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Lienhard J, Friedel U, Paganini C, Hilbe M, Scherrer S, Schmitt S. Isolation of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis and other non-tuberculous mycobacteria from head lymph nodes of wild ruminants and badgers in Switzerland. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1321106. [PMID: 38239749 PMCID: PMC10794427 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1321106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The family Mycobacteriaceae contains over 188 species, most of which are saprophytic non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). In wildlife, a variety of different NTM can be found, with different reports about their pathogenic potential. A pathogenic member of NTM is Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), which can infect farmed and wild ruminants. It causes paratuberculosis which is an economically important chronic disease. Infected farm animals are considered to be the source of infection in wild animals. Wildlife, on the other hand, is thought to be a reservoir for certain members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), such as M. caprae, which causes tuberculosis in cattle and red deer. Methods Switzerland implemented a surveillance program for tuberculosis in wild animals in 2014. Here, we describe the results from the mycobacterial culture of lymph node samples collected from red deer, roe deer, chamois, ibex, and badgers collected within this surveillance program from 2020 to 2022. Overall, samples from 548 animals were checked macroscopically for tuberculosis-like lesions. Results In total, 88 animals (16.1%), which either had lesions in their lymph nodes or were male and aged older than 5 years, were investigated using mycobacterial culture. In total, 25 animals (28.4%) were positive for NTM, while no MTBC was detected. The most often identified NTM was M. vaccae, followed by M. avium. Most animals positive for NTM did not show any macroscopic lesions. Furthermore, MAP was isolated from the head lymph nodes of two male red deer. Neither of the two MAP-positive animals had any macroscopic lesions in their head lymph nodes or any other signs of disease. Discussion The shooting sites of the two MAP-positive animals were located in Alpine pastures used for grazing of cattle during summer, which confirms that species transmission can occur when contaminated pastures are used by different species. In agreement with other studies, the occurrence of MAP in red deer was quite low. However, so far, MAP was mostly isolated from feces and intestinal lymph nodes of wild animals. This is the first detection of MAP in the head lymph nodes of red deer in Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lienhard
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ute Friedel
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Monika Hilbe
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Scherrer
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Bharath MN, Gupta S, Vashistha G, Ahmad S, Singh SV. Bioprospective Role of Ocimum sanctum and Solanum xanthocarpum against Emerging Pathogen: Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083490. [PMID: 37110723 PMCID: PMC10145132 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a chronic, contagious, and typically life-threatening enteric disease of ruminants caused by a bacterium of the genus Mycobacterium, but it can also affect non-ruminant animals. MAP transmission occurs through the fecal-oral pathway in neonates and young animals. After infection, animals generate IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10, resulting in a Th2 response. Early detection of the disease is necessary to avoid its spread. Many detection methods, viz., staining, culture, and molecular methods, are available, and numerous vaccines and anti-tuberculosis drugs are used to control the disease. However, the prolonged use of anti-tuberculosis drugs leads to the development of resistance. Whereas vaccines hamper the differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals in an endemic herd. This leads to the identification of plant-based bioactive compounds to treat the disease. Bioactive compounds of Ocimum sanctum and Solanum xanthocarpum have been evaluated for their anti-MAP activity. Based on the MIC50 values, Ursolic acid (12 µg/mL) and Solasodine (60 µg/mL) were found to be suitable for anti-MAP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manthena Nava Bharath
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Science & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Science & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
| | - Garima Vashistha
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Science & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharma Cology), School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Science & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
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Mazzone P, Di Paolo A, Petrucci L, Torricelli M, Corneli S, Sebastiani C, Ciullo M, Sebastianelli M, Costarelli S, Scoccia E, Sbarra F, Gabbianelli F, Chillemi G, Valentini A, Pezzotti G, Biagetti M. Evaluation of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) Associated with Genetic Resistance to Bovine Paratuberculosis in Marchigiana Beef Cattle, an Italian Native Breed. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040587. [PMID: 36830374 PMCID: PMC9951665 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis (PTB), a widespread chronic enteritis of ruminants. The progression of the infection depends on the containment action of innate and cell-mediated immunity (CMI), and it is related to environmental and genetic factors. In particular, PTB susceptibility seems to be associated with specific genes coding for immune regulators involved in the cell-mediated response during the infection. The aim of this preliminary study was to verify, in Italian beef cattle, an association between MAP infectious status and the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation conducted on a native beef cattle breed, known as Marchigiana, reared in Central Italy. The present research, based on a longitudinal study, aimed to identify and correlate phenotypic and genetic profiles characteristic of the subjects potentially able to contrast or contain PTB. In a MAP-infected herd, ELISA, IFN-γ tests, qPCR, and cultures were performed at a follow-up, occurring within a period ranging from three to six years, to evaluate the individual state of infection. Animals testing positive for at least one test were considered infected. DNA samples of 112 bovines, with known MAP statuses, were analyzed to verify an association with SNPs in the genes encoding gamma-interferon (BoIFNG), interleukin receptor 10 (IL10RA), interleukin receptor 12 (IL12RB2), and toll-like receptors (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4). Regarding statistical analysis, the differences among target genes and pairs of alleles in the analyzed groups of animals, were evaluated at a significance level of p < 0.05. For IL10RA and for IL12RB2 genes, relevant differences in genotypic frequencies among the considered cattle groups were observed. For all candidate genes studied in this investigation, SNP genotypes already associated with PTB resistance were found more frequently in our population, suggesting potential resistance traits in the Marchigiana breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Mazzone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella Di Paolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Linda Petrucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Martina Torricelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Sara Corneli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carla Sebastiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marcella Ciullo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Martina Sebastianelli
- Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche, Area Vasta 2, Servizio di Igiene degli Allevamenti e delle Produzioni Zootecniche, 60127 Ancona, Italy
| | - Silva Costarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Scoccia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Fiorella Sbarra
- A.N.A.B.I.C. Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini Italiani Carne, Strada del Vio Viscoloso 21, San Martino in Colle, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Gabbianelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Department for Innovation in Biological Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alessio Valentini
- Department for Innovation in Biological Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pezzotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Biagetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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First Report on Ovine Paratuberculosis in the Sudan: Diagnosis Using Different Techniques. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233312. [PMID: 36496833 PMCID: PMC9737915 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (PTB) has been reported in the Sudan in cattle and goats for more than 50 years but has never been reported in sheep. However, suspicion of the disease in a breeding flock of sheep in Khartoum North locality was made due to a history of unknown cause of loss of weight. Blood and faecal samples were collected from all animals (N = 59): harvested sera were tested for anti-Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) antibodies by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA); faeces were screened for acid-fast bacilli by Ziehl-Neelsen staining, tested for MAP DNA by recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and some faecal samples were cultured for MAP isolation. Typical MAP acid-fast bacilli were seen in 10.2% (6/59) of the faecal smears, 37.5% of the tested faecal samples (12/32) were positive for MAP DNA and only 3 (5.1%) animals were seropositive for MAP. MAP positive cultures were obtained from 2 out the 6 samples showing typical MAP acid-fast bacilli; the isolates were confirmed by real-time PCR and sequencing. As sheep are animals of utmost economic importance as the main export animals for the country, this first report of ovine PTB warrants special considerations and more investigations for planning control programmes of the disease.
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Park HE, Park JS, Park HT, Shin JI, Kim KM, Park SR, Choi JG, Jung M, Kang HL, Baik SC, Lee WK, Yoo HS, Shin MK. Fetuin as a potential serum biomarker to detect subclinical shedder of bovine paratuberculosis. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105675. [PMID: 35820578 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic contagious granulomatous enteritis of wild and domestic ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). PTB causes considerable economic losses to the dairy industry through decreased milk production and premature culling. PTB-affected cattle undergo a subclinical stage without clinical signs and initiate fecal shedding of MAP into the environment. Current diagnostic tools have low sensitivity for the detection of subclinical PTB infection. Therefore, alternative diagnostic tools are required to improve the diagnostic sensitivity of subclinical PTB infection. In this study, we performed ELISA for three previously identified host biomarkers (fetuin, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and apolipoprotein) and analyzed their diagnostic performance with conventional PTB diagnostic methods. We observed that serum fetuin levels were significantly lowered in the subclinical shedder and clinical shedder groups than in the healthy control group, indicating its potential utility as a diagnostic biomarker for bovine PTB. Also, fetuin showed an excellent discriminatory power with an AUC = 0.949, a sensitivity of 92.6%, and a specificity of 94.4% for the detection of subclinical MAP infection. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that fetuin could be used as a diagnostic biomarker for enhancing the diagnostic sensitivity for the detection of subclinical MAP infections that are difficult to detect based on current diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Sik Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Ih Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyu-Min Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seo-Rin Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Gyu Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myunghwan Jung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung-Lyun Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Chul Baik
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo-Kon Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
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Effect of Culling Management Practices on the Seroprevalence of Johne's Disease in Holstein Dairy Cattle in Central Italy. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9040162. [PMID: 35448660 PMCID: PMC9025121 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9040162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was performed in Umbria, central Italy, to find out whether different culling strategies adopted by farms to control Johne’s disease (JD) infection exerted effects on the seroprevalence in dairy cattle. Fifty Fresian dairy herds in the Perugia and Assisi districts were visited and an audit of herd management was conducted. Among the 50 herds, 20 were selected for the consistency of management practices and, according to the culling strategy, two groups were created: group A (aggressive culling protocol, with average herd productive life <1100 days) and group B (lower culling rate, with productive life greater than 1500 days). The presence of antibodies to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) in the serum was determined using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. It was found that 3.3% (n = 14) of the cows of group B (n = 422, from 17 herds) were positive for Map antibodies, in comparison with 5.7% (n = 21) of the cows from group A (n = 366, from three herds). The odds ratio from multiple logistic regression (adjusted odds ratio 2.446, 95% confidence interval 0.412 to 14.525) showed that Johne’s disease prevalence in herds with a greater productive life was not higher than in herds with typical modern management characterized by more aggressive culling. This is a significant finding, indicating that aggressive culling may not be necessary. Current JD control recommendations are derived from data obtained in high-prevalence paratuberculosis areas (northern Europe, including northern Italy), while methods of information transfer to dairy farms in low-prevalence areas should be reassessed to ensure that the correct measures, including basic calving management and calf-rearing practices, are thoroughly implemented. Using the manufacturer’s suggested cut-off for a positive ELISA test and the sensitivity and specificity claimed, the overall true prevalence in Umbria dairy cattle was calculated as 7% (95% confidence interval 5.2% to 8.8%).
