1
|
Schwartz K, Schwalbe E, Buttke D, Bragg T, Killion H, Sondgeroth KS, Malmberg JL. Evaluating Two Sampling Methods for Mycoplasma Bovis Diagnosis in American Bison (Bison bison). J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:584-593. [PMID: 38768955 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a bacterial pathogen endemic to cattle. In the early 2000s, M. bovis emerged as a cause of respiratory disease in American bison (Bison bison), causing significant morbidity and mortality. Bison herds that experience an outbreak of M. bovis are at higher risk for subsequent outbreaks, suggesting that chronic, subclinical infections can be established. Antemortem testing is therefore crucial to disease management; however, the precise sampling method to maximize detection of M. bovis in bison is unknown. We evaluated two sample types-superficial nasal swabs and deep nasopharyngeal swabs-collected from apparently healthy or symptomatic bison from January 2021 through December 2022. We used real-time PCR to detect M. bovis in 76/938 bison (8.1%) from 11 herds. For bison testing positive on at least one swab type, M. bovis was detected in 63/76 (82.8%) deep nasopharyngeal swabs and 29/73 (38.1%) superficial nasal swabs. Agreement between swabs for positive bison was 21% (n=16, kappa coefficient 0.319). We conclude that deep nasopharyngeal swabbing is more sensitive than superficial nasal swabbing for detection of M. bovis in bison and that low agreement between methods may be related to stage of infection. We further tested pooled samples by PCR and found that pooling of up to five samples can be effective to increase throughput and minimize costs. Management of wild bison relies on the ability to relocate animals to maintain gene flow and healthy populations. Sensitive and specific diagnostic tests are needed to inform decisions and minimize risk of transmission, especially from subclinical carriers. This study provides valuable insight that will inform best practices for M. bovis testing, thereby supporting the conservation of bison as healthy wildlife, which in turn promotes ecological restoration, safeguards cultural practices of Tribal Nations, and upholds the bison as a unique American icon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie Schwartz
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
| | - Erin Schwalbe
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
| | - Danielle Buttke
- Biological Resources Division, National Park Service, 1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 200, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, USA
| | - Tom Bragg
- Turner Institute of Ecoagriculture, 901 Technology Boulevard, Bozeman, Montana 59718, USA
| | - Halcyon Killion
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
| | - Kerry S Sondgeroth
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
| | - Jennifer L Malmberg
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
- Current address: National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fasogbon IV, Ondari EN, Deusdedit T, Rangasamy L, Krishnan S, Aja PM. Point-of-care potentials of lateral flow-based field screening for Mycoplasma bovis infections: a literature review. Biol Methods Protoc 2024; 9:bpae034. [PMID: 38835856 PMCID: PMC11147795 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) field screening for tools for Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is still lacking due to the requirement for a simple, robust field-applicable test that does not entail specialized laboratory equipment. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, this review identifies the methodologies that were retrieved based on our search strategy that have been reported for the diagnosis of m. bovis infection between 2014 and diagnostics. A search criterion was generated to curate 103 articles, which were reduced in number (to 46), following the screening guidelines of PRISMA. The 43 articles included in the study present 25 different assay methods. The assay methods were grouped as microbiological culture, serological assay, PCR-based assay, LAMP-based assay, NGS-based assay, or lateral flow assay. We, however, focus our discussion on the three lateral flow-based assays relative to others, highlighting the advantages they present above the other techniques and their potential applicability as a POC diagnostic test for M. bovis infections. We therefore call for further research on developing a lateral flow-based screening tool that could revolutionize the diagnosis of M. bovis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilemobayo V Fasogbon
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University-Western Campus, Bushenyi 41201, Uganda
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Erick N Ondari
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pure & Applied Sciences, Kisii University, Kisii 40200, Kenya
| | - Tusubira Deusdedit
- Department of Biochemistry, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara 40301, Uganda
| | - Loganathan Rangasamy
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Sasirekha Krishnan
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Patrick M Aja
