical Mastitis in a Dairy Herd Caused by a Novel Streptococcus canis Sequence Type (ST55). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020550. [PMID: 33672442 PMCID: PMC7923261 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although Streptococcus (S). canis is mainly isolated from carnivores, intramammary infection in dairy cows caused by this bacterium have been reported. Cats and dogs with access to the barn have been considered as the main source of these infections. Here, we report subclinical mastitis and substantially increased bulk milk somatic cell counts in a dairy herd. During a herd visit, management and hygiene practices were evaluated and data from the milk quality control program were retrieved. Furthermore, quarter milk samples, mucosal swabs from farm cats and a dog, and swabs from the milking unit were aseptically collected. The samples were examined bacteriologically, and S. canis was identified using conventional phenotypic methods and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Genetic relationships between S. canis isolates were determined by multilocus sequence typing, revealing that all S. canis isolates shared the same sequence type, presenting a new combination of alleles for which a new number (ST55) was assigned. As the most likely source of intramammary infection, a farmyard cat was identified. The concurrent treatment of all positive cows and the improvement of management (no further access of carnivores to the barn) lead to positive results, including a decreased somatic cell count. Abstract The present case report provides data on the phenotypic and genotypic properties of S. canis isolated from nine dairy cows with subclinical mastitis (SCC greater than 200,000 cells/mL in the quarter milk sample, no clinical signs) and from a cat living in the barn and reports the eradication of the pathogen from the herd with an automatic milking system. The isolates were identified using conventional bacteriology, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) and genetic relationships were investigated by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Udder health management and hygiene instructions comprised the removal of the carnivores from the barn, strict monitoring of milking hygiene and techniques to avoid new infections via the milking robot, with simultaneous therapy for all infected cows. Phenotypic and genotypic properties of all isolates were identical. MLST revealed a unique sequence type (ST55) and a farmyard cat was identified as the most likely source of the S. canis infection in cows. The simultaneous treatment of all infected cows and management and hygiene improvements lead to a decreased SCC within four weeks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Eibl
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (V.U.); (M.S.); (K.L.); (T.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-25077-5203
| | - Martina Baumgartner
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (V.U.); (M.S.); (K.L.); (T.W.)
| | - Verena Urbantke
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (V.U.); (M.S.); (K.L.); (T.W.)
| | - Michael Sigmund
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (V.U.); (M.S.); (K.L.); (T.W.)
| | - Katharina Lichtmannsperger
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (V.U.); (M.S.); (K.L.); (T.W.)
| | - Thomas Wittek
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (V.U.); (M.S.); (K.L.); (T.W.)
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sotnichenko A, Pantsov E, Shinkarev D, Okhanov V. Hydrophobized Reversed-Phase Adsorbent for Protection of Dairy Cattle against Lipophilic Toxins from Diet. Efficiensy in Vitro and in Vivo. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050256. [PMID: 31067794 PMCID: PMC6563209 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The steady growth of inflammatory diseases of the udder in dairy cattle forces us to look for the causes of this phenomenon in the context of growing chemical pollution of the environment and feeds. Within the framework of this concept, an analysis was made of the polarity level of the three toxic impurity groups, which are commonly present in dairy cattle feeds. These impurities are presented by mycotoxins, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and persistent organic pollutants (POP). It has been determined that 46% of studied mycotoxins (n = 1500) and 100% of studied polyaromatic hydrocarbons (n = 45) and persistent organic pollutants (n = 55) are lipophilic compounds, prone to bioaccumulation. A comparative evaluation of the sorption capacity of four adsorbents of a different nature and polarity with respect to the simplest PAH, naphthalene and lipophilic estrogenic mycotoxin, zearalenone in vitro has been carried out. The highest efficiency in these experiments was demonstrated by the reversed-phase polyoctylated polysilicate hydrogel (POPSH). The use of POPSH in a herd of lactating cows significantly reduced the transfer of aldrin, dieldrin and heptachlor, typical POPs from the “dirty dozen”, to the milk. The relevance of protecting the main functional systems of animals from the damaging effects of lipophilic toxins from feeds using non-polar adsorbents, and the concept of evaluating the effectiveness of various feed adsorbents for dairy cattle by their influence on the somatic cell count in the collected milk are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sotnichenko
- Research and Production Center "Fox & Co" Ltd., 117149, Simferopol Boulevard, 8, 117149 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Evgeny Pantsov
- Research and Production Center "Fox & Co" Ltd., 117149, Simferopol Boulevard, 8, 117149 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitry Shinkarev