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Paratuberculosis: The Hidden Killer of Small Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010012. [PMID: 35011118 PMCID: PMC8749836 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Paratuberculosis is a chronic disease of ruminants and many non-ruminant animals caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Affected animals show diarrhoea, loss of weight, and decreased production performance with consequent economic losses. This bacterium has been detected in some humans suffering from a chronic intestinal disease known as Crohn’s disease (CD) and, therefore, some scientists believe that CD is the human form of paratuberculosis. The disease in small ruminants has been reported in all continents, with goats being more susceptible than sheep. The clinical signs of the disease in goats are not so obvious as often do not show signs of diarrhoea, and the animal may die before being finally diagnosed. In Africa and many developing countries, paratuberculosis is described as a “neglected disease” particularly in small ruminants, which play a vital role in the livelihood of poor communities. This overview attempts to highlight the current research and gaps on this disease in small ruminants to draw more attention for further studies on diagnosis, prevention and control. Abstract Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a contagious and chronic enteric disease of ruminants and many non-ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), and is characterised by diarrhoea and progressive emaciation with consequent serious economic losses due to death, early culling, and reduced productivity. In addition, indirect economic losses may arise from trade restrictions. Besides being a production limiting disease, PTB is a potential zoonosis; MAP has been isolated from Crohn’s disease patients and was associated with other human diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats may be globally distributed though information on the prevalence and economic impact in many developing countries seem to be scanty. Goats are more susceptible to infection than sheep and both species are likely to develop the clinical disease. Ingestion of feed and water contaminated with faeces of MAP-positive animals is the common route of infection, which then spreads horizontally and vertically. In African countries, PTB has been described as a “neglected disease”, and in small ruminants, which support the livelihood of people in rural areas and poor communities, the disease was rarely reported. Prevention and control of small ruminants’ PTB is difficult because diagnostic assays demonstrate poor sensitivity early in the disease process, in addition to the difficulties in identifying subclinically infected animals. Further studies are needed to provide more insight on molecular epidemiology, transmission, and impact on other animals or humans, socio-economic aspects, prevention and control of small ruminant PTB.
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Evaluation of a virulent strain of Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis used as a heat-killed vaccine. Vaccine 2021; 39:7401-7412. [PMID: 34774361 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis is one of the most important chronic infectious diseases in livestock. This disease is difficult to control because of its inefficient management (test and cull strategy and inadequate biosecurity). Thus, the development of an effective vaccine is essential. In this study, we evaluated a local virulent strain (6611) of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis as an inactivated vaccine in comparison with the Silirum vaccine in mouse model and cattle. Regarding the mice model, only the groups vaccinated with 6611 showed lower colony forming unit (CFU) counts with a lower lesion score in the liver in comparison to the control group at 6 and 12 weeks post-challenge (wpc). The immune response was predominantly humoral (IgG1), although both vaccinated groups presented a cellular response with IFNγ production as well, but the 6611 group had also significant production of IL-2, IL-6, IL-17a, TNF, and IL-10. In cattle, the 6611 vaccinated group was the only one that maintained significant antibody values at the end of the trial, with significant production of IgG2 and IFNγ. No PPDb reactor was detected in the vaccinated animals, according to the intradermal caudal fold tuberculin test. Our results indicate that the 6611 local strain protected mice from challenge with a virulent strain, by inducing a humoral and cellular immune response. In the bovine, the natural host, the evaluated vaccine also induced humoral and cellular immune responses, with higher levels of CD4 + CD25+ and CD8 + CD25+ T cells populations than the commercial vaccine. Despite the encouraging results obtained in this study, an experimental challenge trial in cattle is mandatory to evaluate the efficacy of our candidate vaccine in the main host.
