1
|
Fili S, Walker E. A Simple Semi-hydroponic System for Studying Iron Homeostasis in Maize. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2665:191-201. [PMID: 37166602 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3183-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydroponic-based systems for plant growth allow control of the nutrients that plants take up through the provided nutrient solution. Different formulations of nutrient solutions enable the study of nutrient deficiencies in plants. Here we describe a procedure for setting up a simple semi-hydroponic system to grow maize seedlings. The system can be set up on a small or large scale, depending on the number of individuals studied. A modified nutrient solution is used for growing maize seedlings in iron-replete and iron-depleted conditions. This setup allows for studies of iron-deficiency responses in maize.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Fili
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Elsbeth Walker
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kesten C, Gámez-Arjona FM, Menna A, Scholl S, Dora S, Huerta AI, Huang HY, Tintor N, Kinoshita T, Rep M, Krebs M, Schumacher K, Sánchez-Rodríguez C. Pathogen-induced pH changes regulate the growth-defense balance in plants. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101822. [PMID: 31736111 PMCID: PMC6912046 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental adaptation of organisms relies on fast perception and response to external signals, which lead to developmental changes. Plant cell growth is strongly dependent on cell wall remodeling. However, little is known about cell wall‐related sensing of biotic stimuli and the downstream mechanisms that coordinate growth and defense responses. We generated genetically encoded pH sensors to determine absolute pH changes across the plasma membrane in response to biotic stress. A rapid apoplastic acidification by phosphorylation‐based proton pump activation in response to the fungus Fusarium oxysporum immediately reduced cellulose synthesis and cell growth and, furthermore, had a direct influence on the pathogenicity of the fungus. In addition, pH seems to influence cellulose structure. All these effects were dependent on the COMPANION OF CELLULOSE SYNTHASE proteins that are thus at the nexus of plant growth and defense. Hence, our discoveries show a remarkable connection between plant biomass production, immunity, and pH control, and advance our ability to investigate the plant growth‐defense balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefan Scholl
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Dora
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Nico Tintor
- Department of Phytopathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Martijn Rep
- Department of Phytopathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Krebs
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ding W, Clode PL, Clements JC, Lambers H. Sensitivity of different Lupinus species to calcium under a low phosphorus supply. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1512-1523. [PMID: 29476534 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To study mechanism underpinning the calcifuge habit of some Lupinus species, especially under low-phosphorus (P) conditions, Lupinus species that were likely to respond differently to calcium (Ca) availability were assembled, and the sensitivity to Ca under a low-P supply was assessed. Seven Lupinus species (9 genotypes, L. albus L. cv Kiev, L. albus L. P26766, L. angustifolius L. cv Mandelup, L. angustifolius L. P26723, L. luteus L. cv Pootalong, L. hispanicus ssp. bicolor Boiss. and Reut. P22999, L. pilosus Murr. P27440, L. cosentinii Guss. P27225, and L. atlanticus Gladst. P27219) were grown hydroponically at 10 or 6000 μM Ca. Leaf symptoms, gas exchange and biomass were recorded; leaf and root nutrient concentrations were analysed, and the leaf cell types in which Ca and P accumulated were determined using elemental X-ray microanalyses. Calcium toxicity was demonstrated for L. angustifolius P26723, L. hispanicus ssp. bicolor. P22999, and L. cosentinii P27225, whereas the other species were tolerant of a high Ca supply under low-P conditions. In addition, genotypic differences in Ca toxicity were found within L. angustifolius. Most Ca accumulated in the mesophyll cells in all species, whereas most P was located in epidermal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Ding
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Peta L Clode
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterization, and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jonathan C Clements
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Primary industries and Regional Development, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Palmer AG, Ali M, Yang S, Parchami N, Bento T, Mazzella A, Oni M, Riley MC, Schneider K, Massa N. Kin recognition is a nutrient-dependent inducible phenomenon. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1224045. [PMID: 27552112 PMCID: PMC5058466 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1224045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recognition and response to prospective competitors are crucial variables that must be considered in resource distribution and utilization in plant communities. Associated behaviors are largely mediated through the exchange of low-molecular weight exudates. These cues can significantly alter the root system architecture (RSA) between neighboring plants and are routinely sensitive enough to distinguish between plants of the same or different accessions, a phenomenon known as kin recognition (KR). Such refined discrimination of identity, based on the composition and detection of patterns of exudate signals is remarkable and provides insight into the chemical ecology of plant-plant interactions. The discovery that KR occurs in Arabidopsis thaliana provides a model system to resolve many of the mechanistic questions associated with this process. We hypothesized that the low-molecular weight cues which direct changes to the RSA during KR was driven by nutrient availability. Here we present evidence in support of a nutrient-inducible model for KR. Our findings underscore how exudate production and detection are influenced by nutrient availability as well as how this information is integrated into 'decisions' about competition and root system architecture which may have broader impacts on community composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Palmer
