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Kennard A. The Gifts of Introversion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Obstet Gynecol 2023; 142:1252-1254. [PMID: 37562023 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000005311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kennard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marian Regional Medical Center, Santa Maria, California
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2
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Abbiati M, Cerutti B. Do students' personality traits change during medical training? A longitudinal cohort study. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2023; 28:1079-1092. [PMID: 36729195 PMCID: PMC10624741 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-023-10205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Many medical schools incorporate assessments of personal characteristics, including personality traits, in their selection process. However, little is known about whether changes in personality traits during medical training affect the predictive validity of personality assessments. The present study addressed this issue by examining the stability of personality traits and their predictive validity over a 6-year medical training course. Participants were two cohorts of Swiss medical students (N = 272, 72% of students admitted to Year 2) from whom we collected demographic data, Swiss medical studies aptitude test (EMS) scores, Big Five personality traits scores measured at three times and scores on the multiple-choice and objective structured clinical examination parts of the final medical examination. Our findings indicated that personality traits had medium-to-high rank-order stability (r > .60 over 3 years and r > .50 over 6 years). Mean-level changes were moderate for agreeableness (d = + 0.72) and small for neuroticism and conscientiousness (d = -0.29, d = -0.25, respectively). Individual reliable change indices ranged from 4.5% for openness to 23.8% for neuroticism. The predictive validity was similar to that of the first three years of follow-up. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate changes in personality across undergraduate curriculum. Medical students' personality traits were mostly stable across medical school and retain their predictive validity. Consequently, this study supports the use of tools measuring constructs underlying personality traits in selection. In addition, this study confirms that examination formats could favor students with certain personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Abbiati
- Unit of Development and Research in Medical Education (UDREM), University of Geneva, Medical School, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Psychiatry Department, Unit of Forensic Psychiatry (IPL), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Bernard Cerutti
- Unit of Development and Research in Medical Education (UDREM), University of Geneva, Medical School, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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Balas M, Scheepers RM, Zador Z, Ibrahim GM, Premji L, Witiw CD. Profiling medical specialties and informing aspiring physicians: a data-driven approach. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2023:10.1007/s10459-023-10283-2. [PMID: 37698730 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-023-10283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
A detailed, unbiased perspective of the inter-relations among medical fields could help students make informed decisions on their future career plans. Using a data-driven approach, the inter-relations among different medical fields were decomposed and clustered based on the similarity of their working environments.Publicly available, aggregate databases were merged into a single rich dataset containing demographic, working environment and remuneration information for physicians across Canada. These data were collected from the Canadian Institute for Health Information, the Canadian Medical Association, and the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, primarily from 2018 to 2019. The merged dataset includes 25 unique medical specialties, each with 36 indicator variables. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was used to group specialties into distinct clusters based on relatedness.The 25 medical specialties were decomposed into seven clusters (latent variables) that were chosen based on the Bayesian Information Criterion. The Kruskal-Wallis test identified eight indicator variables that significantly differed between the seven profiles. These variables included income, work settings and payment styles. Variables that did not significantly vary between profiles included demographics, professional satisfaction, and work-life balance satisfaction.The 25 analyzed medical specialties were grouped in an unsupervised manner into seven profiles via LPA. These profiles correspond to expected and meaningful groups of specialties that share a common theme and set of indicator variables (e.g. procedurally-focused, clinic-based practice). These profiles can help aspiring physicians narrow down and guide specialty choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Balas
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Zsolt Zador
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - George M Ibrahim
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 30 Bond Street, M5B 1W8, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laila Premji
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Paediatric Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher D Witiw
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 30 Bond Street, M5B 1W8, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Thompson-Harvey A, Drake M, Flanary VA. Perceptions of Otolaryngology Residency Among Students Underrepresented in Medicine. Laryngoscope 2022; 132:2335-2343. [PMID: 35244230 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (OHNS) has historically been one of the least diverse surgical subspecialties. The objective of this study was to better understand perceptions of OHNS from underrepresented students in medicine (URiM) and identify factors affecting URiM application to the specialty. STUDY DESIGN Survey via electronic questionnaire. METHODS An anonymous, 22-question electronic survey was administered nationally to URiM medical students (N = 388) regarding factors that play a role in developing an interest in applying to OHNS. Responses to questions were compared between URiMs applying to OHNS and those applying to other fields. RESULTS Thirty-six percent of respondents identified as African American and 26% as Latino. Students completed the survey in all years of medical school. Research opportunities (H(2) = 18.58, P < .001) and having a race-concordant role model were the most important factors for those pursing OHNS residency. Personality fit and interactions with OHNS faculty had the greatest influence on their decision to pursue OHNS residency. Board scores (e.g., USMLE Step 1/2CK Scores), competitiveness, lifestyle during residency, the influence of application costs, and racial/ethnic and gender distributions did not reach statistical significance or were noninfluential. CONCLUSION URiMs applying to OHNS value race-concordant mentorship, are involved in research, and have meaningful relationships with their respective OHNS department. We found that establishing meaningful connections with URiM mentors significantly impacts URiM students considering OHNS. While this cohort was not influenced by overemphasis of board scores within the OHNS match process, the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted this aspect of their application, along with away rotations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 132:2335-2343, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Thompson-Harvey
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Marc Drake
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Valerie A Flanary
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.,Office of Diversity and Inclusion, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
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Lermen C, Wetzel W, Britz V, Sterz J, Bechstein WO, Schreckenbach T. Empathy, personality traits, and emotional management in 2nd and 4th-year dentistry students: a single-center study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:2. [PMID: 34980112 PMCID: PMC8722276 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-03080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients fearing dental interventions are at risk of delaying or skipping much-needed treatments. Empathic communication could lead to a higher rate of compliance from patients within this group. Empathy, the big five personality traits, and emotion management abilities are all known to influence the quality of communication between dentists and patients. This study was conducted to analyze whether there is a correlation between these factors in dentistry students. METHODS Dentistry students in their 2nd and 4th year of study were asked to complete questionnaires assessing empathy, emotion management, and personality traits. Out of a total of 148 eligible participants, 53 students (34%) volunteered to participate. For empathy, the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (students' version; JSPE-S) and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) were used. Personality traits were assessed using the Short Big Five Inventory (BFI-s), and the Situational Test of Emotional Management (STEM) to measure emotional management ability. RESULTS Higher scores for emotion management were significantly correlated with the female gender (p ≤ 0.005) and with higher scores in openness (p ≤ 0.05). Students with higher scores in openness also achieved higher scores on the IRI subscales: Perspective taking (p ≤ 0.05), Fantasy (p ≤ 0.01), Empathic concern (p ≤ 0.05), and Personal distress (p ≤ 0.05). For JSPE-S, no correlation with emotion management and personality traits was found. CONCLUSION Empathy and emotion management might not be significantly related in dentistry students. Regarding personality traits, students who scored higher on openness also indicated higher abilities in emotion management. These findings should be taken into consideration when planning communication courses for dentistry students, as it might be possible to independently train empathy and emotion management as part of emotional intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lermen
- Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation and Thoracic Surgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt University Hospital and Clinics, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Willi Wetzel
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Carolinum, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Vanessa Britz
- Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt interdisciplinary simulation center FIneST, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jasmina Sterz
- Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Wolf O Bechstein
- Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation and Thoracic Surgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt University Hospital and Clinics, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Teresa Schreckenbach
- Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation and Thoracic Surgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt University Hospital and Clinics, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Suciu N, Meliț LE, Mărginean CO. A Holistic Approach of Personality Traits in Medical Students: An Integrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312822. [PMID: 34886548 PMCID: PMC8657758 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Personality is one of the most crucial aspects of human life, since it influences all human behaviours in both personal and social life, and might also trigger important conflicts with a person’s surroundings in the setting of incompatible traits and characteristics. It is true that ‘one must be born’ for a certain medical specialty, but several components of personality might be educated with proper training. Increased levels of Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Openness associated with lower levels of Neuroticism might represent the key combination for achieving professional satisfaction in the medical profession. Medical students should receive proper interprofessional education, since effective interprofessional relationships among healthcare providers definitely improve patients’ safety. Empathy contributes to effective patient–physician communication, improving patient trust, compliance, and satisfaction, being positively correlated with Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and Extraversion. Emotional intelligence—the capacity to respond to one’s own and others’ emotions—was proven to contribute, in a synergistic way with empathy, to increasing empathic ability. Clinical communication skills represent a key component in medical students in order to achieve the best patient care, and they are certainly related and/or influenced by empathy, interprofessional collaboration skills, emotional intelligence and, especially, personality traits. Taking into account the complex interactions mentioned above, the implementation of effective courses based on these concepts in medical students, intending to promote the development of clinical communication skills, represents a real emergency, since it might result in a reduction in medical errors and subsequent related deaths. A thorough understanding of students’ personality is mandatory before designing these courses in order to provide a training tailored to their personality styles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Suciu
- European and Research Projects Department, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Lorena Elena Meliț
- Department of Pediatrics I, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-742-984744
| | - Cristina Oana Mărginean
- Department of Pediatrics I, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