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Alonso MN, Garcia VS, Moyano RD, Romero MA, Gugliotta LM, Travería GE, Romano MI, Gonzalez VDG. New and rapid strategies for the diagnosis of bovine paratuberculosis "in situ" using latex particles. J Immunol Methods 2021; 496:113085. [PMID: 34157319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The chemical coupling of a protoplasmatic antigen from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratubeculosis onto core-shell carboxylated particles was investigated with the aim of producing latex-protein complexes to be used in immunoagglutination assays capable of detecting bovine paratuberculosis disease. For this purpose, sensitizations were carried out using both colored and not colored carboxylated latexes as well as the protoplasmatic antigen at pH close to its isoelectric point to favor the antigenic protein to approach the particle surface. In all cases, higher fractions of proteins were chemically-bound to carboxyl groups on the surface of the particles. The assessment of the performance of the visual immunoagglutination assays consisted of evaluating 111 sera from healthy and infected bovines with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Complexes obtained from the colored latex allowed an acceptable visual discrimination between the studied positive and negative sera. Most of the positive samples showed strong to very strong agglutination and only a few samples reacted weakly, i.e. a sensitivity of 70%. The specificity of the assay, on the other hand, was 86%. Therefore, this rapid detection technique allows an easy and inexpensive identification of animals possibly infected with paratuberculosis "in situ" in the herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Alonso
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (INTA - CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V S Garcia
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (CONICET - UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - R D Moyano
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (INTA - CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M A Romero
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Veterinarias (FCV-UNLP), Argentina
| | - L M Gugliotta
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (CONICET - UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - G E Travería
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Veterinarias (FCV-UNLP), Argentina
| | - M I Romano
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (INTA - CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V D G Gonzalez
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (CONICET - UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Hodgeman R, Mann R, Savin K, Djitro N, Rochfort S, Rodoni B. Molecular characterisation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Australia. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:101. [PMID: 33789575 PMCID: PMC8012159 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) causes Johne's disease (JD), a chronic enteritis widespread in ruminants, resulting in substantial economic losses, especially to the dairy industry. Understanding the genetic diversity of Map in Australia will assist epidemiological studies for tracking disease transmission and identify subtype characteristics for use in development of improved diagnostic typing methods. Here we investigated the phylogenetic relationships of 351 Map isolates and compared different subtyping methods to assess their suitability for use in diagnostics and accuracy. RESULTS SNP-based phylogenetic analysis of 228 Australian isolates and 123 publicly available international isolates grouped Type S and Type C strains into two distinct lineages. Type C strains were highly monomorphic with only 20 SNP differences separating them. Type S strains, when aligned separately to the Telford strain, fell into two distinct clades: The first clade contained seven international isolates while the second clade contained one international isolate from Scotland and all 59 Australian isolates. The Australian Type B strain clustered with US bison strains. IS1311 PCR and Restriction Enzyme Analysis (REA) intermittently generated incorrect results when compared to Long Sequence Polymorphism (LSP) analysis, whole genome SNP-based phylogenetic analysis, IS1311 sequence alignment and average nucleotide identity (ANI). These alternative methods generated consistent Map typing results. A published SNP based assay for genotyping Map was found to be unsuitable for differentiating between Australian and international strain types of Map. CONCLUSION This is the first phylogenetic analysis of Australian Map isolates. The Type C lineage was highly monomorphic, and the Type S lineage clustered all Australian isolates into one clade with a single Scottish sheep strain. The Australian isolate classified as Type B by IS1311 PCR and REA is likely to be descended from bison and most closely related to US bison strains. Limitations of the current typing methods were identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hodgeman
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia. .,School of Applied Systems Biology, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Rachel Mann
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Keith Savin
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Noel Djitro
- School of Applied Systems Biology, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,School of Applied Systems Biology, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan Rodoni
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,School of Applied Systems Biology, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Luo L, De Buck J. Inducing cellular immune responses with a marked Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis strain in dairy calves. Vet Microbiol 2020; 244:108665. [PMID: 32402345 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of Johne's disease, a chronic granulomatous enteritis with a high global prevalence in dairy cattle. This disease causes significant economic loss in the dairy industry and has been challenging to control, as current diagnostic assays are low in sensitivity and specificity, and previously developed vaccines do not prevent infection and face regulatory concerns due to interference with bovine tuberculosis diagnostics. To remediate this issue, positive and negative immune markers were created in a MAP strain as a step towards a vaccine capable of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). A gene coding for an immunogenic protein (MAP1693c) in the MAP genome was replaced with a library of epitope-tagged immunogenic genes (pepA) via a stable allelic exchange method. These markers were evaluated in a calf infection trial, where Holstein-Friesian dairy calves were inoculated at two weeks of age with either the marked strain or the parent strain, or remained uninfected controls. Cellular immune responses to the markers were measured using an interferon gamma release assay (IGRA). There were no MAP1693c marker-specific differences in cellular immune responses between infection groups. A scrambled version of the HA (human influenza hemagglutinin) epitope, but not the actual HA epitope, induced a significant IFN-γ response in marker-infected calves compared to WT-infected and uninfected groups at 4.5 months post-inoculation. This scrambled HA epitope thus holds potential as a diagnostic tool as part of a DIVA vaccine for Johne's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Luo
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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12
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Taniguchi Y, Sakakibara SI, Fujihara M, Yagi A, Fujiyoshi S. The association between detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis DNA in feces and histopathological classification. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:541-545. [PMID: 32161236 PMCID: PMC7273589 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease (JD), a chronic infectious disease that causes intractable
diarrhea in ruminants. To control the occurrence of JD in cattle, a national surveillance is conducted in Japan. Since 2013, real-time quantitative PCR has been used for definite diagnosis.
