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Kim YW, Yang SG, Seo BB, Koo DB, Park HJ. Deoxynivalenol leads to endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis via the IRE1/JNK/CHOP pathways in porcine embryos. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114633. [PMID: 38608924 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The cytotoxic mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) reportedly has adverse effects on oocyte maturation and embryonic development in pigs. Recently, the interplay between cell apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has garnered increasing attention in embryogenesis. However, the involvement of the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)/c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) pathways of unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling in DON-induced apoptosis in porcine embryos remains unknown. In this study, we revealed that exposure to DON (0.25 μM) substantially decreased cell viability until the blastocyst stage in porcine embryos, concomitant with initiation of cell apoptosis through the IRE1/JNK/CHOP pathways in response to ER stress. Quantitative PCR confirmed that UPR signaling-related transcription factors were upregulated in DON-treated porcine blastocysts. Western blot analysis showed that IRE1/JNK/CHOP signaling was activated in DON-exposed porcine embryos, indicating that ER stress-associated apoptosis was instigated. The ER stress inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholic acid protected against DON-induced ER stress in porcine embryos, indicating that the toxic effects of DON on early developmental competence of porcine embryos can be prevented. In conclusion, DON exposure impairs the developmental ability of porcine embryos by inducing ER stress-mediated apoptosis via IRE1/JNK/CHOP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Won Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea; DU Center for Infertility, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Gi Yang
- DU Center for Infertility, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea; Department of Companion Animal Industry, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Boo Seo
- Department of Companion Animal Industry, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Deog-Bon Koo
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea; DU Center for Infertility, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea; Department of Companion Animal Industry, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, 38453, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo-Jin Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea; DU Center for Infertility, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea.
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Nikolov N, Petkova T, Binev R, Milanova A. Low Doses of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone Alone or in Combination with a Mycotoxin Binder Affect ABCB1 mRNA and ABCC2 mRNA Expression in the Intestines of Pigs. TOXICS 2024; 12:297. [PMID: 38668520 PMCID: PMC11054541 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxin binders, in combination with enzymes degrading some mycotoxins, contribute to feed detoxification. Their use reduces economic losses and the negative impacts of mycotoxins on animal health and productivity in farm animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a mycotoxin detoxifier on the expression of the ATP-binding cassette efflux transporters ABCB1 mRNA and ABCC2 mRNA, which transport xenobiotics and thus have a barrier function, in the tissues of pigs exposed to low doses of deoxynivalenol (DON, 1 mg/kg feed) and zearalenone (ZEN, 0.4 mg/kg feed) for 37 days. The levels of expression were determined by an RT-PCR, and the effect of the mycotoxin detoxifier (Mycofix Plus3.E) was evaluated by a comparison of results between healthy pigs (n = 6), animals treated with DON and ZEN (n = 6), and a group that received both mycotoxins and the detoxifier (n = 6). A significant downregulation of ABCB1 mRNA and ABCC2 mRNA was observed in the jejunum (p < 0.05). A tendencies toward the downregulation of ABCB1 mRNA and ABCC2 mRNA were found in the ileum and duodenum, respectively. The mycotoxin detoxifier restored the expression of ABCB1 mRNA to the level found in healthy animals but did not restore that of ABCC2 mRNA to the level of healthy animals in the jejunum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Nikolov
- Department of Internal Non-Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6015 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; (N.N.); (R.B.)
| | - Tsvetelina Petkova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6015 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria;
| | - Rumen Binev
- Department of Internal Non-Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6015 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; (N.N.); (R.B.)
| | - Aneliya Milanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6015 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria;
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3
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Jacobson T, Bae Y, Kler JS, Iyer R, Zhang R, Montgomery ND, Nunes D, Pleil JD, Funk WE. Advancing Global Health Surveillance of Mycotoxin Exposures using Minimally Invasive Sampling Techniques: A State-of-the-Science Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:3580-3594. [PMID: 38354120 PMCID: PMC10903514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are a heterogeneous group of toxins produced by fungi that can grow in staple crops (e.g., maize, cereals), resulting in health risks due to widespread exposure from human consumption and inhalation. Dried blood spot (DBS), dried serum spot (DSS), and volumetric tip microsampling (VTS) assays were developed and validated for several important mycotoxins. This review summarizes studies that have developed these assays to monitor mycotoxin exposures in human biological samples and highlights future directions to facilitate minimally invasive sampling techniques as global public health tools. A systematic search of PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase (Elsevier), and CINAHL (EBSCO) was conducted. Key assay performance metrics were extracted to provide a critical review of the available methods. This search identified 11 published reports related to measuring mycotoxins (ochratoxins, aflatoxins, and fumonisins) using DBS/DSS and VTS assays. Multimycotoxin assays adapted for DBS/DSS and VTS have undergone sufficient laboratory validation for applications in large-scale population health and human biomonitoring studies. Future work should expand the number of mycotoxins that can be measured in multimycotoxin assays, continue to improve multimycotoxin assay sensitivities of several biomarkers with low detection rates, and validate multimycotoxin assays across diverse populations with varying exposure levels. Validated low-cost and ultrasensitive minimally invasive sampling methods should be deployed in human biomonitoring and public health surveillance studies to guide policy interventions to reduce inequities in global mycotoxin exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler
A. Jacobson
- Department
of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Yeunook Bae
- Department
of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Jasdeep S. Kler
- University
of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ramsunder Iyer
- Department
of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Runze Zhang
- Department
of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Nathan D. Montgomery
- Department
of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Denise Nunes
- Galter
Health Sciences Library, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Joachim D. Pleil
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Public
Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - William E. Funk
- Department
of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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Hai S, Chen J, Ma L, Wang C, Chen C, Rahman SU, Zhao C, Feng S, Wu J, Wang X. Combination of Zearalenone and Deoxynivalenol Induces Apoptosis by Mitochondrial Pathway in Piglet Sertoli Cells: Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:471. [PMID: 37505740 PMCID: PMC10467067 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are widely found in various feeds, which harms livestock's reproductive health. Both mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can regulate cell apoptosis. This study aimed to explore the regulatory mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) on ZEA- combined with DON-induced mitochondrial pathway apoptosis in piglet Sertoli cells (SCs). The results showed that ZEA + DON damaged the ultrastructure of the cells, induced apoptosis, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, promoted the expression of cytochrome c (CytC), and decreased the cell survival rate. Furthermore, ZEA + DON increased the relative mRNA and protein expression of Bid, Caspase-3, Drp1, and P53, while that of Bcl-2 and Mfn2 declined. ZEA + DON was added after pretreatment with 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA). The results showed that 4-PBA could alleviate the toxicity of ZEA + DON toward SCs. Compared with the ZEA + DON group, 4-PBA improved the cell survival rate, decreased the apoptosis rate, inhibited CytC expression, and increased mitochondrial membrane potential, and the damage to the cell ultrastructure was alleviated. Moreover, after pretreatment with 4-PBA, the relative mRNA and protein expression of Bid, Caspase-3, Drp1, and P53 were downregulated, while the relative mRNA and protein expression of Bcl-2 and Mfn2 were upregulated. It can be concluded that ERS plays an important part in the apoptosis of SCs co-infected with ZEA-DON through the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, and intervention in this process can provide a new way to alleviate the reproductive toxicity of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirao Hai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.H.); (J.C.); (L.M.); (C.W.); (C.C.); (S.U.R.); (C.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Jiawen Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.H.); (J.C.); (L.M.); (C.W.); (C.C.); (S.U.R.); (C.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Li Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.H.); (J.C.); (L.M.); (C.W.); (C.C.); (S.U.R.); (C.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Chenlong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.H.); (J.C.); (L.M.); (C.W.); (C.C.); (S.U.R.); (C.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Chuangjiang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.H.); (J.C.); (L.M.); (C.W.); (C.C.); (S.U.R.); (C.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Sajid Ur Rahman
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.H.); (J.C.); (L.M.); (C.W.); (C.C.); (S.U.R.); (C.Z.); (S.F.)
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.H.); (J.C.); (L.M.); (C.W.); (C.C.); (S.U.R.); (C.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Shibin Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.H.); (J.C.); (L.M.); (C.W.); (C.C.); (S.U.R.); (C.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Jinjie Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.H.); (J.C.); (L.M.); (C.W.); (C.C.); (S.U.R.); (C.Z.); (S.F.)
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Animal Food Quality and Bio-Safety, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xichun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.H.); (J.C.); (L.M.); (C.W.); (C.C.); (S.U.R.); (C.Z.); (S.F.)