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University-Western Campus, Bushenyi 41201, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marquetoux N, Vignes M, Burroughs A, Sumner E, Sawford K, Jones G. Evaluation of the accuracy of the IDvet serological test for Mycoplasma bovis infection in cattle using latent class analysis of paired serum ELISA and quantitative real-time PCR on tonsillar swabs sampled at slaughter. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285598. [PMID: 37167206 PMCID: PMC10174590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis (Mbovis) was first detected in cattle in New Zealand (NZ) in July 2017. To prevent further spread, NZ launched a world-first National Eradication Programme in May 2018. Existing diagnostic tests for Mbovis have been applied in countries where Mbovis is endemic, for detecting infection following outbreaks of clinical disease. Diagnostic test evaluation (DTE) under NZ conditions was thus required to inform the Programme. We used Bayesian Latent Class Analysis on paired serum ELISA (ID Screen Mycoplasma bovis Indirect from IDvet) and tonsillar swabs (qPCR) for DTE in the absence of a gold standard. Tested samples were collected at slaughter between June 2018 and November 2019, from infected herds depopulated by the Programme. A first set of models evaluated the detection of active infection, i.e. the presence of Mbovis in the host. At a modified serology positivity threshold of SP%> = 90, estimates of animal-level ELISA sensitivity was 72.8% (95% credible interval 68.5%-77.4%), respectively 97.7% (95% credible interval 97.3%-98.1%) for specificity, while the qPCR sensitivity was 45.2% (95% credible interval 41.0%-49.8%), respectively 99.6% (95% credible interval 99.4%-99.8%) for specificity. In a second set of models, prior information about ELISA specificity was obtained from the National Beef Cattle Surveillance Programme, a population theoretically free-or very low prevalence-of Mbovis. These analyses aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the ELISA test targeting prior exposure to Mbovis, rather than active infection. The specificity of the ELISA for detecting exposure to Mbovis was 99.9% (95% credible interval 99.7%-100.0%), hence near perfect at the threshold SP%=90. This specificity estimate, considerably higher than in the first set of models, was equivalent to the manufacturer's estimate. The corresponding ELISA sensitivity estimate was 66.0% (95% credible interval 62.7%-70.7%). These results confirm that the IDvet ELISA test is an appropriate tool for determining exposure and infection status of herds, both to delimit and confirm the absence of Mbovis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Marquetoux
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Matthieu Vignes
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Amy Burroughs
- Ministry for Primary Industries New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Emma Sumner
- Ministry for Primary Industries New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kate Sawford
- Ministry for Primary Industries New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
- Kate Sawford Epidemiol Consulting, Callala Bay, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoff Jones
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barnewall RJ, Marsh IB, Williams TM, Cusack PMV, Sales N, Galea F, Szentirmay AN, Quinn JC. Efficiency-corrected PCR quantification for identification of prevalence and load of respiratory disease-causing agents in feedlot cattle. Aust Vet J 2022; 100:539-549. [PMID: 36328540 PMCID: PMC9804408 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most prevalent disease in feedlot cattle worldwide with Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoAHV1), Histophilus somni, Mannheimia haemolytica, Mycoplasma bovis, Pasteurella multocida and Trueperella pyogenes accepted to be common etiological agents associated with BRD. Although these agents are common in the upper and lower airways in clinical BRD cases, some also exist as normal flora suggesting their presence in the upper airways alone is not necessarily informative with respect to disease status or risk. To determine the relationship between presence, load and disease status, we investigated the relationship between load in the upper airways at induction and active BRD cases in feedlot cattle using efficiency-corrected PCR quantification. By this approach, we were able to accurately determine the prevalence and load of the key BRD agents in the upper respiratory tract showing that cattle in the hospital pen had a higher prevalence, and load, of these agents both singly and in combination compared to cattle sampled at feedlot induction. A combination of agents was the most accurate indicator of BRD risk with cattle with four or more agents detected in the upper airway more likely to be undergoing treatment for BRD than non-BRD ailments. In addition, M. bovis was rarely detected at feedlot induction but was identified at high prevalence in cattle in the hospital pen. These findings present a potential new technological approach for the investigation, analysis and identification of BRD-associated viral and bacterial agents for Australian feedlot systems as well as for BRD disease management and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- RJ Barnewall