In this study, we compared the amount of fecal MAP DNA with histopathological classification of ileocecal lesions. Multinomial logistic regression models enabled us to predict the
probability of finding the histopathological classification from the amount of fecal MAP DNA. These results suggest that shedding level of MAP DNA could act as an indicator of JD
progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Taniguchi
- Hokkaido Tokachi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 59-6 Kisen Kawanishicho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 089-1182, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Sakakibara
- Hokkaido Tokachi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 59-6 Kisen Kawanishicho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 089-1182, Japan.,Hokkaido Ishikari Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 3 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Fujihara
- Hokkiado Livestock Farming Promotion Division, Kita 3 Jo Nishi 6 Chome, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8588, Japan
| | - Azusa Yagi
- Hokkaido Tokachi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 59-6 Kisen Kawanishicho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 089-1182, Japan.,Hokkiado Livestock Farming Promotion Division, Kita 3 Jo Nishi 6 Chome, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8588, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujiyoshi
- Hokkaido Tokachi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 59-6 Kisen Kawanishicho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 089-1182, Japan.,Zen-noh Embryo Transfer Center, 331-11, Nishi 6 Sen, Kamiotofuke, Kamishihoro, Katohgun, Hokkaido 080-1407, Japan
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13
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Gupta S, Singh SV, Singh M, Chaubey KK, Karthik K, Bhatia AK, Kumar N, Dhama K. Vaccine approaches for the 'therapeutic management' of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in domestic livestock. Vet Q 2020; 39:143-152. [PMID: 31524561 PMCID: PMC6831026 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2019.1667042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High endemicity of Johne’s disease (JD) in herds adversely affects heavy milk yielding breeds by reducing the per animal productivity and ‘productive life-span’. This review evaluates different vaccines used for its control and summarizes the benefits of ‘global vaccine’ in the four major domestic livestock species, namely goat, sheep, buffalo and cattle. Vaccines developed by using ‘native strains’ revealed both 'therapeutic' and preventive effects in domestic livestock. The 'therapeutic' role of vaccine in animals suffering from clinical JD turned out to be valuable in some cases by reversing the disease process and animals returning back to health and production. Good herd management, improved hygiene, ‘test and cull’ methodology, proper disposal of animal excreta and monitoring of MAP bio-load were also regarded as crucial in the 'therapeutic' management of JD. Vaccine approaches have been widely adopted in JD control programs and may be considered as a valuable adjunct in order to utilize huge populations of otherwise un-productive livestock. It has been shown that vaccination was the preeminent strategy to control JD, because it yielded approximately 3–4 times better benefit-to-cost ratios than other strategies. Internationally, 146 vaccine trials/studies have been conducted in different countries for the control of JD and have shown remarkable reduction in its national prevalence. It is concluded that for JD, there cannot be global vaccines or diagnostic kits as solutions have to come from locally prevalent strains of MAP. Despite some limitations, vaccines might still be an effective strategy to reduce or eradicate JD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University , Mathura , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University , Mathura , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Manju Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University , Mathura , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | | | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - A K Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University , Mathura , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Veterinary Type Culture Collection, NRC on Equines, Indian Council of Agricultural Research , Hisar , Haryana, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar, Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
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14