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Animal Food Quality and Bio-Safety, Hefei 230036, China
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Kang TH, Shin S, Park J, Lee BR, Lee SI. Pyroptosis-Mediated Damage Mechanism by Deoxynivalenol in Porcine Small Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040300. [PMID: 37104238 PMCID: PMC10146237 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is known as a vomitoxin, which frequently contaminates feedstuffs, such as corn, wheat, and barley. Intake of DON-contaminated feed has been known to cause undesirable effects, including diarrhea, emesis, reduced feed intake, nutrient malabsorption, weight loss, and delay in growth, in livestock. However, the molecular mechanism of DON-induced damage of the intestinal epithelium requires further investigation. Treatment with DON triggered ROS in IPEC-J2 cells and increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP). To investigate the activation of the inflammasome, we confirmed the mRNA and protein expression levels of the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), and caspase-1 (CASP-1). Moreover, we confirmed that caspase mediates the mature form of interleukin-18, and the cleaved form of Gasdermin D (GSDMD) was increased. Based on these results, our study suggests that DON can induce damage through oxidative stress and pyroptosis in the epithelial cells of the porcine small intestine via NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hong Kang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsu Shin
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Horse Industry, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - JeongWoong Park
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Horse Industry, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ram Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang In Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Horse Industry, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
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6
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Enzymatic Degradation of Zearalenone in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Pigs, Chickens, and Rainbow Trout. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15010048. [PMID: 36668868 PMCID: PMC9865282 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is a common contaminant of animal feed. Effective strategies for the inactivation of ZEN in feed are required. The ZEN-degrading enzyme zearalenone hydrolase ZenA (EC 3.1.1.-, commercial name ZENzyme®, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Getzersdorf, Austria) converts ZEN to hydrolyzed ZEN (HZEN), thereby enabling a strong reduction in estrogenicity. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of ZenA added to feed to degrade ZEN in the gastrointestinal tract of three monogastric animal species, i.e., pigs, chickens, and rainbow trout. For each species, groups of animals received (i) feed contaminated with ZEN (chickens: 400 µg/kg, pigs: 200 µg/kg, rainbow trout: 2000 µg/kg), (ii) feed contaminated with ZEN and supplemented with ZenA, or (iii) uncontaminated feed. To investigate the fate of dietary ZEN in the gastrointestinal tract in the presence and absence of ZenA, concentrations of ZEN and ZEN metabolites were analyzed in digesta of chickens and rainbow trout and in feces of pigs. Upon ZenA administration, concentrations of ZEN were significantly decreased and concentrations of the degradation product HZEN were significantly increased in digesta/feces of each investigated animal species, indicating degradation of ZEN by ZenA in the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, upon addition of ZenA to the diet, the concentration of the highly estrogenic ZEN metabolite α-ZEL was significantly reduced in feces of pigs. In conclusion, ZenA was effective in degrading ZEN to HZEN in the gastrointestinal tract of chickens, pigs, and rainbow trout, and counteracted formation of α-ZEL in pigs. Therefore, ZenA could find application as a ZEN-degrading feed additive for these animal species.
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7
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Aflatoxins in Feed: Types, Metabolism, Health Consequences in Swine and Mitigation Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120853. [PMID: 36548750 PMCID: PMC9783261 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding farm animals with aflatoxin-contaminated feed can cause various severe toxic effects, leading to increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and increased mortality, weight loss, poor performance and reduced reproductive capability. Following ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs, aflatoxins are metabolized and biotransformed differently in animals. Swine metabolism is not effective in detoxifying and excreting aflatoxins, meaning the risk of aflatoxicosis is increased. Thus, it is of great importance to elucidate the metabolism and all metabolic pathways associated with this mycotoxin. The damage induced by AFB1 in cells and tissues consists of inhibition of cell proliferation, carcinogenicity, immunosuppression, mutagenicity, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, leading to pathological lesions in the liver, spleen, lymph node, kidney, uterus, heart, and lungs of swine. At present, it is a challenging task and of serious concern to completely remove aflatoxins and their metabolites from feedstuff; thus, the aim of this study was a literature review on the deleterious effects of aflatoxins on swine metabolism, as well as alternatives that contribute to the detoxification or amelioration of aflatoxin-induced effects in farm animal feed.
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Zhao J, Hai S, Chen J, Ma L, Rahman SU, Zhao C, Feng S, Li Y, Wu J, Wang X. Zearalenone Induces Apoptosis in Porcine Endometrial Stromal Cells through JNK Signaling Pathway Based on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110758. [PMID: 36356008 PMCID: PMC9694026 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogen-like mycotoxin characterized mainly by reproductive toxicity, to which pigs are particularly sensitive. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of ZEA-induced apoptosis in porcine endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) by activating the JNK signaling pathway through endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). In this study, ESCs were exposed to ZEA, with the ERS inhibitor sodium 4-Phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) as a reference. The results showed that ZEA could damage cell structures, induce endoplasmic reticulum swelling and fragmentation, and decreased the ratio of live cells to dead cells significantly. In addition, ZEA could increase reactive oxygen species and Ca2+ levels; upregulate the expression of GRP78, CHOP, PERK, ASK1 and JNK; activate JNK phosphorylation and its high expression in the nucleus; upregulate the expression Caspase 3 and Caspase 9; and increase the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, resulting in increased apoptosis. After 3 h of 4-PBA-pretreatment, ZEA was added for mixed culture, which showed that the inhibition of ERS could reduce the cytotoxicity of ZEA toward ESCs. Compared with the ZEA group, ERS inhibition increased cell viability; downregulated the expression of GRP78, CHOP, PERK, ASK1 and JNK; and decreased the nuclear level of p-JNK. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the expression of Caspase 3 and Caspase 9 were downregulated, significantly alleviating apoptosis. These results demonstrate that ZEA can alter the morphology of ESCs, destroy their ultrastructure, and activate the JNK signaling via the ERS pathway, leading to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Sirao Hai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jiawen Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Sajid Ur Rahman
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shibin Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Animal Food Quality and Bio-Safety, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jinjie Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Animal Food Quality and Bio-Safety, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xichun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Animal Food Quality and Bio-Safety, Hefei 230036, China
- Correspondence:
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9
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Effect of Compactin on the Mycotoxin Production and Expression of Related Biosynthetic and Regulatory Genes in Toxigenic Fusarium culmorum. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071347. [PMID: 35889066 PMCID: PMC9318162 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are mycotoxins produced by various species of Fusarium fungi. They contaminate agricultural products and negatively influence human and animal health, thus representing a serious problem of the agricultural industry. Earlier we showed that compactin, a secondary metabolite of Penicillium citrinum, is able to completely suppress the aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis by Aspergillus flavus. Using the F. culmorum strain FC-19 able to produce DON and ZEN, we demonstrated that compactin also significantly suppressed both DON (99.3%) and ZEN (100%) biosynthesis. The possible mechanisms of this suppression were elucidated by qPCR-based analysis of expression levels of 48 biosynthetic and regulatory genes. Expression of eight of 13 TRI genes, including TRI4, TRI5, and TRI101, was completely suppressed. A significant down-regulation was revealed for the TRI10, TRI9, and TRI14 genes. TRI15 was the only up-regulated gene from the TRI cluster. In the case of the ZEN cluster, almost complete suppression was observed for PKS4, PKS13, and ZEB1 genes, and the balance between two ZEB2 isoforms was altered. Among regulatory genes, an increased expression of GPA1 and GPA2 genes encoding α- and β-subunits of a G-protein was shown, whereas eight genes were down-regulated. The obtained results suggest that the main pathway for a compactin-related inhibition of the DON and ZEN biosynthesis affects the transcription of genes involved in the G-protein-cAMP-PKA signaling pathway. The revealed gene expression data may provide a better understanding of genetic mechanisms underlying mycotoxin production and its regulation.