- Florida Institute of Technology Department of Biological Sciences, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Maysaa Ali
- Florida Institute of Technology Department of Biological Sciences, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Shukun Yang
- Florida Institute of Technology Department of Biological Sciences, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Neda Parchami
- Florida Institute of Technology Department of Biological Sciences, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Thiara Bento
- Florida Institute of Technology Department of Biological Sciences, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Amanda Mazzella
- Florida Institute of Technology Department of Biological Sciences, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Musa Oni
- Florida Institute of Technology Department of Biological Sciences, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Michael C. Riley
- Florida Institute of Technology Department of Biological Sciences, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Karl Schneider
- Florida Institute of Technology Department of Biological Sciences, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Nicole Massa
- Florida Institute of Technology Department of Biological Sciences, Melbourne, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kagenishi T, Yokawa K, Baluška F. MES Buffer Affects Arabidopsis Root Apex Zonation and Root Growth by Suppressing Superoxide Generation in Root Apex. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:79. [PMID: 26925066 PMCID: PMC4757704 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In plants, growth of roots and root hairs is regulated by the fine cellular control of pH and reactive oxygen species (ROS). MES, 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid as one of the Good's buffers has broadly been used for buffering medium, and it is thought to suit for plant growth with the concentration at 0.1% (w/v) because the buffer capacity of MES ranging pH 5.5-7.0 (for Arabidopsis, pH 5.8). However, many reports have shown that, in nature, roots require different pH values on the surface of specific root apex zones, namely meristem, transition zone, and elongation zone. Despite the fact that roots always grow on a media containing buffer molecule, little is known about impact of MES on root growth. Here, we have checked the effects of different concentrations of MES buffer using growing roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results show that 1% of MES significantly inhibited root growth, the number of root hairs and length of meristem, whereas 0.1% promoted root growth and root apex area (region spanning from the root tip up to the transition zone). Furthermore, superoxide generation in root apex disappeared at 1% of MES. These results suggest that MES disturbs normal root morphogenesis by changing the ROS homeostasis in root apex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kagenishi
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Ken Yokawa
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Indrasumunar A, Gresshoff PM. Vermiculite's strong buffer capacity renders it unsuitable for studies of acidity on soybean (Glycine max L.) nodulation and growth. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:465. [PMID: 24229409 PMCID: PMC3835622 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vermiculite is the most common soil-free growing substrate used for plants in horticultural and scientific studies due to its high water holding capacity. However, some studies are not suitable to be conducted in it. The described experiments aimed to test the suitability of vermiculite to study the effect of acidity on nodulation and growth of soybean (Glycine max L.). METHODS Two different nutrient solutions (Broughton & Dilworth, and modified Herridge nutrient solutions) with or without MES buffer addition were used to irrigate soybean grown on vermiculite growth substrates. The pH of nutrient solutions was adjusted to either pH 4.0 or 7.0 prior its use. The nodulation and vegetative growth of soybean plants were assessed at 3 and 4 weeks after inoculation. RESULTS The unsuitability of presumably inert vermiculite as a physical plant growth substrate for studying the effects of acidity on soybean nodulation and plant growth was illustrated. Nodulation and growth of soybean grown in vermiculite were not affected by irrigation with pH-adjusted nutrient solution either at pH 4.0 or 7.0. This was reasonably caused by the ability of vermiculite to neutralise (buffer) the pH of the supplied nutrient solution (pH 2.0-7.0). CONCLUSIONS Due to its buffering capacity, vermiculite cannot be used as growth support to study the effect of acidity on nodulation and plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arief Indrasumunar
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Baker CJ, Mock NM, Roberts DP, Deahl KL, Hapeman CJ, Schmidt WF, Kochansky J. Interference by Mes [2-(4-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid] and related buffers with phenolic oxidation by peroxidase. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:1322-7. [PMID: 17893045 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
While characterizing the kinetic parameters of apoplastic phenolic oxidation by peroxidase, we found anomalies caused by the Mes [2-(4-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid] buffer being used. In the presence of Mes, certain phenolics appeared not to be oxidized by peroxidase, yet the oxidant, H(2)O(2), was utilized. This anomaly seems to be due to the recycling of the phenolic substrate. The reaction is relatively inefficient, but at buffer concentrations of 10 mM or greater the recycling effect is nearly 100% with substrate concentrations less than 100 microM. The recycling effect is dependent on substrate structure, occurring with 4'-hydroxyacetophenone but not with 3',5'-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxyacetophenone (acetosyringone). Characterization of the reaction parameters suggests that the phenoxyl radical from the peroxidase reaction interacts with Mes, causing the reduction and regeneration of the phenol. Similar responses occurred with related buffers such as Hepes [4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid] and Pipes [piperazine-1,4-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid)]. Results from this work and other reports in the literature indicate that great care is required in interpreting any results involving these buffers under oxidizing conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Jacyn Baker