- Research and Production Center "Fox & Co" Ltd., 117149, Simferopol Boulevard, 8, 117149 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Victor Okhanov
- Research and Production Center "Fox & Co" Ltd., 117149, Simferopol Boulevard, 8, 117149 Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nerlich A, Lapschies AM, Kohler TP, Cornax I, Eichhorn I, Goldmann O, Krienke P, Bergmann S, Nizet V, Hammerschmidt S, Rohde M, Fulde M. Homophilic protein interactions facilitate bacterial aggregation and IgG-dependent complex formation by the Streptococcus canis M protein SCM. Virulence 2019; 10:194-206. [PMID: 30829556 PMCID: PMC6527014 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1589362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus canis is a zoonotic agent that causes serious invasive diseases in domestic animals and humans, but knowledge about its pathogenic potential and underlying virulence mechanisms is limited. Here, we report on the ability of certain S. canis isolates to form large bacterial aggregates when grown in liquid broth. Bacterial aggregation was attributed to the presence and the self-binding activity of SCM, the M protein of S. canis, as evaluated by bacterial sedimentation assays, immunofluorescence- and electron microscopic approaches. Using a variety of truncated recombinant SCM fragments, we demonstrated that homophilic SCM interactions occur via the N-terminal, but not the C-terminal part, of the mature M protein. Interestingly, when incubated in human plasma, SCM forms soluble protein complexes comprising its known ligands, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and plasminogen (Plg). Co-incubation studies with purified host proteins revealed that SCM-mediated complex formation is based on the interaction of SCM with itself and with IgG, but not with Plg or fibrinogen (Fbg), well-established constituents of M protein-mediated protein complexes in human-associated streptococci. Notably, these soluble, SCM-mediated plasma complexes harbored complement factor C1q, which can induce complement breakdown in the periphery and therefore represent another immune evasion mechanism of SCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nerlich
- a Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine , Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany.,b Department of Medical Microbiology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Antje-Maria Lapschies
- c Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Thomas P Kohler
- d Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes , University of Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Ingrid Cornax
- e Department of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , UC San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Inga Eichhorn
- c Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Oliver Goldmann
- f Infection Immunology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Petra Krienke
- c Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Simone Bergmann
- b Department of Medical Microbiology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany.,g Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Microbiology , Technische Universität Braunschweig , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Victor Nizet
- e Department of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , UC San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- d Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes , University of Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- b Department of Medical Microbiology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany.,h Central Facility for Microscopy , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Marcus Fulde
- b Department of Medical Microbiology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany.,c Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bergmann S, Eichhorn I, Kohler TP, Hammerschmidt S, Goldmann O, Rohde M, Fulde M. SCM, the M Protein of Streptococcus canis Binds Immunoglobulin G. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:80. [PMID: 28401063 PMCID: PMC5368172 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The M protein of Streptococcus canis (SCM) is a virulence factor and serves as a surface-associated receptor with a particular affinity for mini-plasminogen, a cleavage product of the broad-spectrum serine protease plasmin. Here, we report that SCM has an additional high-affinity immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding activity. The ability of a particular S. canis isolate to bind to IgG significantly correlates with a scm-positive phenotype, suggesting a dominant role of SCM as an IgG receptor. Subsequent heterologous expression of SCM in non-IgG binding S. gordonii and Western Blot analysis with purified recombinant SCM proteins confirmed its IgG receptor function. As expected for a zoonotic agent, the SCM-IgG interaction is species-unspecific, with a particular affinity of SCM for IgGs derived from human, cats, dogs, horses, mice, and rabbits, but not from cows and goats. Similar to other streptococcal IgG-binding proteins, the interaction between SCM and IgG occurs via the conserved Fc domain and is, therefore, non-opsonic. Interestingly, the interaction between SCM and IgG-Fc on the bacterial surface specifically prevents opsonization by C1q, which might constitute another anti-phagocytic mechanism of SCM. Extensive binding analyses with a variety of different truncated SCM fragments defined a region of 52 amino acids located in the central part of the mature SCM protein which is important for IgG binding. This binding region is highly conserved among SCM proteins derived from different S. canis isolates but differs significantly from IgG-Fc receptors of S. pyogenes and S. dysgalactiae sub. equisimilis, respectively. In summary, we present an additional role of SCM in the pathogen-host interaction of S. canis. The detailed analysis of the SCM-IgG interaction should contribute to a better understanding of the complex roles of M proteins in streptococcal pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bergmann