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Guo J, Shen Y, Zhang X, Lin D, Xia P, Song M, Yan L, Zhong W, Gou X, Wang C, Wei S, Yu H, Shi W. Effect-Directed Analysis Based on the Reduced Human Transcriptome (RHT) to Identify Organic Contaminants in Source and Tap Waters along the Yangtze River. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7840-7852. [PMID: 35617516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Since a large number of contaminants are detected in source waters (SWs) and tap waters (TWs), it is important to perform a comprehensive effect evaluation and key contributor identification. A reduced human transcriptome (RHT)-based effect-directed analysis, which consisted of a concentration-dependent RHT to reveal the comprehensive effects and noteworthy pathways and systematic identification of key contributors based on the interactions between compounds and pathway effects, was developed and applied to typical SWs and TWs along the Yangtze River. By RHT, 42% more differentially expressed genes and 33% more pathways were identified in the middle and lower reaches, indicating heavier pollution. Hormone and immune pathways were prioritized based on the detection frequency, sensitivity, and removal efficiency, among which the estrogen receptor pathway was the most noteworthy. Consistent with RHT, estrogenic effects were widespread along the Yangtze River based on in vitro evaluations. Furthermore, 38 of 100 targets, 39 pathway-related suspects, and 16 estrogenic nontargets were systematically identified. Among them, diethylstilbestrol was the dominant contributor, with the estradiol equivalent (EEQ) significantly correlated with EEQwater. In addition, zearalenone and niclosamide explained up to 54% of the EEQwater. The RHT-based EDA method could support the effect evaluation, contributor identification, and risk management of micropolluted waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yanhong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Environmental Monitoring Station of Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215027, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Die Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Pu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Maoyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenjun Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Province Ecology and Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health Risk, Nanjing 210023, China
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Zhou J, Zhao L, Huang S, Liu Q, Ao X, Lei Y, Ji C, Ma Q. Zearalenone toxicosis on reproduction as estrogen receptor selective modulator and alleviation of zearalenone biodegradative agent in pregnant sows. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:36. [PMID: 35382876 PMCID: PMC8985363 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00686-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zearalenone (ZEA) is a resorcylic acid lactone derivative derived from various Fusarium species that are widely found in food and feeds. The molecular structure of ZEA resembles that of the mammalian hormone 17β-oestradiol, thus zearalenone and its metabolites are known to compete with endogenous hormones for estrogen receptors binding sites and to activate transcription of oestrogen-responsive genes. However, the effect of long-term low-dose ZEA exposure on the reproductive response to Bacillus subtilis ANSB01G culture for first-parity gilts has not yet been investigated. This study was conducted to investigate the toxic effects of ZEA as an estrogen receptor selective modulator and the alleviating effects of Bacillus subtilis ANSB01G cultures as ZEA biodegraders in pregnant sows during their first parity. RESULTS A total of 80 first-parity gilts (Yorkshire × Landrace) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments during gestation: CO (positive control); MO (negative control, 246 μg ZEA/kg diet); COA (CO + B. subtilis ANSB01G culture with 2 × 109 CFU/kg diet); MOA (MO + B. subtilis ANSB01G culture with 2 × 109 CFU/kg diet). There were 20 replications per treatment with one gilt per replicate. Feeding low-dose ZEA naturally contaminated diets disordered most of reproductive hormones secretion and affected estrogen receptor-α and estrogen receptor-β concentrations in serum and specific organs and led to moderate histopathological changes of gilts, but did not cause significant detrimental effects on reproductive performance. The addition of Bacillus subtilis ANSB01G culture to the diet can effectively relieve the competence of ZEA to estrogen receptor and the disturbance of reproductive hormones secretion, and then ameliorate toxicosis of ZEA in gilts. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study investigated the effects of feeding low-dose ZEA on reproduction in pregnant sows during their first parity. Feeding low-dose ZEA could modulate estrogen receptor-α and -β concentrations in specific organs, cause disturbance of reproductive hormones and vulva swelling, and damage organ histopathology and up-regulate apoptosis in sow models. Diet with Bacillus subtilis ANSB01G alleviated negative effects of the ZEA on gilts to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.,Sichuan tieqilishi Food Co., Ltd, Mianyang, 610000, Sichuan province, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shimeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qingxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiang Ao
- Sichuan tieqilishi Food Co., Ltd, Mianyang, 610000, Sichuan province, China
| | - Yuanpei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Cheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Wang Y, Xing CH, Chen S, Sun SC. Zearalenone exposure impairs organelle function during porcine oocyte meiotic maturation. Theriogenology 2022; 177:22-28. [PMID: 34656833 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is one of the secondary metabolites of Fusarium and is regarded as a common contaminant of foodstuffs especially corn products. ZEN is considered to be cytotoxic, tissue toxic, genotoxic and reproductive toxic, which acts as a serious threat for humans and animals. In this study, we investigated the effects of ZEN on organelle function during porcine oocyte meiotic maturation. Our results showed that the expansion of cumulus granulosa cells and the extrusion of oocyte polar body were disturbed after ZEN exposure. Besides the aberrant mitochondrial distribution and impaired mitochondrial membrane potential after ZEN treatment during porcine oocyte maturation. We also found the fluorescence intensity of ER was decreased, and ZEN exposure altered ER stress level, showing with the reduced expression of GRP78. We also found that the spindle cortex distribution of Golgi apparatus was disrupted in ZEN-exposed oocytes, which was confirmed by the decreased level of GM130, moreover, our data also showed that Rab11-based vesical transport was disturbed, indicating the Golgi apparatus function was disrupted. Besides, the fluorescence intensity of lysosome was significantly increased, indicating the protein degradation and the potential autophagy occurrence after ZEN treatment. Thus, our results demonstrated that exposure to ZEN affected porcine oocyte meiotic maturation through its wide effects on organelle function for protein synthesis, transport and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chun-Hua Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Owumi SE, Bello SA, Najophe SE, O Nwozo S, O Esan I. Coadministration of gallic acid abates zearalenone-mediated defects in male rat's reproductive function. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 36:e22940. [PMID: 34723416 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
As gallic acid (GA) role in zearalenone (ZEN); mediated reproductive dysfunction has not been studied, we report on GA's effect on reproductive dysfunction in rats treated with ZEN-100 µg/kg alone, or with GA-40 mg/kg; for 4 weeks. The mycotoxin ZEN contaminates crops, causing toxicity on ingestion, economic losses, and alters reproductive function. Relative to control, GA reversed ZEN-induced reduction of rats' testicular function enzymes and reproductive hormones and improved ZEN-impaired sperm quality. GA significantly (p < 0.05) increased rats antioxidant status, inhibited (p < 0.05) reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and lipid peroxidation levels, and abated (p < 0.05) proinflammatory biomarkers in the examined organs: hypothalamus, testis, and epididymis. Histopathology revealed that GA facilitated the preservation of testicular and epididymal cytoarchitecture significantly altered in rat cohorts treated with ZEN alone. Conclusively, GA protected against ZEN-induced toxicity in the rats' organs examined, enhanced endogenous antioxidative protective mechanism, and abated proinflammatory responses. GA further averted a decline in circulatory, reproductive enzymes, hormone levels. GA also protected against reproductive tissue damage and improved parameters of sperm functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon E Owumi
- Department of Biochemistry, CRMBL Unit, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, ChangeLab, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Samuel A Bello
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Nutrition and Industrial Biochemistry Laboratories, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Sarah E Najophe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Nutrition and Industrial Biochemistry Laboratories, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Sarah O Nwozo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Nutrition and Industrial Biochemistry Laboratories, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ifeoluwa O Esan
- Department of Biochemistry, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
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Tkaczyk A, Jedziniak P. Mycotoxin Biomarkers in Pigs-Current State of Knowledge and Analytics. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:586. [PMID: 34437457 PMCID: PMC8402396 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Farm animals are frequently exposed to mycotoxins, which have many adverse effects on their health and become a significant food safety issue. Pigs are highly exposed and particularly susceptible to mycotoxins, which can cause many adverse effects. For the above reasons, an appropriate diagnostic tool is needed to monitor pig' exposure to mycotoxins. The most popular tool is feed analysis, which has some disadvantages, e.g., it does not include individual exposure. In recent years, the determination of biomarkers as a method to assess the exposure to mycotoxins by using concentrations of the parent compounds and/or metabolites in biological matrices is becoming more and more popular. This review provides a comprehensive overview of reported in vivo mycotoxin absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) and toxicokinetic studies on pigs. Biomarkers of exposure for aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, T-2 toxin and zearalenone are described to select the most promising compound for analysis of porcine plasma, urine and faeces. Biomarkers occur in biological matrices at trace levels, so a very sensitive technique-tandem mass spectrometry-is commonly used for multiple biomarkers quantification. However, the sample preparation for multi-mycotoxin methods remains a challenge. Therefore, a summary of different biological samples preparation strategies is included in that paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Tkaczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
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In Vitro Mechanism Assessment of Zearalenone Removal by Plant-Derived Lactobacillus plantarum BCC 47723. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040286. [PMID: 33921591 PMCID: PMC8073407 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a harmful secondary fungal metabolite, produced primarily by plant pathogenic fungi mostly belonging to the genus Fusarium. It is involved in reproductive disorders in animals since its structure is similar to the estrogen hormone. This induces precocious pubertal changes, fertility problems, and hyper estrogenic disorders. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the ZEA removal capacity of plant-derived lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and to investigate the possible components and mechanisms involved in the removal of ZEA by physically and chemically treated plant-derived LAB. The bacterial cells were characterized using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the analysis of zeta potential, and hydrophobic index. Results revealed that 17 out of 33 plant-derived LAB exhibited ZEA removal from liquid medium. The percentage of removal ranged from 0.5-23% and Lactobacillus plantarum BCC 47723, isolated from wild spider flower pickle (Pag-sian-dorng), exhibited the highest removal. The alteration of proteins on L. plantarum BCC 47723 structure by Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) treatment was positively affected on ZEA removal, whereas that of lipids on ZEA removal was negatively observed. Heat treatment influenced the higher ZEA adsorption. SEM images showed that the morphologies of modified bacterial cells were distinctly deformed and damaged when compared with untreated control. FTIR analysis indicated that the original functional groups, which included amide (C=O, C-N), carboxyl (C=O, C-O, O-H), methylene (C=C), and alcohol (O-H) groups, were not changed after ZEA adsorption. The zeta potential indicated that electrostatic interaction was not involved in the ZEA removal, while hydrophobicity was the main force to interact with ZEA. These findings can conclude that adsorption by hydrophobicity is the main mechanism for ZEA removal of plant-derived L. plantarum BCC 47723. The alteration of bacterial cell structure by heat treatment enhanced the efficiency of L. plantarum BCC 47723 for ZEA reduction. Its activity can be protected by the freeze-drying technique. Hence, plant-derived L. plantarum BCC 47723 can be considered as an organic adsorbent for ZEA reduction in food and feedstuff.