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Hemati Z, Derakhshandeh A, Haghkhah M, Chaubey KK, Gupta S, Singh M, Singh SV, Dhama K. Mammalian cell entry operons; novel and major subset candidates for diagnostics with special reference to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Vet Q 2020; 39:65-75. [PMID: 31282842 PMCID: PMC6830979 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2019.1641764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cell entry (mce) genes are the components of the mce operon and play a vital role in the entry of Mycobacteria into the mammalian cell and their survival within phagocytes and epithelial cells. Mce operons are present in the DNA of Mycobacteria and translate proteins associated with the invasion and long-term existence of these pathogens in macrophages. The exact mechanism of action of mce genes and their functions are not clear yet. However, with the loss of these genes Mycobacteria lose their pathogenicity. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the etiological agent of Johne’s disease, is the cause of chronic enteritis of animals and significantly affects economic impact on the livestock industry. Since MAP is not inactivated during pasteurization, human population is continuously at the risk of getting exposed to MAP infection through consumption of dairy products. There is need for new candidate genes and/or proteins for developing improved diagnostic assays for the diagnosis of MAP infection and for the control of disease. Increasing evidences showed that expression of mce genes is important for the virulence of MAP. Whole-genome DNA microarray representing MAP revealed that there are 14 large sequence polymorphisms with LSPP12 being the most widely conserved MAP-specific region that included a cluster of six homologs of mce-family involved in lipid metabolism. On the other hand, LSP11 comprising part of mce2 operon was absent in MAP isolates. This review summarizes the advancement of research on mce genes of Mycobacteria with special reference to the MAP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hemati
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Abdollah Derakhshandeh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Masoud Haghkhah
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Manju Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Shoorvir V Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Department of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
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15
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Evaluation of newly developed 'six recombinant secretary proteins based 'cocktail ELISA' and 'whole cell lysate' based 'indigenous ELISA' and tissue microscopy' with 'Gold standard' histo-pathology for the diagnosis of Johne's disease in slaughtered goats and buffaloes. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 66:101338. [PMID: 31437683 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Three screening tests {(newly developed, six recombinant secretory proteins based 'cocktail ELISA', in-house robust 'indigenous ELISA' based on semi-purified protoplasmic antigens and tissue microscopy were evaluated with 'Gold standard', histo-pathology for the diagnosis of Johne's disease in goats and buffaloes. Serum and tissues {mesenteric lymph nodes and intestines) were driven from farmer's goats (n = 77) and buffaloes (n = 40) slaughtered for harvesting meat and farm goats (n = 77), died and necropsied. Twenty seven (35%) goats and 23 (57.5%) buffaloes were positive in all the four tests. Of 134 tissues screened by histo-pathology, 79.8% MLN and 76.8%, intestines, were positive for MAP infection. In tissue microscopy, 55.2 and 52.3%, goats and buffaloes were positive, respectively. Of 117 sera screened by i_ELISA, 58.4 and 70.0%, goats and buffaloes were positive, respectively. Whereas, c_ELISA detected 55.8 and 62.5%, goats and buffaloes, positives, respectively. Twelve tissues (70.5%) of goats necropsied were positive, both in tissue microscopy and histo-pathology. Most significant gross findings were serous atrophy of the fat and mild to moderate, diffuse thickening of terminal ileum, especially at ileo-caecal junction with or without transverse / longitudinal corrugations. In histo-pathology grade III and IV lesions were significantly low as compared to grade I and II. Of the four tests used for screening 268 samples, histo-pathology was most sensitive (78.3%), followed by i_ELISA (62.3%), c_ELISA (58.9%) and tissue microscopy (58.9%). Between two ELISA tests, c_ELISA using six recombinants secretory proteins, had higher specificity as compared to i_ELISA.
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16
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An update on Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis antigens and their role in the diagnosis of Johne's disease. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:120. [PMID: 31332578 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2691-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is responsible for Johne's disease (JD) or paratuberculosis. Diagnosis of MAP infection by measuring host cell-mediated and humoral immune responses has been a major focus in MAP research. For this purpose, several MAP antigens such as secreted protein, cell envelope protein, cell-mediated immune and lipoprotein antigens have been identified and tested to measure their diagnostic utility with varying degree of success. Identifying the optimal antigen or antigen combinations for diagnosis of infected animals is hindered by the complex nature of the disease, prolonged subclinical infection, the differential expression of antigens and scarcity of well characterized MAP-specific epitopes making selection of a single MAP antigen very difficult. Thus, multiplexing of antigens with larger scale and longitudinal studies may lead to development of cost-effective next generation serodiagnostics. This mini review focuses on the role of different MAP antigens in the diagnosis of JD.