- Molecular Plant Pathology Lab, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nikolic M, Römheld V. Nitrate does not result in iron inactivation in the apoplast of sunflower leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 132:1303-14. [PMID: 12857812 PMCID: PMC167070 DOI: 10.1104/pp.102.017889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2002] [Revised: 01/20/2003] [Accepted: 03/23/2003] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that nitrate (NO(3)(-)) nutrition might induce iron (Fe) deficiency chlorosis by inactivation of Fe in the leaf apoplast (H.U. Kosegarten, B. Hoffmann, K. Mengel [1999] Plant Physiol 121: 1069-1079). To test this hypothesis, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv Farnkasol) plants were grown in nutrient solutions supplied with various nitrogen (N) forms (NO(3)(-), NH(4)(+) and NH(4)NO(3)), with or without pH control by using pH buffers [2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid or 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid]. It was shown that high pH in the nutrient solution restricted uptake and shoot translocation of Fe independently of N form and, therefore, induced Fe deficiency chlorosis at low Fe supply [1 micro M ferric ethylenediaminedi(O-hydroxyphenylacetic acid)]. Root NO(3)(-) supply (up to 40 mM) did not affect the relative distribution of Fe between leaf apoplast and symplast at constant low external pH of the root medium. Although perfusion of high pH-buffered solution (7.0) into the leaf apoplast restricted (59)Fe uptake rate as compared with low apoplastic solution pH (5.0 and 6.0, respectively), loading of NO(3)(-) (6 mM) showed no effect on (59)Fe uptake by the symplast of leaf cells. However, high light intensity strongly increased (59)Fe uptake, independently of apoplastic pH or of the presence of NO(3)(-) in the apoplastic solution. Finally, there are no indications in the present study that NO(3)(-) supply to roots results in the postulated inactivation of Fe in the leaf apoplast. It is concluded that NO(3)(-) nutrition results in Fe deficiency chlorosis exclusively by inhibited Fe acquisition by roots due to high pH at the root surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Nikolic
- Institut für Pflanzenernährung (330), Universität Hohenheim, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mackowiak CL, Grossl PR, Bugbee BG. Beneficial effects of humic acid on micronutrient availability to wheat. SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL. SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2001; 65:1744-1750. [PMID: 11885604 DOI: 10.2136/sssaj2001.1744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Humic acid (HA) is a relatively stable product of organic matter decomposition and thus accumulates in environmental systems. Humic acid might benefit plant growth by chelating unavailable nutrients and buffering pH. We examined the effect of HA on growth and micronutrient uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown hydroponically. Four root-zone treatments were compared: (i) 25 micromoles synthetic chelate N-(4-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (C10H18N2O7) (HEDTA at 0.25 mM C); (ii) 25 micromoles synthetic chelate with 4-morpholineethanesulfonic acid (C6H13N4S) (MES at 5 mM C) pH buffer; (iii) HA at 1 mM C without synthetic chelate or buffer; and (iv) no synthetic chelate or buffer. Ample inorganic Fe (35 micromoles Fe3+) was supplied in all treatments. There was no statistically significant difference in total biomass or seed yield among treatments, but HA was effective at ameliorating the leaf interveinal chlorosis that occurred during early growth of the nonchelated treatment. Leaf-tissue Cu and Zn concentrations were lower in the HEDTA treatment relative to no chelate (NC), indicating HEDTA strongly complexed these nutrients, thus reducing their free ion activities and hence, bioavailability. Humic acid did not complex Zn as strongly and chemical equilibrium modeling supported these results. Titration tests indicated that HA was not an effective pH buffer at 1 mM C, and higher levels resulted in HA-Ca and HA-Mg flocculation in the nutrient solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Mackowiak
- Plants, Soils, and Biometeorology Dep., Utah State Univ., Logan, UT 84322-4820, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Grusak MA. Intrinsic stable isotope labeling of plants for nutritional investigations in humans. J Nutr Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(97)00017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
11
|
Wieneke J, Nebeling B. Improved Method for13N-Application in Short-term Studies on NO3− Fluxes in Barley and Squash Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/jpln.19901530210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
12
|
Knight SL, Mitchell CA. Effects of incandescent radiation on photosynthesis, growth rate and yield of 'Waldmann's Green' leaf lettuce. SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE 1989; 35:37-49. [PMID: 11539045 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4238(88)90035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Effects of different ratios incandescent (ln) to fluorescent (Fl) radiation were tested on growth of 'Waldmann's Green' leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in a controlled environment. After 4 days of treatment, dry weight, leaf area, relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and photosynthetic rate (Pn) were greater for plants grown at 84 rather than 16% of total irradiance (82 W m-2) from ln lamps. Although leaf dry weight and area were 12-17% greater at 84% ln after the first 8 days of treatment, there were no differences in RGR or Pn between treatments during the last 4 days. If 84% ln was compared with 50% ln, all cumulative growth parameters, RGR, NAR and Pn were greater for 84% ln during the first 4 days of treatment. However, during the second 4 days, RGR was greater for the 50% ln treatment, resulting in no net difference in leaf dry weight or area between treatments. Shifting from 84 to 50% ln radiation between the first and second 4 days of treatment increased plant dry weight, leaf area, RGR and NAR relative to those under 84% ln for 8 days continuously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Knight
- Department of Horticulture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|