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Yating Zheng, Shi Z, Wu W, He C, Zhang H. Label-Free DNA Electrochemical Aptasensor for Fumonisin B1 Detection in Maize Based on Graphene and Gold Nanocomposite. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Transmission of Zearalenone, Deoxynivalenol, and Their Derivatives from Sows to Piglets during Lactation. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010037. [PMID: 33419041 PMCID: PMC7825292 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sows were fed naturally contaminated diets containing: (i) 100 ppb zearalenone (ZEN) one week before farrowing and during the lactation period (at 26 days), (ii) 100 ppb ZEN one week before farrowing and 300 ppb ZEN during the lactation period, or (iii) 300 ppb ZEN one week before farrowing and during the lactation period. All diets contained 250 ppb deoxynivalenol (DON). The highest levels of ZEN, α-ZEL, or β-ZEL were observed in the serum of sows fed 300 ppb ZEN before farrowing and during lactation. However, only α-ZEL was significantly increased in the colostrum and milk of these sows. Sows fed the 300 ppb ZEN during the complete trial presented a significant decrease in backfat thickness before farrowing. This effect was accompanied by a decrease in serum leptin levels. These sows also presented a decrease in estradiol levels and this effect was observed in their piglets exposed during lactation, which presented increased glucagon-like peptide 1, but no changes in serum levels of ZEN, α-ZEL, or β-ZEL. Although all sows were fed the same levels of DON, the serum levels of DON and de-epoxy-DON were increased only in the serum of piglets from the sows fed a diet with the highest ZEN levels during the whole experimental period. Moreover, these piglets presented gut inflammation, as indicated by significantly increased calprotectin levels in their serum.
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18
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Effects of Dietary Zearalenone Exposure on the Growth Performance, Small Intestine Disaccharidase, and Antioxidant Activities of Weaned Gilts. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112157. [PMID: 33228146 PMCID: PMC7699518 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study was conducted to assess the effects of Zearalenone (ZEA) exposure on the growth performance, small intestine disaccharidase, and antioxidant activities of weaned gilts. Twenty weaned gilts were randomly divided into control and ZEA treatment (1.04 mg/kg) groups. The data showed that 1.04 mg/kg ZEA in gilt’s diet could reduce the activity of disaccharidase enzymes and induce oxidative stress in the small intestine. Therefore, ZEA may induce intestinal injury by oxidative stress, or induce oxidative stress through intestinal injury, thus reducing the effect of animals on nutrient absorption. Abstract Zearalenone (ZEA) is a secondary metabolite with estrogenic effects produced by Fusarium fungi and mainly occurs as a contaminant of grains such as corn and wheat. ZEA, to which weaned gilts are extremely sensitive, is the main Fusarium toxin detected in corn–soybean meal diets. Our aim was to examine the effects of ZEA on the growth performance, intestinal disaccharidase activity, and anti-stress capacity of weaned gilts. Twenty 42-day-old healthy Duroc × Landrace × Large White weaned gilts (12.84 ± 0.26 kg) were randomly divided into control and treatment (diet containing 1.04 mg/kg ZEA) groups. The experiment included a 7-day pre-trial period followed by a 35-day test period, all gilts were euthanized and small intestinal samples were collected and subjected to immunohistochemical and western blot analyses. The results revealed that inclusion of 1.04 mg/kg ZEA in the diet significantly reduced the activities of lactase, sucrase, and maltase in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of gilts. Similarly, the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and activities of catalase in the jejunum and ileum were reduced (p < 0.05). Conversely, the content of malondialdehyde in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and the integrated optical density (IOD), IOD in single villi, and the mRNA and protein expression of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) were significantly increased (p < 0.05). The results of immunohistochemical analyses revealed that the positive reaction of Hsp70 in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of weaned gilts was enhanced in the ZEA treatment, compared with the control. The findings of this study indicate the inclusion of ZEA (1.04 mg/kg) in the diet of gilts reduced the activity of disaccharidase enzymes and induced oxidative stress in the small intestine, thereby indicating that ZEA would have the effect of reducing nutrient absorption in these animals.
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Štěpánová H, Hlavová K, Šťastný K, Gopfert E, Levá L, Faldyna M. Maternal Exposure Results in Long-Term Deoxynivalenol Persistence in Piglets' Plasma and Modulates the Immune System. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100615. [PMID: 32992825 PMCID: PMC7600455 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated feed represents a serious problem for pigs due to their high sensitivity to its toxicological effects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of intrauterine DON exposure on the immune system of piglets. Pure DON was intravenously administered to sows at the end of gestation (during the last 2–3 days of gestation, one dose of 300 µg per day). The plasma concentration of DON was analyzed using liquid chromatography combined with high-resolution Orbitrap-based mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS (HR)) and selected immune parameters were monitored six times in piglets from birth to 18 weeks. DON was found in the plasma of 90% of newborn piglets at a mean concentration of 6.28 ng/mL and subsequently, at one, three, and seven weeks after birth with decreasing concentrations. Trace amounts were still present in the plasma 14 weeks after birth. Flow cytometry revealed a significant impact of DON on T lymphocyte subpopulations during the early postnatal period. Lower percentages of regulatory T cells, T helper lymphocytes, and their double positive CD4+CD8+ subset were followed by increased percentages of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and γδ T cells. The capacity to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines was also significantly lower after intrauterine DON exposure. In conclusion, this study revealed a long-term persistence of DON in the plasma of the piglets as a consequence of short-term intrauterine exposure, leading to altered immune parameters.
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20
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Ghazi T, Arumugam T, Foolchand A, Chuturgoon AA. The Impact of Natural Dietary Compounds and Food-Borne Mycotoxins on DNA Methylation and Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E2004. [PMID: 32878338 PMCID: PMC7565866 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer initiation and progression is an accumulation of genetic and epigenetic modifications. DNA methylation is a common epigenetic modification that regulates gene expression, and aberrant DNA methylation patterns are considered a hallmark of cancer. The human diet is a source of micronutrients, bioactive molecules, and mycotoxins that have the ability to alter DNA methylation patterns and are thus a contributing factor for both the prevention and onset of cancer. Micronutrients such as betaine, choline, folate, and methionine serve as cofactors or methyl donors for one-carbon metabolism and other DNA methylation reactions. Dietary bioactive compounds such as curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, and sulforaphane reactivate essential tumor suppressor genes by reversing aberrant DNA methylation patterns, and therefore, they have shown potential against various cancers. In contrast, fungi-contaminated agricultural foods are a source of potent mycotoxins that induce carcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize the existing literature on dietary micronutrients, bioactive compounds, and food-borne mycotoxins that affect DNA methylation patterns and identify their potential in the onset and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anil A. Chuturgoon
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; (T.G.); (T.A.); (A.F.)
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21
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Pan P, Ma F, Wu K, Yu Y, Li Y, Li Z, Chen X, Huang T, Wang Y, Ge RS. Maternal exposure to zearalenone in masculinization window affects the fetal Leydig cell development in rat male fetus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114357. [PMID: 32229375 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone is a phenolic Fusarium mycotoxin, which is ubiquitous in human and animal feedstuff and often co-occurs with other mycotoxins. ZEA has been reported to disturb Leydig cell function and even cause the apoptosis to the Leydig cells. However, the effects of gestational exposure to zearalenone on fetal Leydig cells and the underlying mechanism remain unknown. Sprague Dawley dams were daily gavaged with 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg body weight ZEA from gestational day 14-21. On gestational day 21, rats were euthanized and serum testosterone levels were measured, and testes were collected for further evaluation of Leydig cell number, cell size, gene, and protein expression. Zearalenone significantly decreased anogenital distance and its index of male fetus, serum testosterone levels, Leydig cell proteins (SCARB1, STAR, CYP11A1, CYP17A1, and INSL3), and fetal Leydig cell number at 10 and/or 20 mg/kg by delaying the commitment of stem Leydig cells into the Leydig cell lineage and proliferation. Further study found that Notch signaling (RFNG, PSEN1, NOTCH1, and NOTCH3) was up-regulated by zearalenone. In conclusion, gestational exposure to high doses of zearalenone (10 and 20 mg/kg) blocks fetal Leydig cell development, thus possibly causing the anomalies of the male reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Feifei Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Keyang Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yige Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Zengqiang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Xiuxiu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Tongliang Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.
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Zearalenone (ZEN) in Livestock and Poultry: Dose, Toxicokinetics, Toxicity and Estrogenicity. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060377. [PMID: 32517357 PMCID: PMC7354539 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the concerns when using grain ingredients in feed formulation for livestock and poultry diets is mycotoxin contamination. Aflatoxin, fumonisin, ochratoxin, trichothecene (deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2) and zearalenone (ZEN) are mycotoxins that have been frequently reported in animal feed. ZEN, which has raised additional concern due to its estrogenic response in animals, is mainly produced by Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum), F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. equiseti, F. crookwellense and F. semitectums, and often co-occurs with deoxynivalenol in grains. The commonly elaborated derivatives of ZEN are α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, zearalanone, α-zearalanol, and β-zearalanol. Other modified and masked forms of ZEN (including the extractable conjugated and non-extractable bound derivatives of ZEN) have also been quantified. In this review, common dose of ZEN in animal feed was summarized. The absorption rate, distribution (“carry-over”), major metabolites, toxicity and estrogenicity of ZEN related to poultry, swine and ruminants are discussed.