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MacNevin W, Poon E, Skinner TA. Technology readiness of medical students and the association of technology readiness with specialty interest. CANADIAN MEDICAL EDUCATION JOURNAL 2021; 12:e31-e41. [PMID: 33995718 PMCID: PMC8105587 DOI: 10.36834/cmej.70624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technology readiness (TR) is a construct which characterizes an individual's propensity to utilize new technology. Despite increased technology use in healthcare, limited data exists on medical student TR and the relation of TR with specialty interest. This study assesses the TR of 2nd year medical students and its association with specialty interest. METHODS Respondents completed a survey assessing their most preferred specialty, specialty interests, and technology readiness using a 5-point Likert scale. Using Chi-square analysis, we examined the relation between demographics, TR, and specialty interest. RESULTS This study obtained a 45.7% (n = 53/116) response rate demonstrating that 79.2% (n = 42/53) of students were "technology ready." Male students were more likely to be technology ready (95.2%, n = 20/21, vs 68.8%, n = 22/32, p = 0.02) when compared to female students. Technology ready students were associated with being more interested in "Technology-Focused" specialties compared to students who were not technology ready (88.5%, n = 23/26 vs 70.4%, n = 19/27, p = 0.104). CONCLUSIONS As a cohort, most medical students were technology ready. It is inconclusive if technology ready students are more likely to be interested in technology-focused specialties due to the limited sample size of this study, although with an increased sample size, an improved understanding on technology readiness and its potential impact on student specialty interest may be obtained. Furthermore, knowledge of TR may aid in developing targeted technology-based education programs and in improving remedial approaches for students who are less comfortable with new technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt MacNevin
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Eric Poon
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Thomas A Skinner
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Urology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Berduzco-Torres N, Medina P, Choquenaira-Callañaupa B, San-Martín M, Delgado Bolton RC, Vivanco L. Family Loneliness: Its Effects in the Development of Empathy, Teamwork and Lifelong Learning Abilities in Medical Students. Front Psychol 2020; 11:2046. [PMID: 33013515 PMCID: PMC7461979 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Family offers an important source of social support where individuals acquire social abilities that are necessary to create positive human relationships. This influence has been discussed by different sociological and psychological theories along the life span of individuals. In medicine, empathy, teamwork, and lifelong learning have been described as specific elements of professionalism that have special importance in the interaction with patients and in physicians' well-being at the workplace. This study was performed with the aim of demonstrating the following hypothesis: In the absence of specific training in empathy and teamwork and lifelong learning abilities, their development in medical students is associated with the students' perception of loneliness from their family environment. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed in the only two medical schools of Cusco (Peru), one private and the other public. Jefferson Scales of Empathy, Teamwork, and Lifelong Learning were used as the main measures. Mother-son and father-son relationships and family loneliness were measured to characterize the family environment. In addition, information related to sex, medical school, academic achievements, and place of origin were collected to control possible biases. Comparative, correlation, and multiple regression analyses were performed among the variables studied. RESULTS In a sample of 818 medical students, differences by school appeared in empathy, teamwork, lifelong learning, and family loneliness. In addition, family loneliness showed an inverse correlation with empathy, teamwork, and learning measures. While having a positive relationship with the mother was associated with a greater development of empathy and learning abilities in the entire sample, a similar effect was observed in father-son relationships, but only in the private medical school group. Finally, in the public medical group, a multiple regression model explained 43% of the variability of empathy based on a lineal relationship with teamwork (p < 0.001), lifelong learning (p < 0.001), and family loneliness (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION These findings confirm how family loneliness is detrimental to the development of medical professionalism. Also, they support the important role that the family, and especially parents, plays in the development of empathy, teamwork, and abilities in medical students. Finally, these findings highlighted important differences among students enrolled in public and private medical schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Berduzco-Torres
- Escuela Profesional de Enfermería, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | - Pamela Medina
- Escuela Profesional de Enfermería, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | | | - Montserrat San-Martín
- Departamento de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Universidad de Granada, Melilla, Spain
| | - Roberto C Delgado Bolton
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
- Plataforma de Bioética y Educación Médica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Documentación en Bioética, Fundacion Rioja Salud, Logroño, Spain
| | - Luis Vivanco
- Plataforma de Bioética y Educación Médica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Documentación en Bioética, Fundacion Rioja Salud, Logroño, Spain
- Area de Salud, Nutrición y Bioética, Fundación Universitaria Iberoamericana (FUNIBER), Barcelona, Spain
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Milić J, Škrlec I, Milić Vranješ I, Jakab J, Plužarić V, Heffer M. Importance of the big-five in the future medical specialty preference. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 20:234. [PMID: 32698797 PMCID: PMC7376693 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02151-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most crucial decision in the physician's career after graduation is undoubtedly the choice of specialization. It is conditioned by many factors such as intellectual challenges, clinical experience, economic and social influences. The aim of this study was to determine whether personality traits affect the choice of medical specialty at the University of Osijek, Croatia. METHODS This cross-sectional study included a total of 407 medical students. To assess the personality traits, the IPIP Big-Five questionnaire was used. RESULTS There were no differences in four of the five personality traits of the Big-Five questionnaire when comparing the groups based on their specialty preference: extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability. A significant difference was found for openness to experience (intellect/imagination) trait, where students who preferred psychiatry specialties achieved the highest score, and those who chose public health specialties scored the lowest. We observed no significant effect between gender and specialty preference based on personality traits. CONCLUSIONS We could not attribute the differences in personality traits to specialty preference. Medical students with higher scores on agreeableness and openness (intellect/imagination) scales were more inclined to psychiatric specialties, and more conscientiousness students preferred the anesthesiology and emergency medicine specialties. Even if variations in personality traits do not exist across different specialties, many other factors influence specialty preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakov Milić
- Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Škrlec
- Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Crkvena 21, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Iva Milić Vranješ
- Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Jelena Jakab
- Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Crkvena 21, 31000, Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Vera Plužarić
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marija Heffer
- Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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Barbosa-Camacho FJ, Miranda-Ackerman RC, Vázquez-Reyna I, Jimenez-Ley VB, Barrera-López FJ, Contreras-Cordero VS, Sánchez-López VA, Castillo-Valverde TJ, Lamas-Abbadie CDC, González-Adán BA, Cortes-Flores AO, Morgan-Villela G, Cervantes-Cardona GA, Cervantes-Guevara G, Fuentes-Orozco C, González-Ojeda A. Association between HEXACO personality traits and medical specialty preferences in Mexican medical students: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Psychol 2020; 8:23. [PMID: 32171327 PMCID: PMC7071694 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-020-0390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medical specialty is a critical choice in a physician’s life because it determines their professional future and medical practice. While some are motivated to choose a specific specialty based on the monetary gain it can provide, others are inspired by seeing the work performed by a physician or by a patient’s recovery. It is common to stereotype doctors’ personalities by their specialty. Methods This was a cross-sectional survey study in which we administered the 100-item HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised to 292 medical students between September 2018 and March 2019. We evaluated six different domains of personality traits. We also included questions about their medical specialty of choice, their least preferred specialty, and the motivation behind these choices. The participants included 175 women (59.9%) and 117 men (40.1%). Results When the participants were asked about their preferred type of medical specialty, 52.4% indicated a preference for surgical specialties (surgical group) vs 47.6% who preferred clinical specialties (clinical group). We found that the surgical group showed significantly higher scores for Extraversion and Organization domains, while the clinical group showed significantly higher scores on the Honesty–Humility, Emotionality, and Agreeableness domains. We identified critical differences within the overall group of medical students by their medical specialty preference. Conclusions Some classical stereotypes were confirmed by our results, such as surgical specialists tending to be more extroverted and organized, whereas clinical specialists were prone to being more introverted, anxious, and more emotionally attached to their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco José Barbosa-Camacho
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica 02 Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Avenida Belisario Domínguez # 1000, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | | | - Vania Brickelia Jimenez-Ley
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica 02 Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Avenida Belisario Domínguez # 1000, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Francisco Javier Barrera-López
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica 02 Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Avenida Belisario Domínguez # 1000, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Vianca Seleste Contreras-Cordero
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica 02 Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Avenida Belisario Domínguez # 1000, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Brenda Alicia González-Adán
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica 02 Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Avenida Belisario Domínguez # 1000, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Clotilde Fuentes-Orozco
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica 02 Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Avenida Belisario Domínguez # 1000, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alejandro González-Ojeda
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica 02 Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Avenida Belisario Domínguez # 1000, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. .,Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Isenberg G, Brown A, DeSantis J, Veloski J, Hojat M. The relationship between grit and selected personality measures in medical students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 11:25-30. [PMID: 32007951 PMCID: PMC7321703 DOI: 10.5116/ijme.5e01.f32d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that scores on a Grit scale are positively associated with personality measures that are conducive to relationship building (Empathy, Self-Esteem, Activity, and Sociability), but inversely associated with personality measures that are detrimental to interpersonal relationships (Neuroticism-Anxiety, Aggression-Hostility, Impulsive Sensation Seeking, and Loneliness). METHODS Convenient sampling was used that included 241 medical students at Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University who participated in this ex post facto research. Validated instruments were used to measure Grit, Empathy, Self-Esteem, Activity, Sociability, Neuroticism-Anxiety, Aggression-Hostility, Impulsive Sensation Seeking, and Loneliness. Bivariate correlations and multivariate regression were used to examine relationships between scores on the Grit scale and personality measures. RESULTS Results of bivariate correlational analyses showed that scores on the Grit scale were positively and significantly (p<0.01) correlated with measures of Self-Esteem (r=0.35), Empathy (r=0.26), and Activity (r=0.17); but negatively and significantly (p<0.01) correlated with measures of Loneliness (r=-0.28), Aggression-Hostility (r=-0.23), Neuroticism-Anxiety (r=-0.22), and Impulsive Sensation Seeking (r=-0.18). Regression analysis indicated that in a multivariate model, higher scores on Self-Esteem and Empathy and lower scores on Aggression-Hostility were uniquely and significantly associated with Grit scores (R=0.43, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Research hypothesis was partially confirmed, suggesting that medical students with higher Grit scores were likely to have higher empathic orientation in patient care and greater Self-Esteem. Conversely, those with higher degrees of Grit displayed lower levels of Aggression-Hostility and Impulsive Sensation Seeking. The Implications of these findings for medical education are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Isenberg