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17
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Profiling of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the milk of lactating goats using antigen-antibody based assays. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 64:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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18
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Kumar S, Kumar S, Singh RV, Chauhan A, Kumar A, Sulabh S, Bharati J, Singh SV. Genetic association of polymorphisms in bovine TLR2 and TLR4 genes with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in Indian cattle population. Vet Res Commun 2019; 43:105-114. [PMID: 30919207 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-019-09750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition molecules involved in cellular recognition of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the infectious agent causing Paratuberculosis (PTB), a notified disease of domestic and wild ruminants. The present study was undertaken to investigate the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR2 and TLR4 gene and to evaluate association of these SNPs with occurrence of PTB in Indian cattle. A total of 213 cattle, were subjected to multiple diagnostic tests viz. Johnin PPD, ELISA test (Indigenous and Parachek kit method), fecal microscopy and fecal culture for detection of MAP infection. Based on screening results 51 animals each were assigned to case and control population. Two SNPs viz. rs55617172, rs41830058 in TLR2 gene and two SNPs viz. rs8193046, rs8193060 in TLR4 gene and were genotyped by PCR-RFLP method. All SNPs were found to be polymorphic except rs41830058 in the case-control population. Both SNPs in TLR4 gene but none in TLR2 genes were significantly associated with the occurrence of PTB in our population. The genotypes in SNP rs8193046 and SNP rs8193060 were significantly (P < 0.01) different in case-control population. These findings suggest that SNPs rs8193046 and rs8193060 are likely a potential marker against MAP infection and a selection programme eliminating AG genotype for rs8193046 and CT genotype for rs8193060 might be beneficial in conferring resistance to MAP infection in Indian cattle population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, U.P., India.,ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, U.P., India
| | - Ran Vir Singh
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, U.P., India.
| | - Anuj Chauhan
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, U.P., India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, U.P., India
| | - Sourabh Sulabh
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, U.P., India
| | - Jaya Bharati
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Animal Health Division, ICAR- Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, U.P., 281112, India
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Arsenault J, Singh Sohal J, Leboeuf A, Hélie P, Fecteau G, Robinson Y, L’Homme Y. Validation of an in-house real-time PCR fecal assay and comparison with two commercial assays for the antemortem detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in culled sheep. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:58-68. [PMID: 30387705 PMCID: PMC6505751 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718810744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic infectious enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). In sheep, the antemortem detection of the infection is challenging given the slow progression of the disease and the lack of sensitive, specific, and cost-effective validated tests. We adapted an in-house real-time PCR (rtPCR) assay targeting the multi-copy IS 900 element of MAP. The sensitivity and specificity of this essay for the detection of MAP infection were estimated in a convenience sample of culled ewes from 7 infected flocks and compared to a commercial fecal rtPCR, a commercial ELISA, and fecal culture. An infected ewe was defined as a ewe with a positive culture of the ileum and/or mesenteric lymph node. A non-infected ewe was defined as a ewe negative in intestinal tissue culture, negative in fecal culture, and with no lesions consistent with paratuberculosis. The in-house rtPCR had a sensitivity estimate of 84% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 59%, 97%) among the 44 infected ewes, which was significantly higher ( p ⩽ 0.05) than the sensitivity of a commercial fecal rtPCR (52%, 95% CI: 27%, 76%; or 63%, 95% CI: 35%, 87% depending on the cutoff used), an ELISA (14%, 95% CI:2.0%, 41%), and fecal culture (21%, 95% CI: 2.7%, 59%). No statistical difference in assay specificities was observed for the 30 non-infected ewes. The in-house rtPCR is a promising tool that could be used advantageously for the antemortem detection of MAP infection in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Arsenault
- Julie Arsenault, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Jagdip Singh Sohal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Arsenault, Hélie, Fecteau)
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Sohal, Robinson, L’Homme)
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food of Quebec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada (Leboeuf)
| | - Anne Leboeuf
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Arsenault, Hélie, Fecteau)
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Sohal, Robinson, L’Homme)
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food of Quebec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada (Leboeuf)
| | - Pierre Hélie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Arsenault, Hélie, Fecteau)
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Sohal, Robinson, L’Homme)
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food of Quebec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada (Leboeuf)
| | - Gilles Fecteau
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Arsenault, Hélie, Fecteau)
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Sohal, Robinson, L’Homme)
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food of Quebec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada (Leboeuf)
| | - Yves Robinson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Arsenault, Hélie, Fecteau)
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Sohal, Robinson, L’Homme)
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food of Quebec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada (Leboeuf)
| | - Yvan L’Homme
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Arsenault, Hélie, Fecteau)
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Sohal, Robinson, L’Homme)
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food of Quebec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada (Leboeuf)