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Reddy KE, Kim M, Kim KH, Ji SY, Baek Y, Chun JL, Jung HJ, Choe C, Lee HJ, Kim M, Lee SD. Effect of commercially purified deoxynivalenol and zearalenone mycotoxins on microbial diversity of pig cecum contents. Anim Biosci 2020; 34:243-255. [PMID: 32777887 PMCID: PMC7876725 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are mycotoxins that frequently contaminate maize and grain cereals, imposing risks to the health of both humans and animals and leading to economic losses. The gut microbiome has been shown to help combat the effects of such toxins, with certain microorganisms reported to contribute significantly to the detoxification process. METHODS We examined the cecum contents of three different dietary groups of pigs (control, as well as diets contaminated with 8 mg DON/kg feed or 0.8 mg ZEN/kg feed). Bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons were acquired from the cecum contents and evaluated by next-generation sequencing. RESULTS A total of 2,539,288 sequences were generated with ~500 nucleotide read lengths. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were the dominant phyla, occupying more than 96% of all three groups. Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Megasphaera, and Campylobacter showed potential as biomarkers for each group. Particularly, Lactobacillus and Bacteroides were more abundant in the DON and ZEN groups than in the control. Additionally, 52,414 operational taxonomic units were detected in the three groups; those of Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Campylobacter, and Prevotella were most dominant and significantly varied between groups. Hence, contamination of feed by DON and ZEN affected the cecum microbiota, while Lactobacillus and Bacteroides were highly abundant and positively influenced the host physiology. CONCLUSION Lactobacillus and Bacteroides play key roles in the process of detoxification and improving the immune response. We, therefore, believe that these results may be useful for determining whether disturbances in the intestinal microflora, such as the toxic effects of DON and ZEN, can be treated by modulating the intestinal bacterial flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondreddy Eswar Reddy
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Sang Yun Ji
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Youlchang Baek
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Ju Lan Chun
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Jung
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea.,Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Changyong Choe
- Division of Animal Disease and Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Lee
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea.,Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea.,Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Sung Dae Lee
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
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Yan P, Liu Z, Liu S, Yao L, Liu Y, Wu Y, Gong Z. Natural Occurrence of Deoxynivalenol and Its Acetylated Derivatives in Chinese Maize and Wheat Collected in 2017. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E200. [PMID: 32235760 PMCID: PMC7150931 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), along with 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON), occur in grains and cereal products and is often hazardous to humans and livestock. In this study, 579 wheat samples and 606 maize samples intended for consumption were collected from China in 2017 and analyzed to determine the co-occurrence of type-B trichothecenes (DON, 3-ADON, and 15-ADON). All the wheat samples tested positive for DON, while 99.83% of the maize samples were DON-positive with mean DON concentrations of 165.87 and 175.30 μg/kg, respectively. Per the Chinese standard limits for DON, 3.63% of wheat and 2.97% of the maize samples were above the maximum limit of 1000 μg/kg. The DON derivatives (3-ADON and 15-ADON) were less frequently found and were present at lower levels than DON in wheat. 3-ADON and 15-ADON had incidences of 13.53% and 76.40%, respectively, in maize. By analyzing the distribution ratio of DON and its derivatives in wheat and maize, DON (95.51%) was the predominant toxin detected in wheat samples, followed by 3.97% for the combination of DON + 3-ADON, while DON + 3-ADON + 15-ADON and DON + 15-ADON were only found in 0.17% and 0.35% of wheat samples, respectively. Additionally, a large amount of the maize samples were contaminated with DON + 15-ADON (64.19%) and DON (22.11%). The samples with a combination of DON + 3-ADON and DON + 3-ADON + 15-ADON accounted for 1.32% and 12.21%, respectively. Only one maize sample did not contain all three mycotoxins. Our study shows the necessity of raising awareness of the co-occurrence of mycotoxin contamination in grains from China to protect consumers from the risk of exposure to DON and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pianpian Yan
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil of Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (P.Y.); (Z.L.); (S.L.); (L.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhezhe Liu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil of Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (P.Y.); (Z.L.); (S.L.); (L.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shiqiao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil of Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (P.Y.); (Z.L.); (S.L.); (L.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Liyun Yao
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil of Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (P.Y.); (Z.L.); (S.L.); (L.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil of Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (P.Y.); (Z.L.); (S.L.); (L.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongning Wu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Centre for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China;
| | - Zhiyong Gong
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil of Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (P.Y.); (Z.L.); (S.L.); (L.Y.); (Y.L.)
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25
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ZEA-induced autophagy in TM4 cells was mediated by the release of Ca 2+ activates CaMKKβ-AMPK signaling pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum. Toxicol Lett 2020; 323:1-9. [PMID: 31982503 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a prevalent non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced mainly by Fusarium contamination. Our previous study showed that ZEA induces the autophagy of Sertoli cells (SCs). However, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. Several studies have indicated that the increasing level of cytoplasmic Ca2+ could induce autophagy through CaMKKβ and AMPK pathways. Thus in order to investigate the potential mechanism underlying ZEA-induced autophagy, the activity of calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase β(CaMKKβ)and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway in ZEA-infected TM4 cells was studied. In the present study, ZEA activated the CaMKKβ and AMPK signaling pathways. The AMPK inhibitor and activator significantly inhibited and stimulated the effect of ZEA on AMPK, the transformation from LC3I to LC3II, and the distribution of LC3 dots. In addition, cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) was increased gradually with the concentration of ZEA. After treatment of ZEA-infected cells with 1, 2-bis (2-aminophenoxy) ethane-N, N, N', N'- tetraacetic acid- tetraac etoxymethyl ester (BAPTA-AM) and 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate (2-APB), the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ reduced significantly. Also, the activities of CaMKKβ and AMPK and subsequent autophagy decreased. Moreover, the antioxidant NAC significantly decreased activities of AMPK and autophagy -related protein. Therefore, it can be speculated that ROS- mediated ER-stress induced by ZEA activates AMPK via Ca2+-CaMKKβ leading to autophagy in TM4 cells.
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26
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The Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Intestinal Protective Effects of Baicalin-Copper in Deoxynivalenol-Challenged Piglets. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5363546. [PMID: 32064026 PMCID: PMC6996692 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5363546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant and intestinal protective effects of baicalin-copper on deoxynivalenol-challenged piglets. Forty weaned piglets were randomly divided into four groups and assigned to different diets: (1) basal diet (Con), (2) 4 mg/kg deoxynivalenol of basal diet (DON), (3) 5 g/kg baicalin-copper of basal diet (BCU); and (4) 4 mg/kg deoxynivalenol + 5 g/kg baicalin‐copper of basal diet (DBCU). The results showed that the ADFI and ADG of piglets in the DON group were markedly lower than those in the Con group, but the ADFI and ADG of the DBCU group were not significantly different from those of the Con group. In piglets fed a DON-contaminated diet, dietary supplementation with BCU significantly decreased the mRNA levels of P70S6K, 4E-BP1, and HSP70 in the liver, the protein expression of HO-1 in the jejunum, and the expression of p-Nrf2 and p-NF-κB in the ileum but increased Mn-SOD activity in serum. Dietary supplementation with BCU increased jejunal maltase, ZIP4 and MT mRNA levels, and serum concentrations of Arg, Val, Ile, Leu, Lys, and Tyr in DON-contaminated piglets. In summary, BCU can alleviate the growth impairment induced by DON and enhance antioxidant capacity and nutrition absorption in piglets fed DON-contaminated diets.
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27
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Vance CK, King EH, Bowers SD, Ryan PL, Walters K, Shappell NW. Reproductive Performance of Mares Fed Dietary Zearalenone. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:423. [PMID: 32039244 PMCID: PMC6988787 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that zearalenone (ZON) interacts directly with estrogen receptors, and its in vivo effects on reproduction have been well-documented in several species. In contrast, reports of ZON's impact on horse reproduction are conflicting and inconclusive, some studies confounded by the presence of mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol in the feed. This study assesses the effect of chronic consumption of zearalenone on reproduction in cycling mares fed >95% pure ZON (0, 2, or 8 mg/da; n = 7 mares/treatment) for three estrous cycles, followed by artificial insemination, through 16 days of pregnancy. Animals were on ZON treatment for between 70 and 121 days (average 84) depending on individual cycle patterns. ZON-induced changes in serum concentration of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), and total estrogenicity were measured using RIAs and the E-screen assay, respectively. Effects on reproductive physiology and pregnancy were monitored by ultrasound and clinical parameters. No significant changes were found in reproductive hormone levels of E2, or P4 for mares on ZON treatments compared to controls, although there was a significant (P < 0.01) increase in P4 levels across Cycle number in High ZON (8 mg/da) treated mares. There was also an increasing trend in the interovulatory interval in the High ZON treatment group. The overall estrogenicity was similar across treatments and over time, not differing from controls or between ZON treatment groups. Adverse uterine and ovarian effects were also not observed, but pregnancy rates were mixed with only 4 of 7 mares on Low ZON becoming pregnant, and only 3 maintaining pregnancy and fetal heartbeat by Day 30, compared to 5 of 6 control mares and all 7 mares on High ZON. Because reproductive efficiency and hormone concentrations are highly variable across individuals, this study did not demonstrate that ZON at 2 or 8 mg/da was detrimental to mares' reproduction. Yet, inferring that ZON treatments were completely without effect is also not appropriate, as the absence of measurable significant differences could be attributed to the limited sample size. Most importantly, there were no extreme signs of toxicology, in contrast to previous reports when ZON was fed at these "doses."