- Department of Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at
Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew Brown
- Department of Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at
Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer DeSantis
- Asano-Gonnella Center for Research in Medical Education and
Health Care, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jon Veloski
- Asano-Gonnella Center for Research in Medical Education and
Health Care, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mohammadreza Hojat
- Asano-Gonnella Center for Research in Medical Education and
Health Care, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, USA
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Schnapp BH, Fleming E, Kraut AS, Westergaard M, Batt RJ, Patterson BW. Maggots, Mucous and Monkey Meat: Does Disgust Sensitivity Affect Case Mix Seen During Residency? West J Emerg Med 2019; 21:87-90. [PMID: 31913825 PMCID: PMC6948699 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2019.9.44309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Emergency physicians encounter scenarios daily that many would consider “disgusting,” including exposure to blood, pus, and stool. Physicians in procedural specialties such as surgery and emergency medicine (EM) have lower disgust sensitivity overall, but the role this plays in clinical practice is unclear. The objective of this study was to determine whether emergency physicians with higher disgust sensitivity see fewer “disgusting” cases during training. Methods All EM residents at a midsize urban EM program were eligible to complete the Disgust Scale Revised (DS-R). We preidentified cases as “disgust elicitors” based on diagnoses likely to induce disgust due to physician exposure to bodily fluids, anogenital anatomy, or gross deformity. The “disgust elicitor” case percent was determined by “disgust elicitor” cases seen as the primary resident divided by the number of cases seen thus far in residency. We calculated Pearson’s r, t-tests and descriptive statistics on resident and population DS-R scores and “disgust elicitor” cases per month. Results Mean DS-R for EM residents (n = 40) was 1.20 (standard deviation [SD] 1.24), significantly less than the population mean of 1.67 (SD 0.61, p<0.05). There was no correlation (r = −0.04) between “disgust elicitor” case (n = 2191) percent and DS-R scores. There was no significant difference between DS-R scores for junior residents (31.1, 95% confidence interval [CI], 26.8–35.4) and for senior residents (29.0, 95%CI, 23.4–34.6). Conclusion Higher disgust sensitivity does not appear to be correlated with a lower percentage of “disgust elicitor” cases seen during EM residency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Schnapp
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Emily Fleming
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Aaron S Kraut
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mary Westergaard
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Robert J Batt
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Operations and Information Management, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Brian W Patterson
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin
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Eley DS, Cloninger CR, Power DV, Brooks KD. The personalities of most medical students are suited to rural practice: Implications for rural education program recruitment. MEDICAL TEACHER 2019; 41:1160-1167. [PMID: 31203681 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2019.1623388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The success of rural longitudinal integrated clerkship (LIC) programs has contributed to our understanding of selecting and training students for rural practice. Studies have explored the personality traits of students who participate in rural LICs although few have compared them with classmates who have not. The purpose is to compare personalities of four successive cohorts of students in the LIC Rural Physician Associate Program (RPAP) with their non-RPAP classmates. Methods: In a longitudinal cross-sectional design, medical students RPAP and non-RPAP, from 2013 to 2017 completed identical questionnaires comprising measures of personality, perfectionism, ambiguity tolerance, and resilience. T-tests, ANOVA, and post-hoc tests compared groups. K-means cluster analysis identified profiles of traits. Results: Total sample 286; RPAP = 128; non-RPAP = 158. Gender and age proportions were not different between groups. RPAP students were significantly lower in levels of perfectionism and higher in cooperativeness compared to non-RPAP classmates. Similar proportions of both groups were distributed across three personality profiles detected. Conclusions: Lower perfectionism implies advantages for rural practice. Nevertheless, similarities between groups suggest that most students would be successful in rural practice. More encouragement to all students may improve uptake of rural LICs. Greater attention to issues that affect decisions to explore rural medical education, particularly for our next generation of students, is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diann S Eley
- Faculty of Medicine, Office of Medical Education, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - C Robert Cloninger
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis , St Louis , MO , USA
| | - David V Power
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
| | - Kathleen Dwyer Brooks
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
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Kovács N, Varga O, Nagy A, Pálinkás A, Sipos V, Kőrösi L, Ádány R, Sándor J. The impact of general practitioners' gender on process indicators in Hungarian primary healthcare: a nation-wide cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027296. [PMID: 31494598 PMCID: PMC6731795 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of our study were (1) to investigate the association between gender of the general practitioner (GP) and the quality of primary care in Hungary with respect to process indicators for GP performance and (2) to assess the size of the gender impact. STUDY DESIGN A nation-wide cross-sectional study was performed in 2016. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The study covered all general medical practices in Hungary (n=4575) responsible for the provision of primary healthcare (PHC) for adults. All GPs in their private practices are solo practitioners. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Multilevel logistic regression models were used to analyse the association between GP gender and process indicators of PHC, and attributable proportion (AP) was calculated. RESULTS 48% of the GPs (n=2213) were women in the study. The crude rates of care provided by female GPs were significantly higher for seven out of eight evaluated indicators than those provided by male GPs. Adjusted for practice, physician and patient factors, GP gender was associated with the haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measurement: OR=1.18, 95% CI (1.14 to 1.23); serum creatinine measurement: OR=1.14, 95% CI (1.12 to 1.17); lipid measurement: OR=1.14, 95% CI (1.11 to 1.16); eye examination: OR=1.06, 95% CI (1.03 to 1.08); mammography screening: OR=1.05, 95% CI (1.03 to 1.08); management of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: OR=1.05, 95% CI (1.01 to 1.09) and the composite indicator: OR=1.08, 95% CI (1.07 to 1.1), which summarises the number of care events and size of target populations of each indicator. The AP at the specific indicators varied from 0.97% (95% CI 0.49% to 1.44%) of influenza immunisation to 8.04% (95% CI 7.4% to 8.67%) of eye examinations. CONCLUSION Female GP gender was an independent predictor of receiving higher quality of care. The actual size of the gender effect on the quality of services seemed to be notable. Factors behind the gender effect should receive more attention in quality improvement particularly in countries where the primary care is organised around solo practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Kovács
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Varga
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Nagy
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anita Pálinkás
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Valéria Sipos
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Kőrösi
- National Institute of Health Insurance Fund Management, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róza Ádány
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Vulnerability and Health, Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Sándor
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Leung J, Cloninger CR, Hong BA, Cloninger KM, Eley DS. Temperament and character profiles of medical students associated with tolerance of ambiguity and perfectionism. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7109. [PMID: 31223537 PMCID: PMC6571128 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Certain personal attributes, such as perfectionism and tolerance of ambiguity, have been identified as influential in high achieving students. Medical students have been identified as high achievers and perfectionistic, and as such may be challenged by ambiguity. Medical students undertake a long and challenging degree. Personality has been shown to influence the well-being and coping and may equip some students to better cope with challenges. This paper examines the association between temperament and character personality profiles with measures of tolerance of ambiguity and with both adaptive and maladaptive constructs of perfectionism. Methods A self-report questionnaire collected data on a sample of 808 Australian medical students in 2014 and 2015. Personality was measured using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCIR-140) and classified traits as profiles using a latent class analysis. Two profiles were found. Profile 1 was characterized by low-average levels of Harm Avoidance, and high to very high levels of Persistence, Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness. Moderately-high levels of Harm Avoidance and high levels of Persistence, Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness characterized Profile 2. Moderation regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between the personality profiles with levels of Tolerance of Ambiguity (MSAT-II), Perfectionism-Concern over Mistakes and Perfectionism-High Standards (FMPS), considering demographic characteristics. Results Students with Profile 1 were higher in levels of Tolerance of Ambiguity, and Perfectionism-High Standards, and lower levels of Perfectionism-Concern over Mistakes compared to Profile 2. These findings remained statistically significant after adjusting for age and gender. A significant personality by age interaction on Tolerance of Ambiguity was found. While higher levels of Tolerance of Ambiguity were associated with older age overall, it remained low across age for students with a personality Profile 2. Conclusions A particular combination of personality traits was identified to be associated with low Tolerance of Ambiguity and high levels of maladaptive Perfectionism. An intolerance of ambiguity and over concern about mistakes may be maladaptive and underlie vulnerability to stress and poor coping. The psychobiological model of personality provides insight into traits that are stable and those that can be self-regulated through education and training. The interaction between biological mechanisms and socio-cultural learning is relevant to a sample of medical students because it accounts for interaction of the biological or innate aspects of their personal development within an intense and competitive learning environment of medical school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janni Leung
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - C Robert Cloninger
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Barry A Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, United States of America
| | | | - Diann S Eley
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Seitz T, Längle AS, Seidman C, Löffler-Stastka H. Does medical students' personality have an impact on their intention to show empathic behavior? Arch Womens Ment Health 2018; 21:611-618. [PMID: 29623465 PMCID: PMC6245122 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-018-0837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated a correlation between specific personal traits and empathy. However, it is not clear if persons with certain personality traits lack the intent to show empathic behavior or if other factors independent of their intent are affecting their empathic behavior. To answer this question, we asked 132 medical students to fill out questionnaires evaluating the General Intention to Show Empathic Behavior (GISEB) and the five personality traits measured by NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Additionally, we evaluated the influence of other factors, such as age, gender, curricular progress (second versus fourth year), and preferred specialization after graduation. We performed a Pearson's correlation and a regression analysis. Results indicate that the five personality traits and gender have little influence on the General Intention (GISEB), only extraversion (r = .221, 95% CI [.013-.394], p = .027), and agreeableness (r = .229, 95% CI [.021-.428], p = .022) correlated with the intention. The only predictor for General Intention (GISEB) was curricular progress (β = - .27, p < .05), showing a decrease of General Intention to Show Empathic Behavior from second to fourth year of university (U = 1203.5, p = .002). A further finding indicates that gender and personality influence the students' wish of specialization after graduation: Agreeableness (F(12, 53) = 2.376, p = .016) impacted the preferred specialization. Our study demonstrated that medical students' personality might not notably impact the intention to show empathic behavior. Further research is needed to investigate moderating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Seitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, SMZ Süd Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika S Längle