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Polymorphisms in toll-like receptor (TLR) 1, 4, 9 and SLC11A1 genes and their association with paratuberculosis susceptibility in Holstein and indigenous crossbred cattle in Turkey. J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-1008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Zhao G, Wang H, Hou P, He C, He H. Rapid visual detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by recombinase polymerase amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:242-250. [PMID: 29284204 PMCID: PMC5879072 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.2.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is a chronic debilitating disease of domestic and wild ruminants. However, widespread point-of-care testing is infrequent due to the lack of a robust method. The isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) technique has applied for rapid diagnosis. Herein, RPA combined with a lateral flow dipstick (LFD) assay was developed to estimate DNA from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. First, analytical specificity and sensitivity of the RPA-nfo primer and probe sets were assessed. The assay successfully detected M. paratuberculosis DNA in 30 min at 39℃ with a detection limit of up to eight copies per reaction, which was equivalent to that of the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. The assay was specific, as it did not amplify genomes from five other Mycobacterium spp. or five pathogenic enteric bacteria. Six hundred-twelve clinical samples (320 fecal and 292 serum) were assessed by RPA-LFD, qPCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The RPA-LFD assay yielded 100% sensitivity, 97.63% specificity, and 98.44% concordance rate with the qPCR results. This is the first report utilizing an RPA-LFD assay to visualize and rapidly detect M. paratuberculosis. Our results show this assay should be a useful method for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis in resource-constrained settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.,Ruminant Disease Research Center, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.,Ruminant Disease Research Center, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Peili Hou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.,Ruminant Disease Research Center, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Chengqiang He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.,Ruminant Disease Research Center, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hongbin He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.,Ruminant Disease Research Center, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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22
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Evaluation of ‘recombinant secretary antigens’ based ‘cocktail ELISA’ for the diagnosis of Johne's disease and to differentiate non-infected, infected and vaccinated goats in combination with indigenous ELISA test. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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‘Nano-immuno test’ for the detection of live Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis bacilli in the milk samples using magnetic nano-particles and chromogen. Vet Res Commun 2018; 42:183-194. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-018-9721-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Rathnaiah G, Zinniel DK, Bannantine JP, Stabel JR, Gröhn YT, Collins MT, Barletta RG. Pathogenesis, Molecular Genetics, and Genomics of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, the Etiologic Agent of Johne's Disease. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:187. [PMID: 29164142 PMCID: PMC5681481 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiologic agent of Johne's disease in ruminants causing chronic diarrhea, malnutrition, and muscular wasting. Neonates and young animals are infected primarily by the fecal-oral route. MAP attaches to, translocates via the intestinal mucosa, and is phagocytosed by macrophages. The ensuing host cellular immune response leads to granulomatous enteritis characterized by a thick and corrugated intestinal wall. We review various tissue culture systems, ileal loops, and mice, goats, and cattle used to study MAP pathogenesis. MAP can be detected in clinical samples by microscopy, culturing, PCR, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There are commercial vaccines that reduce clinical disease and shedding, unfortunately, their efficacies are limited and may not engender long-term protective immunity. Moreover, the potential linkage with Crohn's disease and other human diseases makes MAP a concern as a zoonotic pathogen. Potential therapies with anti-mycobacterial agents are also discussed. The completion of the MAP K-10 genome sequence has greatly improved our understanding of MAP pathogenesis. The analysis of this sequence has identified a wide range of gene functions involved in virulence, lipid metabolism, transcriptional regulation, and main metabolic pathways. We also review the transposons utilized to generate random transposon mutant libraries and the recent advances in the post-genomic era. This includes the generation and characterization of allelic exchange mutants, transcriptomic analysis, transposon mutant banks analysis, new efforts to generate comprehensive mutant libraries, and the application of transposon site hybridization mutagenesis and transposon sequencing for global analysis of the MAP genome. Further analysis of candidate vaccine strains development is also provided with critical discussions on their benefits and shortcomings, and strategies to develop a highly efficacious live-attenuated vaccine capable of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govardhan Rathnaiah
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Denise K. Zinniel
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - John P. Bannantine
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Yrjö T. Gröhn
- Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Michael T. Collins
- Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Raúl G. Barletta
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
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Nowotarska SW, Nowotarski K, Grant IR, Elliott CT, Friedman M, Situ C. Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action of Cinnamon and Oregano Oils, Cinnamaldehyde, Carvacrol, 2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde, and 2-Hydroxy-5-Methoxybenzaldehyde against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map). Foods 2017; 6:foods6090072. [PMID: 28837070 PMCID: PMC5615284 DOI: 10.3390/foods6090072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial modes of action of six naturally occurring compounds, cinnamon oil, cinnamaldehyde, oregano oil, carvacrol, 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, and 2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde, previously found to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) reported to infect food animals and humans and to be present in milk, cheese, and meat, were investigated. The incubation of Map cultures in the presence of all six compounds caused phosphate ions to leak into the extracellular environment in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Cinnamon oil and cinnamaldehyde decreased the intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration of Map cells, whereas oregano oil and carvacrol caused an initial decrease of intracellular ATP concentration that was restored gradually after incubation at 37 °C for 2 h. Neither 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde nor 2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde had a significant effect on intracellular ATP concentration. None of the compounds tested were found to cause leakage of ATP to the extracellular environment. Monolayer studies involving a Langmuir trough apparatus revealed that all anti-Map compounds, especially the essential oil compounds, altered the molecular packing characteristics of phospholipid molecules of model membranes, causing fluidization. The results of the physicochemical model microbial membrane studies suggest that the destruction of the pathogenic bacteria might be associated with the disruption of the bacterial cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella W Nowotarska
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Krzysztof Nowotarski
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Irene R Grant
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Chen Situ
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
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