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie K Vance
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - E Heath King
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Susan D Bowers
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Peter L Ryan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Kevin Walters
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Nancy W Shappell
- Animal Metabolism-Agricultural Chemicals Research Unit, Bioscience Research Laboratory, Edward T. Shaffer Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Fargo, ND, United States
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28
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Foroud NA, Baines D, Gagkaeva TY, Thakor N, Badea A, Steiner B, Bürstmayr M, Bürstmayr H. Trichothecenes in Cereal Grains - An Update. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E634. [PMID: 31683661 PMCID: PMC6891312 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins produced by fungi from the order Hypocreales, including members of the Fusarium genus that infect cereal grain crops. Different trichothecene-producing Fusarium species and strains have different trichothecene chemotypes belonging to the Type A and B class. These fungi cause a disease of small grain cereals, called Fusarium head blight, and their toxins contaminate host tissues. As potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis, trichothecenes pose a health risk to human and animal consumers of infected cereal grains. In 2009, Foroud and Eudes published a review of trichothecenes in cereal grains for human consumption. As an update to this review, the work herein provides a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary review of the Fusarium trichothecenes covering topics in chemistry and biochemistry, pathogen biology, trichothecene toxicity, molecular mechanisms of resistance or detoxification, genetics of resistance and breeding strategies to reduce their contamination of wheat and barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Danica Baines
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Tatiana Y Gagkaeva
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR), St. Petersburg, Pushkin 196608, Russia.
| | - Nehal Thakor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Ana Badea
- Brandon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, MB R7A 5Y3, Canada.
| | - Barbara Steiner
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria.
| | - Maria Bürstmayr
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria.
| | - Hermann Bürstmayr
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria.
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Rai A, Das M, Tripathi A. Occurrence and toxicity of a fusarium mycotoxin, zearalenone. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2710-2729. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1655388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Rai
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Mukul Das
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Anurag Tripathi
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India
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30
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Hessenberger S, Botzi K, Degrassi C, Kovalsky P, Schwab C, Schatzmayr D, Schatzmayr G, Fink-Gremmels J. Interactions between plant-derived oestrogenic substances and the mycoestrogen zearalenone in a bioassay with MCF-7 cells. Pol J Vet Sci 2019; 20:513-520. [PMID: 29166278 DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2017-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human and animal diets may contain several non-steroidal oestrogenic compounds which originate either from plants (phytoestrogens) or from fungi that infect plants (mycoestrogens such as zearalenone (ZEN)). Phytoestrogens may compete with ZEN in binding to the oestrogen receptor β and thereby may counteract the oestrogenic activity of ZEN. Using a modified version of the E-screen assay, plant-derived oestrogenic substances were tested for their proliferative or anti-proliferative effect on oestrogen-dependent MCF-7 cells. The samples were additionally tested for their ability to influence the oestrogenic activity of ZEN (1 μM). Among the individual substances tested, 8-prenylnaringenin had the strongest effect, as cell proliferation was increased by 78% at the lowest concentration (0.23 μM), and by 167% at the highest concentration (29.4 μM). Coumestrol (5.83 μM) increased cell proliferation by 39%, and genistein (370 μM) by 61%, respectively. Xanthohumol and enterolactone did not stimulate cell proliferation significantly. In the co-incubation experiments with ZEN, none of the single substances was able to decrease the oestrogenic activity of ZEN. Only for 8-prenylnaringenin (14.7 and 29.4 μM) was a trend towards an increase in the ZEN-induced cell proliferation up to 72% observed. In conclusion, with the exception of 8-prenylnaringenin, no substantial interaction between phytoestrogens and the mycotoxin ZEN could be detected using a bioassays with MCF-7 cells.
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31
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Liu A, Xu X, Hou R, Badawy S, Tao Y, Chen D, Ihsan A, Wang X, Wu Q, Yuan Z. DNA methylation and RASSF4 expression are involved in T-2 toxin-induced hepatotoxicity. Toxicology 2019; 425:152246. [PMID: 31369815 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium species and commonly contaminates food and animal feed. T-2 toxin can induce hepatotoxicity through apoptosis and oxidative stress; however, the underlying mechanism is not clear. Recent studies indicated that RASSF4, a member of the RASSF family, participates in cell apoptosis and some cancers due to its inactivation via DNA hypermethylation. However, its role in T-2 toxin-induced liver toxicity is poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, female Wistar rats were given a single dose of T-2 toxin at 2 mg/kg b.w. and were sacrificed at 1, 3 and 7 days post-exposure. A normal rat liver cell line (BRL) was exposed to different concentrations of T-2 toxin (10, 20, 40 nM) for 4, 8, 12 h, respectively. Histopathological analysis revealed with apoptosis in some liver cells and clear proliferation under T-2 toxin exposure. Expression analysis by immunohistochemical assays, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and western blot demonstrated that T-2 toxin activated PI3K-Akt/Caspase/NF-κB signaling pathways. Additionally, DNA methylation assays revealed that the expression of RASSF4 was silenced by promoter hypermethylation after exposure to T-2 toxin for 1 and 3 days as compared to the control group. Moreover, joint treatment of 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC) (5 μM) and T-2 toxin (40 nM) increased expression of RASSF4 and PI3K-Akt/caspase/NF-κB signaling pathways-related genes, inducing cell apoptosis. These findings for the first time demonstrated that DNA methylation regulated the RASSF4 expression under T-2 toxin, along with the activation of its downstream pathways, resulting in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimei Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ren Hou
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Sara Badawy
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yanfei Tao
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Awais Ihsan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal campus, Pakistan
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic.
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei 430070, China
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32
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Xu Y, Zhang KH, Sun MH, Lan M, Wan X, Zhang Y, Sun SC. Protective Effects of Melatonin Against Zearalenone Toxicity on Porcine Embryos in vitro. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:327. [PMID: 31024301 PMCID: PMC6460015 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi commonly found in corn, wheat, and other cereals which can infect food and feed commodities, and ZEA mainly has reproductive toxicity which causes widely reproductive disorders in pigs and other animals. However, the toxicity and the functional ways of ZEA on early embryo development is still unclear. In present study we showed that exposure to ZEA (10 μM) significantly decreased the 2-cell and blastocyst developmental rate in porcine early embryos in vitro. ZEA treatment resulted in the occurrence of oxidative stress, showing with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, following with aberrant mitochondrial distribution. Moreover, we found positive signals of γH2A.X in the ZEA-treated embryos, indicating that ZEA induced DNA damage, and the increased autophagy confirmed this. These results suggested that ZEA induced oxidative stress, which further caused mitochondria dysfunction and DNA damage on early embryonic development. We next investigated the effects of melatonin on the ZEA-treated embryo development, and we found that melatonin supplementation could significantly ameliorate ZEA-induced oxidative stress, aberrant mitochondria distribution and DNA damage. In all, our results showed that ZEA was toxic for porcine embryos cultured in vitro and melatonin supplementation could protect their development from the effects of ZEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun-Huan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Hong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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33
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HT-2 toxin exposure induces mitochondria dysfunction and DNA damage during mouse early embryo development. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 85:104-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Catteuw A, Broekaert N, De Baere S, Lauwers M, Gasthuys E, Huybrechts B, Callebaut A, Ivanova L, Uhlig S, De Boevre M, De Saeger S, Gehring R, Devreese M, Croubels S. Insights into In Vivo Absolute Oral Bioavailability, Biotransformation, and Toxicokinetics of Zearalenone, α-Zearalenol, β-Zearalenol, Zearalenone-14-glucoside, and Zearalenone-14-sulfate in Pigs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3448-3458. [PMID: 30807145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the toxicokinetic characteristics of ZEN and its modified forms, α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), zearalenone-14-glucoside (ZEN14G), and zearalenone-14-sulfate (ZEN14S), including presystemic and systemic hydrolysis in pigs. Crossover pig trials were performed by means of intravenous and oral administration of ZEN and its modified forms. Systemic plasma concentrations of the administered toxins and their metabolites were quantified and further processed via tailor-made compartmental toxicokinetic models. Furthermore, portal plasma was analyzed to unravel the site of hydrolysis, and urine samples were analyzed to determine urinary excretion. Results demonstrate complete presystemic hydrolysis of ZEN14G and ZEN14S to ZEN and high oral bioavailability for all administered compounds, with further extensive first-pass glucuronidation. Conclusively, the modified-ZEN forms α-ZEL, β-ZEL, ZEN14G, and ZEN14S contribute to overall ZEN systemic toxicity in pigs and should be taken into account for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Catteuw