- Department of Psychoanalysis und Psychotherapy, and Teaching Center/Postgraduate Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Henriette Löffler-Stastka
- Department of Psychoanalysis und Psychotherapy, and Teaching Center/Postgraduate Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Schreckenbach T, Ochsendorf F, Sterz J, Rüsseler M, Bechstein WO, Bender B, Bechtoldt MN. Emotion recognition and extraversion of medical students interact to predict their empathic communication perceived by simulated patients. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2018; 18:237. [PMID: 30314497 PMCID: PMC6186136 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-018-1342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assessed the impact of medical students' emotion recognition ability and extraversion on their empathic communication, as perceived by simulated patients in a training context. METHODS This study used a crossed-effect data structure and examined 245 students in their fourth year of medical school. The students' personality traits were assessed based on a self-assessment questionnaire of the short form of the Big Five Inventory; their emotion recognition ability was measured using a performance test (Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy-2, Adult Facial Expressions). Simulated patients evaluated the medical students' empathic communication. RESULTS Students with a combination of high emotion recognition ability and extraversion received more positive ratings from simulated patients than their fellow students with a combination of emotion recognition ability and low extraversion. The main effects of emotion recognition or extraversion were not sufficient to yield similar effects. There were no other effects related to the remaining Big Five variables. CONCLUSIONS The results support the hypothesis that to build rapport with patients, medical staff need to combine emotional capabilities with a dispositional interest in interpersonal encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Schreckenbach
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Frankfurt University Hospital, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Falk Ochsendorf
- Department of Dermatology, Frankfurt University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Jasmina Sterz
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Frankfurt University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Miriam Rüsseler
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Frankfurt University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Wolf Otto Bechstein
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Frankfurt University Hospital, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Bernd Bender
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Frankfurt University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Myriam N. Bechtoldt
- Department of Management & Economics, EBS University of Business and Law, Oestrich-Winkel, Germany
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Hsu CM, Hsiao CT, Chang LC, Chang HY. Is there an association between nurse, clinical teacher and peer feedback for trainee doctors' medical specialty choice? An observational study in Taiwan. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e020769. [PMID: 29654041 PMCID: PMC5898308 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study explored whether there is an association between medical trainees' future specialty choices and the 360-degree feedback they receive. We hypothesised that the higher the scores that teachers, trainees and/or nurses give to postgraduate year 1s (PGY1s) in any given specialty, the more likely that they will choose that specialty for their residency. SETTING The study was conducted in a large regional teaching hospital in Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS The participants of this study were n=66 PGY1s who had completed their medical studies domestically or internationally and had received their PGY1 training in a single teaching hospital in southern Taiwan. Data from 990 assessments were included. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Logistic regression analyses for teachers', nursing staff and peers' authentic assessments of trainees were undertaken for (1) desired specialty, (2) applied specialty, (3) enrolled specialty, (4) consistency between desired and applied specialties, (5) consistency between applied and enrolled specialties and (6) consistency between desired and enrolled specialties. Alpha was set at p<0.05. RESULTS Nursing staff scores were significantly associated with all six dependent variables. Furthermore, teachers' scores were significantly associated with trainees' desired specialty and the consistency between desired and enrolled specialty. Peers' scores were not significantly associated with any dependent variable. CONCLUSIONS Trainees' specialty choices are associated with scores given by nursing staff and clinical teachers. We suggest that qualitative research methods should further explore this association to ascertain whether PGY1s are consciously influenced by these scores and if so, in what way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ming Hsu
- Medical Education Research Centre (CG-MERC), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Medical Education Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ting Hsiao
- Medical Education Research Centre (CG-MERC), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Emergency Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chun Chang
- Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Chang
- Nephrology Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi, Taiwan
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Wong ML, Anderson J, Knorr T, Joseph JW, Sanchez LD. Grit, anxiety, and stress in emergency physicians. Am J Emerg Med 2018; 36:1036-1039. [PMID: 29502975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The personality traits of emergency physicians are infrequently studied, though interest in physician wellness is increasing. The objective of this study is to acquire pilot data about the amount of grit, anxiety, and stress in emergency physicians using established psychological survey instruments, and to examine their associations of each of these traits with each other. METHODS Thirty-six emergency medicine resident and attending physicians from an urban academic medical center consented for enrollment. Participants were administered the Duckworth 12-point Grit Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), which measure grit, anxiousness, and perceived stress, respectively. These are the gold standard psychological instruments for each of their areas. We analyzed the results with descriptive statistics, Spearman correlations, and linear regression. RESULTS Nineteen residents and 17 attending physicians completed the surveys during the first quarter of a new academic year. The mean grit score was 3.7 (95% CI 3.5-3.8, SD: 0.56), the mean trait-anxiety score was 32.61 (95% CI 30.15-35.07, SD: 7.26), and the mean PSS score was 12.28 (95% CI 10.58-13.97, SD: 4.99). Only trait-anxiety and perceived stress were significantly correlated (Spearman's rho: 0.70, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS In this pilot study at a single institution, emergency physicians demonstrated a range of grit, trait-anxiety, and perceived stress. Trait-anxiety and stress were strongly associated, and individuals who were more anxious reported more stress. Levels of grit were not associated with trait-anxiety. These psychological concepts should be studied further as they relate to the function and health of emergency medicine providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Wong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Jared Anderson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Thomas Knorr
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joshua W Joseph
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Leon D Sanchez
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
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20
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Miller S, Johnson TC. The Specialty and Naughty/Nice Tendency Audit (SANTA): which medical specialists can be trusted to follow recipes? Med J Aust 2017; 207:487-489. [PMID: 29227776 DOI: 10.5694/mja17.00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of medical specialty on the likelihood of doctors making the Naughty or Nice lists this Christmas. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A quantitative observational study. Doctors in a medical parent Facebook group were asked about their specialty and their tendency to follow recipes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Self-reported tendency to follow the recipe (always, sometimes, never) as an indicator of rule-breaking behaviour, extrapolated as indicating Naughty (unlikely to follow a recipe) or Nice (always follow recipes) tendencies, and consequently the likelihood of being included in the Nice list this Christmas. RESULTS The majority of doctors in only 19% of specialties made the Nice list. When aggregated, 92% of surgical specialties reported that they either never followed recipes or did so only occasionally. Similarly, 80% of physician specialties reported being Naughty. In contrast, 50% each of those in critical care specialties were Naughty or Nice. General practitioners comprised the largest single group of respondents, and only 8% identified as Nice. CONCLUSIONS An overwhelming majority of medical parents were Naughty. As Santa makes his list and checks it twice, he will find out who is Naughty or Nice, and he may be surprised at the number of doctors who are on the wrong side of the inventory. When Santa Claus comes to town, he should be circumspect when indulging in any baked offerings by the Christmas tree, particularly those offered by surgeons and general practitioners.
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Puertas EB, Rodríguez YS, Alvarado EM, Villanueva Y, Velasquez E, Erazo BM, Alfaro H, Dolmo CO. Career choice in primary care: pre- and post-comparison of Honduran physicians completing social service. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2017; 41:e146. [PMID: 31391835 PMCID: PMC6660855 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2017.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To describe and compare patterns of specialty choice among physicians in Honduras before and after completing mandatory social service; and to identify and compare salary perceptions and factors that may influence their career choice. Methods. A quantitative methods approach was used on a cross-sectional questionnaire survey applied to 106 physicians completing social service in September 2015. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square and factor analysis. Results. Interest in family medicine was low and declined from 2.2% before social service to 0.9% after. Median annual expected income was 19.5% lower overall compared to the beginning of social service, and in particular, for primary care specialties (US$ 17 733), it was significantly lower than for other specialties (US$ 27 281). Participants reported that the most important factors influencing career choice were: income potential (23.3%), making a positive difference in people’s lives (19.4%), challenging work (10.7%), and perceived prestige (7.8%). Two factors were significantly associated with a preference for specialties other than primary care: the opportunity to teach (P= 0.008) and “makes positive difference in people’s lives“ (P = 0.005). When all categories were compared, “makes positive difference in people’s lives“ (P = 0.043), and opportunities to practice with independence (P = 0.036) were factors significantly associated to career decision. Conclusion. Since interest in primary care among physicians decreased during social service and salary perception increased in favor of non-primary care careers, offering greater incentives for this specialty should be explored. Additional research to identify factors that might support the choice of a career in primary care are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Benjamín Puertas
- Pan American Health Organization, Country Office Pan American Health Organization, Country Office Tegucigalpa Honduras Pan American Health Organization, Country Office, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Yoséf S Rodríguez
- Pan American Health Organization, Country Office Pan American Health Organization, Country Office Tegucigalpa Honduras Pan American Health Organization, Country Office, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - E Mariela Alvarado
- Secretary of Health of Honduras Secretary of Health of Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduras Secretary of Health of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Yolany Villanueva
- Secretary of Health of Honduras Secretary of Health of Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduras Secretary of Health of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Eyvilin Velasquez
- National Autonomous University of Honduras National Autonomous University of Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduras National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Brian M Erazo
- National Autonomous University of Honduras National Autonomous University of Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduras National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Héctor Alfaro
- National Autonomous University of Honduras National Autonomous University of Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduras National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Cheny Ortiz Dolmo
- Secretary of Health of Honduras Secretary of Health of Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduras Secretary of Health of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