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Inga Eichhorn
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas P Kohler
- Department Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald Greifswald, Germany
| | - Oliver Goldmann
- Department of Infection Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marcus Fulde
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Helmholtz Center for Infection ResearchBraunschweig, Germany; Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Król J, Twardoń J, Mrowiec J, Podkowik M, Dejneka G, Dębski B, Nowicki T, Zalewski W. Short communication: Streptococcus canis is able to establish a persistent udder infection in a dairy herd. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7090-6. [PMID: 26233445 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis caused by Streptococcus canis is relatively rare. Consequently, many epidemiologic aspects of the infection, including factors that mediate crossing of host species barriers by the pathogen, infectiousness of the microorganism to the mammary gland, and the course of the disease within a herd, are still not elucidated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to describe results of a 15-mo observation of subclinical Strep. canis mastitis on a dairy farm housing 76 lactating Holstein-Friesian cows. Upon 3 visits to the farm during a period between April 2013 and June 2014, Strep. canis was cultured from milk samples of 17 (22.4% of the herd), 7 (9.6%), and 8 (11.3%) cows, respectively. The isolates obtained were characterized phenotypically by means of the API Strep identification kit (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France), as well as genetically by using random amplified polymorphic DNA and macrorestriction analysis of the chromosomal DNA by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. All strains displayed the same biochemical features, and the molecular methods revealed that the isolates belonged to a single clone or were very closely related. Results of the study indicate that Strep. canis is capable of causing intramammary infections of long duration, behaving in a contagious manner. Because a persistently infected cow may serve as the source of Strep. canis infection for other animals, effective control of this type of udder infection within a herd may require similar measures to those adopted in Streptococcus agalactiae eradication programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Król
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; Department of Pathology, St. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Jan Twardoń
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Mrowiec
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Podkowik
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, St. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Dejneka
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bogdan Dębski
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, St. Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Nowicki
- Military University of Technology, St. Gen. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Zalewski
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pinho MD, Matos SC, Pomba C, Lübke-Becker A, Wieler LH, Preziuso S, Melo-Cristino J, Ramirez M. Multilocus sequence analysis of Streptococcus canis confirms the zoonotic origin of human infections and reveals genetic exchange with Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:1099-109. [PMID: 23345291 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02912-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus canis is an animal pathogen that occasionally causes human infections. Isolates recovered from infections of animals (n = 78, recovered from 2000 to 2010 in three European countries, mainly from house pets) and humans (n = 7, recovered from 2006 to 2010 in Portugal) were identified by phenotypic and genotypic methods and characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and emm typing. S. canis isolates presented considerable variability in biochemical profiles and 16S rRNA. Resistance to antimicrobial agents was low, with the most significant being tet(M)- and tet(O)-mediated tetracycline resistance. MLST analysis revealed a polyclonal structure of the S. canis population causing infections, where the same genetic lineages were found infecting house pets and humans and were disseminated in distinct geographic locations. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that S. canis was a divergent taxon of the sister species Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis and found evidence of acquisition of genetic material by S. canis from S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis. PFGE confirmed the MLST findings, further strengthening the similarity between animal and human isolates. The presence of emm-like genes was restricted to a few isolates and correlated with some MLST-based genetic lineages, but none of the human isolates could be emm typed. Our data show that S. canis isolates recovered from house pets and humans constitute a single population and demonstrate that isolates belonging to the main genetic lineages identified have the ability to infect the human host, providing strong evidence for the zoonotic nature of S. canis infection.