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Nathan Broekaert
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Siegrid De Baere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Marianne Lauwers
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Elke Gasthuys
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Bart Huybrechts
- Sciensano , Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14 , 1050 Elsene , Belgium
| | | | - Lada Ivanova
- Chemistry Section , Norwegian Veterinary Institute , Ullevålsveien 68 , 0454 Oslo , Norway
| | - Silvio Uhlig
- Chemistry Section , Norwegian Veterinary Institute , Ullevålsveien 68 , 0454 Oslo , Norway
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Ronette Gehring
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine , Kansas State University , 1700 Denison Ave , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 , United States
- Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Toxicology/Pharmacology , Utrecht University , Yalelaan 1 , 3584 CL Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine , Kansas State University , 1700 Denison Ave , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 , United States
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 , 9820 Merelbeke , Belgium
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Mgbeahuruike AC, Ejioffor TE, Christian OC, Shoyinka VC, Karlsson M, Nordkvist E. Detoxification of Aflatoxin-Contaminated Poultry Feeds by 3 Adsorbents, Bentonite, Activated Charcoal, and Fuller’s Earth. J APPL POULTRY RES 2018. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Chen F, Wen X, Lin P, Chen H, Wang A, Jin Y. HERP depletion inhibits zearalenone-induced apoptosis through autophagy activation in mouse ovarian granulosa cells. Toxicol Lett 2018; 301:1-10. [PMID: 30394307 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HERP is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein and is strongly induced by stress conditions. A recent study has indicated that HERP cooperates in apoptosis during zearalenone (ZEA) treatment. However, regulatory mechanisms and the role of HERP in ZEA-induced apoptosis remain elusive in ovarian granulosa cells. In this study, MTT and flow cytometry assays demonstrated that ZEA gradually decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis in granulosa cells in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot analysis showed that ZEA significantly activated autophagy by upregulating LC3-II. Chloroquine (CQ) significantly increased LC3-II and induced granulosa cell apoptosis. Moreover, Western blot analysis showed that ZEA inhibited the mTOR and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Furthermore, we found that ZEA activated ER stress by upregulating the ER stress-related proteins GRP78, HERP and CHOP. 4-PBA significantly decreased GRP78, HERP, CHOP and LC3-II. In addition, knockdown of HERP (shHERP) significantly protected ovarian granulosa cells from apoptosis induced by ZEA. We found that HERP depletion activated autophagy and ERK1/2 signaling pathways, while it inhibited the mTOR and caspase-dependent mitochondrial signaling pathways. In summary, autophagy and ER stress cooperated in apoptosis induced by ZEA; HERP depletion inhibits ZEA-induced apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells through autophagy activation and apoptotic pathway inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Pengfei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Huatao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Gonkowski S, Obremski K, Makowska K, Rytel L, Mwaanga ES. Levels of zearalenone and its metabolites in sun-dried kapenta fish and water of Lake Kariba in Zambia - A preliminary study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 637-638:1046-1050. [PMID: 29801200 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of food with mycotoxins and the associated possibilities of human intoxication is a serious problem in Africa. One of the most widespread mycotoxins is zearalenone (ZEN), which usually occurs in food of vegetable origin. On the other hand, information about ZEN in products of animal origin in African countries is extremely scanty. During the present study, levels of ZEN and its analogs: α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection in sun-dried kapenta fish - traditional Zambian food, as well as in the water of Lake Kariba - the main source of kapenta fish in Zambia. This study revealed that levels of ZEN in sun-dried kapenta fish fluctuated from 27.2 μg·kg-1 to 53.9 μg·kg-1, whereas the contamination of water from Lake Kariba with ZEN is rather minimally similar to the content of ZEN analogs in both kapenta fish and water. The obtained results have shown that sun-dried kapenta fish of Lake Kariba contain ZEN and may contribute to the exposure of consumers to this substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Obremski
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Liliana Rytel
- Department of Internal Disease with Clinic University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Edwell Siatambi Mwaanga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
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Su Y, Sun Y, Ju D, Chang S, Shi B, Shan A. The detoxification effect of vitamin C on zearalenone toxicity in piglets. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 158:284-292. [PMID: 29715633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), one of the more virulent mycotoxins occurred in various cereals and feed during recent decades and made serious health hazards to plants, animals and humans. Vitamin C (Vc) has been shown to be an effective antidote to zearalenone. In this paper, the effects of diets containing zearalenone on the growth performance, genital organ and immunoglobulin of weaning piglets and the toxicity alleviation of vitamin C were studied. Piglets were weaned at 21 days of age and 32 healthy female hybrid weaning piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Large white) with a mean weight of 12.27 ± 0.30 kg were randomly selected. The thirty-two female weaning piglets were divided into four treatment groups according to body weight: control; basal diet + vitamin C (150 mg/kg); basal diet + 1.0 mg/kg ZEN; basal diet + 1 mg/kg ZEN+vitamin C (150 mg/kg). There were eight replicates in each group. The test period was twenty-eight days. The results demonstrated that dietary zearalenone could significantly increase the length, width and area of vulva (P < 0.05), the genital organ coefficient (P < 0.05), the level of IgA, IgG and IgM (P < 0.05), the level of BUN, CRE, AST and TBIL (P < 0.05), and significantly decrease the level of E2, PROG, LH and FSH (P < 0.05). However, the addition of 150 mg/kg vitamin C to dietary zearalenone prevented deformities in the vulva, decrease in immune response capacity, changes in serum biochemical indicators and disorders in hormones level of the piglets that received the diet containing only zearalenone. In conclusion, feeding ZEN of 1.0 mg/kg can result in a deleterious effect on piglets, which was totally or partly ameliorated by dietary supplementation of vitamin C at concentrations about 150 mg/kg diet. This study systematically investigated the inhibition mechanism of vitamin C on ZEN-induced reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity and hematological toxicity of piglets, and which provided new ideas for reducing the harm of mycotoxins to the animals through means of nutrition regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Su
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yuchen Sun
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Daxin Ju
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Siying Chang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Baoming Shi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
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Bertero A, Moretti A, Spicer LJ, Caloni F. Fusarium Molds and Mycotoxins: Potential Species-Specific Effects. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E244. [PMID: 29914090 PMCID: PMC6024576 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10060244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the information on biochemical and biological activity of the main Fusarium mycotoxins, focusing on toxicological aspects in terms of species-specific effects. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have centered on the peculiarity of the responses to mycotoxins, demonstrating that toxicokinetics, bioavailability and the mechanisms of action of these substances vary depending on the species involved, but additional studies are needed to better understand the specific responses. The aim of this review is to summarize the toxicological responses of the main species affected by Fusarium mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Bertero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Hydrogen-Rich Water and Lactulose Protect Against Growth Suppression and Oxidative Stress in Female Piglets Fed Fusarium Toxins Contaminated Diets. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10060228. [PMID: 29867031 PMCID: PMC6024318 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10060228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current experiment was to evaluate whether hydrogen-rich water (HRW) or lactulose (LAC) could protect against the adverse effects of Fusarium mycotoxins-contaminated diet on the growth performance and antioxidant status in weaning piglets. A total of 24 individually housed female piglets were randomly assigned to receive four treatments for 25 days (six pigs/treatment): uncontaminated basal diet (negative control), mycotoxin-contaminated (MC) diet, MC diet + HRW (MC + HRW) and MC diet + LAC (MC + LAC). The plasma hydrogen levels before and after 2 h hydrogen-free water/HRW administration were detected at day 21, and the liver hydrogen levels were detected at the end of the experiment. Serum hormones related to appetite regulation, and serum and liver oxidant and antioxidant status were also measured at the end of the experiment. Results showed that both HRW and LAC treatments significantly attenuated the reduction of average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) caused by Fusarium mycotoxins. LAC administration increased the hydrogen concentrations in plasma and liver. HRW treated group had higher plasma hydrogen levels than the MC group. Compared with the NC group, the MC group had significantly increased serum peptide YY (PYY) and cholecystokinin (CCK) levels. Interestingly, both HRW and LAC administrations had a lower reduced serum PYY and CKK levels. Most importantly, oral administration of HRW and LAC attenuated the Fusarium mycotoxins-induced oxidative stress. In conclusion, oral administration of hydrogen-rich water or lactulose could both protect against the growth reduction and oxidative damage caused by Fusarium mycotoxins.