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Gu R, Jiang Y, Kiser S, Black CL, Broster LS, Luo YJ, Kelly TH. Impulsive personality dimensions are associated with altered behavioral performance and neural responses in the monetary incentive delay task. Neuropsychologia 2017; 103:59-68. [PMID: 28716612 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences in dimensions of impulsivity personality including disinhibition and sensation seeking modulate approach responses to reinforcing stimuli, such as drugs and money. The current study examined the effects of monetary incentive on both behavioral performance and electrophysiological activity among individuals varying in disinhibition and sensation seeking. The monetary incentive delay (MID) task was completed under electroencephalogram (EEG) recording. Behavioral data showed that higher disinhibition and sensation-seeking were associated with lower performance accuracy. Event-related potential (ERP) data showed that high reinforcement cues elicited a larger late positive component (LPC) than other conditions among high disinhibition participants, indicating its strong emotional influence. Additionally, in the neutral incentive condition, the feedback-related negativity (FRN) elicited by correct outcomes was larger than that elicited by incorrect outcomes in the high disinhibition group only. This novel finding indicates that high disinhibition participants were less likely to expect correct outcomes compared to incorrect outcomes in the neutral incentive condition. Finally, the P3 component elicited by outcome presentation showed an interaction between two impulsivity dimensions; when disinhibition level was low, the P3 was larger among high than low sensation seeking participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolei Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Seth Kiser
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; District of Columbia Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Chelsea L Black
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Lucas S Broster
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yue-Jia Luo
- Institute of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Thomas H Kelly
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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Eley DS, Leung JK, Campbell N, Cloninger CR. Tolerance of ambiguity, perfectionism and resilience are associated with personality profiles of medical students oriented to rural practice. MEDICAL TEACHER 2017; 39:512-519. [PMID: 28281843 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2017.1297530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resilience, coping with uncertainty and learning from mistakes are vital characteristics for all medical disciplines - particularly rural practice. Levels of coping constructs were examined in medical students with and without a rural background or an interest in rural practice. METHODS Cross-sectional surveys identified two personality profiles, and their association with levels of Tolerance of Ambiguity, Resilience, Perfectionism-High Standards and Concern over mistakes as constructs indicative of coping. Medical students (N = 797) were stratified by rural background and degree of rural interest. Mediation analysis tested the effect of personality profile on levels of the coping constructs. RESULTS More (72%) rural background students had Profile 1 which was associated with higher levels of Tolerance of Ambiguity, High standards, and Resilience, but lower Concern over mistakes. Non-rural background students reporting a strong rural interest also had Profile 1 (64%) and similar levels of coping constructs. Personality profile mediated the association between rural interest and levels of coping constructs regardless of background. CONCLUSIONS Having a rural background or strong rural interest are associated with a personality profile that indicates a better capacity for coping. Personality may play a part in an individual's interest in rural practice. Rural workforce initiatives through education should encourage and nurture students with a genuine interest in rural practice - regardless of background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diann S Eley
- a Faculty of Medicine , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Janni K Leung
- b School of Public Health , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Narelle Campbell
- c Northern Territory Medical Program, School of Medicine , Flinders University , Adelaide, Australia
| | - C Robert Cloninger
- d Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine , Washington University in St Louis , St. Louis , MO , USA
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Ster MP, Selic P. Intended Career Choice in Family Medicine in Slovenia: An Issue of Gender, Family Background or Empathic Attitudes in Final Year Medical Students? Mater Sociomed 2017; 29:143-148. [PMID: 28883780 PMCID: PMC5544448 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2017.29.143-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Among a variety of complex factors affecting a decision to take family medicine as a future specialisation, this study focused on demographic characteristics and assessed empathic attitudes in final year medical students. Methods: A convenience sampling method was employed in two consecutive academic years of final year medical students at the Faculty of Medicine in Ljubljana, Slovenia, in May 2014 and May 2015. A modified version of the 16-item Jefferson Scale of Empathy – Student Version (JSE-S) was administered to examine self-reported empathic attitudes. An intended career in family medicine was reported using a five-point Likert scale. Results: Of the 175 medical school seniors in study year 2013/14, there were 64 (36.6%) men and 111 (63.4%) women, while in the second group (study year 2014/5), there were 68 (40.5%) men and 100 (59.5%) women; 168 students in total. They were 24.9±1.6 (generation 2013/4) and 24.9±1.7 (generation 2014/15) years old. Thirty-six percent of the students in the academic year 2013/14 intended to choose family medicine as a future career, and a similar proportion in academic year 2014/15 (31.7%). Gender (χ2=6.763, p=0.034) and empathic attitudes (c2=14.914; p=0.001) had a bivariate association with an intended career choice of family medicine in the 2014/15 generation. When logistic regression was applied to this group of students, an intended career choice in family medicine was associated with empathic attitudes (OR 1.102, 95% CI 1.040-1.167, p=0.001), being single (OR 3.659, 95% CI 1.150-11.628, p=0.028) and the father having only primary school education (OR 142.857 95% CI 1.868, p=0.025), but not with gender (OR 1.117, 95% CI 0.854-1.621, p=0.320). Conclusion: The level of students’ father’s education, and not living in an intimate partnership, increased the odds on senior medical students to choose family medicine, yet we expected higher JSE-S scores to be associated with interest in this speciality. To deepen our understanding, this study should be repeated to give us solid grounded insight into the determinants of career choice; associations with gender in particular need to be re-tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Petek Ster
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polona Selic
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Michalec B, Grbic D, Veloski JJ, Cuddy MM, Hafferty FW. Predicting Peer Nominations Among Medical Students: A Social Network Approach. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2016; 91:847-852. [PMID: 26826072 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Minimal attention has been paid to what factors may predict peer nomination or how peer nominations might exhibit a clustering effect. Focusing on the homophily principle that "birds of a feather flock together," and using a social network analysis approach, the authors investigated how certain student- and/or school-based factors might predict the likelihood of peer nomination, and the clusters, if any, that occur among those nominations. METHOD In 2013, the Jefferson Longitudinal Study of Medical Education included a special instrument to evaluate peer nominations. A total of 211 (81%) of 260 graduating medical students from the Sidney Kimmel Medical College responded to the peer nomination question. Data were analyzed using a relational contingency table and an ANOVA density model. RESULTS Although peer nominations did not cluster around gender, age, or class rank, those students within an accelerated program, as well as those entering certain specialties, were more likely to nominate each other. The authors suggest that clerkships in certain specialties, as well as the accelerated program, may provide structured opportunities for students to connect and integrate, and that these opportunities may have an impact on peer nomination. The findings suggest that social network analysis is a useful approach to examine various aspects of peer nomination processes. CONCLUSIONS The authors discuss implications regarding harnessing social cohesion within clinical clerkships, the possible development of siloed departmental identity and in-group favoritism, and future research possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barret Michalec
- B. Michalec is associate professor, Department of Sociology, and assistant director of health research, Center for Drug & Health Studies, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. D. Grbic is lead research specialist, Policy Research Studies, Research and Data Programs, Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, DC. J.J. Veloski is director of medical education research and instructor in psychiatry and human behavior, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. M.M. Cuddy is measurement scientist, National Board of Medical Examiners, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. F.W. Hafferty is professor of medical education, Division of General Internal Medicine, Program in Professionalism and Values, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Viewpoint: Healthcare professional education: its role in influencing career choices in primary care. Br J Gen Pract 2016; 66:257. [DOI: 10.3399/bjgp16x684997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Kwon OY, Park SY. Specialty choice preference of medical students according to personality traits by Five-Factor Model. KOREAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 2016; 28:95-102. [PMID: 26838573 PMCID: PMC4926941 DOI: 10.3946/kjme.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between personality traits, using the Five-Factor Model, and characteristics and motivational factors affecting specialty choice in Korean medical students. METHODS A questionnaire survey of Year 4 medical students (n=110) in July 2015 was administered. We evaluated the personality traits of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness by using the Korean version of Big Five Inventory. Questions about general characteristics, medical specialties most preferred as a career, motivational factors in determining specialty choice were included. Data between five personality traits and general characteristics and motivational factors affecting specialty choice were analyzed using Student t-test, Mann-Whitney test and analysis of variance. RESULTS Of the 110 eligible medical students, 105 (95.4% response rate) completed the questionnaire. More Agreeableness students preferred clinical medicine to basic medicine (p=0.010) and more Openness students preferred medical departments to others (p=0.031). Personal interest was the significant motivational factors in more Openness students (p=0.003) and Conscientiousness students (p=0.003). CONCLUSION Medical students with more Agreeableness were more likely to prefer clinical medicine and those with more Openness preferred medical departments. Personal interest was a significant influential factor determining specialty choice in more Openness and Conscientiousness students. These findings may be helpful to medical educators or career counselors in the specialty choice process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh Young Kwon
- Department of Medical Education and Medical Humanities, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Youn Park
- Department of Medical Education and Medical Humanities, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Cordina M, Lauri MA, Buttigieg R, Lauri J. Personality traits of pharmacy and medical students throughout their course of studies. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2015; 13:640. [PMID: 26759618 PMCID: PMC4696121 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2015.04.640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pharmacists and medical doctors are two professional groups that very often receive their education and practice in the same environment. However, their approach to patient care and collaboration tends to be different and this may lead to both frustration and conflict which may adversely affect patient care. Personality has been identified as a psychological issue that could contribute to conflict in a work situation. Objective: To study the personality traits of a cohort of students studying pharmacy and medicine at the University of Malta in their first and final year. Methods: The Gordon Personal Profile – Inventory was administered to a cohort of pharmacy and medical students in their first year and once again administered to the same cohort who completed their course of study in their final year. Basic demographic data was also collected. Results: In first year the most pronounced traits for both student groups were those of Emotional Stability and Personal Relations. Over a period of five years, there were shifts in personality traits. In their final year pharmacy students were characterized by high scores for Cautiousness and Personal Relations while medical students exhibited medium scores in Cautiousness and Emotional Stability. Conclusion: The changes in personality traits over the duration of the course were not radical changes but rather that of traits becoming more pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cordina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta . Msida ( Malta )
| | - Mary-Anne Lauri
- Associate Professor & Pro-Rector. Department of Psychology, Faculty for Social Wellbeing, University of Malta . Msida ( Malta )