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt UniversityLocked Bag 588Wagga WaggaNew South Wales2678Australia
- Gulbali Institute for Agriculture, Water and the EnvironmentWagga WaggaNew South Wales2678Australia
| | - IB Marsh
- NSW DPI, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural InstitutePMB 4008NarellanNew South Wales2567Australia
| | - TM Williams
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt UniversityLocked Bag 588Wagga WaggaNew South Wales2678Australia
- Gulbali Institute for Agriculture, Water and the EnvironmentWagga WaggaNew South Wales2678Australia
- Present address:
School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University554‐700 Yaamba Road, Norman GardensRockhamptonQueensland4701Australia
| | - PMV Cusack
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt UniversityLocked Bag 588Wagga WaggaNew South Wales2678Australia
- Australian Livestock Production ServicesCowraNew South Wales2794Australia
| | - N Sales
- NSW DPI, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural InstitutePMB 4008NarellanNew South Wales2567Australia
| | - F Galea
- NSW DPI, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural InstitutePMB 4008NarellanNew South Wales2567Australia
| | - AN Szentirmay
- Gene Target Solutions Pty Ltd, Unit 3CBuilding 4, 256B New Line RoadDuralNew South Wales2158Australia
| | - JC Quinn
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt UniversityLocked Bag 588Wagga WaggaNew South Wales2678Australia
- Gulbali Institute for Agriculture, Water and the EnvironmentWagga WaggaNew South Wales2678Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stone M. Biosecurity is critical to New Zealand's national security, economy and way of life. N Z Vet J 2021; 69:309-312. [PMID: 34579612 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2021.1965076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
6
|
Pohjanvirta T, Vähänikkilä N, Talvitie V, Pelkonen S, Autio T. Suitability of Nasal and Deep Nasopharyngeal Swab Sampling of Calves in the Mycoplasma bovis Control Program. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:689212. [PMID: 34568471 PMCID: PMC8460904 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.689212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important cattle pathogen affecting animal health, welfare, and productivity. The main disease syndromes are mastitis, pneumonia, and otitis media in young stock, as well as arthritis. Response to antibiotic treatment is poor and no effective vaccine is available. Asymptomatic carriers are common and usually harbor the organism in the airways or mammary glands. Purchase of carrier animals is a major risk for the introduction of infection into naive herds. Following the detection of M. bovis in Finland in 2012, a voluntary control program was established. It aims to prevent the spread of the infection and to help farms attain certification of a low M. bovis risk. Among the diagnostic tools in the program, nasal swabs (NS) from young calves have been tested for M. bovis to indicate the infection status of the herd. In this study, we assessed the suitability of this test method. We analyzed the effectiveness of NS and deep nasopharyngeal swabs (NP) to detect M. bovis in pneumonic and healthy calves in dairy herds recently infected with M. bovis. In pneumonic calves, NP sampling followed by culture and real-time PCR demonstrated a proportion of positive agreement (PPA) of 0.91 compared with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), whereas NS showed only 0.5 PPA compared with BAL. Among healthy dairy calves, overall M. bovis prevalence in NS was 29.6%. The highest rate of shedding (43%) occurred in calves 31–60 days old. At the calf level, M. bovis prevalence in NP samples was 47% compared with 33% in NS samples among the 284 studied calves. However, at the herd level, NS sampling classified 51 out of 54 herds with a positive infection status as infected, whereas in NP sampling, the respective figure was 43 out of 54 herds (p = 0.061). In conclusion, NS sampling from calves under 6 months of age and analyzed by real-time PCR is a cost-efficient method for a control program to detect M. bovis in dairy herds, even if no M. bovis mastitis has been detected in the herd. For pneumonic calves, we recommend only NP or BAL sampling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarja Pohjanvirta
- Veterinary Bacteriology and Pathology, Finnish Food Authority, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nella Vähänikkilä
- Veterinary Bacteriology and Pathology, Finnish Food Authority, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vera Talvitie
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland.,Animal Health Ettry, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Sinikka Pelkonen
- Veterinary Bacteriology and Pathology, Finnish Food Authority, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiina Autio
- Veterinary Bacteriology and Pathology, Finnish Food Authority, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|