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Preparation of a broad-spectrum anti-zearalenone and its primary analogues antibody and its application in an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Food Chem 2018; 247:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Zhou S, Wang Y, Ma L, Chen X, Lü Y, Ge F, Chen Y, Chen X, Lian Q, Jin XD, Ge RS. Zearalenone Delays Rat Leydig Cell Regeneration. Toxicol Sci 2018; 164:60-71. [PMID: 29669061 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xianwu Chen
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yao Lü
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Fei Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology
| | | | - Xiaofang Chen
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | | | - Xiao-Dong Jin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 31000, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
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Soler L, Oswald I. The importance of accounting for sex in the search of proteomic signatures of mycotoxin exposure. J Proteomics 2018; 178:114-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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A dual-amplified electrochemiluminescence immunosensor constructed on dual-roles of rutile TiO2 mesocrystals for ultrasensitive zearalenone detection. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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45
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Kolesarova A, Medvedova M, Halenar M, Sirotkin AV, Bulla J. The influence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone on steroid hormone production by porcine ovarian granulosa cells in vitro. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:823-832. [PMID: 28945498 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1356175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) are frequently occurring in feed of pigs together. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible in vitro effects of DON and ZEA, alone or their combination on steroid secretion of porcine ovarian granulosa cells (GCs). A species-specific model with porcine ovarian GCs was used to study the potential endocrine disrupting effects of DON and ZEA alone and in co-exposure. Progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results of this study demonstrate that DON alone at the higher concentrations may act to stimulate P4 (at 1,000, 2,000, 3,000 and 5,000 ng mL-1 but not 10 and 100 ng mL-1) and E2 (at 2,000, 3,000 and 5,000 ng mL-1 but not 10, 100 and 1000 ng mL-1) secretion. The effects of ZEA on P4 and E2 secretion were not confirmed. DON in combination with the other fusariotoxin ZEA may impair steroidogenesis. Results aslo demonstrate different toxicological effects of fusariotoxins on follicle stimulating hormone-induced secretion of P4 and E2. All these results taken together suggest that fusariotoxin and their interactions can impact ovarian steroidogenesis, thereby demonstrating their potential reproductive effects in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Kolesarova
- a Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences , Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Marina Medvedova
- a Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences , Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Marek Halenar
- a Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences , Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Alexander V Sirotkin
- b Institute for Genetics and Reproduction of Farm Animals, Animal Production Research Centre Nitra , Lužianky , Slovak Republic
- c Department of Zoology and Anthropology , Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Jozef Bulla
- a Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences , Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Dall'Asta C, Dänicke S, Eriksen GS, Altieri A, Roldán-Torres R, Oswald IP. Risks for animal health related to the presence of zearalenone and its modified forms in feed. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04851. [PMID: 32625539 PMCID: PMC7009830 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi, occurs predominantly in cereal grains. The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risk to animal health related to ZEN and its modified forms in feed. Modified forms of ZEN occurring in feed include phase I metabolites α‐zearalenol (α‐ZEL), β‐zearalenol (β‐ZEL), α‐zearalanol (α‐ZAL), β‐zearalanol (β‐ZAL), zearalanone (ZAN) and phase II conjugates. ZEN has oestrogenic activity and the oestrogenic activity of the modified forms of ZEN differs considerably. For ZEN, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) established no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) for pig (piglets and gilts), poultry (chicken and fattening turkeys), sheep and fish (extrapolated from carp) and lowest observed effect level (LOAEL) for dogs. No reference points could be established for cattle, ducks, goats, horses, rabbits, mink and cats. For modified forms, no reference points could be established for any animal species and relative potency factors previously established from rodents by the CONTAM Panel in 2016 were used. The dietary exposure was estimated on 17,706 analytical results with high proportions of left‐censored data (ZEN about 60%, ZAN about 70%, others close to 100%). Samples for ZEN were collected between 2001 and 2015 in 25 different European countries, whereas samples for the modified forms were collected mostly between 2013 and 2015 from three Member States. Based on exposure estimates, the risk of adverse health effects of feed containing ZEN was considered extremely low for poultry and low for sheep, dog, pig and fish. The same conclusions also apply to the sum of ZEN and its modified forms.
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Zheng W, Huang Q, Pan S, Fan W, Wang G, Yuan Y, Gu J, Liu X, Liu Z, Bian J. Regulation of oncogenes and gap junction intercellular communication during the proliferative response of zearalenone in TM3 cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017; 36:701-708. [PMID: 27473017 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116661021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species. The exposure risk to humans and animals is the consumption of contaminated food and animal feeds. The aim of this study was to investigate ZEA-induced effects and its tumorigenic mechanism in TM3 cells (mouse Leydig cells). Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) were assessed in this study. Results showed that low concentrations of ZEA could significantly promote the growth of TM3 cells. The percentage of cell distribution was decreased significantly in G1/G0 phase and was increased significantly in S phase with 10 and 20 μg/L of ZEA for 72 h ( p < 0.05, p < 0.01). The expressions of cyclin D1 and Cdk4 were significantly increased in the exposure groups compared with the control group ( p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the apoptosis was significantly decreased in 10 and 20 μg/L groups ( p < 0.01), and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 protein level was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. The protein levels of proto-oncogene c-Myc, c-Jun, and c-Fos were significantly elevated and the protein levels of anti-oncogene p53 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) were decreased obviously compared with the control group ( p < 0.05, p < 0.01). ZEA affected the expressions of connexins and inhibited the activity of GJIC. These results demonstrated that ZEA can disturb the dynamic balance between proliferation and apoptosis and causes abnormal regulation of oncogenes, GJIC, and connexins in TM3 cells, which may easily induce the translation of normal cells into tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zheng
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- 2 Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q Huang
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- 2 Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - S Pan
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - W Fan
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - G Wang
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Yuan
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- 2 Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Gu
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- 2 Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - X Liu
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- 2 Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Z Liu
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- 2 Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Bian
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- 2 Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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48
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Studies of Lipid Monolayers Prepared from Native and Model Plant Membranes in Their Interaction with Zearalenone and Its Mixture with Selenium Ions. J Membr Biol 2017; 250:273-284. [PMID: 28451712 PMCID: PMC5489640 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-017-9958-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The impact of zearalenone and selenate ions on the monolayers of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DPTAP), and the lipid mixtures (phospholipids and galactolipids) extracted from wheat plasmalemma has been studied using Langmuir trough technique and Brewster angle microscopy (BAM). The zearalenone is a mycotoxin that exerts toxic effects on the cells of plants and animals. Monolayers’ properties were characterized by surface pressure (π)—molecular area (A) isotherms. It was found that zearalenone interacts with lipid monolayers causing their expansion. The selenate ions, added to the subphase together with zearalenone, reduce the effect of this mycotoxin on the surface properties of lipid films.
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49
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Oldenburg E, Höppner F, Ellner F, Weinert J. Fusarium diseases of maize associated with mycotoxin contamination of agricultural products intended to be used for food and feed. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 33:167-182. [PMID: 28455556 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Infections of maize with phytopathogenic and toxinogenic Fusarium spp. may occur throughout the cultivation period. This can cause different types of diseases in vegetative and generative organs of the plant. Along with these infections, mycotoxins are often produced and accumulated in affected tissues, which could pose a significant risk on human and animal health when entering the food and feed chain. Most important fungal species infecting European maize belong to the Fusarium sections Discolour and Liseola, the first being more prevalent in cooler and humid climate regions than the second predominating in warmer and dryer areas. Coexistence of several Fusarium spp. pathogens in growing maize under field conditions is the usual case and may lead to multi-contamination with mycotoxins like trichothecenes, zearalenone and fumonisins. The pathways how the fungi gain access to the target organs of the plant are extensively described in relation to specific symptoms of typical rot diseases regarding ears, kernels, rudimentary ears, roots, stem, leaves, seed and seedlings. Both Gibberella and Fusarium ear rots are of major importance in affecting the toxinogenic quality of grain or ear-based products as well as forage maize used for human or animal nutrition. Although rudimentary ears may contain high amounts of Fusarium toxins, the contribution to the contamination of forage maize is minor due to their small proportion on the whole plant dry matter yield. The impact of foliar diseases on forage maize contamination is regarded to be low, as Fusarium infections are restricted to some parts on the leaf sheaths and husks. Mycotoxins produced in rotted basal part of the stem may contribute to forage maize contamination, but usually remain in the stubbles after harvest. As the probability of a more severe disease progression is increasing with a prolonged cultivation period, maize should be harvested at the appropriate maturity stage to keep Fusarium toxin contamination as low as possible. Ongoing surveillance and research is needed to recognise changes in the spectrum of dominating Fusarium pathogens involved in mycotoxin contamination of maize to ensure safety in the food and feed chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Oldenburg
- Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Frank Höppner
- Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frank Ellner
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Products, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Königin-Luise-Strasse 19, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Weinert
- Department of Plant Protection, The Chamber of Agriculture Lower Saxony, Wunstorfer Landstrasse 9, 30453, Hannover, Germany
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50
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Yu M, Chen L, Peng Z, Nüssler AK, Wu Q, Liu L, Yang W. Mechanism of deoxynivalenol effects on the reproductive system and fetus malformation: Current status and future challenges. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 41:150-158. [PMID: 28286114 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic fungal secondary metabolite produced by molds of the Fusarium genus, and it is known to cause a spectrum of diseases both in humans and animals, such as emesis, diarrhea, anorexia, immunotoxicity, hematological disorders, impairment of maternal reproduction, and fetal development. The recently revealed teratogenic potential of DON has received much attention. In various animal models, it has been shown that DON led to skeletal deformities of the fetus. However, the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood, and toxicological data are also scarce. Several animal research studies highlight the potential link between morphological abnormalities and changes of autophagy in the reproductive system. Because autophagy is involved in fetal development, maintenance of placental function, and bone remodeling, this mechanism has become a high priority for future research. The general aim of the present review is to deliver a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge of DON-induced reproductive toxicity in different animal models and to provide some prospective ideas for further research. The focus of the current review is to summarize toxic and negative effects of DON exposure on the reproductive system and the potential underlying molecular mechanisms in various animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Liangkai Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao Peng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Andreas K Nüssler
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Center, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China; Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Liegang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, 430030 Wuhan, China.
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