| | - Raphael Buttigieg
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta . Msida ( Malta )
| | - Josef Lauri
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Malta . Msida ( Malta )
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Hojat M, Michalec B, Veloski JJ, Tykocinski ML. Can empathy, other personality attributes, and level of positive social influence in medical school identify potential leaders in medicine? ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2015; 90:505-10. [PMID: 25629944 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the hypotheses that medical students recognized by peers as the most positive social influencers would score (1) high on measures of engaging personality attributes that are conducive to relationship building (empathy, sociability, activity, self-esteem), and (2) low on disengaging personality attributes that are detrimental to interpersonal relationships (loneliness, neuroticism, aggression-hostility, impulsive sensation seeking). METHOD The study included 666 Jefferson Medical College students who graduated in 2011-2013. Students used a peer nomination instrument to identify classmates who had a positive influence on their professional and personal development. At matriculation, these students had completed a survey that included the Jefferson Scale of Empathy and Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire short form and abridged versions of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and UCLA Loneliness Scale. In multivariate analyses of variance, the method of contrasted groups was used to compare the personality attributes of students nominated most frequently by their peers as positive influencers (top influencers [top 25% in their class distribution], n = 176) with those of students nominated least frequently (bottom influencers [bottom 25%], n = 171). RESULTS The top influencers scored significantly higher on empathy, sociability, and activity and significantly lower on loneliness compared with the bottom influencers. However, the effect size estimates of the differences were moderate at best. CONCLUSIONS The research hypotheses were partially confirmed. Positive social influencers appear to possess personality attributes conducive to relationship building, which is an important feature of effective leadership. The findings have implications for identifying and training potential leaders in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Hojat
- Dr. Hojat is research professor of psychiatry and human behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, and director, Jefferson Longitudinal Study of Medical Education, Center for Research in Medical Education and Health Care, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dr. Michalec is assistant professor, Department of Sociology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. Mr. Veloski is director, Medical Education Division, Center for Research in Medical Education and Health Care, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dr. Tykocinski is provost and executive vice president for academic affairs, Thomas Jefferson University, and Anthony F. and Gertrude M. De Palma Dean and Professor of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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30
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Newman-Toker DE, Perry JJ. Acute diagnostic neurology: challenges and opportunities. Acad Emerg Med 2015; 22:357-61. [PMID: 25716296 DOI: 10.1111/acem.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey J. Perry
- Department of Emergency Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
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Mujica-Parodi L, Carlson JM, Cha (차지욱) J, Rubin D. The fine line between ‘brave’ and ‘reckless’: Amygdala reactivity and regulation predict recognition of risk. Neuroimage 2014; 103:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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The development and validation of a Chinese version of the Illness Attitude Scales: an investigation of university students. Int J Behav Med 2014; 21:638-45. [PMID: 24500642 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-014-9391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Illness Attitude Scales (IAS) are considered as one of the most suitable instruments to screen hypochondriasis. PURPOSE Whether it has cross-cultural validity in China remains to be determined. METHODS In Chinese university students (141 women and 141 men), we have administered the IAS, the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ), and the Plutchik-van Praag Depression Inventory (PVP). RESULTS For the first time in Chinese culture, we have identified a four-factor structure of the IAS: patho-thanatophobia, symptom effect, treatment seeking, and hypochondriacal belief. Women scored significantly higher on IAS patho-thanatophobia and treatment seeking, on ZKPQ neuroticism-anxiety and activity, and on PVP than men did. The neuroticism-anxiety was significantly correlated with patho-thanatophobia and symptom effect, and PVP was positively correlated with symptom effect in women. Neuroticism-anxiety was significantly correlated with patho-thanatophobia, and impulsive sensation seeking and activity were significantly correlated with symptom effect in men. CONCLUSION In Chinese students, we have found a stable four-factor IAS structure.
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Joseph JE, Zhu X, Corbly CR, DeSantis S, Lee DC, Baik G, Kiser S, Jiang Y, Lynam DR, Kelly TH. Influence of neurobehavioral incentive valence and magnitude on alcohol drinking behavior. Neuroimage 2014; 104:373-85. [PMID: 25261001 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The monetary incentive delay (MID) task is a widely used probe for isolating neural circuitry in the human brain associated with incentive motivation. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, 82 young adults, characterized along dimensions of impulsive sensation seeking, completed a MID task. fMRI and behavioral incentive functions were decomposed into incentive valence and magnitude parameters, which were used as predictors in linear regression to determine whether mesolimbic response is associated with problem drinking and recent alcohol use. Alcohol use was best explained by higher fMRI response to anticipation of losses and feedback on high gains in the thalamus. In contrast, problem drinking was best explained by reduced sensitivity to large incentive values in mesolimbic regions in the anticipation phase and increased sensitivity to small incentive values in the dorsal caudate nucleus in the feedback phase. Altered fMRI responses to monetary incentives in mesolimbic circuitry, particularly those alterations associated with problem drinking, may serve as potential early indicators of substance abuse trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Joseph
- Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425-0616, USA.
| | - Xun Zhu
- Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425-0616, USA
| | - Christine R Corbly
- University of Kentucky, 410 Administration Drive, Lexington, KY 40508-0001, USA
| | - Stacia DeSantis
- Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425-0616, USA
| | - Dustin C Lee
- University of Kentucky, 410 Administration Drive, Lexington, KY 40508-0001, USA
| | - Grace Baik
- Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425-0616, USA
| | - Seth Kiser
- University of Kentucky, 410 Administration Drive, Lexington, KY 40508-0001, USA
| | - Yang Jiang
- University of Kentucky, 410 Administration Drive, Lexington, KY 40508-0001, USA
| | - Donald R Lynam
- University of Kentucky, 410 Administration Drive, Lexington, KY 40508-0001, USA
| | - Thomas H Kelly
- University of Kentucky, 410 Administration Drive, Lexington, KY 40508-0001, USA
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Alers M, Verdonk P, Bor H, Hamberg K, Lagro-Janssen A. Gendered career considerations consolidate from the start of medical education. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 2014; 5:178-184. [PMID: 25341228 PMCID: PMC4216727 DOI: 10.5116/ijme.5403.2b71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore changes in specialty preferences and work-related topics during the theoretical phase of Dutch medical education and the role of gender. METHODS A cohort of medical students at Radboudumc, the Netherlands, was surveyed at start (N=612, 69.1% female) and after three years (N=519, 69.2% female), on specialty preferences, full-time or part-time work, motivational factors, and work-life issues. Chi square tests were performed to analyze gender-differences, and logistic regression to explore the influence of gender on considerations. RESULTS A total of 214 female and 78 male students completed both surveys. After three years, the male students remained highly interested in surgery, but the female students increasingly preferred gynecology. These initial preferences were predictive. Four out of five male students versus three out of five female students continued to show a full-time preference. Women increasingly preferred part-time work. After three years, the combination of work, care, and patient contact motivated female students more, whereas salary remained more important to male students. Female students indicated that their future careers would influence their family life; male students assumed having a family would only affect their partners' careers. CONCLUSIONS Against an international background of the feminization of medicine, our study shows that career considerations are reinforced early in medical studies. Women prefer to work fewer hours and anticipate care tasks more often. Students' preferences reflect Dutch cultural norms about working men and women. Therefore, guidance in choice-making much earlier in medical education can create opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret Alers
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Primary and Community Care, Gender and Women’s Health Unit, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Petra Verdonk
- VU University Medical Centre, Department of Medical Humanities, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, School of Medical Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Bor
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Primary and Community Care, Gender and Women’s Health Unit, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Katarina Hamberg
- Umea University, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umea, Sweden
| | - Antoine Lagro-Janssen
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Primary and Community Care, Gender and Women’s Health Unit, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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El Sheikh MM, Shaker NM, Hussein H, Ramy HA. Impact of personality temperaments and characters on academic performance and specialty selection among a group of Egyptian medical graduates. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2014; 60:499-507. [PMID: 24029247 DOI: 10.1177/0020764013501485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between personality temperaments, academic achievement and specialty interest is important because of its implications in career counseling. AIM To assess the effect of personality on academic performance and career selection and to study the impact of some sociodemographic factors on academic achievement and career choice of medical graduates. METHODOLOGY A total of 436 medical graduates of Ain Shams medical school were approached, out of which 331 participated. They were given a sociodemographic questionnaire, and the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R; 240) for personality construct; they had to answer questions about academic achievement, ranking, scores and choice of medical specialty. RESULTS Novelty seeking (NS1, NS2 and NS3) and self-transcendence (ST1 and ST2) were correlated with graduation ranking, (r = .2, p = .00; r = .15, p = .009; r = .16, p = .005; r = .12, p = .003; r = .14, p = .02; r = .17, p = .004; r = .13, p = .03, respectively), that is, lower NS and ST had better academic outcome. Only high school score was associated with better achievement (p = .00). In specialty selection, females were significantly overrepresented in pediatrics and clinical pathology, whereas males were significantly predominating surgical specialties except for obstetrics and gynecology (p = .00). Students choosing patient-centered specialties had higher reward dependence (RD), persistence (PS) and cooperativeness (C); those choosing clinical pathology had highest harm avoidance (HA), whereas those choosing radiology had lowest HA and those choosing surgery had significantly higher self-directedness (SD3). CONCLUSION Personality impacts academic achievement and specialty choice with other factors as gender and previous scholastic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hanan Hussein
- Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hisham A Ramy
- Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Burgos CM, Josephson A. Gender differences in the learning and teaching of surgery: a literature review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 2014; 5:110-24. [PMID: 25341220 PMCID: PMC4207172 DOI: 10.5116/ijme.5380.ca6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore evidence concerning gender differences in teaching and learning in surgery to guide future initiatives. METHODS This systematic review was conducted searching in the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ERIC, Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed. All studies related to gender differences in surgical education, teaching or learning of surgery at an undergraduate level were included. Data was extracted and critically appraised. Gender differences in learning, teaching, skills acquisition, perceptions and attitudes, interest on surgery, personality and factors influencing interest in surgical careers were differentiated. RESULTS There is an underrepresentation of women in surgical academia, due to lack of role models and gender awareness. It is not clear whether or not gender itself is a factor that affects the learning of surgical tasks. Female students pursuing a surgical career had experienced sexual harassment and gender discrimination that can have an effect on the professional identity formation and specialty choice. There are differences in personality among female and male students interested in surgery. Gender is a determining factor to choose surgery, with a consistent lower proportion of women compared interested in pursuing a surgical career. Mentoring and personality fit are important in medical student's specialty selection. Female students are more likely to be discouraged from pursuing a surgical career by a lack of female role models. CONCLUSIONS Bias against women in surgery still exists. There is a lack of studies that investigate the role of women in the teaching of surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Mesas Burgos