Collapse
|
10
|
Richards VP, Zadoks RN, Pavinski Bitar PD, Lefébure T, Lang P, Werner B, Tikofsky L, Moroni P, Stanhope MJ. Genome characterization and population genetic structure of the zoonotic pathogen, Streptococcus canis. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:293. [PMID: 23244770 PMCID: PMC3541175 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus canis is an important opportunistic pathogen of dogs and cats that can also infect a wide range of additional mammals including cows where it can cause mastitis. It is also an emerging human pathogen. Results Here we provide characterization of the first genome sequence for this species, strain FSL S3-227 (milk isolate from a cow with an intra-mammary infection). A diverse array of putative virulence factors was encoded by the S. canis FSL S3-227 genome. Approximately 75% of these gene sequences were homologous to known Streptococcal virulence factors involved in invasion, evasion, and colonization. Present in the genome are multiple potentially mobile genetic elements (MGEs) [plasmid, phage, integrative conjugative element (ICE)] and comparison to other species provided convincing evidence for lateral gene transfer (LGT) between S. canis and two additional bovine mastitis causing pathogens (Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae), with this transfer possibly contributing to host adaptation. Population structure among isolates obtained from Europe and USA [bovine = 56, canine = 26, and feline = 1] was explored. Ribotyping of all isolates and multi locus sequence typing (MLST) of a subset of the isolates (n = 45) detected significant differentiation between bovine and canine isolates (Fisher exact test: P = 0.0000 [ribotypes], P = 0.0030 [sequence types]), suggesting possible host adaptation of some genotypes. Concurrently, the ancestral clonal complex (54% of isolates) occurred in many tissue types, all hosts, and all geographic locations suggesting the possibility of a wide and diverse niche. Conclusion This study provides evidence highlighting the importance of LGT in the evolution of the bacteria S. canis, specifically, its possible role in host adaptation and acquisition of virulence factors. Furthermore, recent LGT detected between S. canis and human bacteria (Streptococcus urinalis) is cause for concern, as it highlights the possibility for continued acquisition of human virulence factors for this emerging zoonotic pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P Richards
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Zoonotic infections caused by Streptococcus spp. have been neglected in spite of the fact that frequency and severity of outbreaks increased dramatically in recent years. This may be due to non-identification since respective species are often not considered in human medical diagnostic procedures. On the other hand, an expanding human population concomitant with an increasing demand for food and the increased number of companion animals favour conditions for host species adaptation of animal streptococci. This review aims to give an overview on streptococcal zoonoses with focus on epidemiology and pathogenicity of four major zoonotic species, Streptococcus canis, Streptococcus equi sub. zooepidemicus, Streptococcus iniae and Streptococcus suis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zadoks RN, Middleton JR, McDougall S, Katholm J, Schukken YH. Molecular epidemiology of mastitis pathogens of dairy cattle and comparative relevance to humans. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:357-72. [PMID: 21968538 PMCID: PMC3208832 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, inflammation of the mammary gland, can be caused by a wide range of organisms, including gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, mycoplasmas and algae. Many microbial species that are common causes of bovine mastitis, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus also occur as commensals or pathogens of humans whereas other causative species, such as Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae or Staphylococcus chromogenes, are almost exclusively found in animals. A wide range of molecular typing methods have been used in the past two decades to investigate the epidemiology of bovine mastitis at the subspecies level. These include comparative typing methods that are based on electrophoretic banding patterns, library typing methods that are based on the sequence of selected genes, virulence gene arrays and whole genome sequencing projects. The strain distribution of mastitis pathogens has been investigated within individual animals and across animals, herds, countries and host species, with consideration of the mammary gland, other animal or human body sites, and environmental sources. Molecular epidemiological studies have contributed considerably to our understanding of sources, transmission routes, and prognosis for many bovine mastitis pathogens and to our understanding of mechanisms of host-adaptation and disease causation. In this review, we summarize knowledge gleaned from two decades of molecular epidemiological studies of mastitis pathogens in dairy cattle and discuss aspects of comparative relevance to human medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|