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Anna Josephson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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Alers M, van Leerdam L, Dielissen P, Lagro-Janssen A. Gendered specialities during medical education: a literature review. PERSPECTIVES ON MEDICAL EDUCATION 2014; 3:163-178. [PMID: 24980516 PMCID: PMC4078047 DOI: 10.1007/s40037-014-0132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The careers of male and female physicians indicate gender differences, whereas in medical education a feminization is occurring. Our review aims to specify gender-related speciality preferences during medical education. A literature search on gender differences in medical students' speciality preferences was conducted in PubMed, Eric, Embase and Social Abstracts, and reference lists from January 2000 to June 2013. Study quality was assessed by critical appraisal. Our search yielded 741 hits and included 14, mostly cross-sectional, studies originating from various countries. No cohort studies were found. Throughout medical education, surgery is predominantly preferred by men and gynaecology, paediatrics and general practice by women. Internal medicine was pursued by both genders. The extent of gender-specific speciality preferences seemed related to the male-to-female ratio in the study population. When a population contained more male students gynaecology seemed even more preferred by women, while in a more feminine population, men more highly preferred surgery. Internationally, throughout medical education, gender-related speciality preferences are apparent. The extent might be influenced by the male-to-female ratio of a study population. Further research of the role of gender in career considerations of medical students on the future workforce is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret Alers
- Unit Gender and Women's Health, Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Centre, ELG-117, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Lotte van Leerdam
- Unit Gender and Women's Health, Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Centre, ELG-117, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Dielissen
- Unit Gender and Women's Health, Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Centre, ELG-117, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine Lagro-Janssen
- Unit Gender and Women's Health, Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Centre, ELG-117, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Pawełczyk AM, Kotlicka-Antczak MZ, Chmielińska A, Pawełczyk TP, Rabe-Jabłońska J. Temperament traits and preference for surgical or nonsurgical specialties in year 6 medical students. TEACHING AND LEARNING IN MEDICINE 2014; 26:387-392. [PMID: 25318035 DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2014.945026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personality traits may also be associated with preference for a particular specialty. However, little is known about the relationship between the surgical career preferences of medical students and their temperament traits. PURPOSES The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between surgical or nonsurgical specialties and temperament in 6th-year medical students. METHODS The study included 409 students (283 women, 126 men) of the 6th year at the Medical University of Lodz. The subjects fulfilled a career preference and demographic questionnaire as well as the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour-Temperament Inventory by Zawadzki and Stelau. RESULTS The surgical specialty was preferred by 30.1% of the students and by 64.5% of the nonsurgical; 5.4% were undecided. The specialty preference of the medical students was associated with temperament traits. An analysis of variance showed differences in Emotional Reactivity, F(1, 380)=3.888, p=049, η2=01; Endurance, F(1, 380)=10.973, p=001, η2=028; and Briskness, F(1, 380)=10.252, p=001, η2=026. Students preferring surgical specialty scored significantly higher on Endurance (M=11.21, SD=4.8) and Briskness (M=16.54, SD=2.82) scales than students choosing a nonsurgical specialty (M=9.12, SD=4.51) and (M=15.19, SD=3.21), respectively. Those preferring a surgical specialty scored lower on the Emotional Reactivity (M=8.91, SD=4.55) scale than students choosing nonsurgical specialty (M=10.53, SD=4.22). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that certain temperament traits may be related to preference of surgical or nonsurgical specialties. This knowledge of temperament traits could be a useful tool in helping graduates choose a fulfilling career best suited to their psychological well-being and diagnosing work related issues in the medical profession.
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Nagy A, Nagy B, Adany R, Sandor J. Determinants of low referral rates for ophthalmologic examination in people with type 2 diabetes in Hungary. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013; 102:e29-31. [PMID: 24125864 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
GPs' and patients' socio-demographic characteristics were investigated as possible, determinants of ophthalmologic examination referral rates among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Female GPs were more effective among retinopathy-free patients, while male GPs among patients with retinopathy. It could be explained by the gender related authority-empathy balance, manifested, through communication style.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Nagy
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Hojat M, Erdmann JB, Gonnella JS. Personality assessments and outcomes in medical education and the practice of medicine: AMEE Guide No. 79. MEDICAL TEACHER 2013; 35:e1267-301. [PMID: 23614402 DOI: 10.3109/0142159x.2013.785654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In a paradigm of physician performance we propose that both "cognitive" and "noncognitive" components contribute to the performance of physicians-in-training and in-practice. Our review of the relevant literature indicates that personality, as an important factor of the "noncognitive" component, plays a significant role in academic and professional performances. We describe findings on 14 selected personality instruments in predicting academic and professional performances. We question the contention that personality can be validly and reliably assessed from admission interviews, letters of recommendation, essays, and personal statements. Based on conceptual relevance and currently available empirical evidence, we propose that personality attributes such as conscientiousness and empathy should be considered among the measures of choice for the assessment of pertinent aspects of personality in academic and professional performance. Further exploration is needed to search for additional personality attributes pertinent to medical education and patient care. Implications for career counseling, assessments of professional development and medical education outcomes, and potential use as supplementary information for admission decisions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Hojat
- Center for Research in Medical Education and Health Care, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. mohammadreza
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Enoch L, Chibnall JT, Schindler DL, Slavin SJ. Association of medical student burnout with residency specialty choice. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2013; 47:173-81. [PMID: 23323656 DOI: 10.1111/medu.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Given the trend among medical students away from primary care medicine and toward specialties that allow for more controllable lifestyles, the identification of factors associated with specialty choice is important. Burnout is one such factor. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between burnout and residency specialty choice in terms of provision for a less versus more controllable lifestyle (e.g. internal medicine versus dermatology) and a lower versus higher income (e.g. paediatrics versus anaesthesiology). METHODS A survey was sent to 165 Year 4 medical students who had entered the residency matching system. Students answered questions about specialty choice, motivating factors (lifestyle, patient care and prestige) and perceptions of medicine as a profession. They completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services (MBI), which defines burnout in relation to emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalisation (DP) and personal accomplishment (PA). Burnout and other variables were tested for associations with specialty lifestyle controllability and income. RESULTS A response rate of 88% (n = 145) was achieved. Experiences of MBI-EE, MBI-DP and MBI-PA burnout were reported by 42 (29%), 26 (18%) and 30 (21%) students, respectively. Specialties with less controllable lifestyles were chosen by 87 (60%) students and lower-income specialties by 81 (56%). Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) indicated that the choice of a specialty with a more controllable lifestyle was associated with higher MBI-EE burnout (OR = 1.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-2.96), as well as stronger lifestyle- and prestige-related motivation, and weaker patient care-related motivation. The choice of a higher-income specialty was associated with lower MBI-PA burnout (OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.32-0.98), weaker lifestyle- and patient care-related motivation, and stronger prestige-related motivation. CONCLUSIONS Specialty choices regarding lifestyle controllability and income were associated with the amount and type of medical school burnout, as well as with lifestyle-, prestige- and patient care-related motivation. Given that burnout may influence specialty choice, particularly with regard to the primary care specialties, medical schools may consider the utility of burnout prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Enoch
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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Mehmood SI, Khan MA, Walsh KM, Borleffs JCC. Personality types and specialist choices in medical students. MEDICAL TEACHER 2013; 35:63-8. [PMID: 23134199 DOI: 10.3109/0142159x.2012.731104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on the correlation between personality and students' specialty choice is helpful in their career counselling process and in predicting the future distribution of the specialties in a country. AIMS This study is the first of its kind in the Arab world. The research questions were: (1) What is the influence of gender on the personality profiles of medical students? (2) What are the personality profiles of students categorized according to their preferred specialist choices? (3) What are the preferred career choices of students categorized according to the stage of their medical education? METHOD A cross-sectional study was performed at King Khalid University Medical School including 590 students during the academic year 2010-2011. A long version of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman personality questionnaire measuring five personality factors was used. Students were also asked for their specialty interests. Students were asked by means of a written questionnaire. RESULTS Study response was 92.5%. Surgery was the single most popular specialty amongst both male and female students. Males had significantly higher scores on the 'impulsive sensation seeking' scale and students preferring a surgery specialty had the highest score on the 'impulsive sensation seeking', 'neuroticism-anxiety', 'aggression-hostility' and 'sociability' scales. Hospital-based, surgical and primary care specialties became more popular as students progressed through their undergraduate years. CONCLUSIONS Different personality types have distinct preferences in medical students' choice of careers. Personality and specialty choice research can enhance career counselling of medical students and fresh graduates. This also has implications for predicting the specialty distribution of the future health careers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Imran Mehmood
- Medical Education Development Centre, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Hasan S, Al-Sharqawi N, Dashti F, AbdulAziz M, Abdullah A, Shukkur M, Bouhaimed M, Thalib L. Level of empathy among medical students in Kuwait University, Kuwait. Med Princ Pract 2013; 22:385-9. [PMID: 23485677 PMCID: PMC5586767 DOI: 10.1159/000348300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the level of empathy among medical students in Kuwait University Medical School and its association with sociodemographic factors, stress levels and personality. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 264 medical students was conducted in the Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University. Empathy levels were measured using the Jefferson Scale, personality was assessed using the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Scale and the Perceived Stress Scale was used to measure stress levels. Factors associated with empathy were evaluated using t test/ANOVA for categorical variables and correlation for continuous predictors. RESULTS Mean empathy score was 104.6 ± 16.3. Empathy scores were significantly associated with gender, year of study, mother's level of education, household income, satisfactory relationship with the mother and stress levels. Male medical students in their clinical years also had significantly lower empathy levels. However, factors such as grade point average, desired specialty, marital status of parents, father's educational level and relationship with father were not significantly (p > 0.05) associated with levels of empathy. Stress scores were significantly and positively associated with empathy (r = 0.13; p = 0.041). CONCLUSION Medical students in Kuwait University had low empathy level and this may be a cause for concern; as such we suggest a possible inclusion of emphasis on empathy in the curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - L. Thalib
- *Dr. Lukman Thalib, Department of Community Medicine and Behavioural Sciences (Biostatistics), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya (Kuwait), E-Mail
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Coulston C, Vollmer-Conna U, Malhi G. Female medical students: who might make the cut? Psychiatry Res 2012; 200:457-63. [PMID: 22770762 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Personality distinctions exist between male and female doctors, and between surgeons and non-surgeons, but given the predominance of males in surgery, the personality profile of females interested in surgery is less clear. This study examined personality and other attributes of female medical students attracted to the surgical profession. A total of 580 second-year medical students in Australia completed questionnaires that measured their likelihood of considering various medical specialties, personality traits using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), and the importance of several other parameters in directing career choice. Significantly fewer females than males rated surgery highly likely as a career. Females interested in surgery had higher Neuroticism and Agreeableness scores, and placed greater importance on ability to help people, and less importance on prestige and financial reward compared to males interested in surgery. Compared to males not interested in surgery, females interested in surgery had higher Openness scores, and placed greater importance on ability to help people, interesting and challenging work, and less importance on lifestyle. Lastly, females interested in surgery had lower Agreeableness scores, and placed greater importance on prestige and less importance on lifestyle compared to females not interested in surgery. Common findings that surgeons compared to non-surgeons are more tough-minded, less patient-oriented and less empathic may be a function of the prevalence of males in surgery. In our sample, the females interested in surgery retained an overall similar personality profile to those less interested, with only few differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa Coulston
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Bucher JT, Vu DM, Hojat M. Psychostimulant drug abuse and personality factors in medical students. MEDICAL TEACHER 2012; 35:53-57. [PMID: 23102153 DOI: 10.3109/0142159x.2012.731099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychostimulants have a high abuse potential and are appealing to college students for enhancing their examination performance. AIM This study was designed to examine the prevalence of psychostimulant drug abuse among medical students and to test the hypothesis that medical students who use psychostimulant drugs for non-medical reasons are characterized by a sensation seeking and aggressive-hostility personality and exhibit lower empathy. METHODS The Zuckerman-Kuhlman personality questionnaire and the Jefferson scale of empathy were completed anonymously on-line by 321 medical students in 2010-2011 academic year. RESULTS A total of 45 students (14%) reported that they had abused psychostimulant medications either before or during medical school. RESULTS of multivariate analysis of variance provided support for one of our research hypothesis: students who reported using psychostimulant compared to the rest, obtained a significantly higher average score on the aggressive-hostility personality factor. No other significant differences were observed. CONCLUSION Further research is needed to confirm the rate of psychostimulant drug abusers among medical students in other medical schools. In particular, it is desirable to examine if such psychostimulant drug abusers are likely to abuse other substances in medical school and later in their professional career.
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Salgueira A, Costa P, Gonçalves M, Magalhães E, Costa MJ. Individual characteristics and student's engagement in scientific research: a cross-sectional study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2012; 12:95. [PMID: 23066758 PMCID: PMC3515434 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6920-12-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In light of the increasing recognition of the importance of physician scientists, and given the association between undergraduate research experiences with future scientific activity, it is important to identify and understand variables related to undergraduate students' decision to engage in scientific research activities. The present study assessed the influence of individual characteristics, including personality traits and socio-demographic characteristics, on voluntary engagement in scientific research of undergraduate medical students. METHODS For this study, all undergraduate students and alumni of the School of Health Sciences in Minho, Portugal were invited to participate in a survey about voluntary engagement in scientific research activities. Data were available on socio-demographic, personality and university admission variables, as part of an ongoing longitudinal study. A regression model was used to compare (1) engaged with (2) not engaged students. A classification and regression tree model was used to compare students engaged in (3) elective curricular research (4) and extra-curricular research. RESULTS A total of 466 students (88%) answered the survey. A complete set of data was available for 435 students (83%).Higher scores in admission grade point average and the personality dimensions of "openness to experience" and "conscientiousness" increased chances of engagement. Higher "extraversion" scores had the opposite effect. Male undergraduate students were two times more likely than females to engage in curricular elective scientific research and were also more likely to engage in extra-curricular research activities. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that student' grade point average and individual characteristics, like gender, openness and consciousness have a unique and statistically significant contribution to students' involvement in undergraduate scientific research activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Salgueira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus e Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Patrício Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus e Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Mónica Gonçalves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus e Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Eunice Magalhães
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus e Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Cis-UL, Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-026, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuel João Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus e Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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Weissman C, Schroeder J, Elchalal U, Weiss Y, Tandeter H, Zisk-Rony RY. Using marketing research concepts to investigate specialty selection by medical students. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2012; 46:974-82. [PMID: 22989131 DOI: 10.1111/medu.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was intended to examine whether a marketing research approach improves understanding of medical specialty selection by medical students. This approach likens students to consumers who are deciding whether or not to purchase a product (specialty). This approach proposes that when consumers' criteria match their perceptions of a product's features, the likelihood that they will purchase it (select the specialty) increases. This study examines whether exploring students' selection criteria and perceptions of various specialties provides additional insights into the selection process. METHODS Using a consumer behaviour model as a framework, a questionnaire was designed and administered to Year 6 (final-year) students in 2008 and 2009 to elicit information on their knowledge about and interests in various specialties, the criteria they used in specialty selection, and their perceptions of six specialties. RESULTS A total of 132 (67%) questionnaires were returned. In many instances, consistency between selection criteria and perceptions of a specialty was accompanied by interest in pursuing the specialty. Exceptions were noted and pointed to areas requiring additional research. For example, although > 70% of female students replied that the affordance of a controllable lifestyle was an important selection criterion, many were interested in obstetrics and gynaecology despite the fact that it was not perceived as providing a controllable lifestyle. Minimal overlap among students reporting interest in primary specialties that possess similar characteristics (e.g. paediatrics and family medicine) demonstrated the need to target marketing (recruitment) efforts for each specialty individually. CONCLUSIONS Using marketing research concepts to examine medical specialty selection may precipitate a conceptual shift among health care leaders which acknowledges that, to attract students, specialties must meet students' selection criteria. Moreover, if consumers (students) deem a product (specialty) unattractive, it may need to be examined further to improve its appeal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Weissman
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Shao Y, Xie B, Wu Z. Psychiatrists' attitudes towards the procedure of involuntary admission to mental hospitals in China. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2012; 58:440-7. [PMID: 21807812 PMCID: PMC4108612 DOI: 10.1177/0020764011408541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to protect the rights of the mentally ill, legislation on the standards and procedures of compulsory detention has been made at the local and national level in China. AIMS This study aims to examine psychiatrists' attitudes towards seeking involuntary admission in mainland China. METHOD Three hundred and fourteen (314) qualified members of the Chinese Psychiatrist Association (CPA) were surveyed using a questionnaire to assess their attitudes about the procedure of involuntary admission to mental hospitals. Data were analysed using χ(2) and logistic regression. RESULTS Some psychiatrists in the CPA had several arbitrary attitudes towards the process of admission. Females, aged under 35, with a low education level and a low position in the institution showed stricter attitudes in the procedure of involuntary admission. Areas with mental health legislation showed significant positive relationships with stricter attitudes. CONCLUSIONS Every effort needs to be made to minimize these arbitrary attitudes to prevent potential negative outcomes. There is still a long way to go in protecting the rights of people diagnosed with mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shao
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 South Wan Ping Road, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China, Tel: 86 021 54254021, Fax: 86 021 64387986
| | - Bin Xie
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 South Wan Ping Road, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China, Tel: 86 021 54254021, Fax: 86 021 64387986
| | - Zhiguo Wu
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 South Wan Ping Road, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China, Tel: 86 021 54254021, Fax: 86 021 64387986
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Boerebach BCM, Lombarts KMJMH, Keijzer C, Heineman MJ, Arah OA. The teacher, the physician and the person: how faculty's teaching performance influences their role modelling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32089. [PMID: 22427818 PMCID: PMC3299651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Previous studies identified different typologies of role models (as teacher/supervisor, physician and person) and explored which of faculty's characteristics could distinguish good role models. The aim of this study was to explore how and to which extent clinical faculty's teaching performance influences residents' evaluations of faculty's different role modelling statuses, especially across different specialties. Methods In a prospective multicenter multispecialty study of faculty's teaching performance, we used web-based questionnaires to gather empirical data from residents. The main outcome measures were the different typologies of role modelling. The predictors were faculty's overall teaching performance and faculty's teaching performance on specific domains of teaching. The data were analyzed using multilevel regression equations. Results In total 219 (69% response rate) residents filled out 2111 questionnaires about 423 (96% response rate) faculty. Faculty's overall teaching performance influenced all role model typologies (OR: from 8.0 to 166.2). For the specific domains of teaching, overall, all three role model typologies were strongly associated with “professional attitude towards residents” (OR: 3.28 for teacher/supervisor, 2.72 for physician and 7.20 for the person role). Further, the teacher/supervisor role was strongly associated with “feedback” and “learning climate” (OR: 3.23 and 2.70). However, the associations of the specific domains of teaching with faculty's role modelling varied widely across specialties. Conclusion This study suggests that faculty can substantially enhance their role modelling by improving their teaching performance. The amount of influence that the specific domains of teaching have on role modelling differs across specialties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C M Boerebach
- Department of Quality Management and Process Innovation, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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